CHAPTER ONE
1. Alex Barris, interview with the author, Agincourt, ON, June 1964.
2. Alex Barris, Growing Up Greek (unpublished manuscript, author’s collection), 231.
3. Alex Barris, Moonshine Glory (unpublished manuscript, author’s collection), 130–31.
4. John R. Koellhopper, quoted in Laurence G. Byrnes, ed., History of the 94th Infantry Division in World War II (Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Inc., 1948), 245.
5. 319th Medical Battalion, Regimental Aid Station Log, 0915–2136 hours, February 10, 1945, 94th Infantry Division Association, M.H. Mitchell, Inc. 94th Infantry Division Collection (Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia, Athens).
6. Bronze Star citation, issued by Headquarters, Co. “B” 319th Medical Battalion, APO 94, US Army, March 4, 1945 (National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO).
7. Time-Life, eds., Time Capsule/1945 (New York: Time-Life Books, 1968), 222–23.
8. John A. Willes, Out of the Clouds: The History of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion (Port Perry, ON: Port Perry Printing, 1981), 144.
CHAPTER TWO
1. National Personnel Records Center (St. Louis, MO) to author, June 30, 2015.
2. Clinical Record Brief no. 1566, Station Hospital, Camp Phillips, Kansas (National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO), 1.
3. Clinical Record Brief no. 1566, 5.
4. Angelo Barris, interview with the author, New York, NY, November 27, 2014.
5. Tony Mellaci, interview with the author, Eatontown, NJ, August 19, 2015.
6. Mellaci, interview.
7. Tony Mellaci, interview with the author, Eatontown, NJ, August 18, 2015.
8. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 219.
9. Mellaci, interview, August 19, 2015.
10. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 47–50.
11. Jody Mitic, Unflinching: The Making of a Canadian Sniper (Toronto: Simon & Shuster, 2015), 18.
12. Jody Mitic, interview with the author, Uxbridge, ON, May 17, 2016.
13. Mitic, interview.
14. Mitic, Unflinching, 146.
15. Mitic, Unflinching, 195.
16. Mitic, interview.
17. Mitic, Unflinching, 197.
18. Alannah Gilmore, interview with the author, Ottawa, ON, October 13, 2017.
19. John W. Primono, The Appomattox Generals: The Parallel Lives of Joshua L. Chamberlain (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013), 53.
20. Primono, Appomattox Generals, 52.
21. Walt Whitman, Memoranda During the War (Boston, MA: Applewood Books, 1990), 8–9.
22. Paul Van Nest, “Remembering Richard,” speech, Fredericksburg Civil War Roundtable, Jepson Alumni Center, Mary Washington University, VA, May 28, 2008.
23. Quoted in J.B. Kershaw, “Richard Kirkland, the Humane Hero of Fredericksburg” (Charleston, SC: Charleston News & Courier, 1880).
24. Van Nest, “Remembering Richard.”
25. Jenny Goellnitz, “Civil War Medicine: An Overview of Medicine,” Ohio State University, https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/cwsurgeon/cwsurgeon/introduction.
26. Carl Shurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, Vol. 2, 1852–1863 (New York: McClure, 1907), chapter 7.
27. Jonathan Letterman, Medical Recollections of the Army of the Potomac (New York: D. Appleton, 1866), 51.
28. Richard V.N. Ginn, The History of the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps (Washington, DC: United States Army, 2008), 14.
29. Ginn, History of the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps, 46.
30. Ginn, History of the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps, 70
31. Ginn, History of the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps, 73.
32. John Boyko, Blood and Daring: How Canada Fought the American Civil War and Forged a Nation (Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2013), 129.
33. Whitman, Memoranda, 21.
34. Bruce Catton, The Civil War (New York: American Heritage Press, 1960), 164.
35. Letterman, Medical Recollections, 154.
36. Jonathan Letterman, Gettysburg Report, Headquarters Army of the Potomac, Medical Director’s Office, near Culpeper Court House, Virginia, October 3, 1863.
37. Letterman, Medical Recollections, 186.
38. Ginn, History of the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps, 73.
CHAPTER THREE
1. Harry Helms, interview with the author, West Brandywine, PA, July 12, 2015.
2. David Mitchell, interview with the author, Atlanta, GA, June 2015.
3. Quoted in Leandra Nessel, “Behind the Front Lines: The M.H. Mitchell, Inc./94th Division Collection,” Attack, 2009.
4. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 23.
5. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 49.
6. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 230.
7. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 69.
8. Fred Warshofsky, “Saga of the 94th Infantry Division,” SAGA: True Adventures for Men 23 (February 1962): 52.
9. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 129–30.
10. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 80.
11. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 84.
12. Tony Le Tissier, Patton’s Pawns (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007), 35.
13. Guy Fisher, “A Front-Line Infantryman’s View (When He Dared to Look),” quoted in 94th Infantry Division Association Commemorative History, ed. Robert Cassel (Dallas, TX: Taylor, 1989), 152.
14. Richard Bertz to Robert Cassel, February 1955, courtesy 94th Infantry Division Association.
15. Bertz to Cassel.
16. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 184.
17. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 184.
18. R.C. Fetherstonhaugh, ed., No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill), 1914–1919 (Montreal: Gazette Printing, 1928), 5.
19. Edward William Archibald Fonds, P88, Osler Library Archives Collection, McGill University.
20. Quoted in Martin A. Entin, Edward Archibald, Surgeon of the Royal Vic (Montreal: McGill University Libraries, 2004), 2–3.
21. Wilder Penfield, “Edward Archibald, 1872–1945,” Canadian Journal of Surgery 1, no. 2 (January 1958): 167–74.
22. Fetherstonhaugh, No. 3 Canadian General Hospital, 10.
23. Quoted in Fetherstonhaugh, No. 3 Canadian General Hospital, 10.
24. Letter dated May 6, 1915, quoted in Martha E. McKenna, ed., World War I Letters and Newspaper Clippings of Nursing Sister Harriet Drake (Montreal: McGill University Libraries, 2007).
25. McKenna, World War I Letters.
26. Letter dated May 16, 1915, quoted in McKenna, World War I Letters.
27. John McCrae to Tom McCrae, March 30, 1915, Guelph Museum Papers.
28. Edgar Andrew Collard, “Of Many Things . . . McCrae of ‘Flanders Fields,’” Montreal Gazette, November 4, 1978.
29. John McCrae to Tom McCrae, March 30, 1915.
30. Tim Cook, At the Sharp End: Canadians Fighting in the Great War, 1914–1916, vol. 1 (Toronto: Viking, 2007), 199.
31. Sir Andrew Macphail, Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War: The Medical Services (Ottawa: F.A. Acland, 1925), 106.
32. George Gaillie Nasmith, On the Fringe of the Great Fight (Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild and Stewart, 1917), 93.
33. Quoted in Daniel J. Dancocks, Welcome to Flanders Fields: The First Battle of the Great War, Ypres, 1915 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988), 115.
34. Tim Cook, No Place to Hide: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999), 25.
35. Paul Van Nest, “The 2nd Battle of Ypres and John McCrae,” Kingston Historical Society, Kingston, ON, November 2014.
36. Quoted in John Swettenham, McNaughton, Vol. 1, 1887–1939 (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1968), 44–45.
37. J. Clinton Morrison, Hell upon Earth: A Personal Account of Prince Edward Island Soldiers in the Great War, 1914–1918 (Summerside, PEI: privately printed, 1995), 71.
38. Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing (London: Chatto and Windus, 1982), 3.
39. John McCrae to Janet McCrae, April 20, 1915, Guelph Museum Papers.
40. Dianne Graves, A Crown of Life: The World of John McCrae (St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell, 1997), 194.
41. J. George Adami, The War Story of the C.A.M.C., 1914–1915, Vol. 1, The First Contingent (London: Musson, 1918), 118–19.
42. Lawrence Cosgrave, “M’Crae Wrote Classic in Twenty Minutes,” Toronto Star, May 14, 1919.
43. Graves, Crown of Life, 203.
44. Archibald Fonds.
45. Entin, Edward Archibald, 48.
46. Archibald Fonds.
47. Fetherstonhaugh, No. 3 Canadian General Hospital, 19.
48. Archibald Fonds.
49. Archibald Fonds.
50. Quoted in Fetherstonhaugh, No. 3 Canadian General Hospital, 22.
51. Britton B. Cooke, “McGill Hospital Is a Marvel of Efficiency,” Toronto Star, reprinted in McGill Daily, November 6, 1915.
