Introduction: Populism and the Afterlife of Democracy
1For the meaning of dialectics, refer to: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/dialectic. This is an art of considering opposite theories to arrive at the truth. The Right performs this art of combining the opposite elements only at the level of performance or to produce a demonstrative effect.
2Refer to: Jha, Dhirendra K., Shadow Armies: Fringe Organisations and Foot Soldiers of Hindutva. New Delhi: Juggernaut, 2017. For a quick review of the book, refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/foot-soldiers-of-hindutva-cogs-in-the-wheel/article19140540.ece
3Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RSS-chief-Mohan-Bhagwat-pitches-for-review-of-reservation-policy/articleshow/49041309.cms. The RSS chief on more than one occasion called for the review of reservations to ascertain who needs what and for how long.
4On the links between caste and communalism, refer to: Menon, Dilip. The Blindness of Insight: Essays on Caste in Modern India. New Delhi: Navayana, 2005.
5This partly explains the growing tensions between Dalits and Muslims across India. For a detailed report on the growing rift between the two communities, refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh/express-investigation-part-iii-dalit-muslim-divide-deepens-goes-rural
6In a personal conversation with a young Kashmiri Pandit girl, when asked about their support to the RSS, she said, ‘What other option is there for us?’ In other words, even if they wish to see the subjugation and being pushed as becoming increasingly vulnerable, they are left with no other tangible option.
7Rahul Pundita, a Kashmiri Pandit, in a television interview opposed the violence of the armed forces against the Muslims in the valley. On asked how could he do it in spite of himself being a victim of displacement, he said, ‘I lost my home, not my humanity.’ Refer to: Pundita, Rahul. Our Moon Has Blood Clots: The Exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits. New Delhi: RHI, 2013.
8For information on the movement by the Marathas, refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/maratha-quota-rally-devendra-fadnavis-dalit-reservation-3041577/
9Director Sanjay Leela Bhansali had to convince the Rajput community that the movie does not hurt the pride of their community. Refer to: https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/padmavat-row-on-rajput-pride-and-distortion-of-history-heres-what-sanjay-leela-bhansali-has-to-say/1015404/
10Rahul Gandhi famously argued that Mr Modi is never visible in presence of the poor. Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/modi-suit-boot-sarkar-rahul-gandhi-meghalaya-bjp-5046510/
11In the run up to the general elections of 2014, Modi said, ‘I do not want to become the PM, I want to be a Chowkidar’. Refer to: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/narendra-modi-bjp-jhansi-rally-prime-minister-vs-chowkidar-423931-2013-10-25
12Soon after demonetization, Prime Minister Modi demanded he be hung in public if the corrupt were not brought to justice in 50 days.
13Anna Hazare lead the movement demanding electoral reforms and a direct democracy. It is more than a coincidence that anti-corruption movements are often followed by the rise of the Right.
14Yogi Adityanath pursued an active policy of ‘encounter’ killing of the ‘criminals’; the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh justified the killing of the activists of SIMI in what looked like a staged encounter.
15In Bhopal, in March 2018, four rapists were paraded by the police where the public, including women, could slap, abuse, and lynch them. The police felt this was a more effective way of controlling the menace of sexual violence than producing them before the courts. Refer to: https://www.thequint.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-rape-accused-paraded-in-bhopal-slapped-by-crowd.
16I had referred to this phenomenon as the ‘Rightward Shift in Dalit Politics’, refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/comment-a-rightward-shift-in-dalit-politics/article6405607.ece
17Refer to: http://rss.org//Encyc/2016/3/14/rss-resolution-social-harmony.html
18The survey was conducted in December 2017 in Osmania University in Hyderabad and Telangana University in Nizamabad. I am thankful to Rajesh who helped with the necessary contacts and in providing important inputs during the survey. This survey was funded by the DSA programme at CPS, JNU.
19The Right also has made amendments to its activities in taking a lead to burning the Manusmriti in some universities, while claiming that its support for untouchability and varna system was a later addition by the Communists who wish to delegitimise Hindu society since they are ‘Western’ in their outlook. Many Dalit activists seemed to believe in this narrative of a past free of caste system.
20Earlier sociologists referred to this process as Sanskritization. Upgraded Shudra castes today are ruling elites in many parts of India, and therefore, resistance has always coexisted with assimilationist strategies.
21As I said earlier, this is reflected in blaming the Muslims for creating the caste system or the communists for wrongly entering caste-based practices in ancient scripts that did not originally have them. Refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/politics-without-opposition/article6482127.ece.
22Earlier, this was referred to as the Bharat versus India. Today, it is a more sharpened difference that overlaps with agrarian crisis at one end and dysfunctional liberal institutions at the other.
