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abolitionism and abolitionists, xiv, 12, 38, 39, 299
John Quincy Adams and, xi, 4, 25–26, 58, 65–68, 151, 152, 205
arguments of opponents, 61
Beecher family and, 282
black abolitionists, 307, 310–16 (see also Douglass, Frederick; Walker, David)
in Boston, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 65, 69, 149–50, 247, 249–52, 310, 311
Boston Tremont Temple anti-abolitionist riot, 254–57
Buchanan and, 267
Civil War, view of, 331
Clay’s views of, 144–45, 148–49, 151–52
H. Ford Douglas and, 244–48
Emancipation Proclamation and, 333
Hamlin and, 325
heroes of, 247–48, 258, 334–35
Jefferson viewed by, 307, 308–9
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 230
Key’s opposition to, 7
King’s views on, 117
Lincoln’s views on, xi, xii, 25, 26, 46, 52, 53, 55–56, 65, 144, 148, 186, 226, 227, 250, 259, 262, 275
Lovejoy and, 27–28, 33–35, 38, 39, 44–45, 50, 52, 57, 64
in New England, 247
newspapers of, 34, 55, 58, 311
in the Northeast, 69–70 (see also Boston)
opinions about Lincoln, xiv, 251–52, 278, 286, 288–89, 290
Phillips’ Tremont Temple speeches and, (1860), 249–52, 254–55, 262
practicality of, 62
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and, 294
presidential election of 1860 and, 253
presidential election of 1864 and, 328
racial problems today and, 334–35
as radical and threat to civil order, 32, 35, 56, 65, 197, 205, 268
Republican Party and, 241, 253
in St. Louis, 29
separatism and, 331
Seward and, 275
slave insurrection and, 268–69
Springfield anti-abolitionists, 53–54, 58
war powers and, 298
Whig rejection of, xii, 20, 25, 26, 39, 55, 64–65, 144
See also Douglass, Frederick; Garrison, William Lloyd; Lovejoy, Elijah; Phillips, Wendell; specific abolitionists
Adams, Abigail, xiii, 335
on black character, 83
civil rights for free blacks and, 220
on emancipation, 83
freed slave of, Phoebe, and, 79–83
Othello and, 221
prejudiced neighbors of, 83
on racial mixing, 220, 221
on representation, 98
on secession threats, 104–5
on slavery, 83, 85–86
on Southern politics, 88, 94
Adams, Charles Francis, 199, 228–29, 279
Adams, John, xiii, 59, 104, 334
American Revolution and, 85
as antislavery moralist, 280
breech with Jefferson, 94, 100
civil rights for free blacks and, 220
Confederation Congress and Southern position on slaves, 87
Congregationalism and, 79
defense of Boston Massacre soldiers, 91
defense of John King, 91–93
on emancipation, 88
as Federalist, 96
Haiti and, 136, 149
Rufus King and, 93–95
loss of presidential election (1800), 88, 141, 155
principles of, 91
on racial mixing, 220–21
on slavery, 88–89, 136, 137–38, 149
as U.S. foreign minister, 79, 82
as U.S. President, 94, 99, 102, 138
as U.S. Vice President, 97–98
Adams, John Quincy, 245
abolitionism and antislavery activism, xi, xii, xiii, 1–11, 17, 25–26, 58, 65–68, 71–73, 151, 152, 205, 206, 214, 334
abolition petitions and, 2, 40–41, 54–55, 69, 144–45, 149–50
access to, by mail or person, 67, 71
Adams–Onís Treaty and, 122, 165
the Allen case and, 1–3, 5–11, 97, 206
on American materialism, 67–68
Amistad trial, 225
anti-Jackson essay, 21
articles in the Boston Repertory on three-fifths compromise, 112
“The Character of Desdemona” article, 219, 223
on Christianity and human rights, 71–73
civil rights for free blacks and, 223
on civil war, x, 104, 198, 204, 210–11, 231, 254, 264, 271, 280, 299, 312
as classical scholar, 211
Clay and, 130, 133–34
colonization and, x, xii, 133, 143, 165–70, 186, 205
Constitution and, 18, 96–97, 130–31, 208, 209–10, 300–301
death of, xii, 201–2, 210
death threats against, 55, 211
diary of, 225
domestic issues and policies, xi, 20, 25, 47–48, 58, 149
dreams of, 211
efforts to prevent the sale of slave, Jenny, 5
ending international slave trade and, 123–24
in Europe with his father, 79
failure of London bank and, 93–94
as Federalist, 107
free speech and, 66, 68, 71, 73, 257
funeral cortege, eulogies, burial of, 199–202
gag rule and, 6, 63, 66, 69, 149, 201, 205, 211, 223, 257
Haiti and, 135–43, 149
Illinois locations named for, 67
intercession on behalf French embassy’s cook, 4–5
the King case and, 89, 91–93
Rufus King’s antislavery speech (1820) and, 120–21
letter to Seward on the Constitution, 300
Lincoln and, x–xi, xii, 16, 17, 25, 55, 58, 201–2, 205
Louisiana Purchase and U.S. territorial expansion, 107–15, 118
Lovejoy’s memoir, introduction (essay on human freedom), 65–68, 70–73
Mexican War and, 16, 17, 192, 208, 210
as minister to Holland, 140, 142
Missouri constitution, exclusionary provision of and, 128
Missouri status as slave state and, 122–23, 124, 126
on mixed race marriages, sexual relationships, 213–24
on mob violence, 89, 91–92
nullification and, 22, 146
oration at Plymouth (1802), 105
origins of family and place, xii, 4, 66
Panama Conference and, 134–35, 136, 143, 149
partisan politics and, xi, 24, 66, 68
pen portrait of, 22
personality of, xi, xii
Phillips family and, 63
Polk’s election and, 174
preservation of the Union and, 99–105
on presidential war powers, 301
Sangamo Journal and, 20–26, 54–55, 58
on secession threats, 103, 104
separatism and, 130–31
Seward and, 276
on Shakespeare and Othello, 211, 217–20, 222–23
slavery as a threat to the Union, 6, 65, 68, 72, 121–22, 126, 127, 130, 131
Smithson bequest and, 149
Texas annexation and, 58, 69, 209–10, 251
as theatergoer, 211, 212
Treaty of Ghent and, 122–23, 130, 301
on Tyler, 326
as U.S. Congressman, xii, 2, 3, 16–19, 21, 22, 40–41, 54–55, 63, 66, 69, 144–45, 149–50, 151, 152, 192, 201–3, 205, 210, 211, 300–301, 324
as U.S. President, 17, 29, 123–24, 130–41, 143, 259, 260
as U.S. Secretary of State, 4, 121–22, 124, 131, 141
as U.S. Senator, 4, 105
views on American Colonization Society, 165
views on Jeffersonians, 102
vision for America, xi, xiii, 18, 107
as Whig, x–xi, 21, 23–24, 173
as a writer, xi, xii
on youth’s role in America, 67
Adams, Phoebe, xii, 80–83, 220
Adams, Samuel, x, 59
Adams–Onís Treaty (acquisition of Florida and Spanish possessions), 122, 165
African Methodist Episcopalian Church, 132, 311
Alabama
secession and, 262, 271
slave population of, 158
statehood of, 119
Alexandria, VA, 2, 3
Alexandria Gazette, 2
Alien and Sedition Acts, 102
Allen, Dorcas, xii, 1–3, 5–11, 97, 206
Allen, Nathaniel, 6–7, 8, 9–10
Allen, Richard, 311
Alton, IL, 36, 52
abolitionism controversy in, 41–42
about, in 1837, 39–40
Illinois Antislavery Society created in, 42–43
Linder and pro-slavery forces in, 42–43, 174–76, 224
Lovejoy’s assassination in, 27–28, 44–45, 50, 52
mob violence and, 42, 43, 44–45, 50
no indictments in Lovejoy murder, 50
Observer and, 38–45
Presbyterian Church, 42
trials related to Lovejoy death, 174–76
Alton Observer. See Observer
Alton Spectator, 50
American Colonization Society, x, 7, 32, 56, 62, 132–33, 143, 167–68, 190
John Quincy Adams’ views of, 165, 168, 169, 186
Clay’s presidency of, 172, 187
Clay’s speeches to, 170–72, 186–87, 192, 193, 197
federal funds for, 162, 165–66, 168, 173
founders and first members, 7, 132, 159, 160, 165
Lincoln and, 169, 197
principles of, 197
racial purity and, 160
thirtieth anniversary of, 186–87
viewed in the South, 307
See also colonization
American Home Missionary Society, 31
American North, xv, 24, 153
abolitionism in, 25, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 65, 69, 149–50, 176, 236, 239, 247, 249–52, 262, 268, 269, 307, 310, 311
antislavery sentiment in, 16, 114, 120, 121, 126, 127, 132, 133, 139, 149, 176, 263, 227, 307
as antislavery voice in Congress, 118
balance of power and, 108, 111, 115, 118–19, 122, 127–28, 131–32
civil rights for free blacks and, 247
colonization idea and, 159–60, 169, 317–18, 330
compromises on slave issue, 72, 86, 87, 99, 100, 105, 112, 124, 126, 127, 129, 145, 154, 194, 196, 224, 265, 271, 279, 289, 319
Democrats in, 55, 230, 234, 235, 236, 237, 304, 309, 321, 322
economy and, 87–88, 145, 146, 254, 272, 280, 281, 319
Embargo Acts and, 297, 298
Federalism and, 120, 138
free blacks in, 243, 317, 328, 330
Fugitive Slave Law and, 15, 194
Jefferson and, 308, 309
Lincoln and, 158, 254, 265, 270, 290, 295, 317, 319, 321, 322, 325
perpetuation of the Union and, 100, 124, 207, 254, 269, 271, 292, 331–32
Protestant dissent and, 89
Puritan work ethic and culture of, 87–88
racism in, xv, 82, 83–84, 132, 137, 169, 212, 213, 217, 218, 247, 272–74, 290, 295, 312, 330, 336
Republican Party and, 325, 326
separatism and, 250–51, 330–31, 332
slavery and, 13, 15, 61, 70, 86, 90, 98, 118–19, 132, 162, 196, 272
South and, xv, 86, 88, 98, 99, 111, 162, 196, 271, 289, 299, 331, 332
taxation and state’s share of costs, 87, 112–13
Whigs in, 173, 227, 230, 324
See also Boston; Civil War; specific states
American Revolution, 203
in Boston, 59, 64, 91, 93, 95
Federalists and, 96
France and, 100–101
Jefferson and social revolution, 101
Lincoln on “sacred” right to “revolutionize,” 203–4, 250, 273, 330