52. Archibald Fonds.
53. Fetherstonhaugh, No. 3 Canadian General Hospital, 27.
54. Archibald, letter to his mother, begun September 1, 1915, Archibald Fonds.
55. Archibald Fonds.
56. Archibald Fonds.
57. Archibald Fonds.
58. C.A.W. Gallagher, “Extraordinary Privates Extraordinarily Happy,” The McGilliken (newspaper started by former students who worked on the McGill Daily), November 26, 1915.
59. Harriet Drake, “World War I Letters and Newspaper Clippings of Nursing Sister Harriet Drake,” letter dated May 31, 1915.
60. Archibald Fonds.
61. Archibald Fonds.
62. Archibald Fonds.
63. Madame Manoel of the Scottish Women’s Hospital, quoted in Fetherstonhaugh, No. 3 Canadian General Hospital, 32.
64. Elder, quoted in Fetherstonhaugh, No. 3 Canadian General Hospital, 32.
65. McKenna, World War I Letters, December 5, 1915.
66. McKenna, World War I Letters.
67. Archibald Fonds.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 159–61.
2. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 159–61.
3. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 159–61.
4. Le Tissier, Patton’s Pawns, 84.
5. Nathan N. Prefer, Patton’s Ghost Corps: Cracking the Siegfried Line (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1998), 81.
6. Sarah Emma E. Edmonds, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army: The Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals, Camps, and Battle-Fields (Hartford, CT: W.S. Williams, 1865), 38.
7. Edmonds, Nurse and Spy, 39.
8. Edmonds, Nurse and Spy, 43.
9. Edmonds, Nurse and Spy, 47.
10. Boyko, Blood and Daring, 108.
11. Edmonds, Nurse and Spy, 371.
12. Len Scher, “Nurse, Soldier, Spy,” National Post, November 9, 2002.
13. Scher, “Nurse, Soldier, Spy.”
14. John C. Scrimger Wootton, “Francis Alexander Carron Scrimger: Surgeon, Soldier and Teacher, 1881–1937,” May 30, 1978, Osler Library, McGill University, 14.
15. Francis Scrimger diary, April 24, 1915, McGill University Archives.
16. Edward Archibald, “Colonel F.A.C. Scrimger, V.C.,” obituary, Osler Library, McGill University, c. 1937, 2.
17. Suzanne Kingsmill, Francis Scrimger: Beyond the Call of Duty (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1991), 17.
18. E.F. McDonald, quoted in Selected Articles, Canadian Journal of Medicine and Surgery, January 1920, Osler Library, McGill University, vol. 47, 32.
19. Quoted in W.B. Howell, “Letter Diary,” Canadian Medical Association Journal (March 1938): 280.
20. Archibald, “Colonel F.A.C. Scrimger, V.C.,” 4.
21. Kingsmill, Francis Scrimger, 49.
22. Cluny Macpherson to Gordon-Taylor, October 6, 1958, courtesy Faculty of Medicine Founders’ Archive, Health Sciences Library, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland.
23. Macpherson to Taylor, October 6, 1958.
24. Cluny Macpherson, “An Episode at the War Office, 1915,” Reflections of a Newfoundlander, Notebook #2, 128–32, courtesy Faculty of Medicine Founders’ Archive, Health Sciences Library, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland.
25. Macpherson to Taylor, October 6, 1958.
26. Macpherson, “An Episode at the War Office, 1915.”
27. Macpherson to Taylor, October 6, 1958.
28. Macpherson to Taylor, October 6, 1958.
29. Macpherson to Taylor, October 6, 1958.
30. Macpherson, “An Episode at the War Office, 1915.”
31. Macpherson, “An Episode at the War Office, 1915.”
32. Macpherson, “An Episode at the War Office, 1915.”
33. Cluny Macpherson to Paddy Grace, July 13, 1940, courtesy Faculty of Medicine Founders’ Archive, Health Sciences Library, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland.
34. Macpherson to Taylor, October 6, 1958.
35. Macpherson, “An Episode at the War Office, 1915.”
36. Jim Brittain, interview with the author, Oshawa, ON, October 22, 2014.
37. Brittain, interview.
38. Maj. R.L. Rogers, History of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment (Montreal: Industrial Shops for the Deaf, 1954), 141.
39. Brittain, interview.
40. D. Wesley Clare, “Doctor at Dieppe,” Canadian Medical Association Journal (November 1992): 1351.
41. Clare, “Doctor at Dieppe.”
42. Clare, “Doctor at Dieppe.”
43. Stan A. Kanik, quoted in Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker, Dieppe: Tragedy and Triumph (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1992), 151.
