8 Get the Nigger

1.

Guardian Journal (Nottingham), 25 Aug 1958; Manchester Guardian, 25 Aug 1958; Ruth Glass, Newcomers (1960), p 131; Manchester Guardian, 26 Aug 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 132; The Times, 1 Sep 1958; Manchester Guardian, 27 Aug 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 135; Kensington News and West London Times, 29 Aug 1958, 5 Sep 1958.

2.	Daily Express, 1 Sep 1958; Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush (1998), p 174; Glass, Newcomers, pp 136–7; Kensington News and West London Times, 5 Sep 1958; Manchester Guardian, 5 Sep 1958.

3.	Daily Express, 2 Sep 1958; Manchester Guardian, 2 Sep 1958; Scotsman, 2 Sep 1958; Kensington News and West London Times, 5 Sep 1958; Phillips, Windrush, pp 175–6; Daily Express, 2 Sep 1958; Benn, p 286; Glass, Newcomers, p 140; The Times, 3 Sep 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 141.

4.	Michael Banton, White and Coloured (1959), p 159; City and Suburban News (Manchester), 11 Oct 1957; Spectator, 5 Sep 1958 (Eleanor Ettlinger); Glass, Newcomers, p 81; Observer, 22 Jun 1958; Coventry Standard, 1 Aug 1958; Birmingham Mail, 30 Aug 1958.

5.	Kensington News and West London Times, 22 Aug 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 60; Manchester Guardian, 23 Nov 1957; Sheila Patterson, Dark Strangers (1963), pp 179–84; Glass, Newcomers, p 76; Manchester Guardian, 4 Mar 1957.

6.	Glass, Newcomers, p 86; Big Issue, 26 Apr 2004; Radio Times, 6 Jun 1958; Punch, 27 Aug 1958.

7.	BBC WA, Any Questions?, 12 Sep 1958.

8.

The Times, 4 Sep 1958; Observer, 7 Sep 1958; D. W. Dean, ‘Conservative Governments and the Restriction of Commonwealth Immigration in the 1950s’, Historical Journal (Mar 1992), p 189; Smethwick Telephone, 12 Sep 1958; Glass, Newcomers, pp 153, 155; Simon Heffer, ‘What Enoch Was Really Saying’, Spectator, 24 Nov 2001.

9.

Paul Foot, Immigration and Race in British Politics (Harmondsworth, 1965), p 169; Arthur Marwick, The Sixties (Oxford, 1998), p 235; Daily Mail, 2 Sep 1958; Daily Mirror, 3 Sep 1958; Ken Lunn, ‘Complex Encounters: Trade Unions, Immigration and Racism’, in John McIlroy et al (eds), British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, Volume Two (Aldershot, 1999), p 80; Reynolds News, 7 Sep 1958; Dean, ‘Conservative Governments’, p 192; The Times, 29 Sep 1958.

10.	Heap, 1 Sep 1958; Maurice Edelman Papers (Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick), Ms 125/1/3/33; News Chronicle, 8 Sep 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 123; Turtle, 17 Sep 1958; Colin MacInnes, England, Half English (1986 edn), p 39; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Oct–Nov 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 247.

11.

Listener, 11 Sep 1958 (Philip Henderson); Kensington News and West London Times, 12 Sep 1958; Express and Star (Wolverhampton), 4 Sep 1958, 6 Sep 1958, 8–9 Sep 1958, 11 Sep 1958; Guardian Journal (Nottingham), 13 Sep 1958; The Times, 18 Sep 1958; North London Press, 19 Sep 1958, 26 Sep 1958; The Times, 19 Sep 1958, 22 Sep 1958; North London Press, 3 Oct 1958; Emily Green, ‘Sylvester Hughes’, Independent, 23 Jul 1991.

12.	Evening Standard, 4 Sep 1958; Frank Cousins Papers (Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick), Ms 282/8/3/1, Sep 1958; Olga Cannon and J.R.L. Anderson, The Road from Wigan Pier (1973), pp 192–6; Billingham Post, 11 Sep 1958; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), p 153.

13.	Michael Hellicar, ‘The First TV Set’, Daily Mail, 14 Sep 2002; Daily Mirror, 15 Sep 1958, 29 Sep 1958, 6 Oct 1958, 19 Sep 1958; Morris Bright and Robert Ross, Carry On Uncensored (1999), pp 8, 10; Sue Harper and Vincent Porter, British Cinema of the 1950s (Oxford, 2003), p 193.

14.	Muriel Beadle, These Ruins Are Inhabited (1961), pp 15–17; Daily Mirror, 24 Sep 1958; John Bloom, It’s No Sin to Make a Profit (1971), pp 14–15, 21–32; T.A.B. Corley, Domestic Electrical Appliances (1966), p 55.

15.	Daily Mirror, 15 Sep 1958; The Times, 21 Jul 2008 (Mick Hume); Joe Moran, ‘Milk Bars, Starbucks and The Uses of Literacy’, Cultural Studies (Nov 2006), p 564; Willmott, 1 Oct 1958.

16.

Raymond Williams, Politics and Letters (1979), p 132; John Mullan, ‘Rebel in a Tweed Suit’, Guardian, 28 May 2005; Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (1958), pp 205–6; Raphael Samuel, ‘“Philosophy Teaching By Example”: Past and Present in Raymond Williams’, History Workshop (Spring 1989), p 146; Williams, Culture and Society, pp 327–8; New Statesman, 27 Sep 1958; Spectator, 10 Oct 1958; Times Literary Supplement, 26 Sep 1958; Encounter, Jan 1959, pp 86–8; Samuel, ‘Past and Present’, p 142; Fred Inglis, Raymond Williams (1995), p 146.

17.	Norman MacKenzie (ed), Conviction (1958), pp 92, 138, 230; Socialist Commentary, Nov 1958, pp 29; Noel Annan, Our Age (1990), p 596.

18.

Architects’ Journal, 25 Sep 1958; Turtle, 21 Sep 1958; Daily Telegraph, 26 Sep 1958; Benn, p 289; Sheffield Telegraph, 24 Sep 1958; Architectural Review (Oct 1958), p 282; Bevis Hillier, Betjeman: The Bonus of Laughter (2004), pp 167–8; Lost City, BBC TV, 26 Oct 1958 (TV Heaven at National Media Museum, Bradford); Dan Smith, An Autobiography (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1970), pp 48, 61–5.

19.	Spencer Leigh, ‘Halfway to Paradise’, Record Collector (Feb 2008), p 59; Observer Music Monthly (May 2004), p 25 (Simon Napier-Bell); Spencer Leigh, ‘Ian Samwell’, Independent, 17 Mar 2003; Guardian, 26 Sep 2008 (John Pidgeon); The Times, 25 Jun 2004 (Lisa Verrico).

20.	The Times, 4 Oct 2008 (David Robertson); Guardian, 23 Jun 2007 (Ian Jack); Ronald Miller and David Sawers, The Technical Development of Modern Aviation (1968), pp 179–82; Clive Jenkins, ‘BOAC: The Anatomy of a Strike’, Universities and Left Review (Spring 1959), pp 30–34.

21.

Peter Weiler, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Conservatives’ “Grand Design for Housing”, 1951–64’, Contemporary British History (Spring 2000), p 132; Hilary Spurling, Secrets of a Woman’s Heart (1984), p 245; Richard Davenport-Hines, ‘Peter Rachman’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol 45 (Oxford, 2004), p 716. In general on the Rent Act’s background and implementation, see (in addition to Weiler’s ‘Rise and Fall’): John Davis, ‘Rent and Race in 1960s London: New Light on Rachmanism’, Twentieth Century British History, 12/1 (2001), pp 69–92; Alan G. V. Simmonds, ‘Raising Rachman: The Origins of the Rent Act, 1957’, Historical Journal (Dec 2002), pp 843–68.

