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First Expedition, 41, 42, 49, 57
Third Expedition, 108
abolitionism (abolitionist movement), 85–87, 105, 167, 242–46, 268–71, 318–21. See also slavery
National Convention of Colored Citizens (1843), 85–87, 243
Academy of Music (New York City), 333–34
Adams, Charles Francis, 314
Adams, John Quincy, 87, 105, 314
Africa (ship), 265
Agua Caliente, 221–22
Alta California, 48, 75–76, 117–19
Alta California (newspaper), 219, 220, 221, 233
Alvarado, Juan B., 222–23
American Civil War, xxvi, 341–46
American Geologists and Naturalists Convention (1845), 98–99
American Indians. See Indians
American Indian Wars. See Indian Wars
American Temperance Union, 42
Anacostia River, 176
anti-immigrant sentiment, xxv–xxvi, 92, 101–4, 286, 289–93
Appomattox Court House, 346
Arizona Territory, 348
Arkansas, statehood, 232
Arkansas River, 75, 108, 195–96
Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, xix–xx, 13–14, 38–39
Asia (ship), 273
Astor, John Jacob, 68–69, 192–93
Astor House, 192–94
Astoria: Or, Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains (Irving), 68–69
Atchison, David, 257, 275, 303, 304
Athenaeum, The, 68
Babbitt, Almon, 280–81, 285–86
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 11
Bancroft, George, 94–95, 112–13, 166
Banks, Nathaniel P., 291
during Civil War, 345
election of 1854, 291
presidential election of 1856 and, 293, 294, 296, 311–12
Battle of Appomattox Court House, 346
Battle of Ironclads, 343
Battle of Los Angeles, 172, 222, 348–49
Battle of Palo Alto, 170
Battle of San Pasqual, 172
Battle of Shiloh, 342
Battle of the Alamo, 130
Battle of Yerba Buena, 160
Beale, Edward F., 191, 225–26, 257
John’s court martial, 177, 191
Beale, John, 260
Bear Flag Rebellion, 154–59, 166, 228
Bedford and Co., 192–93
Beecher, Catharine, 269
Beecher, Lyman, 269
Bellefontaine Cemetery, 288
Bennett, James Gordon, 125, 310
Benton, Elizabeth Preston McDowell
family background of, 19–20, 30–31
family life and children, 19–22, 182
health and medical treatment, 44–45, 147, 191–92
Jessie’s elopement with John, 37
trip to St. Louis, 23–24
Benton, James, 23–24
Benton, Randolph, 23–24, 47, 50, 96
Benton, Thomas Hart, 237
background of, 26–27
bond with daughter Jessie, 20–22, 31–32
conspiracy theories against, 104
daughter’s elopement with John, 37
death of, 344
election of 1821, 28–29
election of 1852, 272
fire of 1855, 287–88
John’s court martial, 178–81
John’s first encounter with, 17
John’s First Expedition, 40–42
John’s presidential campaign of 1856, 301–2, 329–30
John’s Second Expedition, 59
John’s Third Expedition, 109, 135–36, 143–44
Mexican-American War, 167–68, 170–71, 173–74, 177–78, 179–80
Peacemaker accident of 1844, 88–89
personality of, 22–23
presidential election of 1828 and, 22
presidential election of 1844 and, 104
slavery and, 29–30, 31, 90–91, 94–95, 104–5, 167, 232, 256–57, 275, 285, 301
trip to St. Louis, 23–26
westward expansion advocacy, 17, 26–29, 104–7, 109, 135–36, 146–47, 233–34
California, 106, 183–84, 240–42
Oregon, 27, 39–42, 50, 68–69, 105, 106, 146, 330
Texas annexation, 90–91, 94–95, 104–5, 106
Benton, Thomas Hart (painter), 344
Benton Democrats, 256–57, 272, 329
Bent’s Fort
Fourth Expedition, 195–96
Second Expedition, 75
Third Expedition, 108, 109, 115, 148
Bernier, Baptiste, 72
Berreyesa, José de los Reyes, 158
Bierstadt, Albert, 65
Bigelow, John, 296–97, 299–300, 306, 323–24, 326, 337, 350
Billy Chinook Lake, 344
Bingham, George Caleb, 282
Black Hawk (Sauk leader), 26
Black Hawk War, 26
Blackstone, William, 205, 235–36
Blair, Francis Preston
background of, 295–96
Benton and, 41, 61–62, 104, 301, 329
Jessie and, 257, 259–60, 285–86, 293–95, 302, 312, 324
Lincoln and, 341
presidential election of 1856 and, 294–97, 301, 302, 312, 324, 327, 329, 335
Second Expedition, 62
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr. “Frank,” 329
Bloody Island, 24
Bodisco, Harriet Williams, 32, 38
Border Ruffians, 304–5