44. Laurence Alexander, “Doc Alexander: The Second World War Journals of Dr. L.G. Alexander,” courtesy of Rob Alexander, https://docalexander.wordpress.com.
45. Alexander, “Doc Alexander.”
46. Alexander, “Doc Alexander.”
47. Alexander, “Doc Alexander.”
48. Stephen Bell, interview with the author, Uxbridge, ON, May 21, 1993.
49. Clare, “Doctor at Dieppe.”
50. Alexander, “Doc Alexander.”
51. Terence Robertson, The Shame and the Glory: Dieppe (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1962), 387.
52. Quoted in Carrie Tait, “Dieppe Remembered, 70 Years Later Through a Grandfather’s Red Leather Journal,” Globe and Mail, August 19, 2012.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Byrnes, History of the 94th Infantry Division, 280.
2. Jerome Fatora, interview with the author, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, October 5, 2017.
3. Le Tissier, Patton’s Pawns, 157.
4. Le Tissier, Patton’s Pawns, 157.
5. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 289.
6. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 233.
7. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 234.
8. Mellaci, interview, August 18, 2015.
9. Mellaci, interview, August 18, 2015.
10. Dr. Darby Bergin, quoted in Canada Department of Militia and Defence, “Report Upon the Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West Territories, and Matters in Connection Therewith in 1885” (Ottawa, 1886), 50.
11. Quoted in H.E. MacDermot, Sir Thomas Roddick: His Work in Medicine and Public Life (Toronto: MacMillan, 1938), 51.
12. F.J. Shepherd, quoted in J.B. Firstbrook, “Thomas Roddick: 1846–1923,” Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons 13, no. 3 (July 1980): 241.
13. Quoted in Firstbrook, “Thomas Roddick,” 241.
14. Thomas Roddick, “Report of Deputy Surgeon-General to D. Bergin, Surgeon-General, Militia,” Montreal, May 10, 1886.
15. “Report of Operations Performed on the Field at Battle of Batoche, May 9th to 13th, 1885,” in Department of Militia and Defence, Medical and Surgical History of the Canadian North-West Rebellion of 1885, as told by Members of the Hospital Staff Corps (Montreal: John Lovell & Son, 1886), 33.
16. H.H. Chown, quoted in MacDermot, Sir Thomas Roddick, 83.
17. “Report of the Surgeon General to the Minister of Militia and Defence, May 13, 1886,” in Department of Militia and Defence, Medical and Surgical History of the Canadian North-West Rebellion of 1885, 5.
18. Bill Rawling, Death Their Enemy: Canadian Medical Practitioners and War (Ottawa: Self-published, 2001), 76.
19. Quoted in Charles Horton and Dale le Vack, eds., Stretcher Bearer! Fighting for Life in the Trenches (Oxford: Lion Hudson, 2013), 56.
20. Boyde Beck, “You Have No Idea: Stretcher Bearers in the Great War,” in From a Stretcher Handle: The World War I Journal and Poems of Pte. Frank Walker, ed. Mary F. Gaudet (Charlottetown, PEI: Institute of Island Studies, 2000), xiv.
21. Horton and le Vack, Stretcher Bearer!, 58.
22. Horton and le Vack, Stretcher Bearer!, 58.
23. Journal entry, September 30, 1916, in Gaudet, From a Stretcher Handle, 105.
24. Gaudet, From a Stretcher Handle, 105.
25. Journal entry, October 6, 1916, in Gaudet, From a Stretcher Handle, 107.
26. Gaudet, From a Stretcher Handle, 107.
27. Gaudet, From a Stretcher Handle, 108.
28. Beck, “You Have No Idea,” xiv–xv.
29. Gaudet, From a Stretcher Handle, 122.
30. John “Jack” Campbell Kennedy, letter to granddaughter Lisa Boyce, Montreal, February 3, 1967, with permission.
31. Fryniwyd Tennyson Jesse, quoted in The Vogue Bedside Book, ed. Josephine Ross (London: Hutchinson, 1984).
32. Grace MacPherson interview, March 9, 1963, Part 1, Library and Archives Canada, RG41, vol. 22, 7.
33. Quoted in Sandra Gwyn, Tapestry of War: A Private View of Canadians in the Great War (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1992), 446.
