SECTION IV

Image Acknowledgments

In this edition, in collaboration with MedIQ Learning, LLC, and a variety of other partners, we are pleased to include the following clinical images and diagrams for the benefit of integrative student learning.

In this edition, in collaboration with MedIQ Learning, LLC, and a variety of other partners, we are pleased to include the following clinical images and diagrams for the benefit of integrative student learning.

Portions of this book identified with the symbol are copyright © USMLE-Rx.com (MedIQ Learning, LLC).

Portions of this book identified with the symbol are copyright © Dr. Richard Usatine and are provided under license through MedIQ Learning, LLC.

Portions of this book identified with the symbol are listed below by page number.

This symbol refers to material that is available in the public domain. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

This symbol refers to the Creative Commons Attribution license, full text at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

This symbol refers to the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license, full text at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.

Biochemistry

34   Chromatin structure. Electron micrograph showing heterochromatin, euchromatin, and nucleolus. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Roller RA, Rickett JD, Stickle WB. The hypobranchial gland of the estuarine snail Stramonita haemastoma canaliculata (Gray) (Prosobranchia: Muricidae): a light and electron microscopical study. Am Malac Bull. 1995;11(2):177–190. Available at https://archive.org/details/americanm101119931994amer.

49   Cilia structure: Image A. Courtesy of Louisa Howard and Michael Binder. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

49   Cilia structure: Image B. Cilia structure of basal body. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Riparbelli MG, Cabrera OA, Callaini G, et al. Unique properties of Drosophila spermatocyte primary cilia. Biol Open. 2013 Nov;15;2(11):1137–1147. DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135355.

49   Cilia structure: Image C. Dextrocardia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Oluwadare O, Ayoka AO, Akomolafe RO, et al. The role of electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of dextrocardia with mirror image atrial arrangement and ventricular position in a young adult Nigerian in Ile-Ife: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2015;9:222. DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0695-4.

51   Osteogenesis imperfecta: Image A. Skeletal deformities in lower body of child. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Vanakker OM, Hemelsoet D, De Paepe. Hereditary connective tissue diseases in young adult stroke: a comprehensive synthesis. Stroke Res Treat. 2011;712903. DOI: 10.4061/2011/712903. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

51   Osteogenesis imperfecta: Image B. Skeletal deformities in upper extremity of child. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Vanakker OM, Hemelsoet D, De Paepe. Hereditary connective tissue diseases in young adult stroke: a comprehensive synthesis. Stroke Res Treat. 2011;712903. DOI: 10.4061/2011/712903. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

51   Osteogenesis imperfects: Image C. Blue sclera. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Wheatley K et al. J Clin Med Res. 2010;2(4):198–200. DOI: 10.4021/jocmr369w.

51   Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: Images A and B. Hyperextensibility of skin and DIP joint hyperextensibility. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Whitaker JK et al. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012;2:47. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-12-47.

55   Karyotyping. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Paar C, Herber G, Voskova, et al. A case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an unreported combination of chromosomal abnormalities: gain of isochromosome 5p, tetrasomy 8 and unbalanced translocation der(19)t(17;19)(q23;p13). Mol Cytogenet. 2013;6:40. DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-40.

55   Fluorescence in situ hybridization. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Paar C, Herber G, Voskova, et al. A case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an unreported combination of chromosomal abnormalities: gain of isochromosome 5p, tetrasomy 8 and unbalanced translocation der(19)t(17;19)(q23;p13). Mol Cytogenet. 2013;6:40. DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-40.

57   Genetic terms. Café-au-lait spots. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Dumitrescu CE and Collins MT. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008;3:12. DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-12.

61   Muscular dystrophies. Fibrofatty replacement of muscle. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

66   Vitamin A. Bitot sponts on conjunctiva. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Baiyeroju A, Bowman R, Gilbert C, et al. Managing eye health in young children. Comm Eye Health. 2010;23(72):4–11. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873666/.

67   Vitamin B3. Pellagra.This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : van Dijk HA, Fred H. Images of memorable cases: case 2. Connexions Web site. Dec 4, 2008. Available at: http://cnx.org/contents/3d3dcb2e-8e98-496f-91c2-fe94e93428a1@3@3/.

70   Vitamin D. X-ray of lower extremity in child with rickets. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael L. Richardson. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

71   Malnutrition: Image A. Child with kwashiorkor. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Lyle Conrad.

71   Malnutrition: Image B. Child with marasmus. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

84   Alkaptonuria. Pigment granules on dorsum of hand. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Vasudevan B, Sawhney MPS, Radhakrishnan S. Alkaptonuria associated with degenerative collagenous palmar plaques. Indian J Dermatol. 2009;54:299–301. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.55650.

85   Cystinuria. Hexagonal stones in urine. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Cayla Devine.

88   Lysosomal storage diseases: Image A. “Cherry-red” spot on macula in Tay-Sachs disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Jonathan Trobe.

88   Lysosomal storage diseases: Image B. Angiokeratomas. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Burlina AP, Sims KB, Politei JM, et al. Early diagnosis of peripheral nervous system involvement in Fabry disease and treatment of neuropathic pain: the report of an expert panel. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:61. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-61. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

88   Lysosomal storage diseases: Image C. Gaucher cells in Gaucher disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Sokołowska B, Skomra D, Czartoryska B, et al. Gaucher disease diagnosed after bone marrow trephine biopsy—a report of two cases. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2011;49:352–356. DOI: 10.5603/FHC.2011.0048. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

88   Lysosomal storage diseases: Image D. Foam cells in Niemann-Pick disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Prieto-Potin I, Roman-Blas JA, Martinez-Calatrava MJ, et al. Hypercholesterolemia boosts joint destruction in chronic arthritis. An experimental model aggravated by foam macrophage infiltration. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R81. DOI: 10.1186/ar4261.

Immunology

98   Spleen. Red and white pulp. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Heinrichs S, Conover LF, Bueso-Ramos CE, et al. MYBL2 is a sub-haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene in myeloid malignancy. eLife. 2013;2:e00825. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00825. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

98   Thymus: Image A. Hassall corpuscles. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Minato H, Kinoshita E, Nakada S, et al. Thymic lymphoid hyperplasia with multilocular thymic cysts diagnosed before the Sjögren syndrome diagnosis. Diagn Pathol. 2015;10:103. DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0332-y.

98   Thymus: Image B. “Sail sign” on x-ray of normal thymus in neonate. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Di Serafino M, Esposito F, Severino R, et al. Think thymus, think well: the chest x-ray thymic signs. J Pediatr Moth Care. 2016;1(2):108–109. DOI: 10.19104/japm.2016.108.

117  Immunodeficiencies: Image A. Spider angioma (telangiectasia). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Liapakis IE, Englander M, Sinani R, et al. Management of facial telangiectasias with hand cautery. World J Plast Surg. 2015 Jul;4(2):127–133.

117  Immunodeficiencies: Image B. Giant granules in granulocytes in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Bharti S, Bhatia P, Bansal D, et al. The accelerated phase of Chediak-Higashi syndrome: the importance of hematological evaluation. Turk J Haematol. 2013;30:85–87. DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2012.0027. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

Microbiology

126  Stains: Image A. Trypanosoma lewisi on Giemsa stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Mae Melvin.

126  Stains: Image B. Tropheryma whipplei on periodic acid–Schiff stain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman.

126  Stains: Image C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis on Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. George P. Kubica.

126  Stains: Image D. Cryptococcus neoformans on India ink stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

126  Stains: Image E. Coccidioides immitis on silver stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr.

128  Encapsulated bacteria. Capsular swelling of Streptococcus pneumoniae using the Neufeld-Quellung test. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

128  Catalase-positive organisms. Oxygen bubbles released during catalase reaction. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Stefano Nase. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

131  Bacterial spores. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Jones SW, Paredes CJ, Tracy B. The transcriptional program underlying the physiology of clostridial sporulation. Genome Biol. 2008;9:R114. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-r114.

135  α-hemolytic bacteria. α-hemolysis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Y. Tambe. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

135  β-hemolytic bacteria. β-hemolysis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Y. Tambe. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

135  Staphylococcus aureus. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Richard Facklam.

136  Streptococcus pneumoniae. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Mike Miller.

136  Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci). Gram stain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Y. Tambe. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

137  Bacillus anthracis. Ulcer with black eschar. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and James H. Steele.

138  Clostridia (with exotoxins): Image A. Gas gangrene due to Clostridium perfringens infection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Schröpfer E, Rauthe S, Meyer T. Diagnosis and misdiagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections: three case reports. Cases J. 2008;1:252. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-252.

138  Clostridia (with exotoxins): Image B. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis on colonoscopy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Klinikum Dritter Orden für die Überlassung des Bildes zur Veröffentlichu. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

139  Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Pseudomembranous pharyngitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

139  Listeria monocytogenes. Actin rockets. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Schuppler M, Loessner MJ. The opportunistic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: pathogenicity and interaction with the mucosal immune system. Int J Inflamm. 2010;2010:704321. DOI: 10.4061/2010/704321. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

139  Nocardia vs Actinomyces: Image A. Nocardia on acid-fast stain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Venkataramana K. Human Nocardia infections: a review of pulmonary nocardiosis. Cereus. 2015;7(8):e304. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.304.

139  Nocardia vs Actinomyces: Image B. Actinomyces israelii on Gram stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

140  Mycobacteria. Acid-fast stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr.

140  Tuberculosis. Langhans giant cell in caseating granuloma. Courtesy of J. Hayman.

141  Leprosy (Hansen disease): Image A. “Glove and stocking” distribution. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Bruno Jehle.