Rufus King as patriot in, 95–96
as a political revolution, 96, 101
slave/master language and, 85
Sons of Liberty and mob violence, 89–93
Stamp Act and, 85, 90, 92
Tory loyalists and, 90, 92–93
Treaty of Paris, 140
American South
John Quincy Adams’ views of, 126
Buchanan and, 267
colonization idea and, 159–60, 307
Congressional domination by, 99, 105, 113, 118, 125
constitutional right to slave ownership and, x, 13, 15, 16, 26, 35, 52, 72, 85, 88, 97, 103, 117, 126, 137–38, 148, 150, 174, 184, 205, 207, 208, 215, 224, 241, 243, 250, 251, 300, 307, 325
cotton-slavery wealth in, 88, 138, 142, 145, 158, 173, 266, 272
Democrats in, 226, 230, 231, 233, 234–37
economic diversification and, 154, 158
elitism and culture of, 86, 87, 94, 98, 136
“I’m a Good Old Rebel” lyrics, xv
income inequality, 89
Lincoln hated, detested in, 276, 288, 307, 321, 327
Lincoln’s appeasement and conciliation efforts, xiii–xiv, 249, 252–53, 254, 261–62, 263, 265, 273, 274, 276, 277–78, 283, 287, 289, 290, 292–93, 332 (see also Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation)
Lincoln’s election and, 285
Lincoln’s misunderstanding of, 23, 270, 277, 287, 288, 295–96, 305
Lincoln’s willingness to tolerate slavery in, 13–15, 129, 172–73, 179, 190, 205, 214, 224–26, 249, 253, 261–63, 272, 278, 287, 288, 289, 292–94, 329, 334, 335
Lovejoy’s murder and, 70
miscegenation, mixed race relationships, mixed race marriage, 213–24
moderates on slavery in, 103, 131
the North seen as meddling, 307
nullification and, 18, 22–23, 102–3, 145–46, 262
Othello not performed in, 218
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and, 292–93
pro-Union Southerners, 12, 261, 265, 276, 283, 288, 291, 323
reconstruction and reunification, ix, xv, 272, 322–23, 327, 328, 334
Republican Party seen as abolitionists, 275, 276
secession and, 204, 235, 237, 250, 264–66, 272, 276
secession threats, 6, 86–87, 88, 99, 101, 102, 103, 119, 261, 262, 264
separatism and, 250–51, 330–31, 332
slave insurrection fears in, 32, 38, 62, 149, 268–69
slave representation and Electoral College, 94, 88, 98, 99, 112, 118, 133, 141, 208, 293, 329
taxation and state’s share of costs, 87, 112–13, 125–26
tobacco and, 158
views of Jefferson in, 306–7
weak judiciary and, 99
See also border states; Civil War; racism; slavery; slavery extension; Virginia Convention; specific states
“American System,” 29, 146
Amistad trial, 128, 225
anti-Federalists, 97
Francophile views of, 101, 103
as Republicans, 100
slave states and, 100
Appeal in Four Articles Together with a Preamble to the Coloured Citizens of the World but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America (Walker), 310–11
four “Articles” of, 311–12
Arkansas, 116
Articles of Confederation
Baltimore debates on, 87
Confederation Conference, 85, 97, 98
slaves as property issue and, 87
Austin, James T., 59, 60–61, 62
Autobiography (Jefferson), 308
quoted by Lincoln, 308, 316–17
Baldwin, Henry, 128
Baltimore, MD, 50
debates on Articles of Confederation, 87
Republican national convention in, 323
banking
John Quincy Adams on, 47–48
Clay’s “American System” and, 146
early system of, 94
failure of London bank, 93–94
Jacksonians anti-banking stance, 29, 47
Lincoln and Illinois State Bank, 47
national bank, xi, 18, 25, 58, 145, 146
Whigs and, 47–48
Barbé-Marbois, François de, 106
Barbour, James, 121
Bates, Edward, 238
Beecher, Edward, 34, 39, 42–43, 44, 282
Linder and, 43
Beecher, Henry Ward, 282
Beecher, Lyman, 34
Belleville (Illinois) Weekly Advocate, 74
Benton, Thomas Hart, 201
Berrien, John M., 143
Birch, James H., 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10
Bird, Savage, and Bird bank, 93
Black Hawk War (1831–32), 20, 21, 184
Booth, John Wilkes, 328
border states, xiv, 5, 14, 58, 116, 176
Civil War and, 290–91, 294, 304, 321
Clay and, 172
colonization and, 159, 169
Lincoln and, xiv, 274, 275, 288, 295, 296, 303, 321
Lincoln’s re-election and, 322–23
newspapers of, 111, 112
pro-slavery states, 290
See also specific states
Boston
abolitionism in, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 65, 69, 149–50, 247, 249–52, 310, 311
anti-abolitionist riot at Tremont Temple (1860), 254–57
John Adams and, 95
American revolutionaries in, 59, 64, 93
antislavery petitions from, 149–50
Austin’s proslavery arguments in, 60–61
British occupy, 95
burning of Catholic convent, 49–50
compared to Springfield, 57
Cotton Whigs in, 311
embargo of 1807, 298
free blacks in, 4, 80, 83, 311, 317
freedom of the press meeting, Faneuil Hall (1837), 56–65
Jefferson’s birthday celebrated (1859), 308
Phillips family and, 63
Phillips speaks at Faneuil Hall (1837), 62–64, 257
Phillips speaks at Tremont Temple (1860), 249–52, 254–55, 262
Phillips speech criticizing Lincoln (1861), 286, 300
segregation in, 313
slaves in, 4
Sons of Liberty in, 93
See also Walker, David
Boston Daily Evening Transcript, 62
Boston Female Antislavery Society, 63
Boston Massacre, 91
Braintree, MA, 79–82
First Congregational Church, 79
marriage of free slaves in, 79
Breckinridge, John, 237, 253
Brown, John, 248, 249, 254–55
Browne, Judge Thomas C., 53–54
Browning, Robert, ix
Bryant, Jane, 174, 178–80, 184–86, 213
Buchanan, James, xiii, 255, 266–71, 277, 302, 324, 335
State of the Union address, 1860, 267–70
Byfield, MA, 76–79
Calhoun, John C., 69, 122, 201, 246
California
balance of power and, 115, 208
nonextension of slavery and, 15
Campbell, Thompson, 239
Cass, Lewis, 228
Catholicism
burning of Boston Catholic convent, 49–50
Louisiana Purchase and, 108
in St. Louis, 28, 29, 31–32, 37, 38
Channing, William Ellery, xiii, 59–60, 62, 64
Charleston, South Carolina
Allen and Walker in, 311
anti-Lincoln sentiment in, 276
Democratic Convention (1860), xiii, 234–37, 239
siege of Fort Sumter and, 276, 277
Vesey rebellion, 132, 311
Charleston Mercury, 276
Chase, Salmon P., 304
Chicago Times and Herald, 309
“bold and deliberate forgery” of Lincoln speech in, 309–10
Christianity
John Quincy Adams’ essay on human freedom and, 71–73
antislavery moderates and, 62
free blacks and human equality, 223
Lovejoy’s beliefs about slavery and, 28
slavery and, 312
views on emancipation and, 53–54
Walker and, 312, 313
Cincinnati Commercial, 270
Civil Rights Movement, xv–xvi, 336
Civil War
abolitionism and, 331
John Quincy Adams predicts, 198, 204, 205, 206, 210–11, 231, 254, 264, 271, 279–80, 299, 312
Anaconda Plan, 322
best officers as Southern, 287
black soldiers, xiii, xiv, 219, 248, 272, 284, 289, 290, 293, 303, 305, 319, 321, 325, 335
border states and, 290–91, 304, 321
Buchanan’s palliatives to prevent, 268–69, 271
casualties, 316, 319, 321, 331
civil rights for selected blacks and, 272
Confederate victories, 287
Democratic Party’s desire to end, 320
emancipation strategy, 279, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 297, 305, 321, 333
expectations of brevity and, ix
freeing the slaves and, 238, 248, 251, 291 (see also emancipation strategy above)
Lee and, 287
Lincoln’s attempts to avoid, 249, 252–53, 254, 276–77
Lincoln’s border state policy and, 285, 288, 290–91, 295, 303
Lincoln’s conduct of, 1861–62, 278, 279, 284–89, 325
Lincoln’s consequential questions on secession of 1860/1861 and, 272–74
Lincoln’s election and, 248, 271
Lincoln’s misunderstanding the South and, 270, 276–77, 287, 288, 295–96, 305
Lincoln’s objective for, 291, 335
Lincoln’s re-election and, 319–20
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address and, 174, 249, 271, 327, 331
Lincoln’s war powers and, 296–305
Louisiana and, 319, 322
McClellan as Union commanding general, 284–87
path to, ix, 142, 145, 231
preservation of the Union and, xiv, 238, 248, 249, 278, 281, 290, 291, 329, 335
secession and, xiv, 254, 264, 272–74, 276, 302, 331–32
as Seward’s “irrepressible conflict,” 251, 275, 276
as Southern revolution, 204, 289
South’s determination to fight to the end, 254, 284, 289, 296, 302, 319, 321
as total war, xiv, 212, 280, 289
Union army volunteers, 240
Union defeats, 284, 286, 290
Union victories, 281, 319, 321
Walker’s prediction of, 312
Clay, Henry, xiii, 119, 121, 122, 146, 335
John Quincy Adams and, 130
American Colonization Society and colonization, 24, 132, 143, 160, 162, 170–72, 186–87, 188, 190, 192, 197, 307, 315–16
“American System,” 29, 146
as champion of moderation, 60, 69, 145, 246
Compromise of 1850 and, 194, 195, 196
death of, 193
as founder, American Colonization Society, 132
hostility to Andrew Jackson, 133–34
Lexington, KY speech of 1847, 187–91, 192
Lincoln’s admiration for, 17, 116, 171–72, 187–88, 192–93, 210, 246–47
Lincoln’s eulogy for, 171–72, 193–98
Mexican War and, 187, 189
Missouri Compromise and, 119, 129–31, 146, 162, 194, 196
nullification and, 146
“On the Subject of Abolition Petitions” speech, 144–45, 148–49, 150–52
presidential ambitions, 17, 18, 24, 129, 132, 144, 172–74, 187, 260
as public speaker, 150, 188–89
as slaveowner, 132, 191, 197
