Index
Abenaki people, 77
Aberdeen, Ishbel, Lady, 264
Aberdeen, John Hamilton-Gordon, Lord, 264
aboriginal peoples. See Native peoples
Acadia: British, 38, 67, 68, 74, 75, 76, 77–79, 81–82, 95; French, 28, 53–54; named, 14
achat chez nous, 337
Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ), 505, 506
Act of Union of 1840, 186
Adams, John, 100
Adams, Michael, 530
Afghanistan, 502, 526, 531, 533–34
African Canadians, 110, 206, 251, 423. See also slaves and slavery
agriculture, 231–32, 233–34, 250, 251, 253, 312, 316, 329–30; Europe, 413; Native, 5, 6, 9–10; pre-Confederation, 50, 51–52, 53, 82, 132, 167–68, 192; trade, 278, 413–14; wartime, 294, 349–50
air force, Canadian, 353, 357, 494–95, 518
air raid alerts, 397
air traffic control strike, 455–56
Albania, 421
Alberta, 232, 250, 385, 405, 406, 411; oil, 386, 391, 428–29, 472–73, 474; politics, 312, 334, 463, 469, 494, 514
Alcan, 258
alcohol, 38, 96, 125, 262, 287, 288, 317, 325
Algonquins, 9–10, 20, 28, 31, 35
al-Qaeda, 502–3, 525, 526, 527
Alverstone, Richard Webster, Lord, 272
“America,” 14
American Canadians, 132, 133, 134–35, 159–60, 176–77. See also Loyalists
American colonies: relations with Native peoples, 66–67; Revolution, 100–110, 115, 130; settlement, 38, 46, 79–80
American Revolution, 100–110, 115, 139
Amherst, Jeffrey, Lord, 85, 87, 97
Amiens, 308
Amin, Idi, 423
Amish, 110
Anglicanism, 128–29, 164–65, 177–81, 198, 199, 503
Anglo–American relations, 111–12, 157, 196–97, 223, 271, 272–73, 319
Annapolis Royal, 78
Anne, Queen, 65
annexation, 159, 202–3, 204, 223, 240, 501
anti-Americanism, 279, 389, 407–8, 530
anti-Semitism, 337, 339, 340, 561 (note 15)
Arab–Israeli War, 427
Archaic culture, 7
architecture, 69–70, 168–69, 260, 285, 394, 404, 406, 439
Arctic Archipelago, 217
armed forces: British forces, in Canada, 220, 222; in British North America, 145, 153, 158, 180, 203, 208, 209; Canadian, 264–66, 276, 277, 280, 289–91, 305, 357, 378–79, 448, 476, 513; in New France, 48, 50, 53, 75, 80; uniforms, 476; women in, 357. See also defence policy and spending; militia
Arnold, Benedict, 104
Asquith, H.H., 303
Asselin, Olivar, 294
Assembly of First Nations, 424–25
assimilation, 424
Athapascan language group, 7
Athenia, 344
Attlee, Clement, 372
Auden, W.H., 326
automobile industry, 258, 332, 365, 406, 414–15, 440
Axworthy, Lloyd, 522
Aylmer, Matthew, Lord, 173
baby boom, 367, 393, 404–5, 408, 426, 438
Baker, James, 480
Baldwin, Robert, 179, 181, 196
Baldwin, William Warren, 179
Balfour, Arthur, Lord, 320
Bank of British North America, 258
Bank of Canada, 345
Bank of Montreal, 168, 207, 219, 222, 257, 455
Bank of Nova Scotia, 257
Bank of Upper Canada, 207
banks and banking, 219, 222, 256–57, 258, 285–86, 330, 345, 455
Baptists, 177
Barclay’s Bank, 258
Baril, Maurice, 520
Barrette, Antonio, 395
barter, 330
beaver, 26, 55, 115, 117; giant, 5
Bell, Alexander Graham, 234, 260
Bennett, Richard Bedford (R.B.), 327–28, 329, 330, 331, 333, 345
Beothuks, 96
Bertrand, Jean-Jacques, 451
Bidwell, Marshall Spring, 177, 179
bilingualism, 135, 396, 439, 452, 457, 458, 462
birth rates, 52, 366, 367, 404–5, 406, 435–36, 504
bison, 115
Bissoondath, Neil, 504
Black, Conrad, 515
Black Rock, NY, 144
blacks, 110, 206, 251, 423. See also slaves and slavery
Blair, Fred, 340
Blake, Edward, 230
Blanchard, James, 507
Board of Grain Supervisors, 329
Board of Railway Commissioners, 254
BOMARC, 398
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 131, 137, 140, 141, 145
Booth, William, 261
