INDEX

• Absolutism, 9, 103
• Ackerman, Bruce, 122, 145–147, 148, 158, 192, 205n2, 208n31, 235n45, 239n39
• Africa, 16, 17–18. See also South Africa
• Amar, Akhil R., 141, 145
• Ambedkar, Bhimrao R., 15, 172
• American Declaration of Independence, 78, 87, 88, 89, 93, 114, 115–117, 234n32, 239n5
• American Revolution, 9, 47, 67, 77, 87, 89, 98
• Anglo-Saxon liberties, 10, 42, 117
• Aquinas, Thomas, 28, 72
• Aristocracy, 29, 31, 32, 44, 78, 80, 85, 100, 102, 176
• Aristotle, 28, 90
• Asia, 16, 17, 132, 185, 246–247n35
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 185
• Austria: Constitutional Court, 128; Freedom Party, 198; 1920 Constitution, 125–126, 128
• Authoritarianism, 7, 12, 16, 17, 33, 42, 90–91, 128, 152–153, 154, 174, 192, 199, 202

• Bagehot, Walter, 189
• Balkin, Jack M., 116–118, 121, 145, 226n19, 233–234n26
• Beatty, David, 150
• Bentham, Jeremy, 89
• Bickel, Alexander, 168
• Black, Hugo, 139
• Bobbio, Norberto, 201
• Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang, 36, 81
• Bodin, Jean, 56, 77
• Böhm, Franz, 73
• Bolingbroke, Henry, 30
• Bolivia, 152
• Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon
• Brecht, Bertolt, 134
• Britain / British: colonies of, 9, 17, 164, 174; constitution, 18, 30, 32, 40–41, 45, 124; Crown, 10, 47, 78, 93, 124; subjects, 10; suffrage, 165; system of government, 124, 129. See also United Kingdom
• Brown, Henry B., 166, 167
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), 147, 166–167, 240n12, 240n15
• Burke, Edmund, 35–36

• Calvinism, 77
• Canada: constitutional development, 18, 129, 133; Supreme Court of, 178, 229n17
• Cardozo, Benjamin, 138–139
• Carolina, constitutions of, 30
• Carré de Malberg, Raymond, 81
• Charles I, king, 29
• Chase, Samuel P., 55
• Chatterjee, Partha, 173, 175
• Chile, 237n8
• Civil religion, 114, 115, 116–117, 122
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 (US), 165–166
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 (US), 167
• Civil society, 73, 99, 111–112, 134, 148, 173, 196–197
• Civil War: American, 11, 13, 18, 46, 54, 67, 115, 143, 146, 155, 165, 208; English, 28–29
• Coke, Edward, 169
• Colley, Linda, 205n2
• Colonies / colonialism, 19, 169, 170, 172–173, 174, 192; North American colonies, 9–10, 53, 55, 78, 87, 88, 93, 164, 169, 195; postcolonialism, 13, 14, 17, 21, 172, 173
• Common law, 5, 10, 43, 49, 129, 138, 139, 169
• Constant, Benjamin, 48, 98–99, 101, 124, 125
• Constituent power, 23, 34, 45, 47, 77–86, 96, 97, 134, 137, 147, 161, 167, 172, 175, 182, 183, 194, 199, 200
• Constitution: ancient Roman meaning, 27, 29, 30; guardian of, 4, 11, 12–13, 14, 16, 20, 34, 74, 102, 119–121, 124, 125–128, 129, 138, 140, 150, 153, 157, 167, 190; material conditions of, 15, 37, 52, 60–61, 63, 64, 82, 84, 104, 112, 152, 192; total, 24, 74, 127, 129–132, 146, 147, 149, 153, 158, 159–163, 177, 185, 194; traditional idea of, 27–32, 35–37, 41, 44, 58, 112, 170, 171, 193; types of (façade, nominal, garantiste), 39–40, 93, 214, 244
• Constitutional democracy, x–xi, 7–8, 23–24, 80, 85, 96, 97–108, 119, 129, 134–135, 154, 156, 171, 175, 180, 186, 195–202
• Constitutional dictatorship, 64, 156–158
• Constitutionalism, aspirational / transformative, 21, 93–95, 107, 108, 115, 131, 133, 143, 144, 147, 150, 168, 171–173, 176, 177, 193, 195, 210n57, 230n21, 247n5
• Constitutionalism, classical, x, 21, 23, 49–50, 59–61, 62, 63, 66–72, 93, 95, 107–108, 111, 112, 121, 123, 124, 128, 146, 150, 153, 154, 158, 164–165, 184, 192, 193
• Constitutionalism, cosmopolitan, 21, 179–190, 195, 200–201
• Constitutionalism, medieval, 28, 29, 32, 44, 77, 89, 95
• Constitutionalism, precepts / criteria of modern, 7, 8, 17, 20, 22, 97, 111, 164, 195, 210–211n61. See also Ordo-constitutionalism
• Constitutionalization, 17–20, 21, 132–133, 135, 177, 180, 186, 187, 194, 195, 201
• Constitutional legality, concept of, 5, 123, 140–147, 151, 161–163, 191
• Constitutional patriotism, 106, 118, 122, 180
• Constitutional pluralism, 183
• Constitutional revolution, 210n61
• Corwin, Edward, 1, 115
• Costa Rica, 147
• Cover, Robert M., 116