22.	Guardian, 11 Oct 2008 (Bobby Smith); Garry Whannel, ‘“Grandstand”, the Sports Fan and the Family Audience’, in John Corner (ed), Popular Television in Britain (1991), p 188; Radio Times, 3 Oct 1958; Larkin, Ms Eng. c.7418, 16 Oct 1958, fol 120; Martin Bauml Duberman, Paul Robeson (1989), p 471.

23.	Alan Sillitoe, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (Pan edn, 1960), p 5; Richard Bradford, The Life of a Long-Distance Writer (2008), p 152; New Statesman, 25 Oct 1958.

24.

Turtle, 16 Oct 1958; Radio Times, 10 Oct 1958; Biddy Baxter, ‘Christopher Trace’, Independent, 8 Sep 1992; Lawrence Black, Redefining British Politics (Basingstoke, 2010), p 87; BBC WA, R9/7/36 – VR/58/558; Guardian, 28 Oct 2008 (Frank Keating), 15 Sep 2009 (Richard Williams); News Chronicle, 21 Oct 1958; New Yorker, 1 Nov 1958; Daily Mirror, 20 Oct 1958, 22 Oct 1958.

25.

Macmillan, dep.d.33, 4 Oct 1958, fol 60, 18 Oct 1958, fol 74; Neil Rollings, ‘Butskellism, the Postwar Consensus and the Managed Economy’, in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah (eds), The Myth of Consensus (Basingstoke, 1996), p 111; Macmillan, dep.d.33, 22 Oct 1958, fols 80–81; Manchester Guardian, 28 Oct 1958; George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), p 482.

26.

Jonathan Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby (1975), p 342; Langford, 28 Oct 1958; Heap, 28 Oct 1958; TV Times, 26 Oct 1958; Tony Jasper, The Top Twenty Book (1994 edn), p 42; Radio Times, 24 Oct 1958, 31 Oct 1958; Oldie, Sep 2000, p 59 (Frank Keating); Jim White, ‘And Coleman is 70’, Independent, 26 Apr 1996; Dennis Barker, ‘Bryan Cowgill’, Guardian, 18 Jul 2008.

9 Parity of Esteem

1.	Socialist Commentary (May 1956), p 13; Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870–2033 (Penguin edn, 1961), pp 94, 169.

2.	Paul Barker, ‘A Tract for the Times’, in Geoff Dench (ed), The Rise and Rise of Meritocracy (Oxford, 2006), pp 44, 40; Spectator, 21 Nov 1958; The Times, 30 Oct 1958; Barker, ‘Tract’, p 39; Encounter, Feb 1959, pp 68–72.

3.

Harry Ritchie, Success Stories (1988), p 79; Humphrey Carpenter, The Angry Young Men (2002), p 153; Crossman, p 598; Daily Sketch, 25 Jan 1958; David Edgerton, Warfare State (Cambridge, 2006), p 180; Joe Moran, On Roads (2009), pp 20, 34; ‘Sir Denis Rooke, OM’, Daily Telegraph, 6 Sep 2008; Tam Dalyell, ‘Sir Denis Rooke’, Independent, 8 Sep 2008.

4.	Nicholas Faith, ‘Lord Weinstock’, Independent, 24 Jul 2002; D. C. Coleman, Courtauld’s: III (Oxford, 1980), pp 141–2, 327; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), p 78.

5.

Michael Leapman, ‘Robert Robinson’, Independent, 15 Aug 2011; Michael Leapman, ‘Brian Redhead’, Independent, 24 Jan 1994; Harold Evans, My Paper Chase (2009), p 208; ‘Jean Rook’, Daily Telegraph, 6 Sep 1991; Michael Leapman, ‘Keith Waterhouse’, Independent, 8 Sep 2009; Peter Guttridge, ‘Professor Sir Malcolm Bradbury’, Independent, 29 Nov 2000; Jonathan Coe, Like a Fiery Elephant (2004), p 82; Lucasta Miller, ‘John Carey’, Guardian, 4 Jun 2005; Ian Hamilton in Conversation with Dan Jacobson (2002), pp 13, 113; Tony Richardson, Long Distance Runner (1993); Stephen Fay, Power Play (1995); ‘John Thaw’, Daily Telegraph, 23 Feb 2002; Peter Stead, Film and the Working Class (1989), pp 190–91; Val Williams, ‘Terence Donovan’, Independent, 25 Nov 1996; Tim Cumming, ‘Shooting Stars’, Independent, 7 Aug 2002; Pierre Perrone, ‘Brian Duffy’, Independent, 17 Jun 2010; Financial Times, 3 Nov 2007 (Julian Flanagan); Natalie Rudd, Peter Blake (2003), pp 7, 25; Tim Marlow, ‘Bryan Robertson’, Independent, 26 Nov 2002; Wikipedia, ‘Zandra Rhodes’; Independent, 9 Jan 2009 (Michael Coveney); John Repsch, The Legendary Joe Meek (1989), pp 52, 63.

6.	Encounter, Feb 1958, p 60, Apr 1958, p 70; Humphrey Carpenter, Dennis Potter (1998), pp 55–98; Margaret Forster, Hidden Lives (1995), pp 244–9; Daily Telegraph, 31 May 2003; Guardian, 10 Oct 1998.

7.	Sunday Times, 11 Oct 1959; Anton Rippon, A Derby Boy (Stroud, 2007), chap 6; Mary Evans, A Good School (1991), pp 91, 9, 83–5, 101, 4, 10–11, 41, 120; Roy Greenslade, Goodbye to the Working Class (1976), pp 23, 151–9; The Ashbeian, 1957–8, pp 28–9.

8.	Spectator, 28 Jun 1957; Jacqueline Wilson, Jacky Daydream (2007), pp 285–7; Haines, 24 Jan 1958; Wilson, Jacky, pp 287–90; Haines, 24–5 Apr 1958; Ken Blakemore, Sunnyside Down (Stroud, 2005), pp 145–6; Greenslade, Goodbye, pp 20–21; Kevin Cann, Any Day Now (2010), p 18.

9.	Peter Willmott, ‘Some Social Trends’, in J. B. Cullingworth (ed), Problems of an Urban Society, Volume III (1973), p 96; News Chronicle, 21–3 Apr 1958; Listener, 24 Oct 1957; Roy Lewis and Rosemary Stewart, The Boss (1958), p 99.

10.

J. E. Floud et al, Social Class and Educational Opportunity (1956), p 42; William Taylor, The Secondary Modern School (1963), pp 51, 156, 47; Michael Sanderson, Educational Opportunity and Social Change in England (1987), p 56; William Liversidge, ‘Life Chances’, Sociological Review (Mar 1962), pp 21–2, 33; M. P. Carter, Home, School and Work (Oxford, 1962), pp 71, 79.

11.

Sanderson, Educational Opportunity, p 52; Alan Little and John Westergaard, ‘The Trend of Class Differentials in Educational Opportunity in England and Wales’, British Journal of Sociology (Dec 1964), p 303; Eva Bene, ‘Some Differences between Middle-Class and Working-Class Grammar School Boys in their Attitudes towards Education’, British Journal of Sociology (Jun 1959), p 151.