slavery and, 24, 189–90, 195, 197, 233, 246, 260
as U.S. Secretary of State, 134, 135, 143
Walker on, as racist, 314–15
Whig Party and, 17, 24, 129, 144, 146, 148, 188
Cleveland, OH, 244
colonization, ix, 56, 57, 62, 153–96, 280–81
John Quincy Adams’ views of, x, xii, 133, 143, 165–70, 205
Africa as destination for, 157, 159, 161, 165, 166, 168, 172, 218, 329
American West as destination for, 157, 159
Central America as destination for, 245, 318, 329
Clay and, 24, 132, 143, 160, 162, 170–72, 186–87, 188, 190, 192, 197, 307, 315–16
costs of, 156, 161–62, 329
Douglass on, 191
federal funds for, 159, 162, 168, 170, 173
free blacks and, 132, 142, 157, 159, 161, 165, 166–67, 168, 169, 198, 311
gradual emancipation and, 155, 160–61
Haiti as destination, 142–43, 157, 161
Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia and, 307
Jefferson’s views of, 142, 143, 155, 160–61, 315–16
Lincoln and, ix, x, xii, 25, 52, 55, 133, 186, 188, 190, 191, 193, 197, 206, 215, 218, 272, 274, 291, 296, 305, 307, 316–18, 329
Lincoln’s 1862 meeting with Committee of Colored Men and, 317–18
Mercer and, 155–64
Monroe and, 143, 165, 168
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and, 294
removal of troublemakers and dissidents with, 142, 143, 166–67, 312
Republican Party and, 245, 252
selective, 155–57, 159
Slave Trade Act and, 164–65
Walker’s indictment of, 310
Whig support for, 20, 149, 169, 182
See also American Colonization Society
Columbian Centinel, 111
Compromise of 1850, 194–97, 244, 300, 324
Confederate States of America
commitment to independence, 289–90
creation of, 273
Democratic concessions for, 320
determination to fight, 254, 284, 289, 296, 302, 319, 321
Lincoln’s pick of Johnson as vice president and, 322–23
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation rejected by, 294
views of Jefferson in, 306–7
West Point graduates and, 287
Confederation Conference, 117
Confiscation Acts, 295
Congregationalism, 28, 63, 79
Congressional Globe, 19
Constitutional Convention, 97, 117
Cooper Union, NYC
Lincoln’s address (1860), 120, 281–82, 316–17
Phillips’ address (January, 1863), 279, 303
Phillips’ address (May, 1863), 281–83
Corbin, Mary, 178
Couldock, Charles Walter, 218
Cranch, William, 8–9, 97
Crawford, William, 132, 133, 135, 165, 168
American Colonization Society and, 160
Daily Illinois Register, 218
Davenport, E. L., 219
Davis, Anna, 7
Davis, David, 182
Davis, Gideon, 7–8
Davis, Jefferson, 289, 323
Davis, Maria, 7
Dawson, John, 181
Declaration of Independence, 11, 23, 68, 150, 182, 197, 223, 307
Abigail Adams on hypocrisy of, and slavery, 84–85
John Quincy Adams’ essay on human freedom and, 71–73
“all men are created equal,” 84, 197, 241, 243, 252, 263, 272, 280, 306, 307, 314, 328
Lincoln’s speeches of 1858 and, 241, 242
not including free blacks and slaves, 243, 263, 280
Republican Party platform, 1860 and, 242
slavery as incompatible with, 241, 263
Delaware, 274
as border state, 321
Civil War and, 291
as pro-slavery, 290
Democratic Party
Buchanan and, 267
concessions for the South’s return and, 320
domestic issues and, 145
Stephen Douglas and, 229–36
economic ideology of, 47
as Jacksonian, 29, 43
Jefferson and, 309
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 230
Key and, 7
McClellan and, 319, 321
national convention, Charleston (1860), xiii, 234–37, 239
Northern Democrats, 55, 230, 234, 235, 236, 237, 304, 309, 321, 322
opponents of, 29
Polk and, 17, 228
presidential election of 1848, 228
presidential election of 1860, 231–37, 244–45, 253
presidential election of 1864, 320
principles of, 231
as pro-slavery, 215, 226, 227, 228, 231, 236, 284
racial exclusiveness and, 182
secession and, 235
Southern Democrats, 226, 230, 231, 233, 234–37
split in, 237
ultra-Peace faction, 319, 320
Van Buren and, 228
Doddridge, Philip, xiii, 153, 154–57
Douglas, H. Ford, xiii, xiv, 244–48, 249, 334
Douglas, Stephen A., xiii, 43, 74, 197, 244, 245, 267, 313
abolitionism and, 258
Lincoln debates, 197, 215–17, 231–33, 259, 307
Lincoln’s race against for U.S. Senate, 215, 224, 229–33
Linder and, 229–30, 232–37
newspaper supporting, 309
“popular sovereignty” and, 230–31, 233
as presidential hopeful, Democratic Party, 231–37, 244–45, 253
Douglas, William, 244
Douglass, Frederick, xiii, xiv, 244, 248, 255, 256–57, 258, 333, 334
Clay’s speech of 1847 refuted by, 191
Dred Scott decision, 230, 236, 241, 267
Dresser, Charles, 195
Dyer, Edward, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9
economy
of American North, 87–88, 145, 146, 254, 272, 280, 281, 319
of American South, 87, 88, 114, 138, 142, 145, 158, 266
Democratic Party ideology and, 47
financial crisis of 1837, 2, 40, 47, 48, 56, 147, 180, 228
free blacks seen as competing in the labor market, 56
income inequality, 89
industrialization vs. agriculture, 154, 158
slavery and, 272
wealth, sources of, 94
education, xi, 25
for free blacks, 83–84
free public schools, 154, 158
Edwards, Cyrus, 43
Edwards, Ninian, 5, 43, 122, 181
Electoral College
Adams-Jackson election and, 133–34
Jefferson-Burr tie and, 104
presidential election of 1860 and, 253
slaves and three-fifths rule, 94, 98, 99, 112, 118, 133, 141, 208, 293, 329
emancipation, xiii, 25, 53–54
John Adams and, 88
Civil War and, 254, 290
Civil War strategy and, 279, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 297, 305, 321, 333
Clay and, 148–49
compensated, 132, 206, 291, 294, 296, 329
gradualism, 32, 33, 36, 56, 155, 160–61, 198, 267, 317, 332, 334, 335
individual manumissions, 76–83, 117, 170
Lincoln and, ix, xiv, 52, 190, 219, 238, 283, 293, 297, 298, 303–5, 319, 321, 322, 333
mandates of, problems of transition and cost, 76–85, 145, 280–81
partial emancipation, xiv, 303
schemes for, x, 32
secession as forcing, 331–32
Emancipation Proclamation, 219, 238, 293, 319, 321, 322, 333
abolitionist pressure and, 333
border states and, 294
legal questions raised by, 303–5
limited to slaves in seceded states, 283
Lincoln’s re-election and, 319
Lincoln’s war powers and, 297, 298
Emancipator (abolition newspaper), 34, 55
Embargo Acts, 297, 298
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 57
Faneuil, Peter, 59
Faxon, James, 84
federalism, Federalists, x, xi, 90, 94, 95, 96, 117
Alien and Sedition Acts and, 102
Buchanan as, 267
expansion of the Union and, 107
formation of the Union and, 97–98
Great Britain and, 138, 141
Hamilton group, 104
Jay Treaty and, 140
Louisiana Purchase and, 109
in New England, 101
opposition to French direct democracy, 101, 103
opposition to nullification, 146
perpetuation of the Union and, 98–99, 102–3
rule of law and, 96, 103
in Virginia, 153, 154, 155
See also specific people
Ficklin, Orlando B., 184–85
Finley, Robert, 160
Finney, Charles, 30
First Colored Presbyterian Church, Harlem, 69–70
Florida
Adams–Onís Treaty, 122, 165
resolutions to abolish slavery in, 151
secession and, 271
Fort Sumter, xiv
Buchanan and, 271
siege of, 276, 277–78
Founding Fathers, 20, 23, 47, 51, 106, 109, 207, 209, 250, 289, 309, 332
Framingham, MA, 243
annual abolitionist rally in, 243–44, 248
France, 100–101
American neutrality and, 107
direct democracy of, 101, 103
eviction from the Americas, 141
Franco-American cooperation and, 138
Haiti and, 106–7, 136–43
Louisiana Purchase and, 106
New World ambitions, 134
piracy by, 137, 138
war with Great Britain and, 101
Francis, Simeon, 20, 46
Franklin, Benjamin, 87
free blacks
the Allen case and, 6–7
American’s first black intellectual, 311
black codes and exclusionary laws, 127–28, 129, 162, 182–84, 213, 241, 244, 245
civil rights for, 40, 58, 127–28, 132, 182, 191, 220, 223, 241, 243, 252, 259, 267, 326
of Cleveland, 244
colonization and, 132, 142, 157, 159, 161, 166–67, 168, 169, 170, 198, 218, 315–16
education and, 83–84
first black newspaper, 311
in Illinois, 40, 180, 182–84, 213, 243, 244, 245
illiteracy and, 312
Lincoln’s 1862 meeting with Committee of Colored Men on colonization, 317–18
Lincoln’s concessions on rights for, 272, 319, 320, 335
Lincoln’s opposition to rights for, 25, 26, 213, 215, 243, 259, 267
marriage of, 79
in Massachusetts, 4, 25–26, 58
in the military, xiii, xiv, 219, 248, 272, 284, 289, 290, 293, 297, 303, 305, 319, 321
in Missouri, 35, 162
Monroe’s views of, 166–67
in New England and the North, 243, 317, 328, 330 (see also specific states)
population of, 159, 330
Republican Party and, 241, 251–52
in St. Louis, 28
seen as a threat, 159, 182
segregation and, 84
“Testimony Law,” 244–46
treatment of, 32
voluntary expatriation, 244, 248
in Washington DC, 4, 6–7
See also Walker, David
Freedom’s Journal, 311
free soil doctrine, 162, 173, 174, 245, 263, 321
Free Soil Party, 228
free speech and press, 299
John Quincy Adams and, 66, 68, 71
Garrison and, 64
Lovejoy and, 34, 35, 43, 176
meeting in Faneuil Hall, Boston (1837), 56–65
Tremont Temple riot, Boston (1860) and, 254–57
Fremont, John, 133
Frye, Nathaniel, 1–2, 6