• Daniel, Peter V., 142
• Democracy, 5–6, 14–15, 16, 17–18, 21, 23, 36, 38, 39, 48–50, 58, 63, 69, 73, 77, 112, 115, 119, 124, 128, 132, 149, 165, 168, 169, 173, 178, 181, 184, 192, 202. See also Constitutional democracy; Democracy, constrained
• Democracy, constrained, 13, 74, 119, 186
• Denmark, 18
• Dicey, Albert V., 40–44, 48, 49
• Dictatorship, 16, 64–65, 113, 118, 121, 128, 129, 152–153, 156–158, 160. See also Constitutional dictatorship
• Dominican Republic, 152
• Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), 142, 207, 233–234n26
• Dworkin, Ronald, 141, 145
• Dyzenhaus, David, 159–161

• Ecuador, 171
• Eisgruber, Christopher, 141–142
• Emergency powers, 64, 119, 125, 127, 128, 152–161
• Enlightenment, 9, 23, 35, 38, 40, 42, 48, 56, 68, 69, 88, 114, 123, 132, 152, 201
• Equality, 9, 16, 19, 21, 40, 43, 69, 79, 87, 88, 90, 94, 100–102, 123, 135, 144, 147, 163, 165–168, 171, 172, 190, 196, 198
• Eucken, Walter, 73
• Europe, Central and Eastern, 16, 18, 128, 135, 148, 200
• European Union, 20, 21, 135, 180, 185, 187, 219, 247n7, 250n25; constitution of, 180–181

• Farber, Daniel, 156
• Federalism, 10, 13, 14, 16, 62, 78, 114, 115, 119–120, 126, 127, 132, 142, 144, 146–147, 166, 174, 178, 180, 184, 187, 196
• Federalist Papers, 2, 7, 8; No. 1, 210n53; No. 10, 2, 98; No. 23, 162; No. 43, 206n14; No. 47, 45, 215n21; No. 49, 4, 225n8; No. 51, 3; No. 54, 234n27; No. 57, 206n14; No. 63, 2; No. 66, 3; No. 78, 4, 5, 46, 138
• Ferrara, Alessandro, 106
• Feudalism, 9, 32, 79, 85
• First World War, 12, 32, 33, 36, 168, 184
• Fraenkel, Ernst, 64–66
• France, 7, 9, 30, 32, 33, 48, 78, 102, 128, 165, 198; Constitutional Council, 128, 238n38; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), 47, 79, 89, 221n6; Front National, 198; Revolution, 9, 32, 33, 44, 47, 53, 77, 78, 81, 82, 89, 95, 98–99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 152. See also France, Constitutions
• France, Constitutions: 1791, 53, 216n4; 1793, 216n4; 1814, 48; 1848, 216n4; 1958, 216n4, 238n38
• Frankenberg, Günter, 120
• Freedom, negative vs. positive, 20, 93, 94, 130
• Friedrich, Carl J., 160, 161
• Fundamental law, 4–8, 11, 21, 28–29, 30, 33, 34, 38–39, 58, 59, 79, 89, 94–95, 123, 127, 136, 138, 177, 195, 200

• Gandhi, Mohandas, K., 172
• Garrison, William, L., 116
• Gellner, Ernest, 54
• Gender rights, 17, 164, 171, 174, 241n29
• Germany, 13–14, 16, 17, 36, 55, 74, 118–122, 135, 149, 156; Alternative für Deutschland, 198; Basic Law, 13–14, 74, 118, 119–121, 122, 132, 188, 219n34, 227n33; Federal Constitutional Court, 14, 74, 119–120, 122, 128, 131, 135, 250n25; Rechtsstaat, 41–43, 44, 49, 65, 71, 103; Revolution (1918), 82; Weimar Republic / Constitution, 13, 36, 58, 61, 63–64, 72–73, 83, 113, 119, 120, 125–127, 128, 144, 156
• Globalization, 20, 185, 188, 199
• Graber, Mark, 143
• Greece, 17, 98
• Grimm, Dieter, 32, 58, 121, 226n25, 244n6
• Gross, Oren, 158
• Grotius, Hugo, 179
• Guizot, François, 48