23Refer to: ://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ambedkar-and-kanshi-ram-so-alike-yet-so-different/article3405293.ece
24While RSS pracharaks claim the word ‘industry’ came from Indus valley signifying the ‘fact’ that Indus valley was the first industrialized society, Dalit-Bahujan intellectuals such as Illiah have claimed that the surname appa (like Yeddyurappa in Karnataka) comes from the ‘fact’ that they were the original inhabitants of the Harappan civilization. Both can be considered either as distortions of history or ‘creative assertion’ against a past that has remained denied. Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/distortion-of-history-a-terror-of-different-nature-historian/story-zlxAgC6bVFBkhlNaBy2ArO.html
25Gandhi attempted a similar method of politicizing the given location but with a transformative purpose, even though it had at times the effect of reinforcing hegemonic practices.
26Goodhart, David. The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics. London: C.Hurst and Co., 2017.
27In Kerala, for instance, the growth of Left politics has to also do with the reforms initiated by Narayan Guru. The Left neither acknowledges nor takes those modes and spirit of socio-spiritual transformation.
28Refer to: https://www.guystanding.com/files/documents/The_Precariat_final_summary_GCPH_Nov_11.pdf
Part I Introduction
1Refer to: https://postcard.news/exposing-the-hypocrisy-of-the-award-wapsi-gang-an-open-letter-to-shabnam-hashmi/
Part I Populism And Authoritarianism
1Refer to: Alexander, Jefferey. Performance and Power. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Performance+and+Power-p-9780745655666
2Refer to: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pulled-strings-and-got-away-says-lawyer-who-attacked-jnus-kanhaiya-kumar-1278475
3In sociology, ‘deviance’ refers to any behaviour that challenges or lies outside the established social norms. Refer to: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/deviance-crime-and-social-control/theories-of-deviance
4Refer to: https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/telengana-to-jnu-attack-on-kanhaiya-kumar-invokes-dark-history-of-lawyer-led-goondaism-116021800189_1.html
(This article refers to lawyers’ attack on Dalits along with other attacks by lawyers under the current regime. The point is that there is a social location of those indulging in wanton acts of violence.)
5Cultural subalterns, non-English speaking, non-urban, first-generation learners from upper castes, among others. In the introduction, I have argued that lower castes and first-generation learners among upper castes from rural hinterlands can together constitute the new cultural subalterns.
6This refers to how perceptions matter more than empirical efficacy. Clear instances of this are popular beliefs about Muslims having more children and becoming a majority andthat there is more bigamy or polygamy among Muslims, while data shows otherwise. Refer to: https://thewire.in/politics/rss-claims-rapid-growth-muslim-population-simply-false
7Symbolic space refers to perceptions based on symbolism that are not necessarily empirical. Again, the example of Muslims can be invoked here. Popular statements such as ‘All Muslims are not terrorists but all terrorists are Muslims’. Please refer to: https://thewire.in/communalism/jaipur-hssf-fair-hindu-groups-love-jihad-gau-raksha
8Refer to: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Amartya-Sen-terms-demonetisation-a-despotic-action/article16730675.ece
Amartya Sen referred to demonetization as a disaster on economy of trust.
Further reference: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/demonetisation-was-arbitrary-larry-summers/article20049323.ece
9Bauman, Zygmut. Search of Politics. London: Polity, 1997.
10It refers to birth-based identities, such as religion and caste.
11There is an ongoing demand from those involved in sex work and social activists to legalize sex work in order to provide them more legal rights and entitlements.
12Neo-liberal economy is also pushing forward the ideas of choice and autonomy as guiding principles in social and cultural life.
13Freedom, for instance; freedom of expression and civil liberties are being undermined in light of a growing sense of insecurity.
14Modi broke down while his name was proposed as the Prime Minister.
15Earlier discourses of equality referred to structural change in property relations and private property. Today, when we talk of equality, we do not refer to such large-scale structural change in property relations but relative mobility of social groups and individuals who experience better standard of living in comparison to their peers or their previous generation. For further reading on this change in the popular notions of equality,
Refer to: Philips, Anna. Which Equality Matters. London: Polity Press, 1999.
16Refer to: Mishra, Pankaj. Age of Anger: A History of the Present. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017.
17Please refer to the below given article that draws a contrast between the idealism of Ambedkar and the shift pragmatism by Kanshi Ram in the context of Dalit politics.
18Refer to: Brass, Paul. Politics of India Since Independence. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
19‘It’s a culture shock’, Kejriwal said when asked about the appropriateness of his dharna (protest) politics.
Refer to: https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/kejriwal-resignation-failure-or-strategy/
20For an extended debate on the interface between politics and Brahmacharya in Gandhi, Refer to: Adams, Jad. Gandhi: The Naked Ambition. Quercus, 2011.