12.	Sanderson, Educational Opportunity, p 71; Brian Simon, Education and the Social Order, 1940–1990 (1991), pp 201–2; Observer, 4 Sep 1960; Willmott, ‘Social Trends’, p 96; New Statesman, 30 Aug 1958 (K. W. Wedderburn); Sunday Times, 29 Dec 1957; Observer, 4 Sep 1960.

13.

Floud et al, Social Class, p 81; Abrams, Box 85, file ‘1 of 3’, Research Services Ltd, ‘A Pilot Enquiry into Some Aspects of Working-Class Life in London’ (1957); Peter Willmott, The Evolution of a Community (1963), pp 115–16; Brian Jackson and Dennis Marsden, Education and the Working Class (1962), pp 103–23, 237; Carter, Home, pp 118–19.

14.	Daily Mail, 1 Aug 1958, 4–5 Aug 1958; Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack, 1958 (1958), pp 111–12; Michael Marshall, Gentlemen and Players (1987), pp 253–4.

15.

Gerald Aylmer, ‘Lord James of Rusholm’, Independent, 21 May 1992; George Perry, The Great British Picture Show (1985 edn), pp 200–201; Basil Bernstein, Class, Codes and Control, Volume 1 (1971), pp 43–61; Anne de Courcy, Snowdon (2008), p 57; John Moynihan, ‘Sunday Soccer’, in Ian Hamilton (ed), The Faber Book of Soccer (1992), pp 76–86.

16.	Radio Times, 15 Aug 1958; BBC WA, R9/2/10, week 17–23 Aug 1958; Kynaston, City, p 212.

17.

Turtle, 15 Sep 1958; New Statesman, 23 Aug 1958; Anthony Crosland, The Future of Socialism (2006 edn), p 218; Spectator, 4 Jan 1957; Dennis Dean, ‘Preservation or Renovation? The Dilemmas of Conservative Educational Policy 1955–1960’, Twentieth Century British History, 3/1 (1992), pp 28–9; Daily Mail, 20 May 1958.

18.	New Statesman, 30 Aug 1958, 20 Sep 1958, 27 Sep 1958, 11 Oct 1958; Socialist Commentary, Oct 1958, p 26; Muriel Beadle, These Ruins are Inhabited (1961), pp 148–51; Crosland, Future, p 218; BBC WA, R9/7/26 – VR/57/66.

19.

Sanderson, Educational Opportunity, p 47; Robin Pedley, Comprehensive Education (1956), p 41; Simon, Education, p 209; P. E. Vernon, Secondary School Selection (1957), pp 169, 177; Harry Judge, A Generation of Schooling (Oxford, 1984), pp 47–8; New Statesman, 25 May 1957; News Chronicle, 5 Feb 1957; Daily Express, 8 May 1957.

20.	Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 34; Sunday Times, 21 Apr 1957; Spectator, 14 Jun 1957; Carter, Home, p 5; Gary McCulloch, Failing the Ordinary Child? (Buckingham, 1998), p 89; Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 50.

21.	Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 37; New Statesman, 21 Sep 1957; H. C. Dent, Secondary Modern School (1958), pp 14, 42, 152; Melissa Benn, School Wars (2011), pp 45–7; John Lanchester, Family Romance (2007), pp 234–5.

22.	Taylor, Secondary Modern, pp 106–7, 110; Rhodes Boyson, Speaking My Mind (1995), p 52; Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 118; Brian Simon, ‘The Tory Government and Education, 1951–60’, History of Education (Dec 1985), p 293; Economist, 6 Dec 1958.

23.	George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinon Polls: Great Britain, 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), p 470; Melissa Benn, ‘Allen Clarke’, Guardian, 25 Aug 2007; Economist, 6 Dec 1958.

24.

Sunday Times, 27 Jan 1957; Times Educational Supplement, 15 Feb 1957; Economist, 22 Jun 1957; Spectator, 12 Dec 1958; Brian Simon, ‘Harry Rée’, Independent, 21 May 1991; Simon, Education, p 210; New Statesman, 12 Oct 1957, 18 Oct 1958; Listener, 11 Jul 1957; New Statesman, 21 Feb 1959, 25 May 1957; Vernon, Secondary School Selection, p 50; Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (1958), pp 331–2.

25.

David Crook, ‘The Disputed Origins of the Leicestershire Two-Tier Comprehensive Schools Plan’, History of Education Society Bulletin (Autumn 1992), pp 55–8; Observer, 19 Oct 1958; Times Educational Supplement, 12 Apr 1957; Leicestershire RO, DE 3627/207, Oadby Gartree School minutes, 23 Sep 1957, 21 Jan 1958; Gerald T. Rimmington, The Comprehensive Issue in Leicester 1945–1974 and Other Essays (Peterborough, 1984), pp 8–9.

26.	Western Daily Press, 12 Oct 1957; Simon, Education, pp 206, 219; Western Daily Press, 14 Oct 1957, 18 Oct 1957; Northern Despatch, 3 Oct 1958, 8 Nov 1958, 23 Oct 1958; Richard Batley et al, Going Comprehensive (1970), pp 36–9, 98.

27.	City of Bradford, Official Records of Council Meetings, 1957–8 (Bradford, 1958), pp 148, 151, 1958–9 (Bradford, 1959), pp 142–5.

28.	Socialist Commentary, Apr 1957, p 9; Labour Party Archives (People’s History Museum, Manchester), ‘Study Group on Education: Minutes and Papers: 27 March 1957–8 Jan 1958’, ‘Study Group on Education: Minutes and Papers: 20 Jan 1958–4 Feb 1959’; Crossman, Ms 154/8/21, 10 Feb 1958, fols 1,070–72.

29.	Spectator, 20 Jun 1958; Robin Pedley, The Comprehensive School (Penguin edn, 1969), p 180; New Yorker, 6 Sep 1958; Beverley Shaw, Comprehensive Schooling (Oxford, 1983), pp 56–7; New Statesman, 28 Jun 1958, 5 Jul 1958.

30.	The Times, 30 Sep 1958; Journal (Newcastle), 30 Sep 1958; New Statesman, 4 Oct 1958; Philip M. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (1979), pp 468, 896; Sociological Review (Dec 1959), pp 269–70.

10 Unnatural Practices

1.

TV Times, 31 Oct 1958; Spectator, 21 Nov 1958 (Peter Forster); Radio Times, 7 Nov 1958; Tony Jasper, The Top Twenty Book (1994 edn), p 42; New Statesman, 8 Nov 1958, 22 Nov 1958; Charles Marowitz et al (eds), The Encore Reader (Methuen pbk edn, 1970), pp 96–103; Larkin, p 244; Fowles, EUL Ms 102/1/10, 9 Nov 1958; News Chronicle, 17 Nov 1958; Raynham, 8 Nov 1958; Haines, 17 Nov 1958; Heap, 28 Nov 1958.

2.	Ian Harvey, To Fall like Lucifer (1971), pp 105–13; The Times, 21 Nov 1958, 25 Nov 1958; Macmillan, dep.d.33, 21 Nov 1958, fol 106; The Times, 30 Jul 2002.

3.

The Times, 19 Oct 1995 (William Rees-Mogg); New Yorker, 13 Dec 1958 (Mollie Panter-Downes); Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 26 Nov 1958, cols 417, 428–9, 465; Trevor Fisher, ‘Permissiveness and the Politics of Morality’, Contemporary Record (Summer 1993), p 161; George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinon Polls: Great Britain, 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), p 487; Encounter (Feb 1959), p 62 (Peter Wildeblood); Spectator, 26 Dec 1958 (letters); Gordon Westwood, A Minority (1960), pp ix, 182–90.