34. MacPherson interview, 1.
35. Gwyn, Tapestry of War, 447.
36. Grace MacPherson, diary entry, August 21, 1916, courtesy Diana Filer.
37. MacPherson interview, 2.
38. MacPherson interview, 15.
39. MacPherson interview, 5.
40. Ted Barris, Victory at Vimy: Canada Comes of Age, April 9–12, 1917 (Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2007), 180.
41. MacPherson interview, 12.
42. MacPherson interview, 5.
43. Katherine Macdonald, letter to mother, c. April 6, 1917, Canadian War Museum, accession 19950037-58A 1 114.9.
44. Macdonald, letter to mother and sister, November. 7, 1917.
45. Macdonald, letter to mother and sister, March 24, 1918.
46. Macdonald, letter to mother and sister, May 18, 1918.
47. F.A. McKenzie, “Nurses Disdain Death to Help Wounded Men,” Toronto Star, May 25, 1918.
48. War Diary of No. 1 Canadian General Hospital, May 19, 1918, https://camc.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/1cgh-may-1918.
49. Maj. S.J.M. Comoton (Canadian Chaplain Service) to Capt. Ballantyne (Macdonald’s fiancé), June 2, 1918, Canadian War Museum, accession 19950037-013.
50. Quoted in “Canadian Nurses Tell of Hun Attack,” Morning Albertan, June 7, 1918.
51. “Canadian Nurses Tell of Hun Attack.”
52. Capt. Donald Martyn, quoted in Gwyn, Tapestry of War, 457–58.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Alex Barris to Koula Kontozoglou, April 3, 1945, author’s collection.
2. Barris to Kontozoglou, April 3, 1945. All quotations from Barris’s letters to Kontozoglou in this section are taken from this source.
3. Harold McGill–Emma Griffis Fonds, Glenbow Alberta Institute Archives (hereafter referred to as GAI-MG), letter dated December 5, 1915.
4. GAI-MG, letter dated June 16, 1916.
5. Marjorie Barron Norris, Sister Heroines (Calgary: Bunker to Bunker, 2002), 99.
6. “Eavesdrop with Eva,” Morning Albertan, August 11, 1962.
7. Marjorie Barron Norris, ed., Medicine and Duty: The World War I Memoir of Captain Harold W. McGill, Medical Officer, 31st Battalion CEF (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2007), 205.
8. Norris, Medicine and Duty, 205
9. Teddy Barnes, quoted in Norris, Medicine and Duty, 220.
10. GAI-MG, letter dated October 1, 1916.
11. GAI-MG, letter dated October 1, 1916.
12. GAI-MG, letter dated February 5, 1917.
13. Norris, Medicine and Duty, 109.
14. GAI-MG, letter dated July 12, 1917.
15. GAI-MG, letter dated August 2, 1917.
16. Author correspondence with Donna Henderson, granddaughter of Fred Lailey, Toronto, ON, December 8, 2018. All quotations from Fred Lailey in this section are taken from this source.
17. Bill Murphy, quoted in J.L. Granatstein and Desmond Morton, Canada and the Two World Wars (Toronto: Key Porter, 2003), 266.
18. Granatstein and Morton, Canada and the Two World Wars, 267.
19. Quoted in Linda Hersey, “A Royal Filly,” Legion, September 1, 2003. Gerald Kelly’s recollections of the event in this section are all taken from this source.
20. Quoted in David Keirstead, “Hampton History: The Royal Lady Arrived 70 Years Ago,” Hampton Herald, March 7, 2016.
21. Quoted in Hersey, “Royal Filly.”
22. Kings County Record, April 4, 1946.
23. Magistrate Arthur J. Kelly, quoted in “Hampton History.”
24. Quoted in “Princess Louise: Canada’s Equine War Hero,” Horse Canada, December 9, 2013.
25. Jack Prior, “The Night Before Christmas—Bastogne, 1944,” Bulletin of the Onondaga County Medical Society, December 1972.
26. Augusta Chiwy, interview with Martin King, September 28, 2009, in Searching for Augusta (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2017), 191, with permission.
27. Prior, “Night Before Christmas.”
28. Marjorie Avery, “Bastogne Desolate after Liberation: Survivors Tell of Blood and Fire of Hospital Bombed Christmas Eve,” Detroit Free Press, December 30, 1945.
29. Avery, “Bastogne Desolate.”
30. Prior, “Night Before Christmas.”
31. The first meeting between Capt. Jack Prior and Registered Nurse Augusta Chiwy is recounted in King, Searching for Augusta, 66–67.