142  Neisseria: Image A. Intracellular N gonorrhoeae. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Mike Miller.

142  Haemophilus influenzae: Image A. Epiglottitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

143  Legionella pneumophila. Lung findings of unilateral and lobar infiltrate. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Robbins NM, Kumar A, Blair BM. Legionella pneumophila infection presenting as headache, confusion and dysarthria in a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) positive patient: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:225. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-225.

143  Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Image A. Blue-green pigment on centrimide agar. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hansen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

143  Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Image B. Ecthyma gangrenosum. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Uludokumaci S, Balkan II, Mete B, et al. Ecthyma gangrenosum-like lesions in a febrile neutropenic patient with simultaneous Pseudomonas sepsis and disseminated fusariosis. Turk J Haematol. 2013 Sep;30(3):321–324. DOI: 10.4274/Tjh.2012.0030.

145  Klebsiella. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

145  Campylobacter jejuni. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

146  Vibrio cholerae. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Phetsouvanh R, Nakatsu M, Arakawa E, et al. Fatal bacteremia due to immotile Vibrio cholerae serogroup O21 in Vientiane, Laos—a case report. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2008;7:10. DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-7-10.

146  Helicobacter pylori. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services, Dr. Patricia Fields, and Dr. Collette Fitzgerald.

146  Spirochetes. Appearance on dark field microscopy. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

146  Lyme disease: Image A. Ixodes tick. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Michael L. Levin.

146  Lyme disease: Image B. Erythema migrans. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and James Gathany.

147  Syphilis: Image A. Painless chancre in 1° syphilis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and M. Rein.

147  Syphilis: Image B. Treponeme on dark-field microscopy. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Renelle Woodall.

147  Syphilis: Image D. Rash on palms. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Drahansky M, Dolezel M, Urbanek J, et al. Influence of skin diseases on fingerprint recognition. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;626148. DOI: 10.1155/2012/626148.

147  Syphilis: Image E. Condyloma lata. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Susan Lindsley.

147  Syphilis: Image F. Gumma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Chakir K, Benchikhi H. Granulome centro-facial révélant une syphilis tertiaire. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;15:82. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2013.15.82.3011.

147  Syphilis: Image G. Congenital syphilis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Norman Cole.

147  Syphilis: Image H. Hutchinson teeth. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Susan Lindsley.

148  Gardnerella vaginalis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and M. Rein.

150  Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses: Image A. Rash of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

150  Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses: Image B. Ehrlichia morulae. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Dantas-Torres F. Canine vector-borne diseases in Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 2008;1:25. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-1-25. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

150  Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses: Image C. Anaplasma phagocytophilium in neutrophil. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dumler JS, Choi K, Garcia-Garcia JC, et al. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005. DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.050898.

150  Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Rottem S, Kosower ND, Kornspan JD. Contamination of tissue cultures by Mycoplasma. In: Ceccherini-Nelli L, ed: Biomedical tissue culture. 2016. DOI: 10.5772/51518.

151  Systemic mycoses: Image A. Histoplasma. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. D.T. McClenan.

151  Systemic mycoses: Image B. Blastomyces dermatitidis undergoing broad-base budding. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Libero Ajello.

151  Systemic mycoses: Image C. Coccidiomycosis with endospheres. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

151  Systemic mycoses: Image D. “Captain’s wheel” shape of Paracoccidioides. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Lucille K. Georg.

152  Cutaneous mycoses: Image G. Tinea versicolor. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Sarah (Rosenau) Korf. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image A. Budding yeast of Candida albicans. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Y. Tambe. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image B. Germ tubes of Candida albicans. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Y. Tambe. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image C. Oral thrush. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Sol Silverman, Jr.

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image E. Conidiophores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image F. Aspergilloma in left lung. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Souilamas R, Souilamas JI, Alkhamees K, et al. Extra corporal membrane oxygenation in general thoracic surgery: a new single veno-venous cannulation. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;6:52. DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-6-52.

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image G. Cryptococcus neoformans on India ink stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Leanor Haley.

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image H. Cryptococcus neoformans on mucicarmine stain. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Leanor Haley.

153  Opportunistic fungal infections: Image I. Mucor. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Lucille K. Georg.

154  Pneumocystis jirovecii: Image A. Interstitial opacities in lung. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Chuang C, Zhanhong X, Yinyin G, et al. Unsuspected Pneumocystis pneumonia in an HIV-seronegative patient with untreated lung cancer: circa case report. J Med Case Rep. 2007;1:15. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-1-115.

154  Pneumocystis jirovecii: Image B. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Allen CM, Al-Jahdali HH, Irion KL, et al. Imaging lung manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Ann Thorac Med. 2010 Oct-Dec;5(4):201–216. DOI: 10.4103/1817-1737.69106.

154  Pneumocystis jiroveci: Image C. Disc-shaped yeast. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Kirby S, Satoskar A, Brodsky S, et al. Histological spectrum of pulmonary manifestations in kidney transplant recipients on sirolimus inclusive immunosuppressive regimens. Diagn Pathol. 2012;7:25. DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-25.

154  Sporothrix schenckii. Subcutaneous mycosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Govender NP, Maphanga TG, Zulu TG, et al. An outbreak of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis among mine-workers in South Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Sep;9(9): e0004096. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004096.

155  Protozoa—GI infections: Image A. Giardia lamblia trophozoite. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Lipoldová M. Giardia and Vilém Dušan Lambl. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2686. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002686.

155  Protozoa—GI infections: Image B. Giardia lamblia cyst. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

155  Protozoa—GI infections: Image C. Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

155  Protozoa—GI infections. Image D. Entamoeba histolytica cyst. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

155  Protozoa—GI infections: Image E. Cryptosporidium oocysts. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

156  Protozoa—CNS infections: Image A. Ring-enhancing lesions in T gondii infection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Agrawal A, Bhake A, Sangole VM, et al. Multiple-ring enhancing lesions in an immunocompetent adult. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010 Sep-Dec;2(3):313–324. DOI: 10.4103/0974-777X.68545.

156  Protozoa—CNS infections: Image B. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. L.L. Moore, Jr.

156  Protozoa—CNS infections: Image C. Naegleria fowleri amoebas. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

156  Protozoa—CNS infections: Image D. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Mae Melvin.

157  Protozoa—hematologic infections: Image A. Plasmodium trophozoite ring form. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

157  Protozoa—hematologic infections: Image B. Plasmodium schizont containing merozoites. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Steven Glenn.

157  Protozoa—hematologic infections: Image C. Babesia. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

158  Protozoa—others: Image A. Trypanosoma cruzi. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Mae Melvin.

158  Protozoa—others: Image B. Leishmania donovani. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Francis W. Chandler. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

158  Protozoa—others: Image C. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Sharara SL, Kanj SS. War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war. PLoS Pathog. 2014 Nov;10(11):e1004438. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004438.

158  Protozoa—others: Image D. Trichomonas vaginalis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

159  Nematodes (roundworms): Image A. Enterobius vermicularis eggs. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services, BG Partin, and Dr. Moore.

159  Nematodes (roundworms): Image B. Ascaris lumbricoides egg. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

159  Nematodes (roundworms): Image C. Elephantiasis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

160  Cestodes (tapeworms): Image A. Taenia solium scolex. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services Robert J. Galindo. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

160  Cestodes (tapeworms): Image B. Neurocysticercosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Coyle CM, Tanowitz HB. Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:180742. DOI: 10.1155/2009/180742. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

160  Cestodes (tapeworms): Image C. Echinococcus granulosus. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

160  Cestodes (tapeworms): Image D. Hyatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. I. Kagan.

160  Cestodes (tapeworms): Image E. Echinococcus granulosus cyst in liver. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Ma Z, Yang W, Yao Y, et al. The adventitia resection in treatment of liver hydatid cyst: a case report of a 15-year-old boy. Case Rep Surg. 2014;2014:123149. DOI: 10.1155/2014/123149.

160  Trematodes (flukes): Image A. Schistosoma mansoni egg with lateral spine. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

160  Trematodes (flukes): Image B. Schistosoma mansoni egg with terminal spine. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

161  Ectoparasites: Image A. Scabies. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and J. Pledger.

161  Ectoparasites: Image B. Nit of a louse. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Joe Miller.

165  Herpesviruses: Image A. Keratoconjunctivitis in HSV-1 infection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Yang HK, Han YK, Wee WR, et al. Bilateral herpetic keratitis presenting with unilateral neurotrophic keratitis in pemphigus foliaceus: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2011;5:328. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-328.

165  Herpesviruses: Image B. Herpes labialis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Herrmann.

165  Herpesviruses: Image E. Shingles (varicella-zoster virus infection). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Fisle. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

165  Herpesviruses: Image F. Hepatosplenomegaly due to EBV infection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Gow NJ, Davidson RN, Ticehurst R, et al. Case report: no response to liposomal daunorubicin in a patient with drug-resistant HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Aug; 9(8):e0003983. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003983.

165  Herpesviruses: Image G. Atypical lymphocytes in Epstein-Barr virus infection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

165  Herpesviruses: Image I. Roseola. Courtesy of Emiliano Burzagli.

165  Herpesvirus: Image J. Kaposi sarcoma. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

166  HSV identification. Positive Tzanck smear in HSV-2 infection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

168  Rotavirus. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Erskine Palmer.

169  Rubella virus. Rubella rash. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

170  Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis). Steeple sign. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

170  Measles (rubeola) virus: Image A. Koplik spots. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

170  Measles (rubeola) virus: Image B. Rash of measles. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

170  Mumps virus. Swollen neck and parotid glands. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

171  Rabies virus: Image A. Transmission electron micrograph. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services Dr. Fred Murphy, and Sylvia Whitfield.

171  Rabies virus: Image B. Negri bodies. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Daniel P. Perl.

171  Ebola virus. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Cynthia Goldsmith.

180  Osteomyelitis: Image A. X-ray (left) and MRI (right) views. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Huang P-Y, Wu P-K, Chen C-F, et al. Osteomyelitis of the femur mimicking bone tumors: a review of 10 cases. World J Surg Oncol. 2013;11:283. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-283.