21Mandela retired from an active public life wanting to spend time with family and friends. Refer to: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0602_040602_mandela.html
22Bush as a post-retirement avocation took to painting. Refer to: http://www.culturaldamage.com/george-w-bush-painting-loss-power/
23Refer to: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-the-leader-with-a-difference/article4221755.ece
His supporters hail him as ‘Hindu Hriday Samrat’.
24Refer to: ‘Trial By Fire’, India Today, 21 April 2018. He concludes the interview by saying, ‘Only a yogi or a sanyasi can deliver better result’.
25Refer to: https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/bal-narendra-in-pics-comic-book-shows-fearless-young-narendra-modi-saving-drowning-boy-taking-on-crocodiles-bullies-676841.html
26Refer to Yogi’s interview on the popular show Aap ki Adalat- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsdqhzaH7qU
27It was alleged in 2004 that Ishrat Jahan was an LeT terrorist conspiring to kill Modi, the then chief minister of Gujarat. Refer to: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/cbi-pulls-up-ib-officer-input-regarding-life-threat-narendra-modi-let-india-today-165318-2013-06-02
For Yogi’s claim of an attempt on his life, refer to the interview on Aap ki Adalat: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3g403j
28Sanjiv Bhatt, a police officer, claimed he attended a meeting at which Mr Modi is alleged to have said that the Hindus should be allowed to vent their anger. Refer to: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13170914
With regard to Yogi, in an undated video, he is heard saying, ‘If one Hindu is killed, we won’t go to the police, we’ll kill 10 Muslims’. Refer to: https://scroll.in/article/832168/hindutva-unmasked-yogi-adityanath-bjps-most-strident-face-will-be-its-chief-minister-in-up
29BJP leader Subramanian Swamy maintains the opinion that Muslims who do not acknowledge their Hindu ancestry should be stripped of their voting rights.
Refer to: https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/cursor/disenfranchise-the-jews-er-muslims/
30This is a statement made by French philosopher Michael Foucault. The complete quote: ‘The strategic adversary is fascism... the fascism in us all, in our heads and in our everyday behavior, the fascism that causes us to love power, to desire the very thing that dominates and exploits us.’
Refer to: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/22327-the-strategic-adversary-is-fascism-the-fascism-in-us-all
31Miller, James. The Passion of Michael Foucault. London: Anchor books, 1994.
32Hoess, Rudoplh. Commandant of Auschwitz. Phoenix, 2000.
33Hoess, Rudoplh. Commandant of Auschwitz. Phoenix, 2000. p. 21.
34Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/and-it-continues-kundan-shah-saeed-mirza-join-award-wapsi/story-t7guKRzkGv7ZrsTY6vOMZJ.html
35Arun Jaitley’s statement. Refer to: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dadri-lynching-a-stray-incident-says-jaitley/article7830973.ece
https://twitter.com/ANI/status/660739022852083712
36Refer to: https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/mahesh-sharma-bjp-mohammad-akhlaq-ravi-sisodia-bishada-345600-2016-10-08. Also https://newsclick.in/bjp-mla-dadri-assures-ntpc-jobs-akhlaqs-killers
37Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/modi-critics-should-go-to-pakistan-remark-bjp-leader-giriraj-singh-files-application-for-bail/
38Refer to: https://twitter.com/ANI/status/660739022852083712
39Refer to: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/ramayana-mahabharata-are-true-accounts-of-the-periodnot-myths/291363
40Refer to: http://www.firstpost.com/india/jnu-is-home-to-a-huge-anti-national-block-which-aims-to-disintegrate-india-rss-mouthpiece-2492774.html
41Refer to: https://www.quora.com/in/BJP-RSS-had-made-a-lot-of-noise-against-the-Mandal-Commission-but-they-used-the-OBC-classification-of-Narendra-Modi-to-acknowledge-his-humble
42Refer to: https://www.livemint.com/Politics/uLX8WqkugNolvzV1D0tjiK/Kanhaiya-Kumar-sedition-case-SC-restricts-entry-to-Patiala.html
43Refer to: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-flip-flop-on-jnus-kanhaiya-kumar-bs-bassi-says-circumstances-changed-1280384
44Refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/india/bjp-mla-op-sharma-arrested-for-assault-at-patiala-house-court-gets-bail-2632500.html
45Refer to: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJNWV1RvgL4. For D. Raja’s issue, refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/if-hes-a-patriot-d-raja-should-demand-communists-shoot-kill-his-daughter-bjps-h-raja/
46Refer to: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jnu-row-sting-video-shows-lawyers-claiming-they-thrashed-kanhaiya-for-3-hours-had-police-support-2181083
47Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/thousands-of-liquor-bottles-used-condoms-found-on-jnu-campus-every-day-bjp-mla/
48Refer to: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/india-students-jnu-protest-narendra-modi-bjp. Also refer to: https://www.dailyo.in/politics/modi-saffronisation-of-education-rohit-vemula-hcu-crackdown-kanhaiya-kumar-umar-khalid-smriti-irani-abvp/story/1/11420.html
49Refer to: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rss-struggles-to-find-680-saffron-leaning-people-for-top-academic-posts-2075885
50Refer to: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_Higher_education_in_India/$FILE/EY-higher-education-in-india.pdf
51Refer to: http://niasindiainchina.in/2016-12-01/indias-higher-education-standards-in-decline/. Also refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/india/decline-indian-education-standards-needs-stopped-president-pranab-1815525.html