32. Chiwy interview with King, October 2, 2009, with permission.
33. Prior, “Night Before Christmas.”
34. Jack Prior, quoted in King, Searching for Augusta, 71, with permission.
35. Ruth Padawer, “Going Silent: Augusta Chiwy, She Saw So Much and Could Say So Little about It,” New York Times Magazine, December 23, 2015.
36. Prior, “Night Before Christmas.”
37. “Silver Star Citation: Captain Irving L. Naftulin,” Syracuse Post Standard, November 25, 2007.
38. King, Searching for Augusta, 216.
39. Prior, “Night Before Christmas.”
40. Chiwy interview with King, October 8, 2009, with permission.
41. Chiwy interview with King, October 8, 2009, with permission.
42. Quoted in King, Searching for Augusta, 138.
43. King, Searching for Augusta, 150.
44. Quoted in King, Searching for Augusta, 195.
45. Jeffrey Prior, correspondence with Martin King, in Searching for Augusta, endnotes.
46. Prior, “Night Before Christmas.”
47. Barris to Kontozoglou, April 3, 1945 (author’s collection).
48. “Youthful Courage, Not Weapons, Won Epic Battle of Belgium Bulge,” Asbury Park Press, January 14, 1945.
49. Winston Churchill, British House of Commons, January 18, 1945.
50. George Patton, War As I Knew It, ed. Beatrice Banning Ayer Patton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), 40.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. Mellaci, interview, August 18, 2015.
2. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 44.
3. William A. Foley Jr., Visions from a Foxhole: A Rifleman in Patton’s Ghost Corps (New York: Ballantine, 2003), 43.
4. Foley, Visions from a Foxhole, 145–46.
5. Foley, Visions from a Foxhole, 145–46.
6. George P. Whitman, “Memoirs of a Rifle Company Commander in Patton’s Third U.S. Army,” in Le Tissier, Patton’s Pawns, 35.
7. Byrnes, History of the 94th Infantry Division, 146.
8. Byrnes, History of the 94th Infantry Division, 224–25.
9. Raiden Dellinger, letter to parents (from New York), September 25, 1939, courtesy of David Mitchell.
10. Dellinger, letter to parents (from France), December 7, 1944, courtesy of David Mitchell.
11. Dellinger, letter to wife (from France), February 1945, courtesy of David Mitchell.
12. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 477.
13. Dellinger, letter to parents (from Germany), March 27, 1945, courtesy of David Mitchell.
14. Bruce E. Egger and Lee McMillan Otts, G Company’s War: Two Personal Accounts of the Campaigns in Europe, 1944–1945 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998), 110.
15. David Kenyon Webster, Parachute Infantry: An American Paratrooper’s Memoir of D-Day and the Fall of the Third Reich (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 41.
16. Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: The US Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany, June 7, 1944, to May 7, 1945 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 325.
17. EBR, quoted in Canadian War Museum document, 1937 (no other identifying information available).
18. EBR.
19. EBR.
20. Albert E. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 251–52.
21. Quoted in Kenneth Cambon, Guest of Hirohito (Vancouver: PW Press, 1990), 180–81.
22. Cambon, Guest of Hirohito, 182.
23. Winston Churchill, The Second World War: The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 92.
24. Jacob Markowitz, speech delivered to Dominion Network, April 11, 1946, Markowitz Papers, University of Toronto Archives.
25. Jacob Markowitz, quoted in Canadian Jews in World War II, Part I, Decorations (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Congress, 1947), 15–16.
26. Robert H. Farquharson, For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941–1945 (Victoria, BC: Trafford, 2004), 126.
27. John Nichol and Tony Rennell, Medic: Saving Lives from Dunkirk to Afghanistan (London: Penguin, 2009), 76.
28. Markowitz, speech, April 11, 1946.
29. Ellin Bessner, Double Threat: Canadian Jews, the Military and World War II (Toronto: New Jewish Press, 2017), 13.
30. Jacob Markowitz, curriculum vitae, University of Toronto Archives.
31. Nichol and Rennell, Medic, 76.
32. Markowitz, in Canadian Jews in World War II, 15.
33. Order of Battle of the German Army, March 1945, War Department, Washington, DC, 343; Record of Proceedings (revised) of the Trial by Canadian Military Court of S.S. Brigadeführer (Major-General) Kurt Meyer, especially 617–19 (testimony of Meyer).