Borglum, John Gutzon, 352–53
Boston Courier, 102–3
Boston Tea Party, 28
Brannan, Sam, 259
Brant, Sarah Benton, 23–24
Broadway Tabernacle (New York City), 336
Brooks, Preston, 305–6
Brown, John, 304
Buchanan, James, 237
Conquest of California, 134–36
inauguration of, 339–40
presidential election of 1844, 93–94
presidential election of 1856, 298–99, 315–16, 321, 331–32, 334–35
Second Expedition, 99
Secretary of State, 107–8, 134–35, 136
Buckingham, Joseph T., 102–3
Butler, Andrew, 305
Calhoun, John C., 237
Compromise of 1850, 240–41, 245
Nullification Crisis, 9
presidential election of 1844, 102
California
American interest in, 106–10
Compromise of 1850 and, 240–49, 269
Conquest of. See California Campaign
Constitutional Convention, 219–20, 227–36
Jessie’s arrival in, 217–21, 223–24
John’s initial interest in, 82, 96, 106–8
John’s 1848 map, 66
Larkin’s letters, 125–26, 144–45
Polk’s interest in, 95, 106–7, 109, 113, 134–35
Third Expedition, 116–17, 121–40
Castro’s expulsion order, 128–30, 131, 148, 151–52
on Gavilan Peak, 129–31
Gillespie’s messages to John, 134–37, 143–44
Jessie’s letter, 147–51
John’s promise to Castro, 126–27, 128
Klamath Lake Massacre, 137–40
letter to Jessie, 123–24
move to Santa Cruz, 127–28
planning for, 108–9
Sacramento River Valley, 131–33
U.S. Senators from
Gwin, 233, 246–47, 248, 251–52, 256, 272
gold-mining bill, 249–52, 254–56, 300–301
Indian tribes, 248–49
reelection campaign, 252–56
legislature deadlock, 255–56
California Battalion, 166, 309
California Boundary Commission, 226, 230
California Campaign (Conquest of California), xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv–xxvi, 165–76
Battle of Monterey, 159–63, 161, 166
Bear Flag Rebellion, 154–59, 166, 228
Castro’s expulsion order, 128–29, 131, 148, 151–52
Siege of Los Angeles, 172, 222, 348–49
California Constitution, 232–33, 240
California Convention, 219–20, 227–36
California Gold Rush, xxi, 190–91, 212, 222, 224, 226–27, 257–58, 303
California Republic, 155–59
California State Library, 235–36
Cameron, Simon, 342
caning of Charles Sumner, 305–6
Cape Hatteras, 195
Capture of Monterey (1842), 124
Capture of Monterey (1846), 159–63, 161
Carrington, Edward Codrington, Jr., 288–89, 292
Carrington, Edward Codrington, Sr., 288
background of, 48
during Civil War, 343
dispatches from California, 171–72, 173–76, 183
Indian Wars, 343–44
Jessie and, 171–72, 173–74, 183
Mexican-American War, 158, 166, 171–72, 173–76
Second Expedition, 60, 73, 76, 77, 97
in Taos, New Mexico, 185, 198, 209
Klamath Lake Massacre, 137–40
Carvalho, Solomon Nunes, 274–81, 297
Castro, José, 126–27, 132, 224
expulsion order, 128–30, 131, 148, 151–52
Frémont’s expedition, 126–27
Mexican-American War, 157, 158, 160–61, 167
Cathcart, Andrew, 208
Catlin, George, 1
Cecilia (girlfriend), 6–8, 9, 37, 128, 177, 333, 341
Central Valley, 116–17, 222–23
Cervantes, Miguel de, 236
Chagres River, 200–201
Champs-Élysées (Paris), 271–72
Charleston, South Carolina, 2, 4–9, 11–12
Charleston Mercury, 324
Chase, Salmon P., 296, 298, 313, 341
Cherokee Indians, 12–13, 204, 249, 269
Cherry Grove, 20
Cheyenne Indians, 114–15
Child, David Lee, 89
Child, Lydia Maria, 318–19
Chinatown (San Francisco), 253, 260
Chinese immigrants, 219, 250, 253, 259
Chinook, William “Billy,” xix
Third Expedition, 110
U.S. Army career, 344
Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., 25
Chouteau family, 15, 25, 47–48
Chouteau’s Landing, 48–49
chronometers, 42–43, 47, 53–54
Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad, 11–12
Clay, Henry, 101–4, 237, 241–42, 247
Cochetopa Pass, 278–79
Cochrane, Thomas, 271–72
College of Charleston, 5–6, 8, 9
Colonel Fremont (ship), 220–21, 227
Colt, Samuel, 239–40
Colton, Walter, 227
Colton Hall (Monterey), 227–28
Columbia River, 28, 40, 71–73, 344
Columbus, Christopher, 27–28
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 205, 235–36
Compromise of 1850, 241–43, 247–49, 269
Confiscation Act of 1862, 342–43
Conquest of California. See California Campaign