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 15, 194, 207, 244, 251, 269, 275, 278
Gallatin, Albert, 301
Garrison, William Lloyd, xiv, 58, 64, 149, 210, 244, 247, 249, 258, 294, 331, 334
founds the Liberator in Boston, 63
Georgia, 11, 132, 143, 239
black aliens and, 164
cotton and, 158
secession and, 271
slave population of, 158
Giddings, Joshua, 259
advice for Lincoln, 258–60, 262
Gilman, Winthrop, 44–45
Great Britain
Anglo-American cooperation and, 138
antislavery values of, 141
colony for free blacks, 157
constitutionalism of, 101
ending international slave trade and, 123
Haiti and, 140–41
Jay Treaty, 140
piracy by, 137
reparations for American slaveowners from, 123
South America and, 134
values of, in new United States, 96
war with France and, 101
West Indies trade and, 136–37
Greeley, Horace, 292
Hackett, James H., 218
Notes, Criticisms, and Correspondence upon Shakespeare’s Plays and Actors, 219
Haiti (Hispaniola, St. Domingue), xii, 106–7, 135–43, 149, 161
Hamilton, Alexander, 96, 104, 141, 335
Hamlin, Hannibal, xiii, 276, 277, 323–26
Hancock, John, 59
Hannibal, MO, 52
Harrison, William Henry, 146, 227
Harvard University, 95–96, 240, 255
Hay, George, 165, 167
Hellen, Nancy, 5
Hemings, Sally, 154–55, 213, 309, 310
Henry IV, Part I (Shakespeare), 218
Herndon, William, 238
Illinois
Adams County, 67
American Colonization Society in, 32
antislavery moralism and, 272
belief in an exclusively white America and, 25, 183
black codes and exclusionary laws, 26, 182–84, 213, 243, 244, 245
as border state, 58
Bryant case, Lincoln, and, 174, 178–80, 184–86
Democratic Party in, 228, 232
financial crisis of 1837 and, 47
fiscal problems, 180
free blacks in, 40, 330
as free state, 36, 39, 180
infrastructure projects, 47
Lincoln as legislator in, 20, 147–48, 184
Lincoln coauthors anti-slavery resolution in legislature, 12, 46
Lincoln’s Senate loss in, 233
Presbyterian Synod, 53
presidential election of 1824, 133
presidential election of 1848, 228
prohibition on mixed race marriage, 213, 215
pro-slavery sentiment in, 39, 41, 133
racism and, 26, 40, 45, 244, 245, 247, 272
slavery in, 5
state constitution revision of 1847, 180–84
Whig Party and, 178
winter of 1837–38, 47
See also Springfield, IL; specific towns
Illinois Antislavery Society, 42–43
Illinois College, 34
Illinois Republican, 54
Illinois Republican Party, 275
Illinois State Bank, 47
Illinois State Colonization Society, 218
Illinois State Journal. See Sangamo Journal
“I’m a Good Old Rebel” (song), xv
Indiana, 296
Lincoln and, 17, 116, 133, 176, 253
Linder and, 176
presidential election of 1824, 133
Indiana Territory, 147
infrastructure issues, xi, 17, 18, 25, 58, 145, 146, 154, 203
Ingersoll, Joseph, 201
Iowa, 116
Jackson, Andrew, 7, 17, 18, 51, 132, 133, 201, 228, 232, 321
anti-Indian and anti-bank policies, 29, 47
Buchanan and, 267
mob violence and, 33
nullification and, 146
as president, 29
presidential election of 1824, 132–34
as slaveowner, 133
slavery extension and, 299
Jay Treaty, 140
Jefferson, Thomas, 196, 306–10, 335
John Quincy Adams’ views of, 114
“all men are created equal” and, 306, 307, 328
as antislavery moralist, 157, 243, 280, 306, 307, 308
Autobiography, 308, 316–17
bankruptcy of, 94
on black racial inferiority, 308
breech with John Adams, 94, 100
colonization and, 142, 143, 155, 160–61, 206, 315–16
as “a consummate hypocrite,” 153, 154
elected president, “three-fifths stipulation” and, 94
Embargo Acts and executive orders, 297–98, 299
expansion of slavery and, 209
Francophile, anti-Federalist views of, 99–102, 103, 138, 140
Haiti and, 136, 141
“Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,” 264
letter of April, 1820, 196
Lincoln and, 306–10
Lincoln quoting, 308, 316–17
Louisiana Purchase and, 106–15, 209
master-slave sexual relations and, 213
Missouri status as slave state and, 124, 125
Notes on the State of Virginia, 155, 307, 308, 311, 315
planter class and, 154
racism and, 315
as slaveowner, 101, 154, 307, 308
slave Sally Hemings and, 154–55, 213, 309, 310
as U.S. President, 102, 141–42
as U.S. Vice President, 100
views on multiracial society, 159, 306
views on slavery, 98, 154, 155, 156, 157
vision for America, 142, 154, 308
vision for Virginia, 156
Walker’s writings and, 310–11, 314–15
writing style, 311
Jefferson City, MO, 34
Jim Crow laws, xv, 336
Johnson, Andrew, xiii, 322–28
alcoholism of, 327
character of, 326, 327
Lincoln’s choice of, as running mate, 322–28
as pro-Union Democrat, 323, 326
as racist, 326, 327–28, 332
reconstruction and, 326–27, 328
as Southern populist, 323, 326
states’ rights and, 323, 328
Tennessee and, 323
Kansas, 116, 117
“bleeding Kansas,” 267
as free state, 261
Lecompton Constitution, 231, 234, 236, 267
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 120, 142, 229, 230, 231, 267
Kentucky
allegiance to the Union, 116
birth of Linder and Lincoln in, 176
as border state, 5, 14, 15–16, 116, 176, 274, 321
Clay as congressman from, 116
legitimacy of slavery and, 5, 12
Lincoln in, 11–13, 116
presidential election of 1824, 133
as pro-slavery, 290
as pro-Union, 291
secession threats by, 102, 103
Speed family plantation in, 11–13
Key, Francis Scott, xiii
the Allen case and, 7, 8
American Colonization Society and, 7, 8, 132, 160
as Jacksonian, 7
as slaveowner, 7
King, Charles, 120
King, John, xii, 89–93
King, Rufus, xiii, 90, 93, 103, 129–30, 142, 335
Adams family and, 93–95
appearance of, 117
as Federalist, 90, 95, 97–98
as minister to Great Britain, 95, 140–41, 157
Missouri Compromise and, 126–27
nonextension of slavery speech of 1820, 90, 116, 117–18, 120–21, 124, 125–26
Northwest Ordinance and, 117
as patriot, 95–96
as signer, U.S. Constitution, 118
success and wealth of, 95
as U.S. Senator, 95, 97–98
Krum, John, 44–45, 50
Ku Klux Klan, xv–xvi, 336
Lawless, Luke E., 37–38
Lebanon (steamboat), 11
slaves aboard, 13–14, 15
Lee, Robert E., 287
Lemen, James, 74, 75
Lexington, KY, 12
Clay’s plantation, 132
Lincoln attends Clay’s speech in, 187–88
slave market in, 12, 190
Speed family plantation and, 11–13, 213
Liberator (abolition newspaper), 55, 58
Liberia, 168, 172
Lincoln, Abraham, xi, xiv, 228
John Quincy Adams and, x–xii, 16, 17, 19–26, 55, 58, 201–2, 205, 210, 259, 260
“all men are created equal” qualification and, 307
anti-abolitionism of, xi, xii, 26, 46, 52, 53, 55–56, 65, 144, 148, 186, 205, 226, 227, 259, 262, 275
antislavery moralism of, x, xii, xiii, 12, 52, 55, 147, 179, 186, 205, 207, 215, 219, 224–25, 241, 243, 246, 251, 253, 259, 267, 272, 281, 284, 285, 330, 334, 335
appeasement and conciliation of the South, 252–53, 254, 261–62, 263, 264, 265, 273, 274, 276–78, 283, 287, 289, 290, 292–93, 332
arrival in Washington, 187
assassination of, 328, 329, 336
“better angels of our nature” and, x, 16, 277
in Black Hawk War (1831–32), 20, 21, 184
black soldiers and, xiii, xiv, 219, 272, 284, 289, 293, 303, 305, 319, 325, 335
border states and, xiv, 274, 275, 285, 288, 295, 296, 303, 321
Judge Browne and, 53
Buchanan’s last State of the Union address and, 269–70
Civil War and, ix, xiii–xiv, 248, 249, 271, 272–74, 278, 279, 284–305, 325
Clay and, 17, 116, 171–72, 187–88, 192–93, 197, 210, 246–47
Clay’s eulogy, 171–72, 193–98
colonization and, ix, x, xii, 25, 55, 133, 169, 186, 188, 191, 197, 206, 215, 218, 272, 274, 291, 296, 305, 307, 316–18, 329
Committee of Colored Men meeting with (1862), 317–18
Cooper Union address, 117, 120, 281–82, 316–17
death threats against, 211–12, 278, 327
deification of, 329, 336
diary, letters lacking for, 225
domestic issues and policies, xi, 17, 18
Douglas debates, 197, 215–17, 231–33, 259, 307
dreams of, 211, 327
emancipation and, ix, xiv, 52, 190, 249, 263–64, 291
Emancipation Proclamation, 219, 238, 283, 293, 319, 333
First Inaugural Address, 16, 270–71, 276–77
free blacks, rights for, 25, 26, 213, 215, 216, 241, 243, 244, 246, 252, 259, 267, 272, 319, 320, 335
Fugitive Slave Law and, 244, 275
Giddings and, 258–60, 262
gradualism and, 317, 332, 334, 335
as “the Great Emancipator,” xiii, 333, 335
greatness of, xiii, 329, 332
Hamlin as vice president, 276, 277, 323–26
“a house divided against itself cannot stand” (speech to the Illinois Republican Party, 1858), 275
as Illinois legislator, 12, 46, 147–48, 184
inauguration (first), 270, 277
inauguration (second), 327
Jefferson and, 306–10, 316–17
Johnson as running mate, 322–28
legal practice of, 46, 47, 48, 174–80, 181, 229, 238, 290
letter “discovered” in 1908 (forgery), 73–75
Linder and, 43, 174–80, 184–86, 224–25, 226, 227, 229, 237–38
Lyceum lecture (1938), 46–47, 49–55, 73, 144, 176, 180, 223, 225, 299
as martyr, 73
Mexican War and, 16, 17, 188, 208, 214
Mexican War speeches (“sacred” right to “revolutionize”), 188, 192, 202, 203–4, 250, 273, 324, 330
misjudging the South (“we are not enemies but friends”), 23, 270, 277, 287, 288, 295–96, 305
on mixed race marriages, sexual relationships, 213–24, 281, 313–14
myth of, 333–36
