SOURCES

CHAPTER 1

1. Kanu Chatterjee et al., “Doxorubicin Cardiomyopathy,” Cardiology 115, no. 2 ( January 2010): 155–62.

2. Chuenjid Kongkaew, Peter R. Noyce, and Darren M. Ashcroft, “Hospital Admissions Associated with Adverse Drug Reactions: A Systematic Review of Prospective Observational Studies,” The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 42 (2008): 1017–25.

3. Robin McKie, “Growing Lifespan Shows No Sign of Slowing, but Don’t Expect Immortality,” The Observer, March 6, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/mar/06/lifespan-mortality-health-diabetes.

4. Qiuping Gu, Charles F. Dillon, and Vicki L. Burt, “Prescription Drug Use Continues to Increase: U.S. Prescription Drug Data for 2007–2008,” NCHS Data Briefs, no. 42 (2010), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db42.htm.

5. Jason Lazarou, Bruce H. Pomeranz, and Paul N. Corey, “Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients,” Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 15 (April 15, 1998): 1200.

6. Lorna Hazell and Saad A.W. Shakir, “Under-Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions: A Systematic Review,” Drug Safety: An International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience 29, no. 5 ( January 2006): 385–96.

7. Brian B. Spear, Margo Heath-Chiozzi, and Jeffrey Huff, “Clinical Application of Pharmacogenetics,” Trends in Molecular Medicine 7, no. 5 (May 5, 2001): 201–4.

8. Cleveland Clinic, “Health and Prevention: Statin Medications and Heart Disease,” Cleveland Clinic, http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/risk-factors/cholesterol/statin-medications-heart-disease.aspx.

9. Huabing Zhang et al., “Discontinuation of Statins in Routine Care Settings: A Cohort Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine 158, no. 7 (April 2, 2013): 526–34.

10. Lara M. Mangravite et al., “A Statin-Dependent QTL for GATM Expression Is Associated with Statin-Induced Myopathy,” Nature 502, no. 7471 (October 17, 2013): 377–80.

11. Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (New York, NY: Scribner, 2011), pp. 35–37.

12. Y. Li, R.B. Womer, and J.H. Silber, “Predicting Cisplatin Ototoxicity in Children: The Influence of Age and the Cumulative Dose,” European Journal of Cancer 40, no. 16 (November 2004): 2445–51.

13. Matthew Herper, “The Truly Staggering Cost of Inventing New Drugs,” Forbes, February 10, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2012/02/10/the-truly-staggering-cost-of-inventing-new-drugs/.

CHAPTER 2

1. Stephen Bent, “Herbal Medicine in the United States: Review of Efficacy, Safety, and Regulation: Grand Rounds at University of California, San Francisco Medical Center,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 23, no. 6 ( June 2008): 854–59.

2. “Charles Darwin’s Health,” Wikipedia, accessed September 12, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin’s_health.

3. J.B. Durand, A.B. Abchee, and R. Roberts, “Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Inherited Cardiomyopathies,” Annals of Medicine 27, no. 3 ( June 1995): 311–17, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7546620; Shiro Kamakura, “Epidemiology of Brugada Syndrome in Japan and Rest of the World,” Journal of Arrhythmia 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 52–55; B. J. Maron et al., “Prevalence of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a General Population of Young Adults: Echocardiographic Analysis of 4111 Subjects in the CARDIA Study,” Circulation 92, no. 4 (August 15, 1995): 785–89; Carlo Napolitano, Silvia G. Priori, and Raffaella Bloise, “Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia,” in GeneReviews, ed. Roberta A. Pagon (Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 2014); Peter J. Schwartz et al., “Prevalence of the Congenital Long-QT Syndrome,” Circulation 120, no. 18 (November 3, 2009): 1761–67" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7546620; Shiro Kamakura, “Epidemiology of Brugada Syndrome in Japan and Rest of the World,” Journal of Arrhythmia 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 52–55; B. J. Maron et al., “Prevalence of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a General Population of Young Adults: Echocardiographic Analysis of 4111 Subjects in the CARDIA Study,” Circulation 92, no. 4 (August 15, 1995): 785–89; Carlo Napolitano, Silvia G. Priori, and Raffaella Bloise, “Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia,” in GeneReviews, ed. Roberta A. Pagon (Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 2014); Peter J. Schwartz et al., “Prevalence of the Congenital Long-QT Syndrome,” Circulation 120, no. 18 (November 3, 2009): 1761–67.