Constitution of California, 232–33, 240
Constitution of the United States, xxviii
Continental Divide, 40, 51–52, 278–79, 280
Cosumne Indians, 208
Crafts, William, 5
Crescent City (ship), 193–95, 200–204, 224
Crosby, Elisha, 229, 231–32, 233
Crow Nation, 48
Cuba, 274
daguerreotypes, 43, 54, 273–76, 278–81, 297–98, 343
Dakota Territory, 344
Dalles, The, 72
Davis, Jefferson, 272
Dayton, William L., 314, 318–21
Declaration of Independence, 340
Declaration of Sentiments, 245
Defoe, Daniel, 149
de Haro, Francisco, 158
de Haro, Ramon, 158
Delaware Indians, 114, 116, 134, 137–38, 140, 143–44, 158, 276, 279–80
Democratic National Convention (1844), 92–94, 112
Democratic National Convention (1856), 298–99
Democratic Party, xxvi, 22, 95, 233, 256–57, 292
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 284–85
presidential election of 1840, 35
presidential election of 1844, 92–95, 101–5
presidential election of 1852, 270–71, 272, 290–91
presidential election of 1856, 292–93, 295, 298–99, 315–16, 321, 331–32, 334–35
Des Moines River, 36
de Soto, Hernando, 150–51
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 44, 56, 200, 213
Dickens, Charles, 312
Dix, John Adams, 149
Dodge, Augustus, 251
Dodson, Jacob, 353
background of, 60
Benton and Senate job, 90–91, 342
during Civil War, 342
Mexican-American War, 166, 178, 247
government compensation, 309–10
Second Expedition, 59, 60, 78–80, 96
slavery and Compromise of 1850, 247–48
Third Expedition, xix, xx–xxi, 110, 140
Donelson, Andrew Jackson, 299
Donner Lake, 116
Donner Party, 228
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 236
Douglas, Stephen A., 242, 284, 340–41
Douglass, Anna. See Murray-Douglass, Anna
Douglass, Frederick, 86–87, 242–46
during Civil War, 342–43
Compromise of 1850, 242–46, 246, 269
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 284
National Convention of Colored Citizens (1843), 86–87, 243
Polk and Mexican-American War, 167
presidential election of 1852 and, 270–71
presidential election of 1856 and, 319–21
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 269–70
women’s suffrage, 244–45
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 339–40
election of 1821, 28–29
election of 1824, 20
election of 1828, 22
election of 1844, 92–95, 101–4
election of 1856, xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 293–306, 308, 310–37
Academy of Music event, 333–34
American (Know-Nothing) Party nominee Fillmore, 299, 310–11, 325, 329, 330, 336
attacks on John’s character, 322–28
Blair’s role, 294–97
Democratic Party nominee Buchanan, 298–99, 315–16, 321, 331–32, 334–35
Jessie’s role, xxiii–xxiv, 293–95, 299–302, 311–12, 315–19, 323–25, 329, 333–34, 336–37
John’s life story and credentials, 299–301
Republican National Convention, 311–15
slavery and, 293, 295–96, 298–99, 302–6, 309–11, 314–15, 318–22, 331
election of 1860, xxviii, 341, 350
Ellsworth, Annie, 92
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 346
Emmett, Robert, 312
Empress of China, 28
Erie, Lake, 184–85
Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations (1853), 273
expeditions. See Fifth Expedition; First Expedition; Fourth Expedition; Second Expedition; Third Expedition
Federal Reserve, 113
Fifth Expedition (1853–1854), 274–81, 301
Filkins, Carrie, 318
Fillmore, Millard
Compromise of 1850, 242
presidential election of 1856, 299, 310–11, 325, 333, 335
First Expedition (1842), 47–55, 274
assembling equipment, 42–43
assembling men, 47–48
assembling supplies, 48–49
Benton’s role, 40–42
fame and recruitment, xix–xxi
Fremont Peak, 46, 52–55, 58, 67
media coverage of, 67–68, 69–70
media reports, 49–50
Report on an Exploration, 56–59, 67, 68–70
Florida, statehood, 232
Foote, Henry, 239–42, 248, 251
Foreign Book Store, 21
Fort Laramie, 50
Fort Leavenworth, 176
Fort Vancouver, 72
Foster, Stephen, 317–18
Fourth Expedition (1848–1849), 184–87, 189–214, 221–22
Frederick Douglass’ Paper, 270, 319–20
Free Democracy, 270–71
Free Soil, 167, 271, 315, 321, 334