bootlegging, 325
Borden, Henry, 346
Borden, Sir Robert: First World War, 302–7, 308–10; foreign and defence policy, 274, 277, 280–81, 295–96, 318; leadership and personality, 287–88, 294–96, 347, 535; railways, 286; trade policy, 279
Bouchard, Lucien, 492, 493, 496, 506, 507, 508, 510–11
boundaries, 76, 100, 115, 158–59, 196–97, 203, 273–74. See also Canada–U.S. border
boundary disputes, 129, 151, 158, 253, 271–72
Boundary Waters Treaty, 274
Bourassa, Henri, 269, 289, 293, 294, 305, 306, 462
Bourassa, Robert, 446, 447–48, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 456, 487–89, 491, 493, 494, 495, 505
Bowell, Sir Mackenzie, 243
Bracken, John, 363
Braddock, Edward, 81
brain drain, 515
branch plants, 258, 332, 406, 484
Brant, Joseph, 122
Britain: allies, 275; immigration from, 152, 167, 180, 290, 366, 404; trade, 192, 193–94, 195, 258–59, 331–32, 413, 422. See also Anglo–American relations; British Empire
British–American relations. See Anglo–American relations
British Columbia, 217–18, 222, 406, 473, 503–4
British Empire, 73–74, 151, 308; attitudes toward, 147, 219–20, 248, 249, 264, 279–80, 292, 320, 339, 374; end of, 373, 379–81, 394, 438; imperial relations, 153–54, 189–90, 193–95, 263–72, 275–76, 280–81, 289, 302–4, 309, 318–21; trade, 118, 131, 154, 196. See also Britain; Commonwealth
British North America, 94–95; economy, 160; the French in, 93–94; governance, 120, 126–29, 160, 183, 184–86, 189, 195–96, 200; population, 116, 132–33, 134, 167, 180, 190, 191; settlement patterns, 116–17, 120–21, 132–33, 133–34, 190. See also American colonies
British North America (BNA) Act, 213, 243, 257, 318, 321, 462
Brock, Sir Isaac, 140, 141, 142, 143
Brown, George, 189, 201, 211, 236
buffalo, 231
Buffalo, NY, 144
Bush, George W., 418, 503, 526–27, 529, 530
By, John, 154
Byng, Julian, Lord, 314
Cabot, John, 13
Cahokia, 10
Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, 440
caisses populaires, 286
Canada: anniversaries, 314–15, 443; expansion, 217, 220; governance, 219, 222–23, 223–24, 263–64, 309, 321, 325; population, 217; size, 217
Canada, Province of: governance, 186, 195, 207–8; party system, 196; reformists, 195
Canada Company, 166
Canada–U.S. border, 111, 154, 157, 209–10, 273–74, 501–2
Canada–U.S. relations, 160–61, 206, 218, 279, 373–74, 389, 407, 478, 483, 501–2; Cold War, 397, 398–99; customs union, 389; defence, 420–21, 513, 533; International Joint Commission, 272–74; Iraq War, 527–32; 9/11, 525–26; Quebec, 507, 528–29; Vietnam War, 416–18, 427
Canada–U.S. trade, 207, 332–33, 375, 477; auto sector, 414–15; energy, 386, 388, 428; free trade, 203–5, 210, 278, 334, 478–80, 481–86, 501; softwood lumber, 485–86, 525; tariffs, 238, 239; wartime, 357–58
Canada West: education, 199; immigration to, 198; reformists, 211. See also Upper Canada
Canadian Airborne regiment, 518
Canadian and Catholic Confederation of Labour, 453–54
Canadian Expeditionary Force, 290, 296, 298, 346
Canadian Labour Congress, 453
Canadian Medical Association, 330
Canadian National Railways, 256, 286
Canadian Northern Railway, 256, 258, 286, 316
Canadian Pacific Railway, 224–27, 229, 232, 233, 254, 286
Canadian Wheat Board, 329
canals, 152, 153, 154–55, 168, 192, 200, 234
cannibalism, 67
Cape Breton Island, 68, 74, 126, 163, 164, 253, 420
capitalism, 406
Carleton, Sir Guy, Baron Dorchester, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 110, 120, 127, 136
Carleton, Thomas, 120
Carlos I, 25
Carter, Jimmy, 486
Cartier, Sir George-Etienne, 201, 211, 219, 225