34. Herbert Thistle, interview with Alex Barris, August 24, 1993, St. John’s, NL.
35. Thistle, interview.
36. Ray Duffield, interview with the author, August 15, 2015, Toronto, ON.
37. Kurt Meyer, Grenadiers: Memoir by SS Brigadeführer Kurt Meyer, trans. Michael Mendé (Winnipeg, MB: J.J. Fedorowicz, 1994), 124.
38. Jim Duffield, interview with the author, August 15, 2015, Toronto, ON.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. Larry Gelbart, AZ Quotes, https://www.azquotes.com/quote/957703.
2. Barris, The Weekly Dose, March 6, 1943, courtesy of Tony Mellaci.
3. Larry Gelbart, Laughing Matters: On Writing M*A*S*H, Tootsie, Oh, God! and a Few Other Funny Things (New York: Random House, 1998), 48.
4. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 234.
5. George S. Patton to Gen. Harry J. Malony, March 29, 1945, quoted in Brynes, History of the 94th, 450.
6. Mellaci, interview, August 18, 2015.
7. Bronze Star citation, issued by Headquarters, Co. “B” 319 Medical Battalion, APO 94, US Army, March 4, 1945, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO.
8. Diana Souhami, Edith Cavell: Nurse, Martyr, Heroine (London: Quercus, 2010), 351.
9. “Edith Cavell: Patriot Nurse, Underground Agent,” https://firstworldwarhidden history.wordpress.com/2015/09/23/edith-cavell-1-the-constant-patriot.
10. “Edith Cavell,” firstworldwarhiddenhistory.
11. Souhami, Edith Cavell.
12. Hugh S. Gibson, quoted in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Cavell.
13. Gibson, Wikipedia.
14. Quoted in Sarah Burton, “Edith Cavell,” The Independent, November 11, 2010.
15. Shawna M. Quinn, Agnes Warner and the Nursing Sisters of the Great War (Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions, 2010), 130.
16. Burton, “Edith Cavell.”
17. Nurse Edith Cavell, dir. Herbert Wilcox (New York: Imperadio Pictures, 1939).
18. Bill Davis, interview with the author, Portland, ON, November 6, 1997.
19. Davis, interview.
20. Ian Graham, The Ultimate Book of Imposters (Naperville, IL: Source Books, 2013), 230.
21. Don Flieger, interview with the author, Kitchener, ON, April 15, 1998. All of Flieger’s recollections in this section are taken from this source.
CHAPTER NINE
1. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 236.
2. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 236.
3. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 237.
4. Barris, Moonshine Glory, 237.
5. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 237.
6. Vladimir Krizek, interview with Marketa Schusterova, October 2016, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
7. Jaroslava Svatkova, quoted in Florian Fencl, Soumrak a Svitani es Vodňany, 1939–1945; Twilight and Dawn: National Chronicle of Vodňany, 1939–1945 (Pamatnikovy spolek Vodňany, 1948) (published by the Remembrance Society of Vodňany, 1948).
8. Krizek, interview.
9. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 490.
10. Krizek, interview.
11. Angelo Barris, interview. All Angelo Barris quotations in this section are taken from this source.
12. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 239.
13. George Orwell [Eric Arthur Blair], “You and the Atomic Bomb,” Tribune (London), October 19, 1945.
14. Frank Cullen, interview with the author, July 17, 1997, Toronto, ON.
15. Cullen, interview.
16. Keith Besley, interview with the author, July 17, 1997, Toronto, ON.
17. Besley, interview.
18. Norman Malayney, interview with the author, June 1, 2016, Winnipeg, MB.
19. Carolyn J. Eberhart, The Shifting Sands of Cam Ranh Bay; RVN 1965–1972: A True Story of the U.S. Air Force Combat Nurses (Shifting Sands, 2012), 8.
20. Malayney, interview. All of Malayney’s recollections in this section are taken from this source.
21. Dane Harden, interview with the author, August 13, 2016, Windsor, ON. All of Harden’s recollections in this section are taken from this interview.
22. Herb Ridyard Jr., interview with the author, October 10, 2017, Tier, Germany. All of Ridyard’s recollections in this section are taken from this interview.