4. Robert F. Service, “A $1000 Genome by 2013?,” Science News, July 2011, http://news.sciencemag.org/math/2011/07/1000-genome-2013.

CHAPTER 3

1. Alok Jha, “Breakthrough Study Overturns Theory of ‘Junk DNA’ in Genome,” The Guardian, September 5, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/sep/05/genes-genome-junk-dna-encode.

2. Jonah Riddell et al., “Reprogramming Committed Murine Blood Cells to Induced Hematopoietic Stem Cells with Defined Factors,” Cell 157, no. 3 (April 24, 2014): 549–64.

3. J.B. Gurdon and V. Uehlinger, “‘Fertile’ Intestine Nuclei,” Nature 210, no. 5042 ( June 18, 1966): 1240–41, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5967799.

4. K.H. Campbell et al., “Sheep Cloned by Nuclear Transfer from a Cultured Cell Line,” Nature 380, no. 6569 (March 7, 1996): 64–66.

5. Francesco S. Loffredo et al., “Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Is a Circulating Factor That Reverses Age-Related Cardiac Hypertrophy,” Cell 153, no. 4 (May 9, 2013): 828–39.

6. Michael Specter, “Germs Are Us,” The New Yorker, October 22, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/22/germs-are-us.

7. Ilseung Cho and Martin J. Blaser, “The Human Microbiome: At the Interface of Health and Disease,” Nature Reviews: Genetics 13, no. 4 (April 2012): 260–70.

8. N. Lender et al., “Review Article: Associations between Helicobacter Pylori and Obesity-an Ecological Study,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40, no. 1 ( July 2014): 24–31.

9. Ilseung Cho et al., “Antibiotics in Early Life Alter the Murine Colonic Microbiome and Adiposity,” Nature 488, no. 7413 (August 30, 2012): 621–26.

10. E. J. Videlock and F. Cremonini, “Meta-Analysis: Probiotics in Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 35, no. 12 ( June 2012): 1355–69.

11. “Clostridium Difficile Infection,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed July 26, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cdiff/cdiff_infect.html.

12. J.L. Anderson, R. J. Edney, and K. Whelan, “Systematic Review: Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36, no. 6 (September 2012): 503–16.

13. David E. Elliott and Joel V. Weinstock, “Helminthic Therapy: Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 666 ( January 2009): 157–66, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054982.

CHAPTER 4

1. Bala Murali Venkatesan and Rashid Bashir, “Nanopore Sensors for Nucleic Acid Analysis,” Nature Nanotechnology 6, no. 10 (October 2011): 615–24.

2. Scott D. McCulloch and Thomas A. Kunkel, “The Fidelity of DNA Synthesis by Eukaryotic Replicative and Translesion Synthesis Polymerases,” Cell Research 18, no. 1 ( January 2008): 148–61.

3. J.N. Adkins et al., “Toward a Human Blood Serum Proteome: Analysis by Multidimensional Separation Coupled with Mass Spectrometry,” Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 1, no. 12 (November 15, 2002): 947–55.

4. Andrew J. Percy et al., “Standardized Protocols for Quality Control of MRM-Based Plasma Proteomic Workflows,” Journal of Proteome Research 12, no. 1 ( January 4, 2013): 222–33.

5. “Why Are Larger Sized Hard Drives Consistently Getting Cheaper?,” Record Nations, accessed July 29, 2014, http://www.recordnations.com/articles/bigger-hard-drives/.

6. Mike Orcutt, “Bases to Bytes,” MIT Technology Review, 2012, http://www.technologyreview.com/graphiti/427720/bases-to-bytes/.

7. PatientsLikeMe, http://www.patientslikeme.com/.

8. CureTogether, http://www.curetogether.com.

9. PXE International, http://www.pxe.org/.

10. Sarah C.P. Williams, “Mining Consumers’ Web Searches Can Reveal Unreported Side Effects of Drugs, Researchers Say,” Stanford Bio-X, 2013, https://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/mining-consumers’-web -searches-can-reveal-unreported-side-effects-drugs -researchers-say.

11. W. Yang et al., “Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2012,” Diabetes Care 36, no. 4 (April 2013): 1033–46.

12. “Heart Disease Facts,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm.

CHAPTER 5

1. Jon Cohen, “Examining His Own Body, Stanford Geneticist Stops Diabetes in Its Tracks,” Science News, March 2012, http://news .sciencemag.org/biology/2012/03/examining-his-own-body-stanford-geneticist-stops-diabetes-its-tracks.