Cartier, Jacques, 14–15, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26
Castro, Fidel, 398
Catholic Church and Catholicism, 241–44; in Acadia, 68; bishops, 47, 70, 98, 136, 137, 143; in Britain, 44, 157; in British North America, 128, 198; in Canada, 503; education, 243, 261; English, 124; Irish, 198, 242, 293; in Lower Canada, 172; in New France, 30, 31, 32–34, 36–37, 70, 93; political involvement, 136, 143, 247, 260–61, 339, 378, 436; in Province of Canada, 198; in Province of Quebec, 88, 94, 97–99, 100; in Quebec, 260, 262, 292, 364, 394, 436–37, 453; in Upper Canada, 181
Canadian Broadcast Corporation (CBC), 393
Centennial, 443
Chamberlain, Joseph, 266, 267–68, 269, 270, 271, 342
Chamberlain, Neville, 342, 347
Champlain, Samuel de, 27–30, 31, 32, 39
Chanak incident, 320
Charbonneau, Joseph, 437
Charest, Jean, 495, 496, 507, 510
Charles I, 43. See also Carlos I
Charles II, 44–45, 46, 54, 55, 57
Charles X, 175
Charlottetown Accord, 494
Charlottetown conference, 211
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 450, 462, 464, 465, 467, 487
Chesapeake Bay, 144
Chicago, 273
child care, 533
child labour, 236
China, 5, 153, 377, 421, 427, 517, 524; immigration from, 227, 251, 422
Chippewa, Battle of, 146
Chrétien, Jean: financial management, 513; foreign and trade policy, 517, 519, 520, 526, 527, 529; Indian Affairs, 424; Justice, 459; personality and leadership, 493, 497, 514, 522, 531–32; Quebec, 450, 462, 464, 505–6, 507, 509, 511
Chrétien, Raymond, 520
Chrétien, Wellington, 353
Christianity, and non-Christian peoples, 15–17, 27
Churchill, Winston, 280, 281, 347, 380
Church of England. See Anglicanism
Citadel, 157
civil service, 391
Civil War. See U.S. Civil War
Clarity Act, 511
Clark, Glen, 513
Clark, Joe, 430–31, 457, 459, 461, 475, 476, 512, 517, 532
Clarkson, Adrienne, 536
climate, 7, 9, 29, 49–50, 329, 330, 536
Clinton, Bill, 483, 514, 515, 520
Clinton, DeWitt, 155
Clovis culture, 7
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51
Colborne, Sir John, 157, 174, 175, 178–79, 181
Cold War, 372–74, 376–77, 378–79, 380, 381, 394, 397–99, 407, 421–22, 427, 478, 513
Colombo Plan, 380
colonial conferences, 266–67, 270–71, 276
Columbus, Christopher, 12
commerce and merchandising, 234–35, 286, 337
Committee of Imperial Defence, 280
Commonwealth, 321, 325, 331–32, 374, 379–80, 413. See also British Empire
Communauté des Habitants, 31
communications, 152, 189, 190, 219, 286, 521–22
communism, 310, 325–26, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 398, 416–17, 421–22, 453, 478
Communist party, 358–59, 372, 373, 375, 379, 384
Company of a Hundred Associates, 29, 31, 35–36, 37, 39
Confederation of National Trade Unions/Confédération des Syndicats Nationaux, 454
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 421
Congo, 520
Congregationalists, 177
conscientious objectors, 305
conscription, 232, 335, 418, 528; First World War, 296, 304–6, 307, 312, 316; Second World War, 345, 346, 348, 351–53, 356
Conservative party, 224, 230–31, 240, 250, 292, 295, 296, 306, 476, 532, 535; British North America, 200; Lower Canada, 211, 212–13; Ontario, 317; Quebec, 230, 244, 315–16, 337. See also Progressive Conservative party
Constitutional Act of 1791, 127–29, 130, 177
constitutional reform, 318, 321, 445, 450–51, 456–57, 461, 462–66, 487, 488–92, 494, 509
Continental Congress, 101, 102
contraception, 436
Cook, James, 116
Cooper, James Fenimore, 84
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), 334, 352, 363, 373, 390, 396, 407, 410