181  Common vaginal infections: Image C. Candida vulvovaginitis. Courtesy of Mikael Häggström.

182  ToRCHeS infections: Image A. “Blueberry muffin” rash. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Benmiloud S, Elhaddou G, Belghiti ZA, et al. Blueberry muffin syndrome. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;13:23.

182  ToRCHeS infections: Image B. Periventricular calcifications in congenital cytomegalovirus infection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Bonthius D, Perlman S. Congenital viral infections of the brain: lessons learned from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the neonatal rat. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e149. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030149. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

183  Red rashes of childhood: Image C. Child with scarlet fever. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : www.badobadop.co.uk.

183  Red rashes of childhood: Image D. Chicken pox. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

184  Sexually transmitted infections. Donovanosis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Pinozzi.

185  Pelvic inflammatory disease: Image A. Purulent cervical discharge. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of SOS-AIDS Amsterdam. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

185  Pelvic inflammatory disease: Image B. Adhesions in Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome. Courtesy of Hic et nunc.

190  Vancomycin. Red man syndrome. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : O’Meara P, Borici-Mazi R, Morton R, et al. DRESS with delayed onset acute interstitial nephritis and profound refractory eosinophilia secondary to vancomycin. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2011;7:16. DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-7-16.

Pathology

209  Necrosis: Image A. Coagulative necrosis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Steven Rosenberg.

209  Necrosis: Image B. Liquefactive necrosis. Courtesy of Daftblogger.

209  Necrosis: Image C. Caseous necrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

209  Necrosis: Image D. Fat necrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Patho. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

209  Necrosis: Image E. Fibrinoid necrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

209  Necrosis: Image F. Acral gangrene. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and William Archibald.

110  Infarcts: red vs. pale: Image B. Pale infarct. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

212  Acute inflammation. Courtesy of Dr. Douglas Mata.

214  Granulomatous diseases. Granuloma. Courtesy of Sanjay Mukhopadhyay.

215  Types of calcification: Image A. Dystrophic calcification. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Chun J-S, Hong R, Kim J-A. Osseous metaplasia with mature bone formation of the thyroid gland: three case reports. Oncol Lett. 2013;6:977–979. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1475. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

215  Types of calcification: Image B. Metastatic calcification. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

215  Lipofuscin. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nephron. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

216  Scar formation: Image A. Hypertrophic scar. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Baker R, Urso-Baiarda F, Linge C, et al. Cutaneous scarring: a clinical review. Dermatol Res Pract. 2009;2009:625376. DOI: 10.1155/2009/625376.

216  Scar formation: Image B. Keloid scar. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Andreas Settje. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

218  Amyloidosis: Image A. Amyloid deposits on Congo red stain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman.

218  Amyloidosis: Image B. Amyloid deposits on Congo red stain under polarized light. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

218  Amyloidosis: Image C. Amyloidosis on H&E stain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Mendoza JM, Peev V, Ponce MA, et al. Amyloid A amyloidosis with subcutaneous drug abuse. J Renal Inj Prev. 2014;3:11–16. DOI: 10.12861/jrip.2014.06.

219  Neoplastic progression. Cervical tissue. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

224  Psammoma bodies. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

226  Common metastases: Image A. Brain metastases from breast cancer. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Jmarchn. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

226  Common metastases: Image B. Brain metastasis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

226  Common metastases: Image C. Liver metastasis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

226  Common metastases: Image D. Liver metastasis. Courtesy of J. Hayman.

226  Common metastases: Image E. Bone metastasis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff.

226  Common metastases: Image F. Bone metastasis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of M. Emmanuel.

Cardiovascular

277  Coronary artery anatomy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Zhang J, Chen L, Wang X, et al. Compounding local invariant features and global deformable geometry for medical image registration. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105815. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105815.

294  Congenital heart diseases: Image A. Tetralogy of Fallot. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Rashid AKM: Heart diseases in Down syndrome. In: Dey S, ed: Down syndrome. DOI: 10.5772/46009. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

295  Congenital heart diseases: Image B. Ventricular septal defect. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Bardo DME, Brown P. Cardiac multidetector computed tomography: basic physics of image acquisition and clinical applications. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2008 Aug;4(3):231–243. DOI: 10.2174/157340308785160615.

295  Congenital heart diseases: Image C. Atrial septal defect. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Teo KSL, Dundon BK, Molaee P, et al. Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects leads to normalisation of atrial and ventricular volumes. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008;10(1):55. DOI: 10.1186/1532-429X-10-55.

295  Congenital heart diseases: Image D. Patent ductus arteriosus. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Henjes CR, Nolte I, Wesfaedt P. Multidetector-row computed tomography of thoracic aortic anomalies in dogs and cats: patent ductus arteriosus and vascular rings. BMC Vet Res. 2011;7:57. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-57.

295  Congenital heart diseases: Image E. Clubbing of fingers. Courtesy of Ann McGrath.

296  Hypertension: Image A. “String of beads” appearance in fibromuscular dysplasia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Plouin PF, Perdu J, LaBatide-Alanore A, et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007;7:28. DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-28. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

297  Hyperlipidemia signs: Image C. Tendinous xanthoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under .

297  Arteriosclerosis: Image A. Hyaline type. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nephron. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

297  Arteriosclerosis: Image B. Hyperplastic type. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Paco Larosa. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

297  Arteriosclerosis: Image C. Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of CE Couri, GA da Silva, JA Martinez, FA Pereira, and F de Paula. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

298  Atherosclerosis: Image A. Carotid plaque. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

299  Aortic dissection. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman.

302  Myocardial infarction complications: Image A. Papillary muscle rupture. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Routy B, Huynh T, Fraser R, et al. Vascular endothelial cell function in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Hematol. 2013;2013:710365. DOI: 10.1155/2013/710365.

302  Myocardial infarction complications: Image B. Drawing of pseudoaneurysm. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Patrick J. Lynch and Dr. C. Carl Jaffe.

302  Myocardial infarction complications: Image C. Free wall rupture of left ventricle. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Zacarias ML, da Trindade H, Tsutsu J, et al. Left ventricular free wall impeding rupture in post-myocardial infarction period diagnosed by myocardial contrast echocardiography: case report. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006;4:7. DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-4-7.

303  Cardiomyopathies: Image A. Dilated cardiomyopathy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Gho JMIH, van Es R, Stathonikos N, et al. High resolution systematic digital histological quantification of cardiac fibrosis and adipose tissue in phospholamban p.Arg14del mutation associated cardiomyopathy. PLoS One. 2014;9:e94820. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094820.

304  Heart failure. Pedal edema. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

305  Bacterial endocarditis: Image B. Courtesy of Dr. Nicholas Mahoney.

305  Bacterial endocarditis: Image C. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Yang ML, Chen YH, Lin WR, et al. Case report: infective endocarditis caused by Brevundimonas vesicularis. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:179. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-179.

305  Bacterial endocarditis: Image D. Janeway lesions on sole. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of DeNanneke.

306  Rheumatic fever. Aschoff body and Anitschkow cells. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

306  Acute pericarditis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Bogaert J, Francone M. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pericardial diseases. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009;11:14. DOI: 10.1186/1532-429X-11-14. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

307  Cardiac tamponade. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Yousuf T, Kramer J, Kopiec A, et al. A rare case of cardiac tamponade induced by chronic rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Med Res. 2015 Sep;7(9):720–723. DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2226w.

309  Vasculitides: Image A. Temporal arteritis histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Marvin. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

309  Vasculitides: Image B. Angiogram in patient with Takayasu arteritis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Justin Ly.

309  Vasculitides: Image C. Microaneurysms in polyarteritis nodosa. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

309  Vasculitides: Image D. Strawberry tongue in patient with Kawasaki disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Natr.

309  Vasculitides: Image E. Coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

309  Vasculitides: Image F. Gangrene as a consequence of Buerger disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Afsjarfard A, Mozaffar M, Malekpour F, et al. The wound healing effects of iloprost in patients with Buerger’s disease: claudication and prevention of major amputations. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13:420–423.

309  Vasculitides: Image G. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener) and PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA. Courtesy of M.A. Little.

309  Vasculitides: Image I. Churg-Strauss syndrome histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

309  Vasculitides: Image J. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Courtesy of Okwikikim.

Endocrine

320  Thyroid development. Thyroglossal duct cyst. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Adelchi C, Mara P, Melissa L, et al. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the head and neck: a case series. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:790. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-790.

320   Adrenal cortex and medulla. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

332  Adrenal insufficiency. Mucosal hyperpigmentation in 1° adrenal insufficiency. Courtesy of FlatOut. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

333  Neuroblastoma: Image A. CT scan of abdomen. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Koumarianou A, Oikonomopoulou P, Baka M, et al. Implications of the incidental finding of a MYCN amplified adrenal tumor: a case report and update of a pediatric disease diagnosed in adults. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2013;2013:393128. DOI: 10.1155/2013/393128. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

333  Neuroblastoma: Image B. Neuroblastoma, Homer-Write rosettes. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

334  Pheochromocytoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Michael Feldman.

335  Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism. Onycholysis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Rajebi MR, Shahrokni A, Chaisson M. Uncommon osseous involvement in multisystemic sarcoidosis. Ann Saudi Med. 2009 Nov-Dec;29(6):485–486.