52Refer to: https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-overall-quality-of-education-in-India-so-bad
53Refer to: https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/mhrd-grants-autonomy-to-62-institutions-prakash-javadekar
54Refer to: https://www.dailyo.in/variety/jnu-compulsory-class-attendance-faculty-students-protest-vc/story/1/22246.html. Also refer to: https://thewire.in/education/fuss-attendance-view-jnu
55Refer to: http://newlearningonline.com/new-learning/chapter-2/ivan-illich-on-deschooling. Original essay by Illich, refer to: http://www.ecobooks.com/books/deschooling.htm
56Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sushma-swaraj-unga-speech-iits-and-iims-pakistan-jaish-and-lashkar-4858313/
57Refer to: http://www.area148.com/rohit-vemulas-death-who-is-responsible/
58Refer to: https://www.berfrois.com/2016/11/marx-wondered-educate-educator/
For a more detailed reading, refer to: https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2010/04/13/marx-and-engels-education
59Refer to: https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/11/07/one-year-later-indias-demonetization-move-proves-too-costly-an-experiment/#7a9d5c3c378a
60Refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/india/simi-activists-encounter-in-bhopal-madhya-pradesh-police-version-is-full-of-contradictions-3081902.html. Also refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/india/simi-activists-encounter-in-bhopal-bjp-lauds-police-opposition-seeks-deeper-probe-3082018.html
61Refer to: https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/seeds-trump-s-victory-were-sown-moment-obama-won-ncna811891
62On the controversy surrounding the film Padmaavat, refer to: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42048512; Refer to: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/muslim-hindu-couples-love-jihad-hit-list-facebook-interfaith-relationships-extremism-violence-a8325106.html
On the marital rape issue, refer to: https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/marital-rape-delhi-high-court-central-government-clarifies-sexual-abuse-rape-men-vunerable-1033772-2017-08-29
63Though the RSS intends to implement a universal policy of complete beef ban, the BJP often, due to electoral considerations, fails to pursue that kind of an absolute ban on beef. Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-beef-ban-in-meghalaya-asserts-bjp-4899200
On the RSS battling for a country-wide beef ban, refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/india/mohan-bhagwat-bats-for-country-wide-beef-ban-says-rss-workers-in-power-will-work-towards-it-3376460.html
64For PM’s statement, refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/killing-people-in-the-name-of-gau-bhakti-not-acceptable-pm-modi/story-XToseVqb3wNZBJwAeWb0sO.html
65For an analysis of pride and fear during the Nazi regime, refer to: http://wordpress.philau.edu/germany2012/2012/05/23/pride-or-fear-of-the-nazi-regime/
66For Ambedkar’s views, refer to Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Annihilation of Caste. Delhi: Critical Quest, 2000.
67Refer to: https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/modi-government-push-for-inter-caste-marriages-offers-rs-2-5-lakh-for-marrying-dalit/962848/
68Kerala Temple Board appointed six Dalits as priests of temples. Refer to: https://www.news18.com/news/india/breaking-tradition-kerala-temple-board-appoints-dalits-as-priests-1537977.html
69On Una attacks, refer to: https://thewire.in/politics/dalits-gau-rakshak-asmita
On Najeeb’s disappearance from JNU, refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/in-depth-look-at-the-jnu-student-najeeb-ahmed-case/article18474400.ece
70On one such instance of use of fake news in Bengal, refer to: https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-fake-news-nupur-sharma
For an instance of morphed videos, refer to: https://www.altnews.in/old-video-kerala-circulates-muslim-assault-hindus/
71Refer to: https://www.oneindia.com/india/india-slips-in-media-freedom-ranking-under-modi-report-2418749.html
72Refer to: https://thewire.in/culture/india-media-news-channels-reporters-press-freedom
73Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-wants-enquiry-against-allahabad-university-v-c/story-1rTTbe99aaJxo3tHBlHgKL.html
For the VC’s side of the story, refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/allahabad-university-v-c-defends-self-against-allegations-of-irregularities/article22492079.ece
74Refer to: https://thewire.in/politics/bhim-army-chief-arrested-in-dalhousie
75Refer to: https://www.dailyo.in/variety/west-bengal-riots-mamata-banerjee-communal-violence-asansol-riots-babul-supriyo/story/1/23207.html
Also refer to: https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/03/29/congress-mamata-barring-guv-riot-asansol-raniganj.html
76For mass violence with impunity under the BJP, refer to: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/74968/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Impunity%20in%20India%20No%20reckoning%20with%20mass%20violence.pdf
77Refer to: https://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60spubs/65repressivetolerance.htm
78For an introduction on the meaning and controversy surrounding Sigmund Freud’s idea of ‘Penis-Envy’, refer to: https://www.britannica.com/science/penis-envy
79Refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cycle-of-violence-in-kerala-started-by-rss-says-left/article19797727.ece
80Refer to: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1997-11-01/rise-illiberal-democracy
81Refer to: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/museum-of-memory-and-human-rights
82‘Liquid Modernity’ was coined by cultural sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. Refer to his books by the same title.