corn, 9
Corte Real, Gaspar, 13
Craig, Sir James, 138
Cree, 57
Crerar, T.A., 311
crime, 325
Cross, James, 447
Crow’s Nest Pass Agreement, 254
Currie, Sir Arthur, 304
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord, 320
customs union, 389
Dalhousie, George Ramsay, Earl of, 157, 161, 169, 170, 171, 173
Dalhousie University, 146, 170
Dallaire, Roméo, 519
Davis, Bill, 463
Davis Strait, 20
daycare, 533
D-Day, 354
death rates, 52, 290, 367, 504
debt: British North America, 153, 186; federal, 313, 317, 476, 512–14; municipal, 330–31; provincial, 317, 329, 330
Declaratory Act (1778), 107, 118
defence policy and spending, 264–66, 269, 279–81, 412, 420–21, 422, 494–95, 513, 516, 519, 533
demographics. See population
Dene, 7
department stores, 234–35, 286
DePoe, Norman, 446
Depression (1930s), 326–27, 328–31, 332, 333, 334, 335, 340, 363–64. See also economic depressions
Detroit, 59, 63, 65, 71, 73, 97, 142
DEW line, 378
Dickens, Charles, 191
Diefenbaker, John, 390–92, 393, 396–97, 398–99, 430, 439, 446, 461
Diefenbunker, 397
Dieppe, 353
Dieskau, Jean Erdman, Baron, 81
diplomacy, 223, 357–60, 381–85, 441
disease: early settlement, 18, 27, 28, 29, 80; and immigration, 173, 190–91, 197; in Native peoples, 10, 33, 96, 139, 191, 536
disestablishmentarianism, 164–65
Disraeli, Benjamin, 209
distinct society, 488, 489, 509
Dorchester, Baron. See Carleton, Guy
Dosanjh, Ujjal, 503
Douglas, Tommy, 410
Doukhobors, 305
draft dodgers, 418
Drake, Sir Francis, 20
Drapeau, Jean, 455
dreadnoughts, 277, 279, 280–81
Drew, George, 370
Dufferin, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Lord, 264
Dundas Street, 133
Duplessis, Maurice, 337, 338, 345, 370, 378, 391, 394, 395, 437, 508
Dupuis Frères, 235
Durham, John Lambton, Lord, 169, 184–86, 195, 196
Eastern Europe, immigration from, 250
Eastern Townships, 133, 167, 192
East Germany, 421
Economic Community, 413, 422, 487
economic depressions, 205, 206, 207, 259, 281, 289. See also Depression (1930s)
education: agricultural, 234; British North America, 199–200; Catholic, 242–44, 261, 437; compulsory, 367; English-language, 451, 452, 457, 464; French-language, 242–44, 291, 464; New France, 37; post-secondary, 337, 366; universal, 394; women’s, 367
Edward VIII, 343
1837 Rebellion (Upper Canada), 121, 181–82
1837–38 Rebellion (Lower Canada), 174–76
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 382, 393, 398, 416
elderly, 405
elections, federal: to 1900, 224, 225, 230, 237, 243, 244, 249, 250, 269–70; 1900–1945 period, 279–80, 295, 305–6, 312–13, 314, 327–28, 334, 338, 346, 363; 1946–1980 period, 390–91, 396, 409, 411, 418, 420, 426, 429, 430, 431, 457; debates, 476, 481; post-1980, 466, 471, 474, 476, 478, 480–82, 483, 495–96, 505, 510, 511, 532–33, 534
elections, pre-Confederation: Lower Canada, 173; Province of Canada, 195; Upper Canada, 181
elections, provincial. See individual provinces
electricity, 219, 233, 234, 235, 252, 260, 316–17, 385–86
Elgin, James Bruce, Lord, 178, 195, 203, 204
Elizabeth II, 343, 374, 380, 393, 444, 465
emigration, 250, 251, 262; to United States, 197, 218, 262, 423, 515
employment. See labour
energy policy, 391, 427–29, 430, 471–75
England. See Britain
English language: in Lower Canada, 129, 167, 172; in Quebec, 251, 292, 336, 435, 439, 451–52, 455–56, 457–58, 464
Erie Canal, 155
“Eskimo,” 8
Ethiopia, 341
ethnic groups, 292–93, 403, 423, 503–4
Eves, Ernie, 530
exploration, 12, 13, 14–15, 17–18, 19–20, 25, 27, 55, 116, 125, 126; map of, 56