336  Hypothyroidism: Image A. Hashimoto thyroiditis, Hurthle cells. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

336  Hypothyroidism: Image B. Before and after treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

336  Hypothyroidism: Image C. Congenital hypothyroidism. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Sadasiv Swain. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

336  Hypothyroidism: Image D. Reidel thyroiditis histology. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

337  Hyperthyroidism: Image B. Scalloped colloid. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

338  Thyroid adenoma. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

339  Hypoparathyroidism. Shortened 4th and 5th digits. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Ferrario C, Gastaldi G, Portmann L, et al. Bariatric surgery in an obese patient with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2013;7:111. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-111.

340  Hyperparathyroidism. Multiple lytic lesions. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Khaoula BA, Kaouther BA, Ines C, et al. An unusual presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism: pathological fracture. Case Rep Orthop. 2011;2011:521578. DOI: 10.1155/2011/521578. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

346  Carcinoid syndrome. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

347   Multiple endocrine neoplasias. Mucosal neuroma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Martucciello G, Lerone M, Bricco L, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasias type 2B and RET proto-oncogene. Ital J Pediatr. 2012;38:9. DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-9.

Gastrointestinal

352  Ventral wall defects. Drawings of gastroschisis (left) and omphalocele (right). Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

353  Intestinal atresia. “Double bubble” sign of duodenal atresia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Alorainy IA, Barlas NB, Al-Boukai AA. Pictorial essay: infants of diabetic mothers. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20:174–181. DOI: 0.4103/0971-3026.69349.

353  Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hassan RAA, Choo YU, Noraida R, et al. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in postoperative esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. J Neonatal Surg. 2015 Jul-Sep;4(3):32.

353  Pancreas and spleen embryology. Annular pancreas. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Mahdi B, Selim S, Hassen T, et al. A rare cause of proximal intestinal obstruction in adults—annular pancreas: a case report. Pan Afr Med J. 2011;10:56. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

354  Retroperitoneal structures. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Sammut J, Ahiaku E, Williams DT. Complete regression of renal tumour following ligation of an accessory renal artery during repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2012 Sep;94(6):e198–e200. DOI: 10.1308/003588412X13373405384972.

361  Liver tissue architecture: Image A. Portal triad of liver tissue. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Liver development. In: Zorn AM. Stem book. Cambridge: Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 2008.

361  Liver tissue architecture: Image B. Kupffer cells. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

362  Biliary structures. Gallstones. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of J. Guntau. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

364  Hernias. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Tovar J. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7:1. DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-1.

368  Peyer patches. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Plainpaper. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

370  Sialolithiasis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Pastor-Ramos V, Cuervo-Diaz A, Aracil-Kessler L. Sialolithiasis. Proposal for a new minimally invasive procedure: piezoelectric surgery. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014 Jul;6(3):e295–e298. DOI: 10.4317/jced.51253.

370  Salivary gland tumors. Pleomorphic adenoma histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

370  Achalasia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Farnoosh Farrokhi and Michael F. Vaezi. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

371  Esophageal pathologies. Pneumomediastinum in Boerhaave syndrome. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

371  Esophageal pathologies: Image B. Esophageal varices on endoscopy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Costaguta A, Alvarez F. Etiology and management of hemorrhagic complications of portal hypertension in children. Int J Hepatol. 2012;2012:879163. DOI: 10.1155/2012/879163.

371  Esophageal pathologies: Image C. Esophageal varices on CT. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

372  Barrett esophagus: Image A. Endoscopy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Coda S, Thillainayagam AV. State of the art in advanced endoscopic imaging for the detection and evaluation of dysplasia and early cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2014;7:133–150. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S58157. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

372  Barrett esophagus: Image B. Goblet cells. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

373  Ménétriere disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

374  Ulcer complications. Free air under diaphragm in perforated ulcer. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

375  Malabsorption syndromes: Image B. Tropheryma whippeli on PAS stain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Tran HA. Reversible hypothyroidism and Whipple’s disease. BMC Endocr Disord. 2006;6:3. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-6-3.

376  Inflammatory bowel disease: Image A. “String sign” on barium swallow in Crohn disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Al-Mofarreh MA, Al Mofleh IA, Al-Teimi IN, et al. Crohn’s disease in a Saudi outpatient population: is it still rare? Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:111–116. DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.45357. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

376  Inflammatory bowel diseases: Images B (normal mucosa) and C (punched-out ulcers) in ulcerative colitis.This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Ishikawa D, Ando T, Watanabe O, et al. Images of colonic real-time tissue sonoelastography correlate with those of colonoscopy and may predict response to therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:29. DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-11-29.

377  Appendicitis. Fecalith. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

377  Diverticula of the GI tract: Image B. Diverticulosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Sartelli M, Moore FA, Ansaloni L, et al. A proposal for a CT driven classification of left colon acute diverticulitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2015;10:3. DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-10-3.

377  Diverticula of the GI tract: Image C. Diverticulitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Mazzei MA, Squitieri NC, Guerrini S, et al. Sigmoid diverticulitis: US findings. Crit Ultrasound J. 2013;5(Suppl 1):S5. DOI: 10.1186/2036-7902-5-S1-S5.

378  Zenker diverticulum. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Bernd Brägelmann.

379  Maltotation. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Mathews R, Thenabadu S, Jaiganesh T. Abdominal pain with a twist. Int J Emerg Med. 2011;4:21. DOI: 10.1186/1865-1380-4-21.

379  Volvulus. Coffee bean sign. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Yigit M, Turkdogan KA. Coffee bean sign, whirl sign and bird’s beak sign in the diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus. Pan Afr Med J. 1014;19:56. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.56.5142.

379  Intussusception. Interoperative image of intussusception. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Vasiliadis K, Kogopoulos E, Katsamakas M, et al. Ileoileal intussusception induced by a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. World J Surg Oncol. 2008;6:133. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-6-133.

380  Other intestinal disorders: Image A. Necrosis due to occlusion of SMA. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Van De Winkel N, Cheragwandi A, Nieboer K, et al. Superior mesenteric arterial branch occlusion causing partial jejunal ischemia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6:48. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-48.

380  Other intestinal disorders: Image B. Endoscopy showing dilated vessels. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Gunjan D, Sharma V, Rana SS, et al. Small bowel bleeding: a comprehensive review. Gastroenterol Rep. 2014 Nov;2(4):262–275. DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gou025.

380  Other intestinal disorders: Image C. Loops of dilated bowel suggestive of small bowel obstruction. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Welte FJ, Crosso M. Left-sided appendicitis in a patient with congenital gastrointestinal malrotation: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2007;1:92. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-1-92.

380  Other intestinal disorders: Image D. Pneumatosis intestinalis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Pelizzo G, Nakib G, Goruppi I, et al. Isolated colon ischemia with norovirus infection in preterm babies: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2013;7:108. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-108.

381  Colonic polyps: Image A. Colonic polyps and cancer. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of M. Emannuel.

382  Colorectal cancer: Image A. Polyp on endoscopy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Chen C-W, Hsiao K-H, Yue C-T, et al. Invasive adenocarcinoma arising from a mixed hyperplastic/adenomatous polyp and synchronous transverse colon cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2013;11:214. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-214.

383  Cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Splenomegaly and liver nodularity in cirrhosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Inversitus. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

385  Alcoholic liver disease: Image B. Mallory bodies. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

385  Alcoholic liver disease: Image C. Sclerosis in alcoholic cirrhosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

385  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : El-Karaksy HM, El-Koofy NM, Anwar GM, et al. Predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese and overweight Egyptian children: single center study. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:40–46. DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.74476.

386  Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma: Image A. Gross specimen. Reproduced, with permission, from Jean-Christophe Fournet and Humpath.

386  Other liver tumors. Cavernous liver hemangioma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

386  α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Liver histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Jerad M. Gardner. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

387  Jaundice. Yellow sclera. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Thomas F. Sellers.

389  Hemochromatosis. Hemosiderin deposits. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Mathew J, Leong MY, Morley N, et al. A liver fibrosis cocktail? Psoriasis, methotrexate and genetic hemochromatosis. BMC Dermatol. 2005;5:12. DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-5-12.

390  Gallstones (cholelithiasis): Image A. Gross specimen. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of M. Emmanuel.

390  Gallstones (cholelithiasis): Image B. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, et al. Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. Int J Emerg Med. 2014;7: 43. DOI: 10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2.

390  Gallstones (cholelithiasis): Image C. Porcelain gallbladder. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Fred H, van Dijk H. Images of memorable cases: case 19. Connexions Web site. December 4, 2008. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m14939/1.3/. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

391  Acute pancreatitis: Image A. Acute exudative pancreatitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

391  Acute pancreatitis: Image B. Pancreatic pseudocyst. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Thomas Zimmerman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

391  Chronic pancreatitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

391  Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Image A. Histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of KGH. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

391  Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Image B. CT scan. Courtesy of MBq. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

Hematology and Oncology

396  Erythrocytes. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Drs. Noguchi, Rodgers, and Schechter.

396  Thrombocytes (platelets). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

396  Neutrophils. Courtesy of B. Lennert.

397  Monocytes. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Graham Beards. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

397  Macrophages. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : De Tommasi AS, Otranto D, Furlanello T, et al. Evaluation of blood and bone marrow in selected canine vector-borne diseases. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:534. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0534-2.

397  Eosinophils. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman.

397  Basophils. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Erhabor Osaro. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

398  Mast cells. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

398  Dendritic cells. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Cheng J-H, Lee S-Y, Lien Y-Y, et al. Immunomodulating activity of Nymphaea rubra roxb. extracts: activation of rat dendritic cells and improvement of the TH1 immune response. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13:10722–10735. DOI: 10.3390/ijms130910722.

398  Lymphocytes. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Fickleandfreckled.

399  Plasma cells. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Francis W. Chandler. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

404  Pathologic RBC forms: Image A. Acanthocyte (“spur cell”). Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

404  Pathologic RBC forms: Image B. Basophilic stippling. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : van Dijk HA, Fred HL. Images of memorable cases: case 81. Connexions Web site. December 3, 2008. Available at http://cnx.org/contents/3196bf3e-1e1e-4c4d-a1ac-d4fc9ab65443@4@4.