4.	Fisher, ‘Permissiveness’, pp 159, 161–2; Tanya Evans, ‘The Other Woman and Her Child’, seminar at Institute of Historical Research, London, 20 Feb 2008.

5.

Peter Pagnamenta and Richard Overy, All Our Working Lives (1984), pp 93–4; Stephen Wilks, Industrial Policy and the Motor Industry (Manchester, 1984), p 77; Peter Scott, ‘The Worst of Both Worlds’, Business History (Oct 1996), p 54; Michael P. Jackson, The Price of Coal (1974), pp 100–101; Listener, 13 Nov 1958; The Times, 4 Dec 1958; Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe (1999), pp 66–7; John Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap, (Oxford, 1991), p 160.

6.

A.G.V. Simmonds, ‘Conservative Governments and the Housing Question’, PhD diss, University of Leeds, 1995, p 41; Chris Maume, ‘Sir Lawrie Barratt’, Independent, 21 December 2012; John Turner, ‘A Land Fit for Tories to Live In’, Contemporary European History (Jul 1995), p 201; Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 15 Dec 1958, col 892.

7.	New Statesman, 6 Nov 1958; Geoffrey Goodman, The Awkward Warrior (1979), pp 205–6; Crossman, p 726; Anthony Howard, Crossman (1990), p 214; Financial Times, 14 Nov 1958; Evening Standard, 21 Jan 1959; Crossman, p 726.

8.	Benn, pp 294–5; Universities and Left Review (Autumn 1958), p 66; Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times (2002), pp 212–14; Willmott, 3 Jan 1959, 29 Jan 1959.

9.

Joe Moran, On Roads (2009), p 20; The Times, 6 Dec 1958; Michael Bond, A Bear Called Paddington (Young Lions edn, 1971), p 9; The Times, 6 Apr 1998 (Dalya Alberge); Times Literary Supplement, 21 Nov 1958; Michael Bond, Bears & Forebears (1996), p 159; Bevis Hillier, John Betjeman: New Fame, New Love (2002), pp 605–11; New Statesman, 6 Dec 1958; Listener, 11 Dec 1958; Rupert Hart-Davis (ed), The Lyttelton Hart-Davis Letters: Volume Three (1981), p 176.

10.	New Statesman, 13 Dec 1958; New Musical Express, 19 Dec 1958; Spencer Leigh, ‘Tito Burns’, Independent, 17 Sep 2010; ‘John Koon’, Daily Telegraph, 12 Feb 1997; Heap, 18 Dec 1958; Spectator, 2 Jan 1959; TV Times, 26 Dec 1958; BBC WA, R9/7/38 – VR/59/6.

11.	News Chronicle, 17 Nov 1958; Financial Times, 24 Dec 1958; New Statesman, 3 Jan 1959 (Francis Williams); Financial Times, 1 Jan 1959; Economist, 3 Jan 1959; Gerold Krozewski, Money and the End of Empire (Basingstoke, 2001), p 150; Listener, 12 Feb 1959.

12.	For the fullest recent account of the Aluminium War, see Niall Ferguson, High Financier (2010), pp 183–99, though see also Tim Congdon’s review in Times Literary Supplement, 30 Jul 2010.

13.	David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), pp 107–14.

14.	Larkin, Ms Eng. c.7419, 27 Dec 1958, fol 43; News of the World, 4 Jan 1959; Sunday Express, 4 Jan 1959; Jim Laker, Over To Me (1960), p 53.

11 Morbid Sentimentality

1.

The Times, 3 Jan 1959, 7 Jan 1959; Sunday Express, 4 Jan 1959; Heap, 6 Jan 1959; ‘Edwin Brock’, The Times, 26 Sep 1997; Anthony Thwaite, ‘Edwin Brock’, Independent, 10 Sep 1997; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7419, 12 Jan 1959, fol 51; The Times, 13 Jan 1959; D. R. Thorpe, Supermac (2010), p 424; Spectator, 24 May 1963; The Times, 16 Jan 1959.

2.

New Yorker, 7 Mar 1959; Birmingham Post, 25 Feb 1959; Michael Frostick and Mark Pottle, ‘Michael Hawthorn’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol 25 (Oxford, 2004), p 977; Preston, 23 Jan 1959; Haines, 29–30 Jan 1959; Radio Times, 23 Jan 1959; Guardian Weekend, 17 Aug 2002 (Gary Younge); Colin Prescod, ‘Carnival’, in Marika Sherwood (ed), Claudia Jones (1999), pp 151–8.

3.	Spectator, 6 Feb 1959; Daily Mirror, 6 Feb 1959; New Statesman, 7 Feb 1959; Benn, p 298; Macmillan, dep.d.34, 6 Feb 1959, fol 76; Brian McHugh, ‘The Saturday after Buddy Holly Died’, Guardian, 8 Jan 2011; BBC WA, R9/7/38 – VR/59/68.

4.

Vogue (Feb 1959), p 98; David Hendy, ‘Bad Language and BBC Radio Four in the 1960s and 1970s’, Twentieth Century British History, 17/1 (2006), p 76; Spectator, 30 Jan 1959; New Statesman, 31 Jan 1959; John Hill, Sex, Class and Realism (1986), p 191; Paddy Whannel, ‘Room at the Top’, Universities and Left Review (Spring 1959), p 24; Dave Russell, Looking North (Manchester, 2004), pp 184–5; Birmingham Mail, 27 Feb 1959.

5.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dictn9w0Ave; Dave Rolinson, ‘“If They Want Culture, They Pay”’, in Ian MacKillop and Neil Sinyard (eds), British Cinema of the 1950s (Manchester, 2003), p 91; Vincent Porter, ‘The Hegemonic Turn’, Journal of Popular British Cinema (2001), p 91; Hill, Sex, pp 192–3; Heap, 26 Mar 1959; Dennis Barker, ‘Peter Rogers’, Guardian, 16 Apr 2009.

6.

Alan Strachan, ‘Willis Hall’, Independent, 12 Mar 2005; Dennis Barker, ‘Willis Hall’, Guardian, 12 Mar 2005; Spectator, 16 Jan 1959; Birmingham Mail, 8 Jan 1959; Michael Billington, The Life and Work of Harold Pinter (1996), p 106; Birmingham Mail, 13 Jan 1959; Birmingham Post, 13 Jan 1959; Stuart Laing, Representations of Working-Class Life, 1957–1964 (Basingstoke, 1986), p 106; Spectator, 27 Feb 1959.

7.

News Chronicle, 11 Feb 1959; Heap, 10 Feb 1959; News Chronicle, 11 Feb 1959, 13–14 Feb 1959; Sunday Times, 15 Feb 1959; Observer, 15 Feb 1959; Sunday Express, 15 Feb 1959; News Chronicle, 16 Feb 1959, 19 Feb 1959; New Statesman, 21 Feb 1959, 28 Feb 1959; Graham Payn and Sheridan Morley (eds), The Noël Coward Diaries (1982), p 408.

8.

TV Times, 12 Sep 1958; Leonard Miall, ‘Sydney Newman’, Independent, 4 Nov 1997; Spectator, 27 Mar 1959; Derrik Mercer (ed), 20th Century Day by Day (Dorling Kindersley edn, 1999), p 1,144; ‘The Army Game’ (TV Heaven fact sheet); BBC WA, R9/7/38 – VR/59/52; Richard Webber, Fifty Years of Hancock’s Half Hour (2004), p 267; Geoff Phillips, Memories of Tyne Tees Television (Durham City, 1998), pp 116–17; Dave Nicholson, Bobby Thompson (1996 edn), pp 19–20, 27–8, 43, 109–10, 118–19, 130–31, 139–40.