Family Compact, 180
farmers: conscription, 307; Depression, 329
fascism, 339
federalism, 487, 488; asymmetric, 533
federal–provincial conferences, 425
federal–provincial relations, 218, 249, 317–18, 328–29, 331, 345, 363–64, 368–70, 425–26, 462–63, 464–65, 487
Fenian Brotherhood, 210, 213, 223
Fielding, W.S., 249, 258, 259, 275, 479
firearms, 28, 32, 35, 117, 295
First Nations. See Indians; Native peoples
First World War, 281–82, 288–91, 293–94, 295–301, 302, 303–10, 311, 335, 340–41, 342
fisheries and fishing, 12–14; American, 76, 109, 156, 203, 205, 223, 239–40; Basque, 12–13, 14; British, 12–13, 18–19; French, 14, 18, 53, 88; Native, 7; Newfoundland, 13–14, 18, 25–26, 53, 88, 94, 95, 109, 118; Nova Scotia, 76, 109, 118, 203; Portuguese, 14
flags, 219, 282, 325, 360, 394–95, 408
Flavelle, Sir Joseph, 307
Fleming, Sir Sandford, 224, 225
Foch, Ferdinand, 308
Ford, Glenn, 477
foreign investment, 256, 257–58, 316, 387, 408, 484
foreign policy, 273, 302, 318, 320, 340–42, 381, 385–88, 513, 516–21, 530–31, 533–34; Quebec, 441. See also Canada–U.S. relations
forestry. See timber industry
Fort Chipewyan, 125
Fort Detroit. See Detroit
Fort Lawrence, 79
Fort Niagara, 107
Fort Orange, 32
Fort Oswego, 82
Fort William, 156
49th parallel, 158, 159, 196–97
Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, 241–42
France, 275; attitudes toward, 124; immigration from, 137–38, 250; imperial, 46, 74, 193, 438; relations with Canada, 359–60, 365; relations with Quebec, 441–42, 443, 444–45, 508; religion, 261; wartime, 341, 344, 347, 359–60
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 281
Freemasons, 198
free trade, 194, 195, 201–2, 240–41, 267, 278, 331, 477, 478–80, 481–86, 501, 525; sectoral, 205
Free Trade Agreement (FTA), 480, 482, 483, 485–86, 501
French, Sir John, 300
French Canadians: in British North America, 159, 185; in New Brunswick, 435; in Ontario, 293; population, 315, 442; in the United States, 289, 335; wartime, 293–94, 304, 344, 352
French language: in the air, 455–56; in British North America, 185, 196; education, 242–44, 291, 458; in government, 396, 452
French Revolution, 123–24, 130–31, 135–38
French Shore, 88
Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), 447, 448
Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de, 48, 55–57
fur trade, 17, 26, 326; British, 30, 54–57; British North American, 117, 125–26, 132, 155–56; French, 31, 35, 45, 51, 52, 54, 59, 64, 71–72; in War of 1812, 141–42
Gaelic, 164
Gage, Thomas, 101
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 392, 410
Galt, John, 166
de Gaulle, Charles, 347, 359–60, 360, 441, 443, 444–45
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 413, 415, 523
General Electric, 258
geography, 3–4, 6, 50, 69, 80, 115, 192, 386
George II, 124
George III, 88, 94, 100, 124, 130
George V, 276
Gérin-Lajoie, Paul, 395, 439, 441
Germany, 275–76, 277, 375, 379
Getty, Don, 489
Gladstone, William Ewart, 222, 265–66, 267
global warming, 536
gold, 17, 25, 252–53, 272, 326
Goods and Services Tax (GST), 494
Gordon, Walter, 408, 410, 413, 414, 415
Gosford, Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of, 173, 174, 183
Gouin, Lomer, 276
Gourlay, Robert, 179
Gouzenko, Igor, 372
government, size of, 219
government debt. See debt
governors: of British North America, 126–27; of New France, 47, 48, 52, 70
Granatstein, J.L., 530
Grand Trunk, 206–7, 233, 254–56, 258, 286, 316
Great Britain. See Britain
Great Depression. See Depression (1930s)