404  Pathologic RBC forms: Image C. Dacrocyte (“teardrop cell”). Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

404  Pathologic RBC forms: Image D. Degmacyte (“bite cell”). Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

404  Pathologic RBC forms: Image E. Echinocyte (“burr cell”). Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

404  Pathologic RBC forms: Image F. Elliptocyte. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

404  Pathologic RBC forms: Image G. Macro-ovalocyte. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

405  Pathologic RBC forms: Image H. Ringed sideroblast. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Paulo Henrique Orlandi Mourao. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

405  Pathologic RBC forms: Image I. Schistocyte. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

405  Pathologic RBC forms: Image J. Sickle cell. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Sickle Cell Foundation of Georgia, Jackie George, and Beverly Sinclair.

405  Pathologic RBC forms: Image K. Spherocyte. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

405  Pathologic RBC forms: Image L. Target cell. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

405  Other RBC abnormalities: Image A. Heinz bodies. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

405  Other RBC abnormalities: Image B. Howell-Jolly bodies. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Serio B, Pezzullo L, Giudice V, et al. OPSI threat in hematological patients. Transl Med UniSa. 2013 May-Aug;62–10.

407  Microcytic, hypochromic anemia: Image C. β-thalassemia. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

407  Microcytic, hypochromic anemia: Image D. Lead lines in lead poisoning. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

407  Microcytic, hypochromic anemia: Image E. Sideroblastic anemia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Paulo Henrique Orlandi Moura. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

408  Macrocytic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman.

410  Intrinsic hemolytic anemia: Image B. Dactylitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Pedram M, Jaseb K, Haghi S, et al. First presentation of sickle cell anemia in a 3.5-year-old girl: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14:184–185.

411  Extrinsic hemolytic anemia. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

413  Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning: Image A. Basophilic stippling in lead poisoning. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : van Dijk HA, Fred HL. Images of memorable cases: case 81. Connexions Web site. December 3, 2008. Available at http://cnx.org/contents/3196bf3e-1e1e-4c4d-a1ac-d4fc9ab65443@4@4.

413  Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning: Image B. Porphyria cutanea tarda. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Bovenschen HJ, Vissers WHPM. Primary hemochromatosis presented by porphyria cutanea tarda: a case report. Cases J, 2009;2:7246. DOI: 10.4076/1757-1626-2-7246.

414  Coagulation disorders. Hemarthrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Benajiba N, El Boussaadni Y, Aljabri M, et al. Hémophilie: état des lieux dans un service de pédiatrie dans la région de l’oriental du Maroc. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;18:126. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.18.126.4007.

418  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Image C. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Mansour A, Qandeel M, Abdel-Razeq H, et al. MR imaging features of intracranial primary CNS lymphoma in immune competent patients. Cancer Imaging. 2014;14(1):22. DOI: 10.1186/1470-7330-14-22.

419  Multiple myeloma: Image B. RBC rouleaux formation. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

419  Multiple myeloma: Image C. Plasma cells. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Sharma A, Kaushal M, Chaturvedi NK, et al. Cytodiagnosis of multiple myeloma presenting as orbital involvement: a case report. Cytojournal. 2006;3:19. DOI: 10.1186/1742-6413-3-19.

420  Leukemias: Image C. Hairy cell leukemia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Chan SM, George T, Cherry AM, et al. Complete remission of primary plasma cell leukemia with bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone: a case report. Cases J. 2009;2:121. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-121.

420  Leukemias: Image E. Chronic myelogenous leukemia. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

421  Chronic myeloproliferative disorders: Image A. Erythromelalgia in polycythemia vera. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Fred H, van Dijk H. Images of memorable cases: case 151. Connexions Web site. December 4, 2008. Available at http://cnx.org/content/m14932/1.3/.

421  Chronic myeloproliferative disorders: Image B. Essential thrombocytosis with enlarged megakaryocytes. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts.

421  Chronic myeloproliferative disorders: Image C. Myelofibrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman.

422  Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Image A. Lytic bone lesion. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Dehkordi NR, Rajabi P, Naimi A, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis following Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report from Iran. J Res Med Sci 2010;15:58–61. PMCID PMC3082786.

422  Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Image B. Birbeck granules. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

424  Warfarin. Skin necrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Fred H, van Dijk H. Images of memorable cases: cases 84 and 85. Connexions Web site. December 2, 2008. Available at http://cnx.org/content/m15024/latest/.

Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue

434  Rotator cuff muscles. Glenohumeral instability. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Koike Y, Sano H, Imamura I, et al. Changes with time in skin temperature of the shoulders in healthy controls and a patient with shoulder-hand syndrome. Ups J Med Sci 2010;115:260–265. DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2010.503354. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

435  Wrist region: Image B. Anatomic snuff box. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Rhemrev SJ, Ootes D, Beeres FJP, et al. Current methods ofdiagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures. Int J Emerg Med. 2011;4:4. DOI: 10.1186/1865-1380-4-4.

435  Wrist regions: Image C. Thenar eminence atrophy in carpal tunnel syndrome. Courtesy of Dr. Harry Gouvas.

436  Common pediatric fractures: Image A. Greenstick fracture. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Randsborg PH, Sivertsen EA. Classification of distal radius fractures in children: good inter- and intraobserver reliability, which improves with clinical experience. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;13:6. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-6.

436  Common pediatric fractures: Image B. Buckle fracture. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Randsborg PH, Sivertsen EA. Classification of distal radius fractures in children: good inter- and intraobserver reliability, which improves with clinical experience. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:6. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-6.

438  Brachial plexus lesions: Image A. Cervical rib. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Dahlin LB, Backman C, Duppe H, et al. Compression of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus by a cervical rib in two adolescent girls: case reports and surgical treatment. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2009;4:14. DOI: 10.1186/1749-7221-4-14.

438  Brachial plexus lesions: Image B. Winged scapula. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Boukhris J, Boussouga M, Jaafar A, et al. Stabilisation dynamique d’un winging scapula (à propos d’un cas avec revue de la littérature). Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:331. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.331.3429.

441  Common hip and knee conditions: Image A. ACL tear. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Chang MJ, Chang CB, Choi J-Y, et al. Can magnetic resonance imaging findings predict the degree of knee joint laxity in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:214. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-214. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

441 Common hip and knee conditions: Images B (prepatellar bursitis) and C (Baker cyst). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hirji Z, Hunhun JS, Choudur HN. Imaging of the bursae. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2011;1:22. DOI: 10.4103/2156-7514.80374. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

449  Osteoporosis. Vertebral compression fractures of spine. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Imani F, Gharaei H, Rahimzadeh P, et al. Management of painful vertebral compression fracture with kyphoplasty in a sever cardio-respiratory compromised patient. Anesth Pain Med. 2012 summer;2(1):42–45. DOI: 10.5812/aapm.5030.

449  Osteopetrosis (marble bone disease). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Kant P, Sharda N, Bhowate RR. Clinical and radiological findings of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II: a case report. Case Rep Dent. 2013;2013:707343. DOI: 10.1155/2013/707343.

450  Osteomalacia/rickets: Image A, left. Clinical photo. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Linglart A, Biosse-Duplan M, Briot K, et al. Therapeutic management of hypophosphatemic rickets from infancy to adulthood. Endocr Connect. 2014;3:R13­–R30. DOI: 10.1530/EC-13-0103.

450  Osteomalacia/rickets: Image B. Rachitic rosary on chest X-ray. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Essabar L, Meskini T, Ettair S, et al. Malignant infantile osteopetrosis: case report with review of literature. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17:63. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.17.63.3759.

450  Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans). Thickened calvarium. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Dawes L. Paget’s disease. [Radiology Picture of the Day Website]. Published June 21, 2007. Available at http://www.radpod.org/2007/06/21/pagets-disease/.

450  Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis). Bilateral necrosis of femoral head. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Ding H, Chen S-B, Lin S, et al. The effect of postoperative corticosteroid administration on free vascularized fibular grafting for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Sci World J. 2013;708014. DOI: 10.1155/2013/708014. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

453  Primary bone tumors: Image A. Osteochondroma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Lucien Monfils. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

453  Primary bone tumors: Image B. Giant cell tumor. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

453  Primary bone tumors: Image C. Osteosarcoma. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

454  Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: Image A. Histology of rheumatoid nodule. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Gomez-Rivera F, El-Naggar AK, Guha-Thakurta N, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis mimicking metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck Oncol. 2011;3:26. DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-3-26.

455  Gout: Image B. Uric acid crystals under polarized light. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Robert J. Galindo. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

455  Gout: Image C. Podagra. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Roddy E. Revisiting the pathogenesis of podagra: why does gout target the foot? J Foot Ankle Res. 2011;4:13. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-4-13.

455  Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Calcium phosphate crystals. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Dieppe P, Swan A. Identification of crystals in synovial fluid. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 May;58(5):261–263.

456  Sjögren syndrome: Image A. Lymphocytic infiltration. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

456  Sjögren syndrome: Image B. Dry tongue. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Negrato CA, Tarzia O. Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2010;2:3. DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-3.

456  Septic arthritis. Joint effusion. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

457  Seronegative spondyloarthropathies: Image C, left. Bamboo spine. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Stevenfruitsmaak. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

457  Seronegative spondyloarthropathies: Image C, right. Bamboo spine. Courtesy of Heather Hawker.

458  Systemic lupus erythematosus: Image B. Discoid rash. Courtesy of Dr. Kachiu Lee.

459  Raynaud phenomenon. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Jamclaassen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

461  Epithelial cell junctions: Image A. Large, electron-dense actin structures within adherens junction. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Taylor RR, Jagger DJ, Saeed SR, et al. Characterizing human vestibular sensory epithelia for experimental studies: new hair bundles on old tissue and implications for therapeutic interventions in ageing. Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Jun;36(6):2068–2084. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.013.