83Refer to: http://factchecker.in/shashi-tharoor-says-bjp-renamed-23-congress-schemes-hes-right-about-19/
84Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/BSP-haathi-turns-into-Ganesh/articleshow/1050578.cms
Further refer to: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJujtDwBVvs
85Refer to: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/prime-minister-manmohan-singh-calls-for-revival-of-animal-spirit-in-economy/articleshow/14435229.cms
86Refer to: https://www.deccanherald.com/content/661568/modis-overtures-bold.html. You may also refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/india/narendra-modi-in-goa-demonetisation-a-bold-move-pms-risks-have-rarely-let-him-down-3103408.html
87Commentators have argued that the Gujarat Model was essentially about ‘Crony Capitalism’. refer to: https://thewire.in/economy/gujarat-models-failure-explains-economy-significant-factor-coming-elections.
After giving tax incentives to the corporate, Gujarat was left with little funds for education and health. For this argument, refer to: https://thewire.in/economy/gujarat-models-failure-explains-economy-significant-factor-coming-elections.
88Manmohan Singh, the former Prime Minister argued that not two crore, Modi regime did not manage to give even two lakh jobs. Refer to: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-modi-promised-2-crore-jobs-per-year-couldn-t-even-provide-2-lakh-manmohan-singh-at-congress-plenary-2595001
89Refer to Modi’s own claims regarding Muslims in Gujarat. Refer to: https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/narendra-modis-blog/revealing-statistics-from-the-sachar-report
90Refer to the first speech by Amit Shah after he became a member of the Rajya Sabha, claiming that making Pakoras is better than begging. Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/selling-pakoras-no-shame-likening-it-to-begging-is-says-amit-shah-in-his-1st-rajya-sabha-speech/articleshow/62796755.cms
91Mouffe, Chantall. On The Political. London: Routledge, 2005. p. 83.
92Müller, Jan-Werner. 23 September 2015. ‘Parsing Populism: Who is And Who is Not A Populist These Days?’ Refer to: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-5876.2015.00842.x
93On Yogi Adityanath’s encounter policy, refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/yogi-adityanath-on-up-police-encounters-those-who-believe-in-language-of-gun-should-be-answered-in-same-way-5057006
94Chantall. On The Political.
95In India, middle classes routinely endorsed the Emergency of 1975. They believe it led to more order, accountability, and a good work ethic.
96Reminds us of the caution Ambedkar offered in terms of perils of democracy that offered political equality with social inequalities. This contradiction that Ambedkar highlighted is now playing out through the strategies designed by Right-wing populists.
97Goodhart, David. The Road to Somewhere. London: Hurst, 2017. p. 3
98Ibid.
99Ibid.
100Ibid., p. 6
101De Souza, Ronald. 2002. `Emotional Truth’. Aristotelian Society. Supplementary Vol. 76, p. 247-275.
Refer to: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4106969?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contnents
102Within the discourse of demonetization, populists could imagine how a sense of belonging can come not merely by rights’ claim but that it is also possible through allowing citizens to become moral exemplars in suffering.
103Jha, Prashant. How the BJP Wins. New Delhi: Juggernaut, 2017.
104de Sousa, Ronald and Morton, Adam. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes.
Part II State(S) Of Democracy
1Refer to my earlier piece on the changing response of the Indian voter: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-uncanny-indian-voter/article6281129.ece
2For a report on the riots in Trilokpuri, refer to: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29828802
3Refer to: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/02/12/manmohan-singh-narendra-m_n_9218724.html
4For Ms Sitharaman’s comments, refer to: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-polls-bjp-vs-aap-debate-hits-a-new-low-as-nirmala-sitharaman-calls-arvind-kejriwal-a-chor/articleshow/46114405.cms
5On Godse statues being unveiled, refer to: https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-s-first-statue-of-gandhi-killer-nathuram-godse-unveiled-by-hindu-mahasabha-in-meerut-262820.html
6On the debate following attacks on churches in Delhi, refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/world/delhi-church-attacks-congress-questions-silence-christian-bjp-mlas-2088307.html
7Refer to: https://www.livemint.com/Politics/YuTNcf8VFRjo8COtznAGjK/Nitish-Kumar-resigns-as-Bihar-CM-says-not-possible-for-maha.html
8Refer to: https://www.dailyo.in/politics/uttar-pradesh-polls-bjp-muslims/story/1/15688.html
9Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-bypolls-why-the-outcome-in-gorakhpur-and-phulpur-is-important/articleshow/63294118.cms
10Ramesh, Jairam. Old Histories, New Geographies. New Delhi: Rupa Publications, India, 2016. p.121.