• Habeas corpus, writ of, 41, 155
• Häberle, Peter, 121
• Habermas, Jürgen, 103–107, 118, 150, 180–182, 185–186
• Haljan, David, 178
• Hamilton, Alexander, 2, 3, 4–5, 46, 62, 134, 138, 162, 210n53
• Hayek, Friedrich A., 41, 43, 68–72, 183–185, 210n60
• Hegel, G. W. F., 35–36, 111
• Heller, Hermann, 60–61, 83–84, 104–105
• Hill, David J., 12
• Hindenburg, Paul von, 127
• Hirschl, Ran, 17–18, 129, 133–134
• Hitler, Adolf, 36, 64, 69, 119
• Hobbes, Thomas, 51, 57, 89–95, 103
• Hobsbawm, Eric, 18–19
• Holmes, Oliver W., Jr, 137
• Holmes, Stephen, 200
• Human rights, 133, 179, 181, 182, 188–189
• Hungary, 147, 198

• Imperialism, 10, 20, 48, 151, 168–171
• India, 13, 14, 17, 188; basic structure doctrine, 16, 132; Bharatiya Janata Party, 187; Constitution, 14–16, 172–173, 176, 188; Supreme Court, 16, 132
• Indonesia, 147
• Instrument of Government, The (England, 1653), 30
• International Criminal Court, 179
• International law, growth of, 179–180
• International Monetary Fund, 21, 185
• Israel, 18, 129, 133, 174–176, 188, 231n25, 242n40, 243n46; Basic Laws, 174, 175, 243n49
• Italy, 17, 128, 199

• James II, king, 29
• Japan, 17
• Jay, John, 2
• Jefferson, Thomas, 7–8, 10, 46, 62, 88, 93, 97, 114–115, 138, 155
• Jellinek, Georg, 52, 53, 59, 60, 63, 66, 68
• Johnson, Lyndon B., 167
• Johnson, William, 115
• Johnson v. M’Intosh (1823), 169
• Judicial review, 17, 34, 46, 48, 64–65, 126–129, 132–133, 137, 144, 150
• Judiciary as guardian of the constitution, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 34, 74, 102, 119–121, 124, 125, 128, 129, 138, 140, 150, 153, 167, 190

• Kahn, Paul W., 10–11, 66–68, 70
• Kant, Immanuel, 42, 160, 168, 179, 181, 183
• Kelsen, Hans, 82, 83, 85, 125–127, 129, 217n16, 228n5
• Kennedy, Anthony, 139–140
• Kennedy, John F., 167
• Khosla, Madhav, 15
• Koskenniemi, Martti, 179
• Krastev, Ivan, 200
• Kristol, Irving, 116
• Kumm, Mattias, 131–132, 182–183, 186, 245n19

• Language rights, 9, 17, 171
• Larmore, Charles, 105–106
• Laski, Harold J., 191
• Lassalle, Ferdinand, 37
• Latin America, 16, 18, 128, 132, 135, 151–153, 157
• Law: as droit politique (political right), 60, 84, 105, 123, 134; natural law, 91–92, 111, 123; positive law, 34, 58, 60, 91, 95, 126; as voluntas or ratio, 85. See also Common law; Constitutional legality, concept of; Fundamental law; International law, growth of
• Lazar, Naomi C., 160–161
• Lefort, Claude, 107–108
• Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), 139
• Levinson, Sanford, 115, 191–192
• Liberty, ancient vs. modern, 98–100
• Liberalism, ix, 9, 20–21, 38, 42, 69, 71, 73, 105, 132, 151, 184, 199, 242n40, 246n26; neolib- eralism, 20–21, 63, 184–186, 187, 190, 195; Ordo-liberalism, 72–73, 218n28
• Lincoln, Abraham, 67, 115, 143, 155–156, 177
• Locke, John, 30, 57, 77–78, 84, 91–95, 103, 107, 130, 154–155, 160, 169
• Loveman, Brian, 152