nullification and, 146
origins of family and place, xii, 17, 116, 133
Mary Owen and, 47
party politics and, xi, 260
Peoria address (1854), 328, 329
personality of, ix, 176–77, 179, 185, 214, 225, 250, 283, 290, 295, 305, 319, 322, 332, 336
political views of, early, 17–26, 50–52, 53, 177
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 292–93, 303, 317, 332
preservation of the Union and, 15, 208–9, 278, 281, 291, 329, 335
presidential election of 1860 and, 19, 237, 249–50, 253, 257–58, 264–65, 267, 275, 308, 309, 316
presidential election of 1864 and, 319–28
as public speaker, 46, 133, 188, 189, 192, 193, 216, 225, 232
racism, white America, and fears of a multiracial country, xiii, xv, 25, 26, 58, 186, 215, 241, 249, 252, 272, 281, 288, 305, 306, 317–18, 335
reading of books, articles, speeches, 12, 120, 133, 145, 171–72, 191, 217–18, 219, 298, 307–8, 310, 316
reading of newspapers, 18–19, 20, 21, 23, 50, 158, 241, 262, 264–65, 267, 270
reconstruction and reunification, ix, 272, 322–23, 327, 328, 334
religious agnosticism of, 12, 46
as Republican, xi, 215, 260
Sangamo Journal and, xii, 19–26, 144, 158, 241, 309–10
secession and, ix, x, xiv, 205, 247, 260–61, 264–66, 271, 272–73, 302–3
Second Inaugural Address, 174, 249, 271, 327, 331
Senate race against Douglas, 215, 224, 229–33
Shakespeare and, 212–13, 217–19
slavery and slave auctions, personal experience with, 12–13, 15, 206–7
slavery nonextension and, xiii, xiv, 15, 58, 204, 205, 224, 225, 250, 251, 253, 259, 264, 273, 284
slavery tolerated or accepted by, 13–15, 129, 172–73, 179, 190, 205, 214, 224–26, 249, 253, 261–63, 272, 278, 288, 289, 292–94, 329, 334, 335
speech at Galesburg (1858), 308
speeches of 1858, 241, 313–14
speech in Columbus, OH (1859), 308–9
Speed family and, 11–16, 225
stumping for Taylor, 202, 228
Temperance Address (1842), 225
as theatergoer, 211–12, 218, 219
as U.S. Congressman, xii, 11, 16–17, 174, 188, 191–92, 201–2, 210
U.S. Constitution and, 207, 275, 303–5
U.S. Supreme Court and, 295, 297, 304
vision for America, 18
war powers and, 288, 296–305
wedding of, 53, 181, 195, 240
as Whig, x, 18, 19–26, 46, 146, 147, 180, 187, 191–92, 205, 214, 244, 246
as writer, xi, 14, 20, 21, 47, 54, 75, 309–10
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 43, 184, 187
Lincoln, Robert, 240
Lincoln, Sarah Bush Johnston, 116
Lincoln, Thomas, 116
Lincoln, Willie, 240
Linder, Usher F., xiii
as alcoholic, 43, 327
in Alton, IL, anti-Lovejoy faction and, 43–44, 50, 224
the Bryant case, Lincoln, and, 174–80, 184–86
Douglas and, 229–30, 232–37
Lincoln aids in son’s release, 237–38
Lincoln and, 43, 174–80, 184–86, 224–25, 226, 227, 229, 327
as pro-Union, 238
racism of, 43, 50, 226, 238, 284, 327–28
Reminiscences, 232
Livingston, Robert, 106, 142
Logan, Stephen T., 181, 185
Louisiana (state)
reconstruction and, 319, 322
secession and, 271, 319
Tyler and, 227
in Union hands, 319
Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Territory, xii, 106–15, 131, 135–36, 142, 209
black aliens and, 164
culture of, 111
extension of slavery and, 118, 125
issue of slavery and representation, 110–11
King and, 116
New England tax dollars used for, 112
population of, 108
slave trade and, 111, 113
slavery and, 108, 113, 208, 209
states partitioned from, 116–17
See also Missouri Compromise
Louisville Journal, 18
Lovejoy, Elijah, xii, xiii, 27–45, 61, 66, 169, 249
abolitionism and, 33–35, 38, 39, 41–42, 55, 57, 247–48, 333, 334
as anti-Catholic, 31, 32
as anti-Jackson, 29
antislavery positions, 31, 32–33
assassination of, 27–28, 44–45, 50, 52, 56, 57, 68, 69–70, 169, 223, 224, 250
background of, 28–29
biography/memoir of, 70–71
biography/memoir, Adams writes introduction, 65–68, 70
editorial on McIntosh killing, 50
as the “first American martyr,” 64, 65, 71, 176, 299
freedom of the press and, 34, 36
free speech and, 34, 35, 44, 57
“illumination” of souls and, 30
Lincoln’s Lyceum lecture and, 52, 334
mob destruction of his printing presses, 27, 39, 42
Phillips’ speech on (1837), 62–64, 257
St. Louis Observer and, 31, 32
St. Louis Times and, 29
trials related to assassination of, 174–76
Whig politics of, 29, 31
Lovejoy, Joseph, 42, 44, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 176
Lovejoy, Owen, 31, 42, 44, 65, 66, 70, 71, 176, 258
as Lincoln Republican, 70
Underground Railroad and, 70
as U.S. Congressman, 70
Lundy, Benjamin, 4
Lunt, W. P., 199
Lynch, Thomas, 87
Madison, Dolley, 6
Madison, James, 99, 108, 109, 110, 124, 158
American Colonization Society and, 160
“Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,” 264
Maine
antislavery petitions from, 149
as free state, 148, 162
Hamlin and, 323–24
statehood of, 119, 124, 130
See also Missouri Compromise
Marshall, Chief Justice John, 132
American Colonization Society and, 160
Maryland, 274
as border state, 321
Civil War and, 291
as pro-slavery, 290
slave trade and, 111
Massachusetts
John Quincy Adams and, 24, 25, 66 (see also Adams, John Quincy)
case of John King and, 89–93, 95
free blacks in, 4, 25–26, 58
mob violence and, 89–93
personal liberty laws, 244
problems of legal emancipation in, 76–85
racism in, 82, 83–84
slave, Phoebe, mandated emancipation and Abigail Adams, 79–85
slave, Violet, mandated emancipation and Parsons family, 76–79, 96
slavery abolished in, 3, 4, 76, 79, 80
See also Boston; specific towns
Massachusetts Antislavery Society, 244
Massachusetts General Colored Association, 311
Matheny, James, 181, 240
Matson, Robert, 174, 178–80, 184–86, 213
McClellan, Gen. George B., 284–87, 289
as presidential candidate, 319, 321, 323
McIntosh, Francis, 37–38, 49
McLean, John, 201
Memoir of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy; Who Was Murdered in Defence of the Liberty of the Press. At Alton, Illinois, Nov. 7, 1837, 70–71
Adams writes introduction, 65–68, 70
Mercer, Charles Fenton, xii–xiii, 153–64, 167, 335
Methodism, 9, 311
Mexican War, xiii, 16, 17, 173, 187, 189, 207, 208, 210, 227, 299, 301–2
Lincoln’s speech of 1848 and, 188, 192, 202, 203–4, 273, 324, 330
Mexico, 115
slavery prohibited in, 209
Minor, Dabney, 153, 154
miscegenation, mixed race relationships, mixed race marriage, 213–24, 281, 313–14
Othello and, 217–20
Walker’s writing in 1830 on, 314
Mississippi
mob violence in, 49, 50
secession and, 271
slave population of, 158
Missouri, 34
American Colonization Society in, 32
as border state, 274, 321
Civil War and, 291
exclusionary provision of state constitution, 127–28, 129, 162, 196, 209
extension of slavery and statehood of, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120–21, 123–31, 208, 209
free blacks and, 35, 162
presidential election of 1824, 133
as pro-slavery, 290
as pro-Union, 291
slavery and, 33–34, 115, 118, 131, 162
Tallmadge’s amendment and, 119
Missouri and Illinois Tract Society, 29
Missouri Compromise, 119, 125, 129–31, 136, 142, 162, 196, 208, 262
Lincoln’s Peoria address (1854) and, 328, 329
repeal of, allowing slavery (Compromise of 1850), 194–97, 244, 299, 300, 324
Missouri Enabling Act, 119
Missouri Fulton (steamship), 44
Missouri Presbyterian Synod, 35
Missouri Republican, 35
mob violence, 49, 60, 65, 279
John Quincy Adams on, 89, 91–92
anti-abolitionist riots, 254–57, 299
in Baltimore, 50
burning of Catholic convent, 49–50
Jeffersonians and threat of class warfare, 101
Lincoln on, 49, 51, 144, 299, 334
Linder and, 43
Lovejoy’s murder and, 44–45, 68, 70, 223
Lovejoy’s presses and, 27, 42
McIntosh killing, 37–38, 49, 50
racism and, 33, 55–56, 223
Sons of Liberty attack on John King, 89–93
monetary policy, xi, 18, 47, 48
Monroe, James, 4, 94, 122, 124, 125, 133, 141, 158
American Colonization Society and, 160, 165
colonization and, 143, 165, 168
free blacks seen as dangerous, 166–67
Monroe Doctrine, 134–35, 141
Montana, 117
mulattoes, 127
Beecher and Phillips display white-skinned black child, 282, 283
as children of slaveowners, 214
Hamlin labeled as, 276
miscegenation, mixed race relationships, mixed race marriage and, 213, 220–21
as prototype, 281
as testament to Southern hypocrisy, 223
women and white men, 217
See also miscegenation, mixed race relationships, mixed race marriage
Napoléon, 106–7, 110, 116, 142
National Enquirer (abolition newspaper), 55
National Intelligencer
editor Seaton and, 6
slave auctions advertised in, 1
as Whig newspaper, 18–19
Nebraska, 15, 116, 117
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 120, 142, 229, 230, 231, 267
Newburyport, MA, 96
New Jersey
American Colonization Society and, 160
slavery abolished in, 79
New Mexico, 117
New Orleans, 28, 108
Lincoln’s witnessing of mistreatment of slaves in, 12–13
Louisiana Purchase and, 106
New Salem, IL, 18–19
Lincoln as postmaster, 18–19
Lincoln as store clerk in, 19–26
New York
abolitionism in, 282
civil rights for free blacks, 132
Rufus King as senator from, 95, 97–98, 117
Republican Party in, 282
slavery abolished in, 79, 132
See also Seward, William H.