461  Epithelial cell junctions: Image B. Desmosome. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Massa F, Devader C, Lacas-Gervais S, et al. Impairement of HT29 cancer cells cohesion by the soluble form of neurotensin receptor-3. Genes Cancer. 2014 Jul;5(7-8):240–249. DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.22.

463  Seborrheic dermatitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Roymishali.

464  Common skin disorders: Image O. Urticaria. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

465  Vascular tumors of skin: Image C. Cystic hygroma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Sharif M, Elsiddig IE, Atwan F. Complete resolution of cystic hygroma with single session of intralesional bleomycin. J Neonatal Surg. 2012 Jul-Sep;1(3):44.

465  Vascular tumors of skin: Image D. Glomus tumor under fingernail. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hazani R, Houle JM, Kasdan ML, et al. Glomus tumors of the hand. Eplasty. 2008;8:e48. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

466  Skin infections: Image C. Erysipelas. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Klaus D. Peter.

467  Blistering skin disorders: Image D. Bullous pemphigoid on immunofluorescence. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of M. Emmanuel.

469  Skin cancer: Image D. Basal cell carcinoma histopathology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

Neurology and Special Senses

475  Holoprosencephaly. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Alorainy IA, Barlas NB, Al-Boukai AA. Pictorial essay: infants of diabetic mothers. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010 Aug;20(3):174–181. DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.69349.

476  Posterior fossa malformations: Image A. Chiari I malformation. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Toldo I, De Carlo D, Mardari R, et al. Short lasting activity-related headaches with sudden onset in children: a case-based reasoning on classification and diagnosis. J Headache Pain. 2013;14(1):3. DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-3.

476  Posterior fossa malformations: Image B. Dandy-Walker malformation. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Krupa K, Bekiesinska-Figatowska M. Congenital and acquired abnormalities of the corpus callosum: a pictorial essay. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:265619. DOI: 10.1155/2013/265619.

476  Syringomyelia. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

478  Myelin. Myelinated neuron. Courtesy of the Electron Microscopy Facility at Trinity College.

479  Chromatolysis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonnert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

482  Limbic system. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Schopf V, Fischmeister FP, Windischberger C, et al. Effects of individual glucose levels on the neuronal correlates of emotions. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 May;21;7:212. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00212.

483  Cerebellum. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Jarius S, Wandinger KP, Horn S, et al. A new Purkinje cell antibody (anti-Ca) associated with subacute cerebellar ataxia: immunological characterization. J Neuroinflammation. 2010;7: 21. DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-21.

486  Cerebral arteries—cortical distribution. Cortical watershed areas. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Isabel C, Lecler A, Turc G, et al. Relationship between watershed infarcts and recent intra plaque haemorrhage in carotid atherosclerotic plaque. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e108712. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108712.

487  Dural venous sinuses. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Cikla U, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Turski PA, et al. Familial perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: two case reports. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-380. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

492  Spinal cord and associated tracts. Spinal cord cross-section. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Regents of University of Michigan Medical School.

496  Neonatal interventricular hemorrhage. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Shooman D, Portess H, Sparrow O. A review of the current treatment methods for posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus of infants. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2009;6:1. DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-6-1.

497  Intracranial hemorrhage: Image A. Axial CT of brain showing epidural blood. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

497  Intracranial hemorrhage: Image B. Axial CT of brain showing skull fracture and scalp hematoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

497  Intracranial hemorrhage: Image C. Subdural hematoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

497  Intracranial hemorrhage: Image E. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hakan T, Turk CC, Celik H. Intra-operative real time intracranial subarachnoid haemorrhage during glial tumour resection: a case report. Cases J. 2008;1:306. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-306. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

499  Effects of strokes: Image A. Large abnormality of the left MCA territory. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hakimelahi R, Yoo AJ, He J, et al. Rapid identification of a major diffusion/perfusion mismatch in distal internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol. 2012 Nov;5;12:132. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-132. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

499  Effects of strokes: Image B. MRI diffusion weighted image shows a hypersensitive lesion on posterior limb of internal capsular. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Zhou L, Ni J, Yao M, et al. High-resolution MRI findings in patients with capsular warning syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:16. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-16.

499  Effects of strokes: Image C. Infarct of posterior inferior cerebellar artery. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Nouh A, Remke J, Ruland S. Ischemic posterior circulation stroke: a review of anatomy, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and current management. Front Neurol. 2014 Apr;7;5:30. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00030.

499  Effects of strokes: Image D. Infarct of posterior cerebral artery. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Nakao Y, Terai H. Embolic brain infarction related to posttraumatic occlusion of vertebral artery resulting from cervical spine injury: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:344. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-344.

499  Diffuse axonal injury. Moenninghoff C, Kraff O, Maderwald S, et al. Diffuse axonal injury at ultra-high field MRI. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122329. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122329.

505  Neurodegenerative disorders: Image A. Lewy body in substantia nigra. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Werner CJ, Heyny-von Haussen R, Mall G, et al. Parkinson’s disease. Proteome Sci. 2008;6:8. DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-8. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

505  Neurodegenerative disorders: Image B. Gross specimen of normal brain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Niedowicz DM, Nelson PT, Murphy MP. Alzheimer’s disease: pathological mechanisms and recent insights. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011 Dec;9(4):674–84. DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376181.

505  Neurodegenerative disorders: Images C (brain atrophy in Alzheimer disease) and F (atrophy in frontotemporal dementia). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Niedowicz DM, Nelson PT, Murphy MP. Alzheimer’s disease: pathological mechanisms and recent insights. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011 Dec;9(4):674–684. DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376181.

505  Neurodegenerative disorders: Image D. Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease. Courtesy of Dr. Kristine Krafts

505  Neurodegenerative disorders: Image G. Pick bodies in frontotemporal dementia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Niedowicz DM, Nelson PT, Murphy MP. Alzheimer’s disease: pathological mechanisms and recent insights. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011;9:674–684. DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376181.

505  Neurodegenerative disorders: Image H. Spongiform changes in brain in Creutzfeld-Jacob disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of DRdoubleB. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

506  Hydrocephalus: Image B. Communicating hydrocephalus. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Torres-Martin M, Pena-Granero C, Carceller F, et al. Homozygous deletion of TNFRSF4, TP73, PPAP2B and DPYD at 1p and PDCD5 at 19q identified by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis in pediatric anaplastic glioma with questionable oligodendroglial component. Mol Cytogenet. 2014;7:1. DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-1.

506  Hydrocephalus: Image C. Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Ghetti B, Oblak AL, Boeve BF, et al. Frontotemporal dementia caused by microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) mutations: a chameleon for neuropathology and neuroimaging. Neurophathol Appl Neurobiol. 2015 Feb;41(1):24–46. DOI: 10.1111/nan.12213.

507  Multiple sclerosis. Periventricular plaques. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Dooley MC, Foroozan R. Optic neuritis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2010 Jul;5(3):182–187.

508  Other demyelinated and dysmyelinating disorders: Image A. Central pontine myelinolysis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

508  Other demyelinating and dysmyelinating disorders: Image B. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Garrote H, de la Fuente A, Ona R, et al. Long-term survival in a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after therapy with rituximab, fludarabine and cyclophosphamide for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2015;4:8. DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0003-4.

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image A. Sturge-Weber syndrome and port wine stain. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Babaji P, Bansal A, Krishna G, et al. Sturge-Weber syndrome with osteohypertrophy of maxilla. Case Rep Pediatr 2013. DOI: 10.1155/2013/964596.

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image B. Leptomeningeal angioma in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Reproduced, with permission, from Dr. Frank Gaillard and www.radiopaedia.org.

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image C. Tuberous sclerosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Fred H, van Dijk H. Images of memorable cases: case 143. Connexions Web site. December 4, 2008. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m14923/1.3/.

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image D. Ash leaf spots in tuberous sclerosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Tonekaboni SH, Tousi P, Ebrahimi A, et al. Clinical and para clinical manifestations of tuberous sclerosis: a cross sectional study on 81 pediatric patients. Iran J Child Neurol. 2012;6:25–31. PMCID PMC3943027.

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image E. Angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of KGH. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image F. Café-au-lait spots in neurofibromatosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image G. Lisch nodules in neurofibromatosis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image H. Cutaneous neurofibromas. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Kim BK, Choi YS, Gwoo S, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1 associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma incidentally detected by thyroid ultrasonography: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6:179. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-179.

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image I. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

509  Neurocutaneous disorders: Image J. Brainstem and spinal cord hemangioblastomas in von Hippel-Lindau disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Park DM, Zhuang Z, Chen L, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated hemangioblastomas are derived from embryologic multipotent cells. PLoS Med. 2007 Feb;4(2):e60. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040060.

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image A. Glioblastoma multiforme. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image B. Glioblastoma multiforme histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image C. Oligodendroglioma in frontal lobes. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Celzo FG, Venstermans C, De Belder F, et al. Brain stones revisited—between a rock and a hard place. Insights Imaging. 2013 Oct;4(5):625–35. DOI: 10.1007/s13244-013-0279-z.

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image D. Oligodendroglioma, “fried egg” cells. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nephron. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image E. Meningioma with dural tail. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Smits A, Zetterling M, Lundin M, et al. Neurological impairment linked with cortico-subcortical infiltration of diffuse low-grade gliomas at initial diagnosis supports early brain plasticity. Front Neurol. 2015;6:137. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00137.