• Madison, James, 2–5, 45–46, 98, 137, 144, 206n4, 206n14, 215n21, 221n6, 234n27
• Maistre, Joseph de, 35–36
• Mansfield, William Murray, Lord, 10
• Marshall, John, 11, 136–138
• Marsh v. Chambers (1983), 139, 147
• Marx, Karl, 6, 100–101
• Masri, Mazen, 175
• McIlwain, Charles H., 1, 7, 208n29, 212n11
• Merkl, Peter, 119
• Mexico, 18
• Michelman, Frank, 105, 224n23
• Militant democracy. See Democracy, constrained
• Mill, John Stuart, 196
• Millar, John, 88
• Mixed government. See Constitutionalism, medieval
• Modernity, phases of, 19–20, 24, 32, 66–67, 68, 101, 103, 112, 130, 193–195, 200, 201
• Möller, Kai, 131
• Monarchy, 9, 31, 32, 33, 42, 44, 48, 56, 66, 81, 82, 83, 87, 100, 102, 125, 152, 170, 174, 213n27
• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 2, 30–32, 34, 44, 46, 47, 99, 123, 134, 212n19, 237n10
• Mont Pèlerin Society, 184

• Napoleon, 33, 48, 81, 151
• Nationalism, ix, 9, 38, 54, 173
• National socialism (Germany), 64, 69; Nazi regime, 64–65, 66, 118, 127
• Natural rights, 34, 88–95
• Nehru, Jawaharlal, 15
• Neoliberalism. See Liberalism
• Nepal, 174
• Neumann, Franz, 64
• New Zealand, 18, 129, 133
• Normative power of reality, 52, 60, 192
• Normativism, 59–61, 85, 86, 145, 147, 148, 157, 159, 162
• North American Free Trade Agreement, 21, 185

• Oakeshott, Michael, 65–66, 68
• Ordo-constitutionalism, 21, 63, 72–74, 126, 150, 153, 183–187, 193, 194
• Ordo-liberalism. See Liberalism

• Paine, Thomas, 4, 5, 35, 87, 89, 155, 170
• Pakistan, 172, 188
• Palestine, 174, 175
• Parliamentarism, 9, 28–29, 49, 64, 124, 129, 172, 189, 230n18, 235n45, 242n44
• Paulskirche national assembly, 42
• Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich, 186
• Pildes, Richard, 135
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 166, 167
• Poindexter v. Greenhow (1885), 54
• Poland, 198
• Populism, 199–200, 249nn22–23
• Portugal, 17, 128
• Posner, Richard, 137
• Post, Robert, 140, 147, 149
• Property, 21, 32, 37, 42, 52–53, 77, 88, 92–93, 111, 123, 126, 130, 142, 144, 152, 165, 169, 176, 186, 239n4
• Proportionality, principle of, 21, 149–150, 160, 183, 186, 194, 236n51, 250n25
• Protestantism, 10, 117–118, 121, 250n26
• Pufendorf, Samuel, 91, 179

• Quebec secession reference case (1998), 178

• Rana, Aziz, 10
• Rationalism, 19, 34, 39, 42, 68, 70, 85, 121, 152
• Rationality, as legal principle, 21, 24, 65, 68, 123, 144, 183, 186, 189, 194, 201
• Reason of state, 160–163
• Rechtsstaat, 41–43, 44, 49, 65, 71, 103, 215n17
• Religion, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, 54, 93, 113, 117, 130, 133, 139–140, 152, 170, 172, 174, 177, 201, 206n9, 242n44. See also Civil religion
• Republicanism, 10, 31, 33, 36, 44–48, 83, 97–98, 102, 104, 105, 106, 114, 151
• Revolution, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 27, 32–33, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49, 56, 66, 80, 87, 100, 148, 171, 176, 179, 197. See also American Revolution; Constitutional revolution; France: Revolution; Germany: Revolution; Rights: rights revolution
• Rights: basic individual rights, 1, 12, 13, 15–16, 17, 23, 28, 29, 33, 35, 39, 41–43, 55, 57, 67, 74, 87, 97–98, 99, 102, 103–108, 115, 119, 120, 126, 128, 129, 152, 153, 156, 159, 160, 164, 173, 175, 183, 188–190, 194, 202; charters of rights, 38, 41, 44, 47, 71, 79, 88, 89, 130, 132, 144, 171; common law rights, 10, 28, 41; constitutional rights, 23, 89, 92, 93–96, 97, 130–133, 173; indigenous rights, 169–170, 175, 176; political rights, 15, 104, 135, 175; rights revolution, 24, 130–135, 146, 149, 186, 191; social and economic rights, 130, 171, 176–177, 186, 187. See also Human rights; Secession, right of
• Roosevelt, Franklin D., 12–13, 148
• Rossiter, Clinton, 156–158, 159
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 47–48, 57, 79, 84, 94–96, 99, 107, 123, 131
• Royer-Collard, Pierre, 48
• Rubenfeld, Jed, 6, 12, 132
• Rubinelli, Lucia, 79–80
• Rule of law, ix, 4, 5, 16, 17, 40–44, 66, 69, 73, 85, 103, 104, 116, 126, 132, 150, 153, 159–161, 163, 164, 170, 178, 181, 184, 235n54, 246n30, 248n11, 249n19
• Russia. See Soviet Union