New York Evangelist (abolition newspaper), 55
New York Evening Post, 59
New York Express, 48
New York Telescope, 18
New York Times
report white-skinned black child, 282, 283
transcription of Phillips’ speech in, 283
New-York Tribune, 292, 317
North Dakota, 117
North Star (abolitionist paper), 191
Northwest Ordinance, Northwest Territory, 23, 98, 100, 110, 147, 183, 184, 263
issue of slavery and representation, 110, 111
King and, 117
reserved for free labor, 111
Notes, Criticisms, and Correspondence upon Shakespeare’s Plays and Actors (Hackett), 219
“The Character of Desdemona” (Adams), 219, 223
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 155, 307, 311, 315
quoted by Lincoln, 308
nullification, 18, 22–23, 102–3, 145–46
Crisis in 1832, 262
Lincoln’s position on illegality of, 23
Observer (St. Louis Observer, later Alton Observer), 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39
antislavery positions in, 31, 32, 35–36, 38, 40
attacks on offices, 38, 42, 44–45
destruction of Lovejoy’s presses, 27, 39, 42, 50
editorial on McIntosh killing, 50
move to Alton, 36, 38–39
as target of pro-slavery population, 35
Offutt, Denton, 20
Ohio, 15, 67, 147, 258
Lincoln’s Columbus speech, 308
presidential election of 1824, 133
presidential election of 1844, 172
Oklahoma, 117
Oregon, 115, 208, 266–67
Orme, Rezin, 1, 2, 7, 8
Othello (Shakespeare), 212, 217–20
“The Character of Desdemona” (Adams), 219, 223
Otis, James, 59, 64
Owen, Mary, 47
Panama Conference, 134–35, 136, 143, 149
Parsons, Moses, xii, 76–79, 90, 96
Parsons, Theophilus, xii, 76
John Quincy Adams and, 96
Rufus King and, 96
Parsons, Violet, xii, 76–78, 80–81, 96
Pennsylvania, 113, 127, 128, 201, 281
Buchanan and, 267, 270
Whiskey Rebellion, 297
Philadelphia
abolitionism in, 56
first U.S. Congress meets in, 97–98
as U.S. Capital, 82
Philanthropist (abolition newspaper), 55
Phillips, John, 63
Phillips, Wendell, xiii, xiv, 169, 210, 248, 258, 285, 333, 334
Civil War and, 331
coming out speech, Faneuil Hall (1837), 62–64, 257
commemoration of John Brown and, 254–55
Cooper Union address (1863), 279, 281, 282, 283, 303
criticism of Lincoln and McClellan, 286, 289, 290, 300
as critic of conciliation and compromise, 278–79, 280, 288
family of, 63
on Jefferson and war powers, 280
on Johnson as vice president, 328
a multiracial American and, 283, 305, 318
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and, 294
quoting Adams on antislavery activism, 303
Tremont Temple speeches (1860), Boston, 249–52, 254–55, 262
views on Lincoln as president, 253–54, 291, 292
Pickering, Timothy, 138, 141
Pierce, Franklin, 324
Pinkney, William, 121
Polk, James, 149, 172, 173, 188, 200, 226, 228, 266
Mexican War and, 16, 17, 173, 192, 202, 207, 299, 301–2
misuse of presidential powers, 302
as slaveowner, 17
slavery extension and, 299
“popular sovereignty,” xiii, 230–31, 233, 267
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 292–93, 303, 317, 332
Presbyterianism
abolitionism and, 35, 39
in Alton, 39
antislavery clergy, 36, 39, 53
financing of St. Louis Observer and, 31
First Colored Presbyterian Church, Harlem, 69–70
Lovejoy and, 27
orthodox vs. new-light, 30, 31
Princeton Theological Seminary and, 30
in St. Louis, 30–31
Princeton Theological Seminary, 30
Princeton University (College of New Jersey), 153
Pudd’nhead Wilson (Twain), 282
Quakers
antislavery views of, 114
employment of free blacks and, 4
in Philadelphia, 56
Quincy, IL, 67
Quincy, Josiah, 104
Quincy, MA, 4, 83, 88, 199
Adams mansion, Peacefield, 200
Unitarian Church, 200
racism
abolitionism and solving problem of, 334–35
America as exclusively white, x, xiii, xv, 58, 132, 158, 160, 169, 183, 186, 191, 249, 281, 288, 305
in the American South, x, 272–74, 320 (see also specific states)
America’s racial future, 306
antislavery moralism and, 219
Clay and, 314–15
colonization and, 330
contemporary race problems, xvi, 334, 335, 336
free blacks opposing, 311
Haitian diplomats and, 136
in Illinois, 26, 40, 45, 244, 245, 247, 272
inequality and, 238, 252, 280, 307, 318, 334
Jefferson and, 314–15
Jim Crow laws, xv, 336
Johnson and, 326, 327–28, 332
as legacy of emancipation, ix, 82, 305
Lincoln and, xiii, xv, 25, 26, 58, 186, 213–24, 241, 249, 252, 272, 281, 288, 305, 306, 335
Lincoln’s 1862 meeting with a Committee of Colored Men and, 317–18
Linder and, 43, 50, 226, 284, 327–28
in Louisiana, 322
lynchings and, 49
McClellan and, 284
miscegenation, mixed race relationships, mixed race marriage, 213–24, 314
mob violence and, 33, 45
in New England and the North, 82, 83–84, 247, 272–74, 295, 312
Phillips and eliminating, 281, 283
post-Civil War, xv
proslavery arguments and, 60–62
Republican Party and, 244–45
source of, 314, 335
in Tennessee, 322
view of blacks as inferior, xv, 45, 56, 86, 103, 145, 159, 175, 222–23, 224, 241, 243, 253, 272, 308, 312, 314–15, 320, 328, 336
Randolph, John, 121, 132, 162
reconstruction and reunification, ix, xv, 272, 322–23, 327, 328, 334
Johnson and, 326–27, 328
Louisiana and Tennessee as experiments in, 321–22
Northern War Democrats and, 322
post-war integration of slaves and, 326–27, 335–36
Republican Party, 129, 230, 231, 267
anti-abolitionism and, 241
antislavery moralism and, 230, 241, 251, 253, 324
colonization and, 245, 252
creation of, 189
Hamlin and, 324–25
Jefferson and, 307, 308
Lincoln as founding member, xi
Lincoln as presidential candidate, 237, 241, 308, 309, 316
Lincoln’s Senate race and, 215
newspapers, 292
in New York, 282
opposition to civil rights for free blacks, 241, 251–52
opposition to nullification, 146
presidential election of 1856, 133
presidential election of 1860, 237, 241, 253, 275–76, 309
presidential election of 1860, party platform, 241–43, 261, 289, 320–21, 324
presidential election of 1864, 319–28
principles of, 251
renamed National Union Party, 323
secession opposed by, 242, 243
slavery nonextension and, 224, 225, 243, 245, 251, 253, 289, 320, 325
slavery tolerated or accepted by, 224
as “the white man’s party,” 245
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 276
St. Louis, MO, 52
abolitionism opposed in, 29, 35, 36
about, in 1827, 28–29
Catholicism in, 28, 29, 31–32, 37, 38
elections, 32
First Presbyterian Church, 30
Lovejoy in, 29–39
McIntosh killing in, 37–38, 50
Missouri constitution and, 127
opposition to rights for free blacks, 35
Protestant establishment in, 29, 32
Second Presbyterian Church, 53
as slave-based, 28, 29, 33
St. Louis Observer. See Observer
St. Louis Republican, 18
St. Louis Times, 29, 33
Sanborn, Franklin, 255
Sangamo Journal (later Illinois State Journal), 46, 54, 158
abolitionism and abolitionists and, 54
account of Lovejoy’s murder and destruction of presses, 50, 57–58
John Quincy Adams covered in, xii, 20–26, 54–55, 58, 225
advertisement for Liberia, 168
Amistad trial in, 225
antislavery petitions and, 145
Buchanan’s last State of the Union address printed in, 270
Clay’s Lexington Speech in, 188
Clay’s “On the Subject of Abolition Petitions” speech in, 144
editorial reprint from New York Express in, 48
gag rule support in, 69
Harrison for president and, 147
July 4, 1860 celebration, 240
Lincoln and, xii, 19–26, 147, 258, 262
Lincoln’s candidacy for state representative announced in, 20
Lincoln’s rebuttal of purported anti-Jefferson speech, 309–10
Lincoln’s writing in, 20, 47, 54
“One Northern Sympathiser,” 262
pen portrait of Adams in, 22
reports on Congress, 69
secession rumors in, 264–65
Taylor for president and, 188
“Ten Reasons Why Antislavery Whigs Should Vote for Van Buren,” 228
as Whig newspaper, 19–26, 47–48
Scarborough, ME, 89–93, 95
Scott, Winfield, 285, 286, 322
Seaton, William, 6
secession, 23, 204
John Quincy Adams, views of, 104
American South, slavery, and, ix, 6, 15, 204, 235, 237, 250, 262, 264–66, 272, 276, 332
Civil War and, xiv, 238, 248, 254, 331–32
as forcing emancipation, 331–32
Hamiltonian federalists and, 104
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 231
Lincoln and issue of, ix, x, 205, 247, 260–61, 271, 272–73
Lincoln’s position on illegality of, 23
nullification and, 102, 103
Phillips on conciliation and, 279
presidential powers and, 299, 300, 302
Republican Party’s opposition to disunion, 242, 243
separatism and, 104, 330
South Carolina and, 265, 271, 276, 280, 297