Fremon, Charles, 3–4, 299–300, 325
Frémont, Benton, 182–83, 185, 186, 260
Fremont, California, xxiv, 220
Frémont, Elizabeth Benton “Lily,” 56, 59, 96, 97, 110, 145–46, 147, 149–50, 175, 185, 194, 203, 212, 338, 351
Frémont, Francis Preston “Frank,” 294–95, 324–25, 337, 351
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 262, 338
arrest of John in London, 265–66
arrival in California, 217–21, 223–25
bond with father, 20–22, 31–32
California Senate career of John, 234–35, 246
during Civil War, 345–46
courtship with John, 35–37
death of, 352
education of, 31–33
elopement with John, 37, 39, 168, 300, 317
fame and celebrity of, xxiii–xxv, 98, 168, 204, 317, 324, 333, 347–48, 355, 357
family life and children, 43–44, 55–56, 97–98, 182–83, 191–92, 252, 256, 294, 324–25. See also specific children
Fifth Expedition, 276–77, 283–84, 285–86
first encounter with John, 17, 19, 32–33
Fourth Expedition, 184–87
legacy of, 350–53
Memoirs of My Life, 351–52
Mexican-American War and, 145–46, 147–51, 165, 167–71, 173–78
Monterey Convention, 231–32
Panama, 192–95, 200–204, 210–14, 252
personality of, 20–21
presidential election of 1856, xxiii–xxiv, 293–95, 299–302, 311–12, 315–19, 323–25, 329, 333–34, 336–37
in San Francisco, 252–53, 256–57, 259–61, 263–64
Second Expedition, 59–64, 67, 95–99
slavery and, 29–31, 167, 193–94, 224–25, 233, 256–57, 271–72, 286, 294, 301, 318–19
Third Expedition, 109–10, 123–24, 145–46
letter, 147–51
trip to St. Louis, 23–26
A Year of American Travel, 348–49
Frémont, John Charles, 100, 237, 338
affair with Cecilia, 6–8, 9, 37, 128, 177, 333, 341
arrest in London, 265–66
business ventures and land holdings, 256–59, 264–65, 272–73, 288, 346–47. See also Las Mariposas
Catholicism of, 325–28
during Civil War, 344–46
Conquest of California, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv–xxvi, 165–76
court martial and resignation of, 176–82
death of, 349
early life of, 4–5
education of, 5–6
expeditions. See Fifth Expedition; First Expedition; Fourth Expedition; Second Expedition; Third Expedition
fame and celebrity of, xxi–xxv, 99, 181, 225, 246, 265–66, 347–48, 355, 357
illegitimate birth of, 3–4, 299–300, 325
legacy of, 350–53
name change of, 4
Nicollet’s mentoring of, 14–17, 37, 39, 116, 181, 277, 327
Poinsett’s mentoring of, 9–11, 13, 14–15
presidential election of 1856, 293–306, 310–37, 350
attacks on personal character, 322–28
life story and credentials, 299–301
Senator from California (1850-1851), 233–36, 246–56
gold-mining bill, 249–52, 254–56, 300–301
Indian tribes, 248–49
reelection campaign and legislature deadlock, 252–56
Frémont, John Charles, II “Charlie,” 260, 261, 263, 265, 294
Fremont, New Hampshire, 181
Fremont, New York, 181
Frémont Emancipation, 345
Frémont Family Hotel (San Francisco), 220
Fremontia vermicularis, 98
Fremont Peak, xxiv, 46, 52–55, 58, 67, 98, 353
Frémont’s cottonwood (Populus fremontii), xxiv
Fremont’s Exploring Expedition, 192–93
“Frémont’s Gold Bill,” 249–52, 254–56, 300–301
Fremont Street, San Francisco, 220
Fremont Street Experience, Las Vegas, xxiv
Frémont v. United States, 288
Fremont Weekly Freeman, 181
Frugal Housewife, The (Child), 318–19
Fugitive Slave Act, 241–42, 410n
Fuller, Oliver, 279
gag rule, 87
Garnet, Henry Highland, 85–86
Garrison, William Lloyd, 86, 319, 322–23
Gerdes, F. H., 37
Geyer, Henry S., 256–57
Gilded Age, 347
Gillespie, Archibald H., 134–37, 143–44, 161, 162
ginseng, 362n
“Give ‘Em Jessie” (song), 317–18
Godey, Alex, 113
Fourth Expedition, 185, 205–8, 221
John’s court-martial, 176, 178, 185
Third Expedition, 113
Golden Gate, xxii, xxv, 122, 158–59, 182, 217, 222
gold-mining bill, 249–52, 254–56, 300–301
Gold Rush, xxi, 190–91, 212, 222, 224, 226–27, 257–58, 303
Grant, Ulysses S., 346
Great Basin, 71, 75, 106, 115–16, 116, 123
Great Salt Lake, 71, 99, 106, 241
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 284
presidential election of 1856, 298, 304, 310–11, 314, 321, 332, 333, 335
Green River, 85
Gwin, William M.