2. Hangwi Tang and Jennifer Hwee Kwoon Ng, “Googling for a Diagnosis―Use of Google as a Diagnostic Aid: Internet Based Study,” BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 333, no. 7579 (December 2, 2006): 1143–45.

3. Eta S. Berner and Mark L. Graber, “Overconfidence as a Cause of Diagnostic Error in Medicine,” The American Journal of Medicine 121, no. 5 Suppl (May 2008): S2–23.

4. Maria Fuller, Peter J. Meikle, and John J. Hopwood, “Epidemiology of Lysosomal Storage Diseases: An Overview,” in Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS, ed. Atul Mehta, Michael Beck, and Gere Sunder-Plassmann (Oxford: Oxford PharmaGenesis, 2006), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11603/.

5. “Table of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Drug Labeling,” Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.gov/drugs/scienceresearch/researchareas/pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm.

6. “Gene Responsible for Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury Identified,” ScienceDaily, May 11, 2009, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090504171943.htm.

7. Svati H. Shah and Deepak Voora, “Warfarin Dosing and VKORC1/CYP2C9,” Medscape, accessed July 28, 2014, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1733331-overview.

8. Tom Lynch and Amy Price, “The Effect of Cytochrome P450 Metabolism on Drug Response, Interactions, and Adverse Effects,” American Family Physician 76, no. 3 (2007): 391–96, http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0801/p391.html.

9. Eric Schoch, “Precision Prescribing,” The Art and Science of Medicine, 2003, http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v26n1/precision.shtml.

10. Martin Dawes, “The Implementation and Evaluation of Genetic Tests to Guide Drug Prescriptions in Primary Care in B.C.,” in What Is Personalized Medicine, and How Does It Affect You? (Vancouver, BC, 2014). Public talk.

11. Colin J.D. Ross et al., “Genotypic Approaches to Therapy in Children: A National Active Surveillance Network (GATC) to Study the Pharmacogenomics of Severe Adverse Drug Reactions in Children,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1110 (September 2007): 177–92.

12. Colin J.D. Ross et al., “Genetic Variants in TPMT and COMT Are Associated with Hearing Loss in Children Receiving Cisplatin Chemotherapy,” Nature Genetics 45, no. 5 (April 26, 2013): 578.

13. Henk Visscher et al., “Pharmacogenomic Prediction of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Children,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 13 (May 1, 2012): 1422–28.

14. J. Kirchheiner et al., “Pharmacokinetics of Codeine and Its Metabolite Morphine in Ultra-Rapid Metabolizers due to CYP2D6 Duplication,” The Pharmacogenomics Journal 7, no. 4 (August 2007): 257–65.

15. G. Köhler and C. Milstein, “Continuous Cultures of Fused Cells Secreting Antibody of Predefined Specificity,” Nature 256, no. 5517 (August 7, 1975): 495–97.

16. Mark D. Pegram, Gottfried Konecny, and Dennis J. Slamon, “The Molecular and Cellular Biology of HER2/neu Gene Amplification/Overexpression and the Clinical Development of Herceptin (Trastuzumab) Therapy for Breast Cancer,” in Advances in Breast Cancer Management, ed. William J. Gradishar and William C. Wood, vol. 103, Cancer Treatment and Research (Boston, MA: Springer, 2000), 57–75.

17. Richard Heimler, “Richard Heimler,” Lung Cancer Alliance, accessed July 28, 2014, http://www.lungcanceralliance.org/get-help-and-support/coping-with-lung-cancer/stories-of-hope/richard-heimler.html.

18. “FDA Approval for Crizotinib,” National Cancer Institute, 2013, http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/druginfo/fda-crizotinib.

19. Kent Pinkerton, “Cystic Fibrosis Life Expectancy Statistics,” Disabled World, 2009, http://www.disabled-world.com/health/respiratory/cystic-fibrosis/life-expectancy.php.

20. Bonnie W. Ramsey et al., “A CFTR Potentiator in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D Mutation,” The New England Journal of Medicine 365, no. 18 (November 3, 2011): 1663–72.

21. Alex Parker, “A Reflection...,” Kalydeco for Cystic Fibrosis Diary, accessed July 28, 2014, http://kalydecoforaustralians.blogspot.ca/2012/11/a-reflection.html.

22. Sining Chen and Giovanni Parmigiani, “Meta-Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Penetrance,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 11 (April 10, 2007): 1329–33.

23. Angelina Jolie, “My Medical Choice,” The New York Times, May 14, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html?_r=2.