9.	BBC WA, R9/7/39 – VR/59/145; Listener, 19 Mar 1959; Radio Times, 27 Feb 1959; New Statesman, 21 Mar 1959; Punch, 11 Feb 1959, 18 Mar 1959; Leo McKinstry, Jack & Bobby (2002), pp 159–60; Oxford Mail, 6 Mar 1959.

10.

Neath Guardian, 27 Feb 1959; Cy Young, ‘The Rise and Fall of the News Theatres’, Journal of British Cinema and Television, 2/2 (2005), p 238; Holbeck Working Men’s Club Centenary Brochure (Leeds Central Library, Local Studies, PLH69 (367)); Romford Times, 4 Mar 1959; Oxford Mail, 9 Mar 1959; Turtle, 11 Mar 1959; Scunthorpe and Frodingham Star, 13 Mar 1959; Wikipedia, ‘Eurovision Song Contest 1959’.

11.	TV Times, 6 Mar 1959; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7419, 15 Mar 1959, fols 93–4; Herts Advertiser, 20 Mar 1959; The Times, 26 Aug 2003 (Roger de Mercado); Martin, 20 Mar 1959; Daily Mirror, 23 Mar 1959.

12.	New Yorker, 4 Apr 1959; Crossman, p 742; Steven Fielding, ‘Activists Against “Affluence”’, Journal of British Studies (Apr 2001), p 251; Socialist Commentary (Mar 1959), pp 15–17; New Statesman, 21 Mar 1959 (Francis Williams); Woman, 14 Mar 1959.

13.	Woman’s Mirror, 3 Apr 1959, 10 Apr 1959, 17 Apr 1959, 24 Apr 1959, 1 May 1959; Abrams, Box 54, Industrial Welfare Society, ‘What I Expect from Work’, May 1959.

14.	Observer, 22 Mar 1959; http://garydexter.blogspot.com, 7 Oct 2009; Wikipedia, ‘Ernö Goldfinger’; Hampstead & Highgate Express, 14 Nov 1958; Architects’ Journal, 12 Mar 1959; Nigel Warburton, Ernö Goldfinger (2004), p 142.

15.	Architects’ Journal, 12 Mar 1959; East London Advertiser, 19 Dec 1958; Paul Barker, ‘London Witness’, Prospect (Apr 2005), p 44; The Times, 10 Apr 1959; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), pp 131–2; New Yorker, 4 Apr 1959.

16.	Independent, 21 Feb 1990 (James Dunnett); Vogue (Feb 1959), pp 100–101; ‘David Pearce’, The Times, 17 Oct 2001; Architects’ Journal, 22 Jan 1959; New Yorker, 4 Apr 1959.

17.

Birmingham Mail, 25 Feb 1959, 5 Mar 1959; Anthony Sutcliffe and Roger Smith, Birmingham, 1939–1970 (1974), p 445; Birmingham Mail, 26–7 Feb 1959, 5 Mar 1959, 27 Feb 1959, 5 Mar 1959, 19 Feb 1959, 25 Feb 1959; David Harvey, Birmingham Past and Present: The City Centre: Volume 2 (Kettering, 2003), p 69; Radio Times, 20 Feb 1959; Who Cares? (‘Never Had It So Good’ evening, BBC Parliament, 10 Oct 2009).

18.

Radio Times, 30 Jan 1959; Listener, 12 Feb 1959 (K. W. Gransden); BBC WA, R9/7/38 – VR/59/77; Miles Glendinning and Stefan Muthesius, Tower Block (1994), pp 220–24; Times Literary Supplement, 4 Sep 1959; T. Brennan, Reshaping a City (Glasgow, 1959), p 200; Alec Cairncross, Living with the Century (1998), pp 178–9.

19.	Liverpool Echo, 14 Nov 1958, 24 Nov 1958; Benn, pp 299–300.

20.

Architectural Review (Jan 1959), pp 71–2; Benwell Community Project, Final Report Series no 4, ‘Slums on the Drawing Board’ (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1978), pp 8–10; Proceedings of the Council of the City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne for 1958–1959 (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1959), pp 743–9; Architects’ Journal, 23 Apr 1959; Clare Hartwell, Manchester (2001), pp 35–6, 240–41, 189–90; Manchester Evening News, 28 Nov 1958; Salford City Reporter, 3 Apr 1959, 10 Apr 1959.

21.	Derbyshire Times, 30 Jan 1959, 6 Feb 1959; Oxford Mail, 5 Mar 1959; Wigan Examiner, 20 Mar 1959.

22.

Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (Dec 1958), p 48; Architects’ Journal, 6 Nov 1958; David Watkin, ‘Quinlan Terry’, Standpoint (Jul 2008), p 81; Listener, 12 Feb 1959; Kenneth Powell, ‘Geoffrey Powell’, Independent, 7 Feb 2000; Architects’ Journal, 19 Mar 1959; Encounter (Feb 1959), pp 54–6.

23.	N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction, Affluence and Labour Politics (1990), pp 86, 97; Birmingham Mail, 16 Feb 1959; Socialist Commentary (Apr 1959), pp 12–14; Spectator, 1 May 1959.

24.	St John, 30 Mar 1959; Guardian, 10 Dec 2011 (Albert Beale); Architects’ Journal, 9 Apr 1959; Simon Gunn and Rachel Bell, Middle Classes (2002), p 111; New Statesman, 4 Apr 1959; Ayr Advertiser, 2 Apr 1959.

25.	Last, 4 Apr 1959; Radio Times, 27 Mar 1959; Listener, 9 Apr 1959; Anthony Thwaite (ed), Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1985 (1992), p 301; Joanna Moorhead, New Generations (Cambridge, 1996), p 23.

26.	Macmillan, dep.d.35, 7 Apr 1959, fol 71; Heap, 7 Apr 1959; Financial Times, 8 Apr 1959; The Times, 8 Apr 1959; Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 8 Apr 1959, cols 233–4; Crossman, pp 744–5; Macmillan, dep.d.35, 9 Apr 1959, fol 72.

27.	Peter Willmott and Michael Young, Family and Class in a London Suburb (1960), pp 1, 13–14, 112–13, 117–22; Hansard, House of Lords Debates, 8 Apr 1959, col 490; Woman’s Mirror, 3 Apr 1959; Weekly News, 4 Apr 1959, 18 Apr 1959.

28.

‘Russ Conway’, The Times, 17 Nov 2000; Spencer Leigh, ‘Russ Conway’, Independent, 18 Nov 2000; Pete Frame, The Restless Generation (2007), p 309; Daily Mirror, 28 Mar 1959; New Musical Express, 24 Apr 1959; Derby Evening Telegraph, 20 Apr 1959; Frame, Restless, p 373; Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 22 Apr 1959, cols 381–2; Derby Evening Telegraph, 23–4 Apr 1959, 27 Apr 1959; New Musical Express, 1 May 1959; Frame, Restless, pp 360–61.

29.

Heap, 26 Apr 1959; Gyles Brandreth, Something Sensational to Read in the Train (2009), p 4; Accrington Observer, 21 Apr 1959, 2 May 1959; Haines, 30 Apr 1959; South London Press, 5 May 1959; Hants and Berks Gazette, 8 May 1959; Last, 1 May 1959; Crossman, Ms 154/8/24, 6 May 1959, fol 1304; The Times, 4 May 1959.

30.	Raynham, 4 May 1959; Crossman, Ms 154/8/24, 6 May 1959, fols 1304–5; The Times, 4 May 1959; Neath Guardian, 8 May 1959; Aldershot News, 8 May 1959.