California Convention, 220, 228–29, 232–33
during Civil War, 343
Senator from California, 233, 246–47, 248, 251–52, 256, 272
Haitian Revolution, 7
Hale, John P., 271
Haler, Vincent, 208
Hall, James, 98
Hallowell, Mary, 244
Halstead, Murat, 314
Hannah (maid), 3–4
Harrison, Benjamin, 134
Harrison, William Henry, 35–36
Hastings, Lansford, 228
Hastings Cutoff, 228
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 271–72
Hayes, Rutherford B., 181, 348
Herald of Freedom, 304
Hernandez, Pablo, 96
Hill, George P., xxii–xxiii
Hoffman, David, 258, 264–65, 266–68
“horse-thief Indians,” 113, 121, 132
Hudson River, 184
Hultmann, F., 247
Humboldt, Alexander von, 16, 116
Huntington, Collis P., 211, 224, 349
Ide, William B., 152–56
Illinois, 69, 87, 205, 242, 284, 291–92, 335
Indians, xxv–xxvi, 117. See also specific tribes
of California, 230, 248–49, 250, 264
Fifth Expedition, 275, 276, 280
First Expedition, 51, 55, 58, 69–70
Fourth Expedition, 204, 206–7, 208
Second Expedition, 60, 61–64, 70–71, 72, 75, 76–79, 81, 96
Third Expedition, 113–15, 121, 133, 143–44
Klamath Lake Massacre, 137–40
Sacramento River Massacre, 132–33
Indian Removal Act, 12–13, 30, 303
Indian Wars, 26, 113, 126, 145, 343–44
Industrial Revolution, xxvi–xxvii
Iowa State Democrat, 321
Irish Catholic immigrants, 101–2, 290–91
Irving, Washington, 25–26, 68–69
Jackson, Andrew, 32
Benton and, 22, 26–27, 39, 363n
on Buchanan, 107
Cherokee removal policy, 12
presidential election of 1824, 20
presidential election of 1828, 22
spoils system, 169
Jacob, Richard T., 194–95, 201
Janisse, Johnny Auguste, 49, 53, 54, 55
Jefferson, Thomas, 19, 28, 89, 352
Jefferson City, Missouri, 185–86
Jessie Clubs, 333
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 26, 342
Jones, Elizabeth Benton, 17, 23–24, 31–33, 169–70
Jones, William Carey, 169–70, 179, 191
kanakas, 80–81
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 284–85, 292, 299, 302–3
Kansas River, 41, 49, 50, 56–58, 275, 277, 284, 303, 304
Kansas Territory, 284–85, 292, 299, 302–5, 312–13
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 172–73
Battle of San Pasqual, 172
command rivalry with Stockton, 172–73
court martial and trial, 177, 179–80, 181, 223, 253
Kearny Street, San Francisco, 253
Kennedy, John F., 344
Kern, Edward M., 114, 185, 197, 198
Kern, Richard H., 197–98, 206, 210
King, T. Butler, 255
King, William R., 299
King James Bible, 102
Kitty (maid), 187
Klamath Indians, 133, 136–40, 143–44
Klamath Lake Massacre, 137–40
Know-Nothings, 290–92
presidential election of 1856, 299, 310–11, 325, 329, 330, 336
Second Expedition, 60
Third Expedition, 113, 115, 133–34
Klamath Lake Massacre, 136–37, 185, 328
land grants, 117, 222–23, 254, 264–65, 272
Larkin, Thomas O., 124–27, 224, 254
California Convention, 228
Conquest of California, 134–35, 144–45, 160–61
John and Castro’s expulsion order, 128–31
John’s initial meeting with, 124–25
John’s purchase of Las Mariposas, 222–23
letters about California, 125–26, 144–45
Las Mariposas
Benton’s attempted sale, 264–65, 301
gold mining, 223, 225, 226–27, 248, 337
legal issues, 234, 264–65, 272, 288
purchase from Alvarado, 222–23
Lawrence, Kansas, sacking of, 304–5
Lee, Elizabeth Blair “Lizzie Lee,” 286, 294
Jessie’s letters, 170, 172, 259, 271, 277, 283, 302, 328, 329, 330, 334
presidential election of 1856, 302, 327–30, 334, 336–37
Lee, Robert E., 14, 24, 342, 346
Leese, Jacob, 157
Leidesdorff, William, 122–23, 124–25, 219
L’Enfant, Pierre, 176
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 14, 25, 28
Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 320
Lincoln, Abraham, xxiv, 205, 352
Civil War and, 341–46, 350, 351
nativism and Know Nothings, 291–92
presidential election of 1856, 330–31
presidential election of 1860, xxviii, 341, 350
Senate election of 1858, 340–41
slavery and, 87, 330–31, 342–43
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 340–41
Lind, Jenny, 312
Los Angeles, 126, 160, 218, 221
Louisiana Purchase, xix, 14, 26–27, 28, 30, 232
Lowell, Massachusetts, xxvi–xxvii
McDowell, James, 30–31