Southern states that seceded, 272, 276
South’s cotton wealth and, 88
threats of, 88, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 261, 262, 264
segregation, 84
separatism, 104, 250–51
John Quincy Adams on, 130–31
North’s prevention of, three results, 332
scenario for, 330–31, 332
See also secession
Seward, William H., 237, 262, 264, 276–77, 278, 279, 281, 300
John Quincy Adams and, 276
“irrepressible conflict,” 251, 275, 276
Shakespeare, William, 212
Lincoln’s favorite plays, 218–19
See also Othello
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, ix
Sierra Leone, 157, 161
slave insurrection, 49, 65, 143, 204, 299, 313
abolitionism and, 268–69
John Brown and, 248, 254–55
doctrine of diffusion and, 111
emancipation and, 254, 262, 293
fears of, 32, 38, 62, 149, 268–69
Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 156
Haiti and, 106–7, 135–43
presidential powers and, 299
Vesey rebellion, 132, 311
slavery
the Allen case and, 1–3, 5–11
anti-literacy laws, 33
the Bryant case, Lincoln, and, 174–76, 178–80, 184–86
captured in cargo ships, problem of, 163–64
Constitutional protection of, x, 13, 15, 16, 26, 35, 52, 72, 85, 88, 97, 103, 117, 126, 137–38, 148, 150, 174, 184, 205, 207, 208, 215, 224, 241, 243, 250, 251, 300, 307, 325
cotton and, 88, 138, 142, 145, 158, 173, 266
dying “a natural death” and, 88–89, 170, 173
economy and, 88, 114, 138, 142, 145, 158, 272
Electoral College and, 94, 98, 99, 112, 118, 133, 141, 208, 293, 329
Harrison’s views on, 147
illiteracy and, 312
as irresolvable problem, 61, 263–64, 306, 316
Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia and, 307
Lincoln’s acceptance or toleration of, 13–15, 129, 172–73, 179, 190, 205, 214, 224–26, 249, 253, 261–62, 263, 272, 278, 288, 289, 292–94, 321, 329, 334, 335
Linder’s “best sort of relationship” and, 239
Louisiana Purchase and, 111–15
as metaphor vs. reality of, 85–86
in Missouri, 33–34, 115, 131
Missouri Compromise and, 119, 123, 129–31
mistreatment of Negroes, 3–5, 12–13
origins in America, 214–15, 307, 314
population of, 56, 88
post-war integration of, 326–27, 335–36
presidential elections and, 133
proslavery arguments, 60–62
slave auctions and sales, 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 163–64, 190
slaves as property, 1, 8, 78, 87, 94, 98, 112, 117, 125, 164, 165–66, 179, 184, 197, 213, 267, 280, 285, 295, 307, 312
slave states as “field of blood,” 111, 114, 117
slave trade and traders, 1, 3, 13–14, 72–73, 111, 123, 162–63
Southern secession and, ix, 6, 15, 204, 235, 237, 250, 262, 264–66, 332
U.S. Congress gag rule and, 3, 63, 66, 69, 149, 201, 205, 211, 223, 257, 299
U.S. presidents who owned slaves, 3, 17, 133, 270, 306–7, 309, 310 (see also Jefferson, Thomas)
Walker’s indictment of, 310–16
in Washington, D.C., 3, 17, 18, 40–41
See also abolitionism and abolitionists; Civil War; colonization; emancipation; Emancipation Proclamation; racism; slavery extension; specific individuals; specific states
slavery advocates
abolitionists seen as agitators, 35
American South and, 214, 306–7
Austin as, 60–61
border states and, 290, 291, 322
Calhoun as, 201
in Congress, 55, 119, 129, 135, 144, 260, 300
Democratic Party as, 215, 226, 227, 228, 231, 236, 284
fear of slave insurrection and, 62
Haiti independence and, 138, 141
Hay as, 167
in Illinois, 39, 41, 42, 133, 148, 175, 176, 180, 183
Jacksonians and, 135
Johnson as, 327
in Kansas, 231
as Lincoln’s friends, 226
Lincoln’s law partner as, 46
Linder as, 175, 176, 180, 224–25, 226, 229, 233, 235, 237
in Louisiana, 322
Matson trial and, 180, 184
McClellan as, 284–85, 287, 319
Mexican War and, 299
mob violence and, 60, 63, 184, 223, 299 (see also Lovejoy, Elijah)
newspapers and, 309
Pierce as, 324
pro-slavery Northerners, 319
pro-slavery Southerners, 32, 173, 214, 226, 235, 236, 306–7
in St. Louis and Missouri, 29, 33–34, 35, 36, 38, 127
Taney as, 201
in Tennessee, 322
Texas annexation and, 60
U.S. Constitution and, 251
in Virginia, 288
See also American South; slavery extension; specific states
slavery extension, xiii
American South and, 98, 106–15, 120–31, 208, 261–62, 263, 264, 276, 285
Civil War and ending of, 320–21
Clay’s opposition to, 195
Douglas and, 233
Dred Scott decision and, 230
Free Soil Party and, 228
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 230
Lincoln’s opposition to, xiv, 15, 58, 191, 204, 205, 224, 225, 250, 251, 253, 259, 264, 273, 276, 284
Linder and, 227
Louisiana Purchase and, 111–31, 208, 209
McClellan and, 284
Mexican War and, 207–8
Missouri Compromise and, 119, 130, 151, 194, 195, 208, 209
Northwest Ordinance and, 98
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and, 294
presidential executive orders and, 299
Republican Party’s opposition to, 224, 225, 243, 245, 251, 253, 289
Texas annexation and, 58, 60, 208
Whig’s opposition to, 194, 227
See also specific states
slavery opponents: antislavery activism, 174, 224, 241, 277, 335
John Quincy Adams and, xi, xii, xiii, 2, 4, 25–26, 40–41, 54–55, 58, 65–69, 144–45, 149–52, 205–6
Giddings and, 258
Phillips on, 303
Weld and, 205
See also abolitionism and abolitionists
slavery opponents: antislavery moralism, 113–14, 155, 163, 197, 207, 219, 220, 232, 259, 283, 303
John Quincy Adams and, x, 205, 280
John Adams and, 280
black codes, exclusionary laws, and, 183–84, 241
Buchanan and, 267
Channing and, 59
Clay and, 129, 147, 148, 150, 171, 233, 243, 246, 315
colonization and, 159–60
Jefferson and, 157, 243, 280, 306, 307, 308, 314–15
Lincoln and, x, xii, xiii, 55, 147, 179, 186, 205, 207, 215, 219, 224–25, 241, 243, 246, 251, 253, 259, 267, 272, 281, 284, 285, 330, 334, 335
as moderate’s position, 65, 131, 231
Republicans and, 230, 241, 251, 253, 324, 325
Seward and, 281
Supreme Court judges and, 304
vice president Hamlin and, 277, 324
Whigs and, 25, 148, 227
See also colonization; Lincoln, Abraham
Slave Trade Act, 164, 167
Smith, Gerrit, 169
Smith, Gen. William, 9, 10
Smith, Rev. William, 79–81, 90
Smithson, James, 149
Sons of Liberty, 89–93
South Carolina
black aliens and, 164
nullification and, 18, 22–23, 145–46
secession and, 271, 276, 280, 297
secession convention in, 265
secession threats, 145, 262–63
slaves as property issue and, 87
See also Charleston, SC
South Dakota, 117
Spain
Adams–Onís Treaty, 122
eviction from the Americas, 141
New World ambitions, 134, 136
Speed, James, 12, 16, 187
Speed, Joshua, 11, 15, 187, 206–7
commitment to the Union, 16
Speed, Lucy, 11–12
Speed, Mary, 12, 13, 14, 225
Springfield, IL, 11, 18, 19, 42
American Colonization Society and, 160
anti-abolitionists in, 53–54, 58
Clay Club, Lincoln and, 172
compared to Boston, 57
July 4, 1860 celebration, 240
Lincoln and constitutional convention in, 181
Lincoln living in, 11, 13, 19, 54, 181, 240, 257–58, 264
Lincolns leave for Washington, 184
Lincoln’s legal practice in, 46, 47, 48, 174, 178–80, 184–86
Lincoln’s Lyceum lecture (1838), 46–47, 49–55, 144, 176, 180, 223, 299, 334
presidential election of 1860 and, 264–65
Republican Party and, 258
Sangamo Journal and, 19–26, 57–58
slavery in, 13
as state capital, 47, 57
Whigs in, 58, 145
Stanton, Edwin, 120
state sovereignty (state’s rights), x, xi, 100, 161, 231, 241, 242
Johnson and, 323, 328
Stevens, Edward, 139
Stone, Dan, 46
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 34, 282
Stuart, Gilbert, 117
Stuart, John Todd, 46, 50
Talbot, Silas, 139
Tallmadge, James, 119
Taney, Roger, 7, 201, 304
Taylor, John, 160
Taylor, Zachary, 188, 192, 226, 227, 228
Lincoln as stump speaker for, 202, 228
Tennessee
as border state, 321
Johnson as governor, 323
reconstruction and, 322
“Testimony Law,” 244–46
Texas, xiii
annexation of, 25, 58, 60, 122, 201, 208, 209–10, 251, 264
Republic of, creation, 203, 209
secession and, 271
slavery and, 115, 127, 173, 208, 209
Spain’s territorial boundaries in, 122
Thomas, Jesse B., Jr., 124
Toussaint Louverture, François-Dominique, 137, 142
trade, xi, 18, 25, 58
piracy and, 137
tariffs, 18, 22, 25, 58, 111, 112, 145–46, 149, 261
West Indies and, 136–37, 138, 139
Treat, Samuel Hubbell, 184
Treaty of Ghent, 122–23, 130, 301
Treaty of Paris, 140
Trumball, Lyman, 244, 246, 261, 262–63
Tufts, Cotton, 98
Twain, Mark, Pudd’nhead Wilson, 282
Tyler, John, 326
American Colonization Society and, 160