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image F. Meningioma, psammoma bodies. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nephron. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image G. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Park DM, Zhengping Z, Chen L, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated hemangioblastomas are derived from embryologic multipotent cells. PLoS Med. 2007 Feb;4(2):e60. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040060.

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image H. Minimal parenchyma in hemangioblastoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Marvin 101. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image I. Prolactinoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Wang CS, Yeh TC, Wu TC, et al. Pituitary macroadenoma co-existent with supraclinoid internal carotid artery cerebral aneurysm: a case report and review of the literature. Cases J. 2009;2:6459. DOI: 10.4076/1757-1626-2-6459.

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image J. Field of vision in bitemporal hemianopia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image K. Schwannoma at cerebellopontine angle. Courtesy of MRT-Bild.

511  Adult primary brain tumors: Image L. Schwann cell origin of schwannoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nephron. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

512  Childhood primary brain tumors: Image A. MRI of pilocytic astrocytoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hafez RFA. Stereotaxic gamma knife surgery in treatment of critically located pilocytic astrocytoma: preliminary result. World J Surg Oncol. 2007;5:39. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-5-39.

512  Childhood primary brain tumors: Image C. CT of medulloblastoma. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

512  Childhood primary brain tumors: Image D. Medulloblastoma histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of KGH. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

512  Childhood primary brain tumors: Image E. MRI of ependymoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Hellerhoff. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

512  Childhood primary brain tumors: Image F. Ependymoma histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nephron. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

512  Childhood primary brain tumors: Image G. CT of craniopharyngioma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Garnet MR, Puget S, Grill J, et al. Craniopharyngioma. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007;2:18. DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-18.

512  Childhood primary brain tumors: Image H. Craniopharyngioma histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nephron. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

515  Friedreich ataxia: Image A. Clinical kyphoscoliosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Axelrod FB, Gold-von Simson. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: types II, III, and IV. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007;2:39. DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-39.

515  Friedreich ataxia: Image B. Radiograph showing kyphoscoliosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Bounakis N, Karampalis C, Tsirikos AI. Surgical treatment of scoliosis in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome type 2: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2015;9:10. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-9-10.

516  Facial nerve lesions. Facial nerve palsy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Socolovsky M, Paez MD, Di Masi G, et al. Bell’s palsy and partial hypoglossal to facial nerve transfer: Case presentation and literature review. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3:46. DOI:10.4103/2152-7806.95391.

517  Cholesteatoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Welleschik. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

518  Normal eye. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Jan Kaláb. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

518  Conjunctivitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Baiyeroju A, Bowman R, Gilbert C, et al. Managing eye health in young children. Community Eye Health. 2010;23:4–11.

519  Cataract. Juvenile cataract. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Roshan M, Vijaya PH, Lavanya GR, et al. A novel human CRYGD mutation in a juvenile autosomal dominant cataract. Mol Vis. 2010;16:887–896. PMCID PMC2875257.

520 Glaucoma: Images A (normal optic cup) and B (optic cup in glaucoma). Courtesy of Dr. Nicholas Mahoney.

520  Glaucoma: Image C. Closed/narrow angle glaucoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Low S, Davidson AE, Holder GE, et al. Autosomal dominant Best disease with an unusual electrooculographic light rise and risk of angle-closure glaucoma: a clinical and molecular genetic study. Mol Vis. 2011;17:2272–2282. PMCID PMC3171497. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

520  Glaucoma: Image D. Acute angle closure glaucoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Jonathan Trobe.

520  Uveitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Weber AC, Levison AL, Srivastava, et al. A case of Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis with recurrent inflammation and novel management. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2015;5(1):28. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-015-0058-8.

520  Age-related macular degeneration. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

521  Diabetic retinopathy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Sundling V, Gulbrandsen P, Straand J. Sensitivity and specificity of Norwegian optometrists’ evaluation of diabetic retinopathy in single-field retinal images—a cross-sectional experimental study. BMC Health Services Res. 2013;13:17. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-17.

521  Hypertensive retinopathy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Diallo JW, Méda N, Tougouma SJB, et al. Intérêts de l’examen du fond d’œil en pratique de ville: bilan de 438 cas. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20:363. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.363.6629.

521  Retinal vein occlusion. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Alasil T, Rauser ME. Intravitreal bevacizumab in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: a case report. Cases J. 2009;2:176. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-176. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

521  Retinal detachment. Courtesy of EyeRounds.

522  Retinitis pigmentosa. Courtesy of EyeRounds.

522  Retinitis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

522  Papilledema. Courtesy of Dr. Nicholas Mahoney.

524  Ocular motility. Testing ocular muscles. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Au.yousef. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

525  Cranial nerve III, IV, VI palsies: Image A. Cranial nerve III damage. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hakim W, Sherman R, Rezk T, et al. An acute case of herpes zoster ophthalmicus with ophthalmoplegia. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 1012; 2012:953910. DOI: 10.1155/2012/953910.

525  Cranial nerve III, IV, VI palsies: Image B. Cranial nerve IV damage. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Mendez JA, Arias CR, Sanchez D, et al. Painful ophthalmoplegia of the left eye in a 19-year-old female, with an emphasis in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: a case report. Cases J. 2009;2:8271. DOI: 10.4076/1757-1626-2-8271.

525  Cranial nerve III, IV, VI palsies: Image C. Cranial nerve VI damage. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Jordi March i Nogué. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

Renal

562  Potter sequence (syndrome). Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

564  Course of ureters. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

565  Glomerular filtration barrier. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Feng J, Wei H, Sun Y, et al. Regulation of podocalyxin expression in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with Chinese herbs (Yishen capsule). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:76. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-76.

578  Casts in urine: Image A. RBC casts. Courtesy of Dr. Adam Weinstein.

578  Casts in urine: Image B. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Perazella MA. Diagnosing drug-induced AIN in the hospitalized patient: a challenge for the clinician. Clin Nephrol. 2014 Jun;81(6):381-8. DOI: 10.5414/CN108301.

578  Casts in urine: Image C. Granular cysts. Courtesy of Dr. Adam Weinstein.

578  Casts in urine: Image D. Waxy casts. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Iqbal Osman.

578  Casts in urine: Image E. Hyaline casts. Courtesy of Dr. Adam Weinstein.

580  Nephrotic syndrome: Image B. Histology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

580  Nephrotic syndrome: Image D. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis with Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Doc Mari. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

581  Nephritic syndrome: Image A. Histology of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

581  Nephritic syndrome: Image B. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Immunofluorescence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Oda T, Yoshizawa N, Yamakami K, et al. The role of nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (naplr) in glomerulonephritis associated with streptococcal infection. Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:417675. DOI: 10.1155/2012/417675.

581  Nephritic syndrome: Image C. Histology of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.

581  Nephritic syndrome: Image E. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with “tram tracks” appearance on H&E stain. Courtesy of Dr. Adam Weinstein.

581  Nephritic syndrome: Image E. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with “tram tracks” appearance on PAS. Courtesy of Dr. Adam Weinstein.

582  Kidney stones: Image D. Uric acid crystals. Courtesy of Dr. Adam Weinstein.

583  Hydronephrosis. Ultrasound. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

583  Renal cell carcinoma: Image A. Histoilogy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

583  Renal cell carcinoma: Image B. Gross specimen. Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman.

583  Renal cell carcinoma: Image C. CT scan. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Behnes CL, Schlegel C, Shoukier M, et al. Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma primarily diagnosed in a cervical lymph node: a case report of a 30-year-old woman with multiple metastases. BMC Urol. 2013;13:3. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-3.

583  Renal oncocytoma: Image A. Gross specimen. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of M. Emmanuel.

583  Renal oncocytoma: Image B. Histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

584  Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Refaie H, Sarhan M, Hafez A. Role of CT in assessment of unresectable Wilms tumor response after preoperative chemotherapy in pediatrics. Sci World J. 2008;8:661–669. DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2008.96.

584  Transitional cell carcinoma: Image A. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Geavlete B, Stanescu F, Moldoveanu C, et al. NBI cystoscopy and bipolar electrosurgery in NMIBC management—an overview of daily practice. J Med Life. 2013;6:140–145. PMCID PMC3725437.

585  Pyelonephritis: Image B. CT scan in acute pyelonephritis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

587  Acute tubular necrosis: Image A. Muddy brown casts. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Serban Nicolescu.

587  Renal papillary necrosis. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and William D. Craig, Dr. Brent J. Wagner, and Mark D. Travis.

588  Renal cyst disorders: Image C. Ultrasound of simple cyst. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Nevit Dilmen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

Reproductive

597  Fetal alcohol syndrome. Characteristic facies. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Teresa Kellerman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

600  Umbilical cord. Cross-section of normal umbilical cord. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

605  Uterine (Müllerian) duct anomalies: Images A-D. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Ahmadi F, Zafarani F, Haghighi H, et al. Application of 3D ultrasonography in detection of uterine abnormalities. Int J Fertil Steril. 2011;4:144–147. PMCID PMC4023499.

608  Female reproductive epithelial histology. Transformation zone. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Ed Uthman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

610  Seminiferous tubules. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Anlt Rao. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

622  Choriocarcinoma: Image B. “Cannonball” metastases. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Lekanidi K, Vlachou PA, Morgan B, et al. Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: case report. J Med Case Rep. 2007;1:89. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-1-89.

623  Pregnancy complications. Ectopic pregnancy. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Li W, Wang G, Lin T, et al. Misdiagnosis of bilateral tubal pregnancy: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:342. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-342.

626  Vulvar pathology: Image A. Bartholin cyst. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Susan Lindsley.

626  Vulvar pathology: Image B. Lichen sclerosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Lambert J. Pruritus in female patients. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:541867. DOI: 10.1155/2014/541867.

626  Vulvar pathology: Image C. Vulvar carcinoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Ramli I, Hassam B. Carcinome épidermoïde vulvaire: pourquoi surveiller un lichen scléro-atrophique. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;21:48. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.21.48.6018.