McLean, John, 298
Madison, Dolley, 88
Madison, James, 88
Magoffin, James Wiley, 148, 151
Maine, 232
manifest destiny, xxii–xxiii, 94, 112–13, 248, 254
Mariposa County, 1850 population, 227
Mariposa Creek, 223
Mariposa estate. See Las Mariposas
Martin, Thomas S., 111, 132–33, 138–39
Maryland, 335
Mason, Richard, 391n
Mazatlán, Mexico, 123, 134–35, 147, 161
M’Clintock, Mary, 244
Mélo (guide), 77
Memoirs of My Life (Frémont), 351–52
Memphis, El Paso and Pacific Railroad, 347
Merritt, Ezekiel, 154–55
Mexican-American War, 143–76. See also California Campaign
capture of Sonoma, 154–59, 165–66
Jessie’s letter, 147–51
John’s court martial and resignation, 176–82
Pacific Squadron, 159–63, 165, 166–67, 189–90
Military Academy, U.S. (West Point), 13–14, 36, 173
Militia Act of 1862, 342–43
Mint, U.S., 249
Mission District, 257
during Civil War, 345
House of Representatives elections of 1854, 286–87, 291
Senate election of 1852, 256–57
Missouri Compromise, 30, 232, 275, 292, 295, 329–30
Miwok Indians, 222–23
Monitor, USS, 343
Capture of (1842), 124
Capture of (1846), 159–63
John’s meeting Larkin, 124–26
Monterey California architecture, 125
Monterey Convention of 1849, 219–20, 227–36
Mormons, xxii, 99, 241, 279–81, 285–86
Morse, Samuel F. B., 91–92, 102, 189, 298
Mount Rushmore, 352
Mount Vernon, 288
Murray-Douglass, Anna, 86, 243
Musical Fund Hall, 312
Nantucket Island, 293–95
Napoleon III, 243
National Convention of Colored Citizens (1843), 85–87, 243
National Era (newspaper), 268–69
National Road, 23–24
National Women’s Rights Convention (1856), 336
Native American Party, xxvi, 102–3, 289, 291
Native Americans. See Indians
Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 30
Nauvoo, 99
Neal, Samuel, 132, 133–34, 153
Nebraska Territory, 275, 284–85, 292, 299, 302–3
New England Emigrant Aid Company, 303
New Mexico Territory, 208–9, 241, 245
New York Crystal Palace, 273
New York Herald, 49–50, 67–68, 93–94, 99, 102, 106–7, 125, 178, 183–84, 204, 273, 274, 306, 310, 311, 312, 314, 321, 336
New York Philharmonic, 311
New York Post, 213, 214, 218, 220, 296, 299–300, 306, 323–24, 350
New York Public Library, 350
New York Sun, 193
New York Tribune, 70, 284, 298, 304, 310–11, 314, 332, 333, 335
Nicollet, Joseph, 14–17, 37, 39, 116, 181, 277, 327, 353
Niles’ National Register, 108–9
Northup, Solomon, 193
Nullification Crisis, 9–10
O’Farrell, Jasper, 158
Ohio Constitution, 228
Ohio River Valley, 11–12
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, 290
Oregon (ship), 211–13
Oregon, Third Expedition, 133–40
Oregon Question, xxii, 39–42, 50, 68–69, 105, 106, 111–12, 146, 330
Oregon Trail, 14, 40–42, 56, 69–71, 72–73, 352
Oregon Treaty of 1846, 146
Osage Indians, 196
Ostend Manifesto, 274
O’Sullivan, John L., xxii, 112
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 201, 202, 211–14, 223, 252, 396n
Pacific Railroad Survey, 351
Pacific Squadron, 159–63, 165, 166–67, 189–90, 191
Palmer, Cook and Company, 280–81
Palm Springs, 221–22
Panama, 192–95, 200–204, 210–14, 252, 265, 337
Panama (ship), 213–14, 217–18, 220
Parker Hotel (San Francisco), 218
Parkman, Francis, 69–70
Peacemaker accident of 1844, 87–89
Pendleton, Indiana, riot, 86–87
Pennsylvania, 332
presidential election of 1844, 101–2, 103
presidential election of 1856, 332, 335
Peters, T. C., 184–85
Philadelphia nativist riots, 101–2
Pierce, Franklin
Bleeding Kansas, 285, 303, 313
presidential election of 1852, 270, 272
presidential election of 1856 and, 296, 298–99
slave law and, 309–10
Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), 182–83
Pittsburgh Evening Chronicle, 324
Platte River, 41, 50, 56–57, 59
Poinsett, Joel R., 9–11, 13, 14–15
Point Pinos, 162
Polk, James K., xxii
Blair and, 295–96
expansionist policy of, 104–7, 111–13, 180
California, 95, 106–9, 113, 134–35, 136, 191
Oregon boundary, 106, 111–12, 113, 146
Texas annexation, 94–95, 101–5
Jessie and, 167–71, 174–75, 177, 180
John’s court-martial and resignation, 174–75, 177, 180
Mexican-American War, 165–66, 167–71, 174–75, 177–78
presidential election of 1844, 94–95, 101–4