24. “SAP and BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS Pioneer New Technology, Redefine Treatment,” SAP News, February 25, 2014, http://www.news-sap.com/sap-and-bc-centre-for-excellence-in-hiv-aids-pioneer-new-technology-redefine-treatment/.

25. Allen D. Roses, “On the Discovery of the Genetic Association of Apolipoprotein E Genotypes and Common Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 9, no. 3 Suppl ( January 2006): 361–66, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914873.

26. Lindsay S. Nagamatsu et al., “Resistance Training Promotes Cognitive and Functional Brain Plasticity in Seniors with Probable Mild Cognitive Impairment,” Archives of Internal Medicine 172, no. 8 (April 23, 2012): 666–68.

27. Elaine Westwick, “Huntington’s Disease―Genetic Testing, Children and Hope,” The Stuff of Life, July 2011, http://elainewestwick.blogspot.ca/2011/07/huntingtons-disease-genetic-testing.html.

28. Marilynn Marchione, “Texas Hospital Plans ‘Moonshot’ against Cancer,” AP: The Big Story, 2012, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/texas-hospital-plans-moonshot-against-cancer.

29. Emily Dugan, “Thousands of NHS Patients to Have DNA Sequenced to Help Cancer Research,” The Independent, July 20, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/thousands-of-nhs-patients-to-have-dna-sequenced-to-help-cancer-research-9617513.html.

30. Steven J.M. Jones et al., “Evolution of an Adenocarcinoma in Response to Selection by Targeted Kinase Inhibitors,” Genome Biology 11, no. 8 ( January 2010): R82.

31. Gina Kolata, “In Leukemia Treatment, Glimpses of the Future,” The New York Times, July 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/health/in-gene-sequencing-treatment-for-leukemia-glimpses-of-the-future.html?pagewanted=all.

32. Xiao-jun Li et al., “A Blood-Based Proteomic Classifier for the Molecular Characterization of Pulmonary Nodules,” Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 207 (October 16, 2013): 207ra142, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007013.

33. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Approves New Orphan Drug Kynamro to Treat Inherited Cholesterol Disorder,” January 29, 2013, http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm337195.htm.

34. Andrew Pollack, “Experimental Drug Used for Ebola-Related Virus Shows Promise,” The New York Times, August 20, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/business/drug-used-for-ebola-related-virus-shows-promise.html?_r=0.

35. Giorgio Trinchieri, “Inflammation,” in Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, ed. Vincent T. DeVita Jr., Theodore S. Lawrence, and Steven A. Rosenberg, 9th ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2011), http://www.lwwoncology.com/Textbook/Toc.aspx?id=11000#.

36. Penn Medicine, “Penn Medicine Team Reports Findings from Research Study of First 59 Adult and Pediatric Leukemia Patients Who Received Investigational, Personalized Cellular Therapy CTL019,” December 7, 2013, http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/news_releases/2013/12/ctl019/.

37. Laura Smith-Spark, “UK Takes Step toward ‘Three-Parent Babies,’” CNN.com, June 28, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/28/health/uk-health-dna-ivf/.

38. Dan Roden, “Engineering a Healthcare System to Deliver Personalized Medicine.” Personalized Medicine and Individualized Drug Delivery, joint conference of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Canadian Chapter of Controlled Release Society, June 11–14, 2013, Vancouver.

39. Association for Molecular Pathology et al. v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al. 569 U.S. 12-398 (2013). http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-398_1b7d.pdf.

40. Dan Munro, “FDA Slaps Personal Genomics Startup 23andMe with Stiff Warning,” Forbes, November 25, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/danmunro/2013/11/25/fda-slaps-personal-genomics-startup-23andme-with-stiff-warning/.

41. Larry Husten, “Can Personalized Medicine and an Adaptive Trial Design Salvage This Hard-Luck Drug?,” Forbes, December 4, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/larryhusten/2013/12/04/can-personalized-medicine-and-an-adaptive-trial-design-salvage-this-hard-luck-drug/.

42. Elizabeth O Lillie et al., “The N-of-1 Clinical Trial: The Ultimate Strategy for Individualizing Medicine?,” Personalized Medicine 8, no. 2 (March 2011): 161–73.

43. Jaime L Natoli et al., “Prenatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Termination Rates (1995–2011),” Prenatal Diagnosis 32, no. 2 (February 2012): 142–53.

44. “Gendercide: The Worldwide War on Baby Girls,” The Economist, March 4, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15636231.