• Saint-Simon, Henri de, 37
• Sartori, Giovanni, 38–40, 48, 49, 63, 93–94, 184
• Schmitt, Carl, 51, 52, 57, 58–60, 64, 82–84, 125–127, 129, 131, 132, 144–145, 147, 150, 156–158, 160, 184, 228n5
• Schochet, Gordon, 18
• Secession, right of, 54–55, 178
• Second World War, 13, 17, 18–19, 127, 187, 195
• Secularism, 15, 16, 19, 36, 103, 113, 132, 201, 216n4, 242n44
• Separation of powers, 3, 12, 13, 17, 32, 44–48, 49, 62, 64, 69, 79, 132, 134, 146, 150, 159
• Shklar, Judith, 32
• Siegel, Reva, 149
• Sieyes, Emmanuel-Joseph, 47, 78–80, 81–82, 83, 85, 198
• Smend, Rudolf, 58, 113, 120
• Social contract, 33, 57, 66, 79, 84, 89–95, 107, 111, 189
• Socialism, ix, 16, 32, 44, 68, 199, 200
• Solidarity, 9, 19, 21, 54, 71, 88, 94, 112, 113, 123, 167, 190, 202, 243n49
• Somek, Alexander, 188, 189–190
• South Africa, 18, 128, 133, 135, 147, 171, 188, 231n34, 244n57, 247n5
• Sovereignty, 42, 52, 53–57, 71, 77, 78, 79, 82–86, 90–91, 93, 94, 95, 124, 154, 156–157, 161, 169, 170, 175, 177, 182, 186, 187, 189, 200, 219n7; popular sovereignty, 7, 47, 57, 79, 81, 94, 99, 104, 105, 119, 147, 170, 213n27
• Soviet Union, 16, 18, 200, 244n57
• Spain, 17, 128, 151, 248n15
• State: concept of, 5, 9, 10, 19, 20, 27, 28, 34, 36, 42–43, 51–57, 63–74, 77, 82, 94, 103, 106, 126, 155, 157, 159, 173, 182, 189, 192, 200; constitution of, 9, 29, 35, 47, 51, 52, 54, 57–61, 79, 83–84, 86, 95, 101, 125, 144–145, 157, 188, 196; formation of, 89–91, 97, 114, 117; total, 121, 126–127, 129, 131–132, 154, 158, 184
• Stein, Lorenz von, 37
• Stürmer, Michael, 118
• Sullivan, Kathleen, 116
• Sweden, 7, 18, 248n15

• Taney, Roger, 155, 207nn19–20, 239n5
• Texas v. White (1868), 54
• Tocqueville, Alexis de, 100–103, 108, 149, 196, 198, 201, 202, 223n8, 235n49
• Tribe, Laurence, 134, 140–141, 145, 233n26
• Tully, James, 169–171

• United Kingdom, 7, 129, 230n18, 248n15. See also Britain / British
• United Nations, 17, 20, 195
• United States: federal Constitution, 8, 46, 51, 62, 78, 114, 115, 117, 126, 137, 142–143, 146–147, 151, 164, 165–166, 191–192; federal government, 62–63, 125; New Deal, 12–13, 146, 147; Reconstruction, 18, 146–147, 165–166; Supreme Court, 8, 13, 16, 54, 115, 116, 117, 125, 126, 128, 135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 156, 165–166, 168, 169, 191. See also American Declaration of Independence; American Revolution; Civil War: American

• Vattel, Emer de, 30, 179
• Vile, Maurice, 3
• Virginia, Constitution of, 45, 215n21
• Vorländer, Hans, 113

• Waldron, Jeremy, 205n2
• Washington, George, 62
• Weber, Max, 19, 31, 154, 201–202, 250n26
• Webster, Daniel, 115
• Weimar Constitution / Republic. See Germany
• World Bank, 21, 185
• World Trade Organization, 20, 21, 179, 185
• Wormuth, Francis, 1, 7