presidential goals of, 112–13
Polk, Sarah Childress, 170
Ponce de León, Juan, 38
Populus fremontii, xxiv
Portsmouth Square, 219–20, 259, 260
Post, Amy, 244
Potawatomi Indians, 145
presidential election of 1824, 20
presidential election of 1828, 22
presidential election of 1844, 92–95, 101–4
presidential election of 1852, 270–71, 272
presidential election of 1856, xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 293–306, 308, 310–37
Academy of Music event, 333–34
American (Know-Nothing) Party nominee Fillmore, 299, 310–11, 325, 329, 330, 336
attacks on John’s character, 322–28
Blair’s role, 294–97
Democratic Party nominee Buchanan, 298–99, 315–16, 321, 331–32, 334–35
Jessie’s role, xxiii–xxiv, 293–95, 299–302, 311–12, 315–19, 323–25, 329, 333–34, 336–37
John’s life story and credentials, 299–301
Republican National Convention, 311–15
slavery and, 293, 295–96, 298–99, 302–6, 309–11, 314–15, 318–22, 331
presidential election of 1860, xxviii, 341, 350
Preston, William, 292
background of, 47
death of, 351–52
First Expedition, 47, 49, 51, 53–55
Fourth Expedition, 185, 197, 206–7, 221–22, 351
Jessie’s memoir and, 351–52
Pacific Railroad Survey, 351
Second Expedition, 59, 71–75, 77
Princeton, USS, 87–89, 111–12, 113, 166, 343
Princeton University, 334–35
Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 344
Proue, Raphael, 205–6
Pryor, Anne, 3–5, 8, 9, 150, 325
death of, 176–77
John’s illegitimate birth, 3–4, 299–300, 325
“race,” xxv–xxvi
Rancho Las Mariposas
Benton’s attempted sale, 264–65, 301
gold mining, 223, 225, 226–27, 248, 337
legal issues, 234, 264–65, 272, 288
purchase from Alvarado, 222–23
Report on an Exploration, 56–59, 67, 68–70
Republican Association of Washington, 296
Republican National Convention (1856), 311–15
Republican Party, presidential election of 1856, xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 296–97, 330–34
Republic of Texas, 29–29, 40, 89–91
rheumatism, 276–77
Richmond Dispatch, 321
Riley, Bennet, 219
Ringgold, Cadwalader, 214
Rio Grande Valley, 197–98
Roberts, George S., 102
Robinson, Charles, 303–4
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 149
Rochester, New York, 243–44
Rockbridge County, 19
Rocky Mountain Glee Club, 304–6, 333
Rogers, James, 60
Rogers, Thomas Jefferson, 60
Royal Geographical Society, 149, 266
Sacramento River, 76, 118, 122
Sacramento River Massacre, 132–33
Sacramento River Valley, 131–32, 133
carrying of letter, 143–44, 384n
Third Expedition and, 114, 116, 138, 140
Sagundai’s Spring, 116
St. Louis, xix–xx, xxi, 14–15, 18, 23–26, 47–48, 59–60, 110–11, 276–77
St. Louis riot of 1854, 286–87
St. Mary’s College (Baltimore), 16, 327–28
St. Nicholas Hotel (New York City), 292
Salt Lake City, 279
San Diego, 172–73, 189–90, 190
San Francisco, 217–21, 223–24, 252–53
San Francisco Fire of 1851, 260
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 196–97
San Joaquin River, 122
San Jose, 224–26
San Juan Mountains, 188, 198, 204–8
San Rafael, 157–58
Santa Clara Valley, 127
Santa Cruz, 127–28
Saunders, Jackson, 206, 221–22, 224–25
Savannah, Georgia, 3–4
Savannah, USS, 161–63
Scott, Dred, 339–40
Scott, Winfield, 237, 270, 290
Second Expedition (1843–1844), 59–64, 70–82, 95–99
assembling team, 59–60
Benton’s role, 59
media coverage, 98
report on, 96–99
Sioux encounter, 61–64
Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 17
Seneca Falls Convention, 244–45, 334
Serra, Junípero, 117
Severance, Caroline, 351
Seward, William Henry
Compromise of 1850, 242–43, 247–48
John’s gold-mining bill, 249–50, 251
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 285
presidential election of 1852 and, 270
presidential election of 1856 and, 296, 298, 311, 313, 321
Sherman, Isaac, 300–301
Sherman, William Tecumseh
California Convention and, 228
during Civil War, 343
Jessie and, 223–24
meeting John in Monterey, 230–31, 391n
Siege of Los Angeles, 172, 222, 348–49
slavery, xxvii–xxviii, 232–33, 268–72
Benton and, 29–30, 31, 90–91, 94–95, 104–5, 167, 232, 256–57, 275, 285, 301
California Convention and, 228–33