slavery extension and, 299
Underground Railroad, 70, 178
Unitarianism, 59
United States (the Union)
abolitionism as a threat to the Union, 65, 117, 144–45
John Adams on threats to the Union, 88–89
John Quincy Adams predicts breakup of, 65, 68, 103–4, 126, 130, 204, 205, 206, 210–11
John Quincy Adams’ essay on human freedom and, 71–73
John Quincy Adams’ view that slavery threatened the Union, 6, 65, 68, 72, 121–22, 127, 130–31
British standards and, 96
Christian system of morals and, 72
Clay’s desire to protect both slavery and the Union, 69
compromises on slave issue, 86, 120–31 (see also Lincoln, Abraham)
creation of, 97, 207
Declaration of Independence as corner stone of, 71
as divided between slave and free, 162, 200, 237, 263
ending international slave trade and, 123
expansion of, 104, 105, 106–15, 117–19, 157, 201, 231
federalism and, 97, 99–105
Kentucky’s tenuous allegiance to, 116
Lovejoy as martyr and the Union, 73
as model for universal republicanism, 203
as multiracial, xi, 170, 191, 272, 274, 283, 305, 306, 318
as “noblest empire of time,” 105, 106
“no slavery, no union” position of Southerners, 6, 15, 16, 69, 99 (see also secession)
parity between slave and free states, 119, 124
party politics and, 100
perpetuation of the Union, xiv, 15, 96–105, 124, 195, 208, 209, 235, 238, 248, 249, 278, 281, 290, 291, 329, 335
presidential election of 1796, 100
presidential election of 1800, 95, 99, 135–36, 154
presidential election of 1824, 132–33
presidential election of 1828, 17
presidential election of 1836, 24
presidential election of 1840, 144, 145, 146
presidential election of 1844, 172–74, 260
presidential election of 1848, 187, 192, 214, 226–29
presidential election of 1856, 133
presidential election of 1860, 233–37, 244–45, 250, 253, 261, 275, 289, 308, 309
presidential election of 1864, 319–28
slavery and new territories, 98, 100, 117–31 (see also Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Territory; Missouri Compromise; Northwest Ordinance; Texas)
slavery seen as ineradicable in, 61, 263–64, 306, 316
taxation and state’s share of costs, 87, 125–26
territories ceded to, 98, 104
as undissolvable, 23, 69
as a white man’s country, x, xiii, xv, 58, 132, 158, 160, 169, 183, 186, 191, 238, 245, 249, 281, 288
See also separatism; secession; specific states
U.S. Constitution, 23, 60
John Quincy Adams and, 18, 96–97, 207, 208, 209–10, 300–301
John Quincy Adams calls for revision of, 130–31
amendments, 205, 293, 329, 331
Bill of Rights, 97–98
cession not covered by, 107–8, 109, 118
compromises on slave issue, 118
Congressional power to declare war, 301, 302
dissolution and, 265–66
First Amendment issues (freedom of speech, press, lawful assemblage), 34, 35, 43, 56–65
issue of representation, 98
legality of emancipation and, 303–5
limitations on federal power, 267, 269
Lincoln and, 18, 207, 275
as “a menstruous rag,” 210, 251
nullification and, 18
party system and, 100
presidential elections and, 134
prohibition against executive-initiated war, 207, 208
pro-slavery provisions, x, 13, 15, 16, 26, 35, 52, 72, 85, 88, 97, 103, 117, 126, 137–38, 148, 150, 174, 184, 205, 207, 208, 215, 224, 241, 243, 250, 251, 300, 307, 325
slavery as compromise in creation of, 97
slaves denied protection by, 280
state sovereignty and, 241, 243
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, 293, 331
three-fifths clause, 94, 112, 118, 133, 141, 208, 293, 329
war powers of the president and, 296–305
Usher, Daniel, 237–38
U.S. House of Representatives
abolition petitions and Adams, 2, 40–41, 54–55, 69, 144–45, 149–50
John Quincy Adams in, xii, xiii, 2, 3, 16–17, 21, 40–41, 54–55, 66, 69, 144, 152, 201–3, 205, 211, 223, 300–301, 324
John Quincy Adams’ death in, 201–2, 210
John Quincy Adams’ seat in, 16
John Quincy Adams’ speech on Allen case, 10–11
antislavery petitions in, 2, 40–41, 54–55, 69, 144–45, 149–50, 191–92
attempts to censure Adams, 40–41, 54
congressional lawlessness and, 54, 55
Electoral College tie and, 104
gag rule, 3, 63, 66, 69, 149, 201, 205, 211, 223, 257, 299
Hamlin in, 324
Jacksonians in, 21
Lincoln in, xii, xiii, 16–17, 191–92, 201–2
Lincoln’s anti-Mexican War speech, 188, 192, 202, 203–4, 250
Lincoln’s resolutions of December 22, 1847, 16–17
Lincoln’s seat in, 16
Lincoln’s “spot” resolutions, 192, 202
Northern-led majority in, 131
nullifiers in, 22
presidential election of 1800, 142
slavery extension controversy, xiii
slavery issue in, 69, 132
Southern-led majority of, 54
swearing in of Lincoln and Adams, 16
Texas and, 201
Thirtieth Congress, 16, 202
U.S.S. Constitution, 139
U.S. Senate, 131, 132
John Quincy Adams in, 4, 105
Clay’s “On the Subject of Abolition Petitions” speech in, 144–45, 148–49, 150–52
Hamlin in, 324–25
Jacksonians in, 134, 135
Rufus King in first session of (1789), 97–98
Rufus King’s antislavery speech to (1820), 90, 116, 117–18, 120–21, 124, 125–26
Missouri debates, 121–22
self-rule of Hispaniola (Haiti) and, 135–36
U.S. Supreme Court
Amistad trial, 225
antislavery justices, 201, 304
Dred Scott decision, 230, 236, 241, 267
Jefferson and the Embargo Act, 298
Lincoln’s concerns about Emancipation Proclamation and, 295, 297, 303–5
Lincoln’s tenth judge added, 304
mob violence and, 33
pro-slavery justices, 201
Taney as Chief Justice, 304
vacancies filled by Lincoln, 304
Van Buren, Martin, 24, 47, 145, 147, 225, 228–29
Vesey, Denmark, 132, 311
Vicksburg, MS, 50
Virginia
as agriculture-based, 154
anti-Federalists and, 100
economic diversification and, 154
first U.S. Congress and, 98
free blacks and, 161
Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 156
Lee and, 287–88
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 307
prohibition on mixed race marriage, 213
as pro-slavery, 288
secession threats by, 102, 103
slave population of, 158
slave trade and, 111
tobacco and, 88
Virginia House of Burgesses, Virginia Assembly, 153
resolution on colonization, 159, 166, 167
secret session on colonization, 155, 157
Walker, David, xiii, 310–16, 334, 335
as American’s first black intellectual, 311
Appeal in Four Articles Together with a Preamble to the Coloured Citizens of the World but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America, 310–11
on black insurrection, 313
on black “wretchedness,” 314
on civil war, 312
colonization opposed by, 311
denunciation of Jefferson and Clay, 314–15
on interracial relationships, 313, 314
War of 1812, 7, 122–23, 147
Washington, Bushrod, 160
Washington, D.C.
John Quincy Adams living in, 3
free blacks in, 4, 6–7
Lincoln and antislavery legislation for, 205, 214
Lovejoy’s view of, 29
Dolley Madison in, 6
race riot, 49
resolutions to abolish slavery in, 17, 18, 40–41, 149, 151, 205
slave auctions in, 1, 3, 6
slaves in, 3, 4
Washington, George, 95, 96, 135, 138, 142, 297, 299
Waterville College (now Colby College), 28
Webster, Daniel, 57
American Colonization Society and, 160
Weld, Theodore, 205
West Indies, 33, 85, 136–37, 138
See also Haiti
Weymouth, MA, 81
Whig Party
abolitionism and, xii, 26, 39, 55, 64–65, 148, 226, 227
John Quincy Adams and, x, 21, 23–24, 145
Buchanan, Kansas, and, 267
Clay and, 17, 18, 24, 129, 144, 146, 148, 172–74, 246
colonization and, 20, 149, 169, 182
compromises on slave issue, 145, 148–49
Cotton Whigs, 57, 311
extension of slavery and, 194
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and, 244
in Illinois, 182
Lincoln and, x, 18, 19–26, 46, 146, 147, 180, 181, 187, 202, 205, 228, 246
Linder and, 178, 224, 226–27
Lovejoy and, 29, 31, 176
Mercer and, 158
Mexican War and, 189, 226
National Intelligencer and, 18–19
New York Express and, 48
opposition to nullification, 146
positions of, 19–20, 24–25
presidential election of 1836, 24
presidential election of 1840, 144, 145, 146
presidential election of 1844, 172–74, 260
presidential election of 1848, 187, 188, 192, 202, 214, 226–29
principles of, 250
racial exclusiveness and, 182
Sangamo Journal and, 19–26, 47–48, 145
slavery and, 25, 129, 192, 226, 227, 246
Tyler and, 326
Whiskey Rebellion, 297
white nationalism, xvi, 336
Whitney, Daniel, 183
Wibird, Anthony, 79
Wilmot Proviso, 299, 324
Wilson, William, 184
Wirt, William, 168
women’s rights, 58, 64
Wright, Theodore S., 69–70
Wyoming, 117
Yancey, William Lowndes, 235, 262