CHAPTER 6

1. Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina et al., “Insertional Oncogenesis in 4 Patients after Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Therapy of SCID-X1,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 118, no. 9 (September 2, 2008): 3132–42.

2. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “The Biotech Death of Jesse Gelsinger,” The New York Times, November 28, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/28/magazine/the-biotech-death-of-jesse-gelsinger.html.

3. Bill Clinton, “Remarks on the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome Project” (The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 2000), http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/New/html/genome-20000626.html.

4. European Medicines Agency, “European Medicines Agency Recommends First Gene Therapy for Approval,” July 20, 2012, http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2012/07/news_detail_001574.Jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1.

5. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Approves New Orphan Drug Kynamro to Treat Inherited Cholesterol Disorder,” January 29, 2013, http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm337195.htm.

6. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, “Alnylam Reports Positive Phase II Data for Patisiran (ALN-TTR02), an RNAi Therapeutic Targeting Transthyretin (TTR) for the Treatment of ttr-Mediated Amyloidosis (ATTR), and Initiates Phase III Trial,” 2013, http://investors.alnylam.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=805999.

7. Aaron Krol, “Gene Therapy’s Next Generation,” Bio-IT World, January 29, 2014, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2014/1/29/gene-therapys-next-generation.html.

8. Mark J. Graham et al., “Antisense Inhibition of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9 Reduces Serum LDL in Hyperlipidemic Mice,” Journal of Lipid Research 48, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 763–67.

9. María M Corrada et al., “Dementia Incidence Continues to Increase with Age in the Oldest Old: The 90+ Study,” Annals of Neurology 67, no. 1 ( January 2010): 114–21.

10. Michael D. Hurd et al., “Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States,” New England Journal of Medicine 368 (2013): 1326–34.

11. National Institute of Mental Health, “The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America,” National Institute of Mental Health, accessed July 28, 2014, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml.

12. Rafael Yuste and George M. Church, “The New Century of the Brain,” Scientific American 310, no. 3 (February 18, 2014): 38–45.

13. Mark W. Stanton, The High Concentration of U.S. Health Care Expenditures (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2006).

14. Canadian Institute for Health Information, Seniors and the Health Care System: What Is the Impact of Multiple Chronic Conditions?, 2011.

15. “Immortal Worms Defy Aging,” ScienceDaily, February 27, 2012, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120227152612.htm.

16. Kathleen Y. Wolin and Hallie Tuchman, “Physical Activity and Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention,” in Physical Activity and Cancer, ed. Kerry S. Courneya and Christine Friedenreich, vol. 26 (Berlin: Springer Science and Business Media, 2010), 400; I.M. Lee and Y. Oguma, “Physical Activity,” in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, ed. David Schottenfeld and Joseph F. Fraumeni, 3rd ed. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1416; Kathy Matheson, “Exercising May Reduce Lung Cancer Risk,” The Washington Post, December 12, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/12/AR2006121200862.html; “Caffeine and Exercise May Be Protective against Skin Cancer Caused by Sun Exposure, Study Suggests,” ScienceDaily, April 3, 2012, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120403142328.htm http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/12/AR2006121200862.html; “Caffeine and Exercise May Be Protective against Skin Cancer Caused by Sun Exposure, Study Suggests,” ScienceDaily, April 3, 2012, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120403142328.htm.

17. Paul D. Thompson et al., “Exercise and Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical,” Circulation 107, no. 24 ( June 24, 2003): 3109–16.

18. Rob Stein, “Exercise Could Slow Aging of Body, Study Suggests,” The Washington Post, January 29, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/28/AR2008012801873.html.

19. Steve Horvath, “DNA Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types,” Genome Biology 14, no. 10 ( January 2013): R115.

20. Elaine Schmidt, “UCLA Scientist Uncovers Biological Clock Able to Measure Age of Most Human Tissues,” UCLA Newsroom, October 21, 2013, http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-scientist-uncovers-biological-248950.

21. Manisha Sinha et al., “Restoring Systemic GDF11 Levels Reverses Age-Related Dysfunction in Mouse Skeletal Muscle,” Science 344, no. 6184 (May 9, 2014): 649–52.