11Ibid. p.27.
12Refer to: http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-modi-and-sharif-from-gifting-shawls-to-trading-barbs/20160926.htm
13For Partha Chatterjee’s article, refer to: https://thewire.in/government/general-dyer-indian-army-kashmir
14Information on JK Study Forums gathered from personal sources. I collected documents that the forum published. It was reported by the individuals, involved with the forum that it was organized by the RSS.
15For Rajnath Singh’s idea of permanent solution, refer to: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/permanent-solution-to-kashmir-issue-is-based-on-five-cs-rajnath-singh/articleshow/60460250.cms
16Refer to: https://www.dailyo.in/politics/jammu-and-kashmir-pandits-exodus-colonies-for-pandits-new-delhi-un-referendum/story/1/15291.html
17Refer to: https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/9055/radical-islamists-kashmir
18Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/10-things-to-know-about-nota-a-voter-s-right-to-reject/story-SkX0EsDQbjG5e2sz0L5N9H.html
19Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-snubs-congress-on-nota-wont-stay-when-it-suited-you-no-appeal-4781463/
20Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/parents-threaten-to-use-nota-to-protest-fee-hike/articleshow/61801035.cms
21Refer to: http://www.livelaw.in/gujarat-high-court-halts-state-govt-s-move-to-make-voting-compulsory/
22Refer to: https://www.livemint.com/Politics/0Da93mASPyNLtL71EaxKKM/Gujarat-elections-Manmohan-Singh-wants-Modi-to-apologise-fo.html
23Refer to: https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/bangladesh/hindi/news+world+hindi-epaper-newsworh/samp+chachundar+jaisi+hai+sp+bsp+ki+dosti+yogi+aadityanath-newsid-82998369
Part III Introduction
1Refer to: https://www.thelivemirror.com/dalits-minorities-become-victims-organised-killing-amartya-sen/
2Illiah, Kancha. Post-Hindu India. New Delhi: SAGE, 2009.
Part III DALIT-BAHUJAN POLITICS
1Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gujarat-7-of-dalit-family-beaten-up-for-skinning-dead-cow-2910054/
2Refer to: https://scroll.in/latest/816735/gujarat-dalit-leader-jignesh-mevani-detained-before-narendra-modis-arrival
3Refer to: http://www.abplive.in/india-news/modiji-on-rs-15-lakh-returning-to-accounts-was-a-political-jumla-amit-shah-to-abp-news-150752
4Hugo, Gorringe. Panthers in Parliament. London: Oxford University Press, 2017.
5Deshpande, Ghulamgiri Phule. Selected Writings of Jyotiba Phule. Delhi: Leftword Books, 2012.
6Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Annihilation of Castes. India: Ssoft Group, 2014. p. 34.
7Ibid. p. 45.
8Ibid. p. 21.
9Refer to: https://thewire.in/books/explaining-social-smuggling-angered-arya-vysyas-two-states
10Refer to: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/26/dera-chief-convicted-of-rape-sent-to-air-conditioned-jail-due-to-space-constraints_a_23186253/
11Refer to: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-panchkula-violence-ground-report-how-haryana-police-failed-to-control-dera-sacha-sauda-mob-2540724
12Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-dera-sacha-sauda-panchkula-haryana-punjab-sakshi-maharaj-bjp-4813602/
13Refer to: http://www.jantakareporter.com/india/sakshi-maharaj-ram-rahim/145092/
14Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-gurmeet-ram-rahim-s-dera-became-a-dalit-citadel/story-cyw8dpwABem6CqIB7Ws5IJ.html
15Refer to: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/seize-entire-property-of-ram-rahims-dera-sacha-sauda-furious-high-court-says-after-violence-1742075
16Refer to: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/shootout-at-puttaparthi/299264
17Refer to: https://scroll.in/latest/853932/amicus-curiae-in-murthal-case-says-there-were-nine-rapes-during-the-jat-agitation-in-haryana
18Refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/state-will-proceed-legally-against-ilaiah-minister/article19718711.ece
19Refer to: https://thewire.in/media/adani-group-slapps-epw-editor-job
20Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/jnusu-poll-results-2017-united-left-alliance-wins-all-four-seats/articleshow/60445655.cms
21Refer to: http://www.aisa.in/wp-content/uploads/JNUSU-Note-On-VIVA-marks-Reduction.pdf
22Refer to: http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sfi-dissolves-its-jnu-unit-triggers-protest/972892/
23For an engaging debate on this issue, refer to: https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/05/communist-ambedkarites-rift/
24Refer to: https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/delhi-university-ramjas-college-not-alone-abvp-has-history-of-violence-like-rohith-vemula-jnu-kanhaiya-kumar
25Refer to: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/28/indian-prime-minister-genetic-science-existed-ancient-times
26Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-gifts-Gita-to-Japanese-emperor-takes-a-dig-at-secular-friends/articleshow/41530900.cms
Also refer to: https://www.saddahaq.com/modi-gifts-bhagwat-gita-to-obama-receives-one-from-tulsi-gabbard
27Refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/india/gita-declared-national-book-taught-schools-rss-ideologue-1652261.html
28Refer to: https://sabrangindia.in/article/why-did-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-publicly-burn-manu-smruti-dec-25-1927
29Refer to: https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/96363-the-bhagavad-gita-according-to-gandhi
30Rathore, Akash Singh, ed. Hegel’s India: A Reinterpretation, with Texts. New Delhi: OUP, India, 2017. p. 80.