626  Vulvar pathology: Image D. Extramallary Paget disease. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Wang X, Yang W, Yang J. Extramammary Paget’s disease with the appearance of a nodule: a case report. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:405. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-405.

627  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Lujan ME, Chizen DR, Peppin AK, et al. Improving inter-observer variability in the evaluation of ultrasonographic features of polycystic ovaries. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2008;6:30. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-30.

628  Ovarian neoplasms: Image C. Mature cystic teratoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

628  Ovarian neoplasms: Image D. Call-Exner bodies. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Katoh T, Yasuda M, Hasegawa K, et al. Estrogen-producing endometrioid adenocarcinoma resembling sex cord-stromal tumor of the ovary: a review of four postmenopausal cases. Diagn Pathol. 2012;7:164. DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-164.

628  Ovarian neoplasms: Image E. Dysgerminoma.This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Montesinos L, Acien P, Martinez-Beltran M, et al. Ovarian dysgerminoma and synchronic contralateral tubal pregnancy followed by normal intra-uterine gestation: a case report. J Med Rep. 2012;6:399. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-399.

628  Ovarian neoplasms: Image F. Yolk sac tumor. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Jensflorian. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

630  Endometrial conditions: Image A. Leiomyoma (fibroid), gross specimen. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Hic et nunc.

630  Endometrial conditions: Image B. Leiomyoma (fibroid) histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Londero AP, Perego P, Mangioni C, et al. Locally relapsed and metastatic uterine leiomyoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2008;2:308. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-2-308. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

630  Endometrial conditions: Image D. Endometritis with inflammation of the endometrium. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Montesinos L, Acien P, Martinez-Beltran M, et al. Ovarian dysgerminoma and synchronic contralateral tubal pregnancy followed by normal intra-uterine gestation: a case report. J Med Rep. 2012;6:399. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-399.

630  Endometrial conditions: Image E. Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Hastings JM, Fazleabas AT. A baboon model for endometriosis: implications for fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006;4(suppl 1):S7. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-S1-S7.

631  Benign breast disease: Image A. Fibroadenomas. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Gokhale S. Ultrasound characterization of breast masses. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2009 Aug;19(3):242–247. DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.54878.

631 Benign breast disease: Images B (phyllodes tumor on ultrasound) and C (phyllodes cyst). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Muttarak MD, Lerttumnongtum P, Somwangjaroen A, et al. Phyllodes tumour of the breast. Biomed Imaging Interv J. 2006 Apr-Jun;2(2):e33. DOI: 10.2349/biij.2.2.e33.

632  Malignant breast tumors: Image B. Comedocarcinoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Costarelli L, Campagna D, Mauri M, et al. Intraductal proliferative lesions of the breast—terminology and biology matter: premalignant lesions or preinvasive cancer? Int J Surg Oncol. 2012;501904. DOI: 10.1155/2012/501904. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

632  Malignant breast tumors: Image C. Paget disease of breast. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Muttarak M, Siriya B, Kongmebhol P, et al. Paget’s disease of the breast: clinical, imaging and pathologic findings: a review of 16 patients. Biomed Imaging Interv J. 2011;7:e16. DOI: 10.2349/biij.7.2.e16.

632  Malignant breast tumors: Image D. Invasive lobular carcinoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Franceschini G, Manno A, Mule A, et al. Gastro-intestinal symptoms as clinical manifestation of peritoneal and retroperitoneal spread of an invasive lobular breast cancer: report of a case and review of the literature. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:193. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-193.

632  Malignant breast tumors: Image E. Peau d’orange of inflammatory breast cancer. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Levine PH, Zolfaghari L, Young H, et al. What Is inflammatory breast cancer? Revisiting the case definition. Cancers (Basel). 2010 Mar;2(1):143–152. DOI: 10.3390/cancers2010143.

633  Varicocele. Dilated pampiniform veins. Courtesy of Dr. Bruce R. Gilbert.

634  Scrotal masses. Congenital hydrocele. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Leonardi S, Barone P, Gravina G, et al. Severe Kawasaki disease in a 3-month-old patient: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:500. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-500.

Respiratory

643  Alveolar cell types: Image A. Electron micrograph of type II pneumocyte. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Fehrenbach H, Tews S, Fehrenbach A, et al. Improved lung preservation relates to an increase in tubular myelin-associated surfactant protein A. Respir Res. 2005 Jun;21;6:60. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

643  Alveolar cell types: Image B. Micrograph of type II pneumocyte. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Thomas Caceci.

643  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Alorainy IA, Balas NB, Al-Boukai AA. Pictorial essay: infants of diabetic mothers. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20:174–181. DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.69349.

645  Lung relations: Image A. X-ray of normal lung. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Namkoong H, Fujiwara H, Ishii M, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome due to Mycobacterium avium complex successfully followed up using 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A case report. BMC Med Imaging. 2015;15:24. DOI: 10.1186/s12880-015-0063-2.

645  Lung relations: Image B. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Wang JF, Wang B, Jansen JA, et al. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of lung in a 13-year-old boy: a case report. Cases J. 2008 Aug;22;1(1):123. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-123. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. All rights to this adaptation by MedIQ Learning, LLC are reserved.

653  Rhinosinusitis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Strek P, Zagolski O, Sktadzien J. Fatty tissue within the maxillary sinus: a rare finding. Head Face Med. 2006;2:28. DOI: 10.1186/1746-160X-2-28.

653  Deep venous thrombosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

654  Pulmonary emboli: Image C. CT scan. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Carl Chartrand-Lefebvre. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

657  Obstructive lung diseases: Image A. Lung tissue with enlarged alveoli in emphysema. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonnert.

657  Obstructive lung diseases: Image B. CT of centriacinar emphysema. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr.

657  Obstructive lung diseases: Image C. Emphysema histology. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

657  Obstructive lung diseases: Image D. Barrel-shaped chest in emphysema. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

657  Obstructive lung disease: Image E. Curschmann spirals. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under . Dr. James Heilman.

657  Obstructive lung diseases: Image F. Mucus plugs in asthma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

657  Obstructive lung diseases: Image G. Charcot-Leyden crystals on bronchalverolar lavage. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Gholamnejad M, Rezaie N. Unusual presentation of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia with “reversed halo sign”: a case report. Iran J Radiol. 2014 May;11(2):e7891. DOI: 10.5812/iranjradiol.7891.

657  Obstructive lung disease: Image H. Bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

657  Restrictive lung diseases: Image A. Pulmonary fibrosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Walsh SLF, Wells AU, Sverzellati N, et al. Relationship between fibroblastic foci profusion and high resolution CT morphology in fibrotic lung disease. BMC Med. 2015;13:241. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0479-0.

658  Sarcoidosis: Images B (X-ray of the chest) and C (CT of the chest). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Lønborg J, Ward M, Gill A, et al. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance in assessing right-sided heart failure in sarcoidosis. BMC Med Imaging. 2013;13:2. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2342-13-2.

658 Inhalational injury and sequelae: Images A (18 hours after inhalation injury) and B (11 days after injury). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Bai C, Huang H, Yao X, et al. Application of flexible bronchoscopy in inhalation lung injury. Diagn Pathol. 2013;8:174. DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-174.

659  Pneumoconioses: Image A. Pleural plaques in asbestosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

659  Pneumoconioses: Image B. CT scan of asbestosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Miles SE, Sandrini A, Johnson AR, et al. Clinical consequences of asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening: a review. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2008;3:20. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-3-20.

659  Pneumoconioses: Image C. Ferruginous bodies in asbestosis. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr, Michael Bonert. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

660  Mesothelioma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Weiner SJ, Neragi-Miandoab S. Pathogenesis of malignant pleural mesothelioma and the role of environmental and genetic factors. J Carcinog. 2008;7:3. DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-7-3.

660  Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Image B. Bilateral lung opacities. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Imanaka H, Takahara B, Yamaguchi H, et al. Chest computed tomography of a patient revealing severe hypoxia due to amniotic fluid embolism: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2010;4:55. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-55.

662 Pleural effusions: Images A (before treatment) and B (after treatment). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Toshikazu A, Takeoka H, Nishioka K, et al. Successful management of refractory pleural effusion due to systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis by vincristine adriamycin dexamethasone chemotherapy: a case report. Med Case Rep. 2010;4:322. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-322.

664  Pneumonia: Image B. Lobar pneumonia, gross specimen. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

664  Pneumonia: Image C. Acute inflammatory infiltrates in bronchopneumonia. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

664  Pneumonia: Image D. Bronchopneumonia, gross specimen. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

665  Lung cancer: Image B. Adenocarcinoma histology. Courtesy of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

665  Lung cancer: Image C. Squamous cell carcinoma. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

665  Lung cancer: Image E. Large cell lung cancer. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Jala VR, Radde BN, Haribabu B, et al. Enhanced expression of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) in lung cancer. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:624. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-624.

666  Lung abscess: Image A. Gross specimen. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under . Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen. The image may have been modified by cropping, labeling, and/or captions. MedIQ Learning, LLC makes this image available under .

666  Lung abscess: Image B. X-ray. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Courtesy of Dr. Yale Rosen.

666  Pancoast tumor. This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Manenti G, Raguso M, D’Onofrio S, et al. Pancoast tumor: the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Case Rep Radiol. 2013;2013:479120. DOI: 10.1155/2013/479120.

666 Superior vena cava syndrome: Images A (blanching of skin with pressure) and B (CT of chest). This image is a derivative work, adapted from the following source, available under : Shaikh I, Berg K, Kman N. Thrombogenic catheter-associated superior vena cava syndrome. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2013;2013:793054. DOI: 10.1155/2013/793054.

  NOTES