22. Robert Langreth, “Venter Starts DNA-Scanning Company to Boost Longevity,” Bloomberg.com, March 4, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-04/venter-starts-dna-scanning-company-to-boost-longevity.html; Saul A. Villeda et al., “Young Blood Reverses Age-Related Impairments in Cognitive Function and Synaptic Plasticity in Mice,” Nature Medicine 20, no. 6 ( June 2014): 659–63; Lida Katsimpardi et al., “Vascular and Neurogenic Rejuvenation of the Aging Mouse Brain by Young Systemic Factors,” Science 344, no. 6184 (May 9, 2014): 630–34" http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-04/venter-starts-dna-scanning-company-to-boost-longevity.html; Saul A. Villeda et al., “Young Blood Reverses Age-Related Impairments in Cognitive Function and Synaptic Plasticity in Mice,” Nature Medicine 20, no. 6 ( June 2014): 659–63; Lida Katsimpardi et al., “Vascular and Neurogenic Rejuvenation of the Aging Mouse Brain by Young Systemic Factors,” Science 344, no. 6184 (May 9, 2014): 630–34.

23. Jane Wakefield, “Google Spin-off Calico to Search for Answers to Ageing,” BBC News, September 19, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-24158924.

24. William J. Broad, “Billionaires with Big Ideas Are Privatizing American Science,” The New York Times, March 16, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/science/billionaires-with-big-ideas-are-privatizing-american-science.html?_r=0.

25. L. Bellows, R. Moore, and A. Gross, “Dietary Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals” (University of Colorado Extension, 2013), http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09338.html.

26. Leroy Hood and Nathan D. Price, “Promoting Wellness and Demystifying Disease: The 100K Project,” Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, May 22, 2014.

27. “Biomarkers in Blood Show Potential as Early Detection Method of Pancreatic Cancer,” ScienceDaily, January 21, 2014, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140121164754.htm.

28. “Detecting Dementia through microRNA in Patient Blood Samples,” Biome, October 2, 2013, http://www.biomedcentral.com/biome/detecting-dementia-through-microrna-in-patient-blood-samples/.

29. John Ericson, “A Breath Test For Lung Cancer: Researchers Develop Biomarker for Pulmonary Tumor Growth,” Medical Daily, October 18, 2013, http://www.medicaldaily.com/breath-test-lung-cancer-researchers-develop-biomarker-pulmonary-tumor-growth-261201.

30. “Intel Science Winner Develops Cancer Tech,” Wall Street Journal Live, December 30, 2012, http://live.wsj.com/video/intel-science-winner-develops-cancer-tech/e342b43b-f184-492d-a441-38b28c18d3c1.html#!e342b43b-f184-492d-a441-38b28c18d3c1.

31. “Genomic Test Accurately Sorts Viral versus Bacterial Infections,” Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, September 18, 2013, http://www.pratt.duke.edu/news/genomic-test-accurately-sorts-viral-versus-bacterial-infections.

32. Sarah C.P. Williams, “One Drug to Shrink All Tumors,” Science News, March 26, 2012, http://news.sciencemag.org/health/2012/03/one-drug-shrink-all-tumors.

33. “Surprising Variation among Genomes of Individual Neurons from Same Brain,” ScienceDaily, November 1, 2013, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131101172313.htm.

34. David J. Hill, “Patient Receives 3D Printed Implant to Replace 75 Percent of Skull,” Singularity Hub, March 28, 2013, http://singularityhub.com/2013/03/28/patient-receives-3d-printed-implant-to-replace-75-percent-of-skull/.

35. Dan Howarth, “3D-Printed Eye Cells Could ‘Cure Blindness,’” Dezeen, December 18, 2013, http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/18/3d-printed-eye-cells-could-cure-blindness/.

36. “Use of Stem Cells in Personalized Medicine,” ScienceDaily, November 26, 2012, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121126151021.htm.

37. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation, “Introduction,” in Addressing the Barriers to Pediatric Drug Development: Workshop Summary (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk3989/.

38. John Sloan, A Bitter Pill: How The Medical System Is Failing The Elderly (Vancouver, BC: Greystone Books, 2009), p. 29.

39. Paul Cerrato, “Why Personal Health Records Have Flopped,” InformationWeek, January 12, 2012, http://www.informationweek.com/healthcare/patient-tools/why-personal-health-records-have-flopped/d/d-id/1102247?.

40. “An Update on Google Health and Google PowerMeter,” Official Google Blog, June 24, 2011, http://googleblog.blogspot.ca/2011/06/update-on-google-health-and-google.html.

CHAPTER 7

1. Stanislaw Ulam, “Tribute to John von Neumann,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 64, no. 3 (1958): 5.

2. “Ray Kurzweil Biography,” Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence, accessed September 12, 2014, http://www.kurzweilai.net/ray-kurzweil-biography.

3. Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005).