31Ibid. p. 80.
32Ibid. p. 77.
33Ibid. p. 18.
34Ibid.
35Laclau, Ernesto. On Populist Reason. London: Verso, 2005. p. 226.
36Rathore, Akash Singh, ed. Hegel’s India: A Rinterpretation, with Texts. New Delhi: OUP, India, 2017. p. 4.
37Ibid. p. 7.
38Ibid. pp. 10–11.
39Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-judges-for-greatness-discipline-essential-in-class-and-in-sc-ram-madhav-5023627/
40Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rss-rewrites-history-dalits-created-by-invaders/story-eyBt99Y2XbICUbadzCsSkM.html
41Refer to: https://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/2-distorting-indian-history-a-marxist-monopoly-s-l-bhyrappa/
Part IV Introduction
1Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-attacks-naamdar-congress-pitches-kaamdar-bjp-in-karnataka/story-5hsEuIneNK7dxDfBTNeM1M.html
Part IV The Future of Politics
1Refer to: https://www.dailyo.in/politics/narendra-modi-lok-sabha-parliament-congress-bjp-rahul-gandhi/story/1/22242.html
2Refer to: https://www.dailyo.in/politics/jawaharlal-nehru-sangh-parivar-congress-rss-hindu-rashtra-secularism-foreign-policy-secularism/story/1/10870.html
3Refer to: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/nehru-the-villain/292500
4Refer to: http://www.ummid.com/news/2017/Novembr/08.11.2017/rss-new-found-love-of-sardar-patel.html
5Refer to: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-are-neither-left-nor-right-but-practical/article5963724.ece
6Rudoplh, Lloyd and Rudoplh, Sussane. Explaining Indian Democracy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013.
7Nino, Carlos. The Constitution of Deliberative Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
8Granville, Austin. Indian Constitution A Corner Stone. London: Oxford University Press, 1999.
9Weiner, Myron. The Indian Paradox: Essays in Indian Politics (pb). New Delhi: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1989.
10Frankel, R. Francine. India’s Political Economy: The Gradual Revolution 1947-2000. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.
11Kaviraj, Sudipta. 2009. ‘A Critique of the Passive Revolution’. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol. 23, Issue No. 45/47, p. 2429–2433.
12Jaffrellot, Chritophe. India’s Silent Revolution. USA: Columbia University Press, 1995.
13Chatterjee, Partha. ‘The State’. In Oxford Companion to Indian Politics, edited by Niraja Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012.
14Khilnani, Sunil. ‘Long Hours After Midnight’, Outlook, Republic Day Issue. January, 2014.
15Khilnani, Sunil. ‘Long Hours After Midnight’, Outlook, Republic Day Issue. January, 2014.
16Refer to: https://www.livemint.com/Politics/7m5AIGWpYG65ZjvoukWm4L/The-battle-for-deeper-democracy-has-begun-Ashutosh-Varshney.html
17She offered 21 seats to Brahmins in the Parliamentary elections in 2014. Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Mayawati-gives-50-tickets-to-brahmins-Muslims/articleshow/32383320.cms
18Refer to: http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/28
19Rudolph, Lloyd and Rudolph, Sussane. Explaining Indian Democracy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013.
20Rudolph, Lloyd and Rudolph, Sussane. Explaining Indian Democracy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013.
21Chatterjee, Partha. ‘The State’. In Oxford Companion to Indian Politics, edited by Niraja Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012.