23. Harden, interview.
24. Ridyard Jr., interview.
CHAPTER TEN
1. Tony Mellaci, interview with the author, July 23, 2015, Eatontown, NJ.
2. Mellaci, interview, July 23, 2015.
3. Byrnes, History of the 94th, 477.
4. Quoted in Byrnes, History of the 94th, 279.
5. Cornelius Clifford, Walter Clark, William Griswold, and Al Barris, eds., B Company Bull Farm, August 6, 1945, 3.
6. William Griswold, “Practical Photography,” B Company Bull Farm, 15.
7. Walter Clark, “The Readers’ Corner,” B Company Bull Farm, 16.
8. Al Barris, “A Year Ago Today,” B Company Bull Farm, 4–5.
9. Barris, “A Year Ago Today,” 6.
10. Tony Burns, correspondence with author, February 3, 2003.
11. Burns, correspondence.
12. Tony Burns, interview with the author, Halifax, NS, May 24, 2004.
13. Joe Reilly, interview with the author, Warminster, PA, August 20, 2015. All of Reilly’s recollections in this section are taken from this source.
14. Headquarters 4th Armored Division, A.P.O. 254, General Orders Number 124, Section II: “To Technician Third Grade Joseph F. Reilly 33598288 MD, 1944–1945, France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. Entered military service from Pennsylvania.” Courtesy of Joe Reilly.
15. Reilly, interview.
16. David Wilsey to Emily Wilsey, May 25, 1945, courtesy of Clarice Wilsey.
17. WW2 U.S. Medical Research Centre, www.med-dept.com.
18. Clarice Wilsey, interview with the author, Spokane, WA, September 12, 2016.
19. Maj. Gen. Paul R. Hawkley, Chief Surgeon, Medical Service, European Theater of Operations, “That Men Might Live: The Story of the Medical Service—ETO,” pamphlet published by Orientation Branch, Information and Education Division, ETOUSA, c. 1945, 20.
20. Clarice Wilsey, interview.
21. Citation for Award of Bronze Star Medal, courtesy of Clarice Wilsey.
22. David to Emily, May 1, 1945 (from Germany), courtesy of Clarice Wilsey.
23. David to Emily, May 8, 1945, courtesy of Clarice Wilsey.
24. Clarice Wilsey, quoted in Margie Boule, “One Northwest Doctor’s Legacy: A Light amid the Evil at Dachau,” The Oregonian, January 24, 2010.
25. Quoted in Boule, “One Northwest Doctor’s Legacy.”
26. Quoted in Boule, “One Northwest Doctor’s Legacy.”
27. David to Emily, May 8, 1945.
28. David to Emily, May 8, 1945.
29. David to Emily, May 22, 1945 (from Germany), courtesy of Clarice Wilsey.
30. Bob Donaldson, interview with Al Bachetta, November 14, 2011, https://furtherglory.wordpress.com/tag/116th-evacuation-hospital/.
31. Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel, eds., Dachau and the Nazi Terror, Vol. II, Studies and Reports (Brussels: Comité International de Dachau, 2002), 159.
32. David to Emily, July 1945 (from Dachau, Germany), courtesy of Clarice Wilsey.
33. Quoted in Boule, “One Northwest Doctor’s Legacy.”
34. Gilmore, interview. All of Gilmore’s recollections in this section are taken from this source.
35. Arnold Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 3, 1942, courtesy of Carol Hodgkins-Smith.
36. Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 5, 1943, courtesy Carol Hodgkins-Smith.
37. William Bell, “Arnold Hodgkins: The Man and His Art,” n.d., 10.
38. Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 16, December 7, 1943, courtesy of Carol Hodgkins-Smith.
39. Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 17, December 8, 1943, courtesy of Carol Hodgkins-Smith.
40. Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 17, December 9, 1943.
41. Bell, “Arnold Hodgkins,” 11.
42. Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 18, May 18, 1944, courtesy of Carol Hodgkins-Smith.
43. Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 19A, August 28, 1944, courtesy of Carol Hodgkins-Smith.
44. Bell, “Arnold Hodgkins,” 12.
45. Hodgkins, War Journey Series, book 19A, August 28, 1944.
46. Author’s notes, October 6, 2017.
47. In the 1960s, Alex Barris decided to capture many of his wartime recollections in a novel about a medic serving in the Battle of the Bulge. The unpublished manuscript was titled Mooshine Glory. As much of the novel is based on his actual experiences—including his return to Haaren High School in 1945—I have borrowed the re-creation of his encounter with the school registrar.
48. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 246.
49. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 134.
50. Barris, Growing Up Greek, 245.