Civil War and, 341–46
Compromise of 1850, 241–43, 247–49, 269
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 339–40
Fugitive Slave Act, 241–42, 410n
Jessie and, 29–31, 167, 193–94, 224–25, 233, 256–57, 271–72, 286, 294, 301, 318–19
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 284–85, 292, 299, 302–3
National Convention of Colored Citizens (1843), 85–87, 243
Poinsett and, 9–10
presidential election of 1844, 101–2
presidential election of 1856, 293, 295–96, 298–99, 303–6, 309–11, 314–15, 318–22, 331–32
Texas annexation and, 89–91, 94–95, 104–5, 232
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 268–70
Sloat, John D., 160, 161–63, 165, 166
Smith, Gerrit, 319
Snake War, 344
Snyder, Jacob R., 233
Sonoma
Tariff of Abominations, 9–10
South Pass, 40, 41–42, 49, 51–52, 56
Spanish colonization, 44, 116–17, 150
Sphenopteris Fremonti, 98
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 324, 334
Stephens, Alexander H., 87
Stockton, Robert F., 111–12, 113, 180, 183
Mexican-American War, 166–67, 172–75, 189–90, 222
Peacemaker accident of 1844, 88–89
Stockton Street house, San Francisco, 253, 259–60
Stone, Lucy, 336
Story, Joseph, 235
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 268–70
Summer Lake, 74–75
Sutter, John, 79–82, 118, 190–91, 223, 227, 228, 343
Sutter’s Fort, 79–82, 121–21, 160, 190–91
Swanok, 114
Tahoe, Lake, 116
Talbot, Adelaide, 63–64
Talbot, Theodore, xx, 62–64, 113, 129, 157
Taplin, Charles, 168–69
Tariff of Abominations, 9–10
Taylor, Zachary, 220, 226, 229, 242
telegraph, xxvii, 91–94 189–190
Texas annexation, xxii, 89–91, 119, 125
Benton and, 90–91, 94–95, 104–5, 106
Polk and election of 1844, 94–95, 104–5
Rio Grande border dispute, 165–66
slavery and, 89–91, 94–95, 104–5, 232
Texas Rangers, 239
Texas Revolution, 28–29, 40, 119
Battle of the Alamo, 130
Thayer, Eli, 303
Third Expedition (1845), 109–10, 113–19, 121–40
assembling men, 113–14
Castro’s expulsion order, 128–30, 131, 148, 151–52
on Gavilan Peak, 129–31
Gillespie’s messages to John, 134–37, 143–44
Jessie’s letter, 147–51
John’s promise to Castro, 126–27, 128
Klamath Lake Massacre, 137–40
letter to Jessie, 123–24
move to Santa Cruz, 127–28
planning for, 108–9
Sacramento River Valley, 131–33
Oregon, 133–40
planning for, 108–9
Thomas, Sally McDowell, 145–46
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 9–10
Tour on the Prairies, A (Irving), 25–26, 68
Trail of Tears, 12–13
transcontinental railroad, 94, 112–13, 184, 233–34, 272, 301, 346–47
Travis, William, 130
tuberculosis, 22–23
Tulare Lake, 221
Tyler, John, 38–39
Peacemaker accident of 1844, 88–89
Second Expedition, 62
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 268–70, 274
United States Colored Troops (USCT), 343
Utah Nation, 206–7
Utah Territory, 241, 279–81, 285
Vallejo, Francisca Benicia Carrillo, 155
Vallejo, Mariano G., 117–19
American settlers begin arriving, 117–19
Bear Flag Revolt, 152, 154–59, 228
California Convention, 228, 230
Larkin and, 125
Vallejo Street, San Francisco, 253
Van Buren, Martin, 13, 32, 35, 93–94, 112, 295–96
Victoria, Queen, 266
vigilance committees, 203–4, 259, 320–21
Virginia, 30–31
Virginia Military Institute, 289
voyageurs, 15
Walker, Isaac, 251–52
Washington, D.C., 21–22, 146–47, 176–77
Washington, George, 88, 288, 314, 352
Washington Globe, 41, 61–62, 104, 295–96
Washington Union, 166, 171, 284, 295–96
Washoe Indians, 76
Watkins, Carleton, 141
Weed, Thurlow, 296–97, 298, 311, 326–27
Weller, John B., 309–10
Western New York Anti-Slavery Society, 167, 244–45
West Point, U.S. Military Academy at, 13–14, 36, 173
Whigs, 35–36, 87, 91, 102–3, 242–43, 256, 263–64, 270, 299
Wide-Awakes, 290–91
Wilbur, Maria E., 244
Willamette Valley, 72
Williams, William “Old Bill Williams,” 196–97, 199, 205, 209
Wilmot, David, 313
Wilmot Proviso, 313
Fremont Peak, 46, 52–55, 58, 67
women’s suffrage, 318–19, 324, 334, 351
Seneca Falls Convention, 244–45, 334
Woodville, Richard Caton, 164
wrote, Whitman, 346–47
Wyandot Nation, 275
Year of American Travel, A (Frémont), 348–49
Battle of, 160