31.

Sunday Express, 3 May 1959; Radio Times, 24 Apr 1959; TV Times, 24 Apr 1959; The Times, 4 May 1959; Crossman, Ms 154/8/24, 6 May 1959, fol 1,305; Nottingham Evening News, 4–5 May 1959. In general on Forest’s triumph, see Gary Imlach, My Father and Other Working-Class Football Heroes (2005), pp 110–34, 224–31.

12 A Merry Song of Spring

1.

Daily Sketch, 5 May 1959; Peter Willmott and Michael Young, Family and Class in a London Suburb (1960), p 113; Haines, 5 May 1959; Tom Courtenay, Dear Tom (2000), pp 196–8; John Heilpern, John Osborne (2006), p 252; Graham Payn and Sheridan Morley (eds), The Noël Coward Diaries (1982), p 409; Larkin, p 249; New Yorker, 20 Jun 1959; Michael Billington, State of the Nation (2007), p 122.

2.

New Statesman, 6 Oct 1956; Labour Party Archives (People’s History Museum, Manchester), ‘Study Group on Education Minutes and Papers: 27 Mar 1957–8 Jan 1958’; Guy Ortolano, ‘Two Cultures, One University’, Albion (Spring 2003), pp 607–9; C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures (Cambridge University Press pbk edn, 1969), pp 11, 14, 36–7, 50.

3.

Economist, 16 May 1959; Russell Davies (ed), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p 150; Lawrence Black, ‘“Sheep May Safely Gaze”’, in Lawrence Black et al, Consensus or Coercion? (Cheltenham, 2001), p 37; Daily Mirror, 5 May 1959; The Times, 2 May 1959; Daily Express, 10 Jun 1959; Punch, 13 May 1959; Robert Ross, The Complete Frankie Howerd (Richmond, 2001), p 166; Graham McCann, Frankie Howerd (2004), p 164; Courtenay, Dear Tom, pp 198–9.

4.

The Times, 8 May 1959, 11 May 1959; Richard Bradford, The Life of a Long-Distance Writer (2008), p 169; Kensington News and West London Times, 22 May 1959; Jerry White, ‘Evening All’, Times Literary Supplement, 13 Nov 2009; Observer, 24 May 1959. See also: Mark Olden, Murder in Notting Hill (Alresford, 2011).

5.

Observer, 24 May 1959; The Times, 25 May 1959; Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush (1998), pp 184–5; Kensington News and West London Times, 12 Jun 1959; Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, ‘50 Years of Race’, Independent, 11 May 2000; Anthony Sutcliffe and Roger Smith, Birmingham 1939–1970 (1974), pp 375–6; Birmingham Mail, 16 May 1959.

6.

Stephen Wagg, The Football World (Brighton, 1984), pp 90–91; Aldershot News, 29 May 1959; The Times, 25 May 1959; New Statesman, 6 Jun 1959; Langford, 31 May 1959; David Clutterbuck and Marion Devine, Clore (1987), pp 81-3; Punch, 10 Jun 1959; E. P. Thompson ‘The New Left’, New Reasoner, Summer 1959, p 16; Observer, 31 May 1959.

7.

Listener, 21 May 1959; John Hill, Sex, Class and Realism (1986), p 196; Peter Stead, Film and the Working Class (1989), pp 188–9; Guardian, 26 Sep 2008 (John Pidgeon); John Hill, ‘Television and Pop’, in John Corner (ed), Popular Television in Britain (1991), pp 101–3; Radio Times, 29 May 1959; Star (Sheffield), 1 Jun 1959; Daily Sketch, 29 May 1959; Daily Mirror, 29–30 May 1959, 2–3 Jun 1959.

8.

John Hudson, Wakes Week (Stroud, 1992), pp 65–6; Aubrey Jones, Britain’s Economy (Cambridge, 1985), p 80; New Statesman, 13 Jun 1959; Martin, 19 Jun 1959, 24 Jun 1959; Patricia Greene et al, The Book of The Archers (1994), p 227; Rupert Hart-Davis, The Lyttelton Hart-Davis Letters: Volume Four (1982), p 78; Heap, 9 Jun 1959; Macmillan, dep.d.36, 13 Jun 1959, fol 8; Daily Mirror, 18 Jun 1959; Paul Bailey, ‘Hokum Writ Large’, Times Literary Supplement, 5 Mar 2004; Richard Roberts, ‘Regulatory Responses to the Rise of the Market for Corporate Control in Britain in the 1950s’, Business History (Jan 1992), pp 193–4; The Times, 25 Jun 1959; R. A. Leeson, Strike (1973), p 189.

9.	Gordon Bowker, Through the Dark Labyrinth (1996), p 274; Daily Express, 9 Jun 1959; Crossman, pp 764, 759; Macmillan, dep.d.36, 25 Jun 1959, fol 32; Geoffrey Goodman, The Awkward Warrior (1979), pp 217, 219–21.

10.	Arnold Wesker, Roots (Harmondsworth, 1959), p 16; Heap, 30 Jun 1959; Spectator, 10 Jul 1959; Willmott, 15 Jul 1959; Paul Leslie Long, ‘The Aesthetics of Class in Post-War Britain’, PhD diss, University of Warwick, 2001, pp 205–6; Noël Coward Diaries, p 412.

11.

The Times, 7 Jul 1959; Architects’ Journal, 4 Jun 1959; Graeme Shankland, ‘Barbican and the Elephant’, Architectural Design (Oct 1959), p 416; Architects’ Journal, 17 Sep 1959, 27 Aug 1959; Maxwell Hutchinson, ‘Back in the High Life Again’, Independent, 23 Feb 1994; Architects’ Journal, 13 Aug 1959; Nigel Warburton, Ernö Goldfinger (2004), p 147; East London Advertiser, 4 Sep 1959; Architectural Review (Apr 1962), p 236.

12.	Elain Harwood, ‘White Light/White Heat’, Twentieth Century Architecture (2002), p 61; Guardian, 26 Aug 1959; Birmingham Mail, 19 Aug 1959; Andrew Motion, Philip Larkin (1993), pp 293–4; Larkin, p 252.

13.

Candida Lycett Green (ed), John Betjeman, Coming Home (1997), p 333; East London Advertiser, 19 Jun 1959; Observer, 14 Jun 1959; Architects’ Journal, 21 May 1959; Rodney Gordon, ‘Modern Architecture for the Masses’, Twentieth Century Architecture (2002), pp 73–4; Nikolaus Pevsner, ‘Roehampton LCC Housing and the Picturesque Tradition’, Architectural Review (Jul 1959), pp 21–35.

14.	Shrewsbury Chronicle, 11 Sep 1959; Hampstead & Highgate Record, 28 Aug 1959; Hampstead & Highgate Express, 4 Sep 1959, 18 Sep 1959, 25 Sep 1959.

15.	Manchester Guardian, 17 Jun 1959; New Statesman, 8 Aug 1959; Sheffield Telegraph, 9 Jun 1959; Birmingham Post, 20 May 1959.

13 We’re All Reaching Up

1.	Last, 3 Jul 1959; Tim McDonald, ‘Cliff Adams’, Guardian, 1 Nov 2001; Last, 7 Jul 1959, 10 Jul 1959; Frances Partridge, Everything to Lose (1985), p 332; BBC WA, R9/41 – VR/59/428, T16/439/1.

2.