Great Western, 207
Green, Howard, 398
Greenway, Thomas, 243
Grenville, William, 127, 128, 177
Grey, Albert, 4th Earl, 264, 276
Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl, 195
Groseilliers, Médard Chouard de, 54, 55
Grosse Isle, 191
Group of Seven (G7), 516
guerrilla activity, 107, 144–45, 182, 210, 223
Gulf of St. Lawrence, 6, 19, 68
Gulf War, 527
habitants, 136
Haig, Sir Douglas, 300, 304, 307–8
Haldimand, Frederick, 120
Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, 160–61, 164
Halifax, NS, 78, 105, 163, 191, 208, 222, 277
Halifax Award, 239
Handsome Lake, 139
Harkness, Douglas, 398
Harper, Elijah, 492
Harper, Stephen, 495, 532–33, 534–35
Hatfield, Richard, 463
Hawke, Edward, 87
Head, Sir Francis Bond, 178–79, 181, 182
health care, 330, 367, 405, 409–10, 411–12, 476
health insurance, 405
Henry VII, 13
Hepburn, Mitchell, 346
Hertel, François, 336
highways, 404
Hitler, Adolf, 327, 340, 341, 342–43, 348, 351, 358
Hochelaga, 18
housing, 69, 366, 367–68, 394, 522
Howe, C.D., 347, 348, 357, 368, 386–87, 391
Howe, Sir William, 105, 106, 107
Hoxha, Enver, 421
Hudson, Henry, 55
Hudson River, 46
Hudson’s Bay Company, 54–56, 71, 125, 155–56, 158, 229; stores, 235, 286; territories, 94, 96, 217, 220
Hughes, Sam, 282, 289, 290, 294, 295–96, 307
Huguenots, 45
Hurons, 18, 28, 31–32, 33–34, 70
Hussein, Saddam, 527
Hyde Park Agreement, 358
hydroelectricity, 233, 252, 260, 385, 388, 427
Iceland, 14
Ilsley, J.L., 347, 348, 357, 369
immigration, 218, 258, 290, 502, 536; African, 423; to Alberta, 406; American, 116; Asian, 227, 251, 422–23, 524; to British North America, 152–53, 198; and disease, 190–91, 197; European, 250, 404; and Liberal party, 337; to Lower Canada, 132, 133, 167, 173; Loyalist, 111; to Manitoba, 232; to Newfoundland, 189; to New France, 49; to Nova Scotia, 78, 95, 102, 163–64; to prairies, 250; to Province of Canada, 189, 197–98; to Province of Quebec, 99, 104; to Quebec, 337, 435–36, 458, 488; refugees, 137–38, 281, 338, 340, 423, 502; Scottish, 124; to United States, 111–12, 159, 197; to Upper Canada, 134–35, 167, 176–77, 180; of visible minorities, 206, 227, 251, 281, 422–23, 503, 524; and voting rights, 305; war brides, 366. See also emigration
immigration policy, 340
imperial conferences, 276, 309, 318–19, 320–21, 331–32. See also colonial conferences
Imperial War Cabinet, 304, 307, 318
income tax, 307, 317, 345, 351
India, 76, 153, 208, 318, 373, 380, 381, 383–84, 524; immigration from, 251, 422, 524
Indian affairs, department of, 424, 425
Indian Department, 120
Indian Mutiny, 208
“Indians,” 12. See also Native peoples
Indochina, 438
industrial development, 51, 52, 154, 234, 235, 252, 262, 385, 406, 440, 524; wartime, 365. See also war production
Industrial Revolution, 154, 193
infant mortality, 290, 367, 504
intendants, 47
Intercolonial Railway, 224, 233, 254
interest rates, 471
International Criminal Court, 520
International Joint Commission, 274
International Monetary Fund, 524
International Trade Organization, 523
internet, 521
Interprovincial Railway, 318
Inuit, 8, 9, 96, 423. See also Native peoples
Ireland, 21, 44, 157, 199, 266, 374; immigration from, 152, 189, 198–99, 293
iron, 253
Iron Ore Company of Canada, 475
Iroquois: Grand River, 122; in New France, 70; pre-Contact, 9, 10–12; relations with Americans, 46, 66, 107, 109–10; relations with British, 97, 122; relations with Dutch, 32; relations with Europeans generally, 76, 79–80; relations with French, 18, 35, 38, 48–49, 80; relations with other Native peoples, 28, 33–34, 48, 139