22Refer to: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/modi-bats-for-dalits-says-even-he-was-a-victim-of-untouchability/citations/
23Refer to: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chaiwala-to-pm-modis-incredible-journey-from-poverty-to-power/modi-the-tea-seller/slideshow/60717962.cms-
24Gudavarthy, Ajay. ‘Campaign of Contradictions’. The Hindu, 8 May 2014.
25Chatterjee, Partha. 2012. ‘After Subaltern Studies’. Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 47, Issue No. 35, 01 Sep, 2012..
26Teltumbde, Anand. Khairlanji. Chennai: Navayana Publications, 2012.
27Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
28Refer to: http://www.iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/
Further reading by Sen-https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/sen-development.html?mcubz=0
29Refer to: https://partiallyexaminedlife.com/2016/08/12/martha-nussbaum-on-emotions-ethics-and-literature/
30Refer to: https://partiallyexaminedlife.com/2016/08/12/martha-nussbaum-on-emotions-ethics-and-literature/
31Refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/sectarianism-of-the-secular-brigade/article6615446.ece
32Refer to: http://www.rediff.com/news/interview/this-neta-wants-reservations-for-the-upper-caste-poor/20180504.htm
33Refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/brahmin-parishad-to-extend-health-cover-to-elderly-members/article19878225.ece
34Refer to: https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/mayawati-demands-reservation-for-upper-caste-poor-116060400475_1.html
Also refer to: https://countercurrents.org/2016/06/18/re-reading-dr-br-ambedkars-earliest-paper-on-caste-100-years-later/
35Refer to: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Khap-panchayats-rape-order-of-2-UP-sisters-echoes-in-UK/articleshow/48737641.cms
36Refer to: https://scroll.in/article/743201/the-shah-bano-effect-how-india-is-quietly-modernising-religious-law-even-without-a-uniform-civil-code
37Phule and later Ambedkar considered the oppression of women in some sense similar to that of the Dalits. It, therefore, made sense to include caste-Hindu women in the fold of shudratishudra.
https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/06/phule-. ambedkarite-ideology-and-legacy/
38Refer to: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8102/10/10_chapter%203.pdf
Also refer to: http://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/03/progress-for-society-is-measured-by.html
39Refer to: https://www.firstpost.com/living/metoo-campaign-to-raya-sarkars-list-how-the-feminist-movement-changed-in-2017-4278013.html
40Refer to: https://kafila.online/2017/10/28/from-feminazi-to-savarna-rape-apologist-in-24-hours/
41Refer to: https://www.reddit.com/r/philosophy/comments/2nutst/slavoj_?i?ek_events_and_encounters_explain_our/
42Refer to: https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/alain-badiou-truth-subjectivity-fidelity/
43Refer to: https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/alain-badiou-truth-subjectivity-fidelity/
44Refer to: http://www.lacanonline.com/index/2010/05/what-does-lacan-say-about-desire/
45Refer to: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/apr/24/why-are-we-so-bored
46Gandhi believed that Brahmacharya, which refers to celibacy and an idea of self-control and self-discipline, can be built through practising control over one’s senses. Practising abstinence from sex was an important mode of gaining self-control. In modern world, with decreasing levels of sex drive, due to stress and other factors, ‘celibacy syndrome’, ironically has emerged without ardous practices of self.
47Fraser, Nancy. From Redistribution to Recognition?’ in Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition. New York: Routledge, 1997. p.36.
48Refer to: https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/who-are-the-99-percent/2011/08/25/gIQAt87jKL_blog.html?utm_term=.cd461b
49Refer to: http://www.freudfile.org/psychoanalysis/transference.html
50Mishra, Pankaj. Age of Anger. New Delhi: Juggernaut, 2017.
51Refer to: http://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/the-world-is-suffering-from-an-epidemic-of-loneliness-5155086/
52Miller, James. The Passion of Michel Foucault. USA: Harvard University Press, 1999. p.217.
53Refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/why-does-the-uk-have-a-minister-for-loneliness/article22537003.ece
54Gramsci, Antonio. Prison Notebooks. Lawrence and Wishart Ltd., 1973.
55Refer to: http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/dangal-to-bajrangi-bhaijaan-top-5-all-time-worldwide-grossing-indian-films/1236118
56This is based on a survey I carried out in Telangana.
Gudavarthy, Ajay. April 2014. ‘Muslims of Telengana: A Ground Report’. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 17, Issue No. 49, 26 April 2014.
57Ibid.
58Refer to: https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/vis-a-vis/story/20060508-sitaram-yechury-versus-lk-advani-785558-2006-05-08
59Gramsci, Antonio. Prison Notebooks. Lawrence and Wishart Ltd., 1973.
60Gudavarthy, Ajay, ed. Revolutionary Violence versus Democracy. New Delhi: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2017.
61Refer to: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Orissa-collector-kidnapped-by-Maoists/article15448073.ece