Geoffrey Goodman, The Awkward Warrior (1979), p 224; Brian Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell (1996), pp 320–21; George Cyriax and Robert Oakeshott, The Bargainers (1960), p 129; Courier and Advertiser, 4 Jul 1959; Oxford Mail, 21 Jul 1959, 12 Aug 1959; Alan Thornett, From Militancy to Marxism (1987), p 26; News Chronicle, 7 Sep 1959; Peter Stead, ‘A Paradoxical Turning Point’, in Sheila Rowbotham and Huw Beynon (eds), Looking at Class (2001), p 48; Alexander Walker, Peter Sellers (1981), pp 87–9, 92; Geoffrey Macnab, ‘Strikes . . . Camera, Action’, Independent, 17 Sep 2010; Tony Shaw, British Cinema and the Cold War (2001), p 160; Daily Mirror, 14 Aug 1959; Shaw, British Cinema, p 159; D. R. Thorpe, Supermac (2010), pp 441, 767.

3.	Macmillan, dep.d.36, 30 Jul 1959, fol 103, 5–6 Aug 1959, fols 112–14; Nigel Nicolson (ed), Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, Volume III (1968), p 369; New Yorker, 29 Aug 1959.

4.	Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (1985), pp 630–31; Grimsby Evening Telegraph, 22 Aug 1959; Crossman, pp 769–70; New Statesman, 27 Mar 1998 (Peter Hennessy); Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, ‘Working Class Attitudes’, New Left Review (Jan–Feb 1960), pp 28–30.

5.

Hague, Box 2 (green notebook), Bridlington diary, 1–3 Aug 1959; Glasgow Herald, 4 Aug 1959; Hague, Box 2 (green notebook), Bridlington diary, 8 Aug 1959; Pete Frame, The Restless Generation (2007), p 399; Chris Bryant, Glenda Jackson (1999), pp 39–40; Frame, Restless, p 429; Evening Sentinel (Stoke), 7 Sep 1959; Trina Beckett, ‘Our Beach Hut on the South Coast’, Guardian, 26 Nov 2011.

6.

Dee, 15 Aug 1959; Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (2001), p 323; East London Advertiser, 14 Aug 1959; Evening Sentinel (Stoke), 21 Aug 1959; Dee, 22 Aug 1959; Manchester Guardian, 22 Aug 1959; Liverpool Echo, 26 Aug 1959, 31 Aug 1959; Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle (1996 edn), p 13; Chris Salewicz, McCartney (1986), p 79; Liverpool Echo, 31 Aug 1959.

7.	Martin, 31 Aug 1959; Turtle, 31 Aug 1959; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number 10 (1988), p 67; New Yorker, 12 Sep 1959; Oxford Mail, 1 Sep 1959; Russell Davies (ed), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p 154.

8.	Times Literary Supplement, 4 Sep 1959; Spectator, 4 Sep 1959; New Statesman, 5 Sep 1959; Times Literary Supplement, 4 Sep 1959; New Statesman, 12 Sep 1959; Dave Russell, Looking North (Manchester, 2004), p 105; Spectator, 11 Sep 1959.

9.	Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7420, 2 Sep 1959, fol 34; Sunday Pictorial, 6 Sep 1959; Radio Times, 28 Aug 1959; Spectator, 18 Sep 1959; New Statesman, 12 Sep 1959; Hackney Gazette, 11 Sep 1959; East London Advertiser, 4 Sep 1959, 11 Sep 1959.

10.	David Goodway, seminar at Institute of Historical Research, London, 1 Feb 1994; Daly, Ms 302/3/13, 31 Aug 1959, 2 Sep 1959, 8 Sep 1959; News Chronicle, 8 Sep 1959.

11.	Sources for this collage include: Liverpool Echo, 27 Aug 1959; Woman, 20 Jun 1959; Stores and Shops, Jul 1959; TV Times, 20 Jun 1959, 5 Sep 1959.

12.	Daily Mail, 25 Jun 1960; Daily Express, 4 Sep 1959.

13.	Financial Times, 25 Jul 1959; New Statesman, 5 Sep 1959 (Tom Driberg); Financial Times, 29 Aug 1959; Liverpool Echo, 24 Aug 1959; Financial Times, 29 Aug 1959; Manchester Evening News, 1 Jul 1959; Essex & Thurrock Gazette, 8 May 1959.

14.	Jan Boxshall, Every Home Should Have One (1997), p 73; Financial Times, 31 Jul 1959, 15 May 1959, 2 Feb 1960; Guardian, 14 Jun 1961.

15.

Manchester Evening News, 15 Jul 1959, 21 Jul 1959; Ian Allan, abc Scooters & Light Cars (1959); Peter Evans, ‘Mario Cassandro’, Guardian, 10 Aug 2011; Frank Mort, ‘Retailing, Commercial Culture and Masculinity in 1950s Britain’, History Workshop (Autumn 1994), p 122; Roger Tredre, ‘Willie Gertler’, Independent, 21 Aug 1991; Spectator, 13 Feb 1959 (Leslie Adrian); Susan Bowden, ‘Sir Charles Colston’, Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 1 (1984), p 757; Daily Mirror, 28 May 1959; Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, Advertising in Action (1962), p 82.

16.	Giles Chapman, ‘Harry Webster’, Independent, 17 Feb 2007; Daily Mirror, 26 Aug 1959; Simon Garfield, Mini (2009), p 40; The Times, 26 Aug 1959; Garfield, Mini, pp 78–9; Autosport, 28 Aug 1959; Garfield, Mini, p 84; New Yorker, 12 Sep 1959.

17.	Catherine Ellis, ‘The Younger Generation’, Journal of British Studies (Apr 2002), p 211; Mark Abrams, The Teenage Consumer (1959), pp 10–22; M. P. Carter, Home, School and Work (Oxford, 1962), pp 284–5, 298–9.

18.

Maggie Urry, ‘Woolies Gets into Shape for the 1990s’, Financial Times, 6 Nov 1989; Oxford Mail, 19 Aug 1959; Scunthorpe and Frodingham Star, 2 Oct 1959; Stores and Shops, May 1959, p 47; The Times, 9 Mar 1959; ‘Frank Brierley’, Daily Telegraph, 28 Jul 1999; Mort, ‘Retailing’, pp 122–3; Harris and Seldon, Advertising, pp 304–6; Stores and Shops, May 1959, p 17.

19.	Coventry Evening Telegraph, 11 Aug 1959; Daily Mail, 11 Mar 1959; Retail News Letter, Sep 1959, p 9.

20.	News Chronicle, 10 Mar 1959; The Times, 11 Mar 1959; Gorer, ‘Television and the English’, Box 1, file 1/C1; New Statesman, 21 Mar 1959; Last, 11 Jul 1959; Fowles, EUL Ms 102/1/11, 14–22 Aug 1959, fol 35.

21.

Lawrence Black, The Political Culture of the Left in Affluent Britain, 1951–64 (Basingstoke, 2003), p 100; Stefan Schwarzkopf, ‘They Do It with Mirrors’, Contemporary British History (Jun 2005), p 136; Dave Rolinson, ‘“If They Want Culture, They Pay”’, in Ian MacKillop and Neil Sinyard (eds), British Cinema of the 1950s (Manchester, 2003), p 94; Ferdynand Zweig, The Worker in an Affluent Society (1961), pp 9–10, 105–6; Peter Willmott, The Evolution of a Community (1963), pp 99–100; Hampstead & Highgate Express, 21 Aug 1959.

14 Beastly Things, Elections

1.

Middlesex County Times and West Middlesex Gazette, 19 Sep 1959; Grimsby Evening Telegraph, 18 Sep 1959; D. E. Butler and Richard Rose, The British General Election of 1959 (1960), p 24; Listener, 1 Oct 1959; New Yorker, 2 Aug 1958; D. R. Thorpe, Supermac (2010), p 447; Julian Critchley, A Bag of Boiled Sweets (1994), p 67; The Times, 9 Sep 1959.

2.	Paul Routledge, Madam Speaker (1995), p 77; Listener, 1 Oct 1959; Luton News, 24 Sep 1959.

3.	Michael Foot, Aneurin Bevan: Volume 2 (1973), p 622; Daily Herald, 24 Sep 1959; Geoffrey Goodman, From Bevan to Blair (2003), pp 81–2; Foot, Bevan, pp 624–6.

4.

Butler and Rose, General Election, pp 124, 126, 138; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher: Volume One (2000), pp 119–20; Michael Crick, Michael Heseltine (1997), p 89; Joan Lestor, ‘Lord Pitt of Hampstead’, Independent, 20 Dec 1994; Southampton Evening Echo, 25 Sep 1959; Tom Bower, Maxwell (1988), pp 89–93; Grimsby Evening Telegraph, 17 Sep 1959; Daly, Ms 302/3/13, c 22 Sep 1959; Evening Times  (Glasgow), 25 Sep 1959; Bernard Bergonzi, No Lewisham Concerto (privately published, 1997; University of Warwick Library), p 240; New Statesman, 13 Feb 1998.

5.

Butler and Rose, General Election, p 81; Spectator, 11 Sep 1959; John Campbell, Nye Bevan (1997 edn), p 358; Kensington News and West London Times, 2 Oct 1959; Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 5 (Oxford, 1995), p 249; BBC WA, R9/13/182; Lawrence Black, The Political Culture of the Left in Affluent Britain, 1951–64 (Basingstoke, 2003), p 181; BBC WA, R9/9/23 – LR/59/1597; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number 10 (1988), p 70; Spectator, 9 Oct 1959 (Peter Forster); ‘Never Had It So Good’ evening, BBC Parliament, 10 Oct 2009; The Times, 22 Sep 1959; Benn, p 313; Harold Macmillan, Pointing the Way, 1959–1961 (1972), p 8.

6.

David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), p 243; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 55; Crossman, pp 779-80; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7420, 26 Sep 1959, fos 49-50; Spectator, 9 Oct 1959; Philip M. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (1979), p 526; Macmillan, Pointing, pp 9-10; Williams, Gaitskell, p 526; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 63; Crossman, p 780; Benn, p 314; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 85.

7.	The Times, 19 Sep 1959; Last, 18 Sep 1959, 27 Sep 1959; New Yorker, 10 Oct 1959; Ian S. MacNiven (ed), The Durrell–Miller Letters 1935–80 (1988), p 360.

8.

The Times, 19 Sep 1959; Romford Recorder, 18 Sep 1959; Wikipedia, ‘Gerard Hoffnung’; The Times, 8 Oct 1959; Russell Davies (ed), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p 155; Radio Times, 4 Sep 1959; Listener, 24 Sep 1959; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7420, 10 Sep 1959, fol 36, 23 Sep 1959, fol 46; Hackney Gazette, 18 Sep 1959, 22 Sep 1959, 25 Sep 1959.

9.

Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, Advertising in Action (1962), pp 67–70; Grimsby Evening Telegraph, 24 Sep 1959; Shrewsbury Chronicle, 25 Sep 1959; Martin, 1 Oct 1959; The Times, 7 Oct 1959; Architects’ Journal, 1 Oct 1959; Malcolm MacEwen, The Greening of a Red (1991), pp 213–14; Architects’ Journal, 1 Oct 1959; Liverpool Daily Post, 16 Sep 1959; Candida Lycett Green (ed), John Betjeman, Letters: Volume Two (1995), p 177.

10.	Daily Herald, 29 Sep 1959; The Times, 29 Sep 1959; Ian Gilmour and Mark Garnett, Whatever Happened to the Tories? (1997), p 151; Geoffrey Goodman, The Awkward Warrior (1979), p 237; The Times, 30 Sep 1959; Kensington News and West London Times, 2 Oct 1959.

11.	Northern Echo, 1 Oct 1959; Harry Mount, How England Made the English (2012), p 190; Daily Sketch, 1 Oct 1959; The Times, 1 Oct 1959; Daily Herald, 1 Oct 1959; Middlesex Independent, 9 Oct 1959; Hampstead & Highgate Express, 2 Oct 1959.

12.	Last, 1 Oct 1959; Benn, p 314; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 62; Daily Herald, 2–3 Oct 1959; Spectator, 2 Oct 1959; New Statesman, 10 Oct 1959.

13.	Heap, 3 Oct 1959; Grimsby Evening Telegraph, 5 Oct 1959; Benn, pp 312, 314; News Chronicle, 5 Oct 1959; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 66; Crossman, p 785; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 66; Crossman, p 788; Last, 5 Oct 1959.

14.

Daily Sketch, 6 Oct 1959; The Times, 7 Oct 1959; Luton News, 8 Oct 1959; Southampton Evening Echo, 7 Oct 1959; Benn, p 316; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 67; BBC WA, R9/13/182; Daily Telegraph, 7 Oct 1959; Daily Sketch, 8 Oct 1959; Radio Times, 2 Oct 1959; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), p 240; Preston, 7 Oct 1959.

15.

Benn, p 316; Preston, 8 Oct 1959; Willmott, 8 Oct 1959; The Times, 8 Oct 1959; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 105; Benn, p 316; Hampstead & Highgate Express, 9 Oct 1959; Grimsby Evening Telegraph, 8 Oct 1959; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7420, 7–8 Oct 1959, fol 60; Lewis, 8 Oct 1959; Daily Mirror, 8 Oct 1959; Roy Greenslade, Press Gang (2003), p 117; Last, 8 Oct 1959.

16.

Last, 8 Oct 1959; George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), p 543; Briggs, History of Broadcasting, p 253; Spectator, 16 Oct 1959 (Peter Forster); New Yorker, 24 Oct 1959; Billericay Times, 7 Oct 1959, 14 Oct 1959; Ben Pimlott (ed), The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton (1986), p 693; David Childs, ‘Geoffrey Johnson Smith’, Independent, 26 Aug 2010; Heap, 8 Oct 1959; Kenneth Williams Diaries, p 156; Grimsby Evening Telegraph, 9 Oct 1959; Margaret Thatcher, The Path to Power (1995), pp 100–101; Roy Hattersley, Who Goes Home? (1995), p 23; Foot, Bevan, p 627; Benn, p 316.

17.

Butler and Rose, General Election, pp 189–90; Kevin Jefferys, Retreat from New Jerusalem (Basingstoke, 1997), p 81; N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction, Affluence and Labour Politics (1990), p 99; Lewis Baston, Reggie (Stroud, 2004), p 135; Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Center (New York, 1991), p 122; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 216; Routledge, Madam Speaker, p 79; Bower, Outsider, p 93; Butler and Rose, General Election, pp 184–5 (Keith Kyle); Kynaston, City, p 244; Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, Volume 3 (2004), p 215; Larkin, p 260; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7420, 9 Oct 1959, fol 62; Turtle, 9 Oct 1959; Last, 10 Oct 1959; Tom Courtenay, Dear Tom (2000), p 244; Daily Sketch, 10 Oct 1959.

18.	Crossman, p 786; Fowles, p 431; David Owen, Time to Declare (1991), p 54; Butler and Rose, General Election, p 201; The Times, 10 Oct 1959; Macmillan, Pointing, p 15; Viewer, 29 Aug 1959.