Iroquois Wars, 31, 33–35, 38, 63
Islam, 503
Isle St. Jean, 68
Italy, 341
James II, 65
James III, “the Old Pretender,” 65
Jay’s Treaty, 139
Jean, Michaëlle, 536
Jefferson, Thomas, 140
Johnson, Daniel, Jr., 505, 507
Johnson, Daniel, Sr., 442–43, 444, 445–46, 466
Johnson, Lyndon, 416, 417–18, 444
Johnson, Pierre-Marc, 487
Kennedy, John F., 392, 395, 397, 398, 399, 416
King, William Lyon Mackenzie: constitutional matters, 318, 319–20, 321, 369, 370; financial management and trade policy, 330, 333–35, 357–58, 389; foreign policy, 340–42, 374–75, 375–76; political career, 278, 288, 306, 311, 312–15, 317, 326, 328, 337, 338–39, 347, 351–52, 363, 390; Second World War, 343–44, 345, 346, 354–56
King George’s War, 75–76, 77–78
Kipling, Rudyard, 275
Klein, Naomi, 524
Klein, Ralph, 530
Komagata Maru, 281
Korean War, 377–78, 381, 417, 528
Kosovo, 522
Kruger, Paul, 268
labour, 235–37, 252, 310–11, 406, 430, 446, 522–23; child labour, 236; Quebec, 453–54, 455–56; standards, 333; wartime, 311, 346, 350, 366; women, 311, 366, 367
LaFontaine, Louis-Hippolyte, 196, 201
Lake Champlain, 81, 85, 101–2, 104, 157
land grants, 119, 120, 133, 134, 167
land lease, 232
Landry, Bernard, 511
language: Native, 11. See also English language; French language
Lansdowne, Henry, Lord, 264
L’Anse-aux-Meadows, NL, 9
Lapointe, Ernest, 315, 335–36, 337, 338, 344, 345, 347, 352
de la Salle, Robert Cavelier, 59
Laurendeau, André, 336
Laurier, Sir Wilfrid: defence, 265, 277–78, 280, 289; financial management and trade policy, 240, 257, 258, 275; imperial affairs, 267, 268, 270, 271, 276; and Mackenzie King, 315; political career, 230, 241, 243, 247–50, 256, 259, 292, 293, 304–5, 305–6, 311; prohibition, 262; railways, 253–54; and U.S., 272, 273, 274; women’s suffrage, 263
lead, 253
League of Nations, 309–10, 318, 340, 341, 374
League of Nations Society, 340
Leduc, AB, 386
Lesage, Jean, 395, 437, 439–40, 440, 442
Lévesque, René: Bill 101, 457, 458; constitutional reform, 464, 465; industrial and economic development, 439, 440; political career, 395, 445, 446–47, 453, 456, 467, 487
Lévis, François, Chevalier de, 87
Liberal-Conservative party, 200, 201
Liberal party: Adscam, 532, 533; British North America, 200; Canada West, 200–201; elections, 429, 466–67, 496, 511, 512, 515–16, 533; leadership, 311, 492–93, 531–32; Lower Canada, 212–13; Manitoba, 491; in party system, 292, 313, 390, 419, 476, 482, 534; policy, 240, 241, 247–48, 304–5, 392, 396, 410, 490, 513, 520; Quebec, 315–16, 337, 395, 441, 446, 451–52, 453, 481, 505; scandal, 277–78
Lincoln, Abraham, 208
liquor. See alcohol
Lloyd George, David, 303–4, 307, 309, 318–20
log cabins, 69
London, ON, 133
Lougheed, Peter, 473
Louisiana, 59, 63, 65, 68, 88, 115
Louisiana Purchase, 116
Louis XIV, 30, 36, 45, 57, 67, 68; and New France, 38–39, 47, 49, 55, 65
Louis XVI, 123
Lower Canada, 124, 129, 168; Confederation, 211, 212–13; governance, 135, 170–71, 185, 186; politics, 170–76, 211; population, 132–33, 133, 167; social division, 169–70; timber trade, 132, 192
Lower Canada Rebellion, 174–76
Loyalists, 105, 107–10, 111, 118–19, 124–25, 133–34, 135, 159–60, 167
lumber. See timber industry
Lundy’s Lane, Battle of, 146
Lyon, Sterling, 465
Macdonald, Sir John A., 189, 393; Confederation, 211; foreign policy and diplomacy, 223, 265–66; labour, 236; legal practice, 182; political career, 219, 224–25, 227, 240–41; and Riel, 221, 229, 230; trade and finance, 222, 238, 279
MacEachen, Allan, 426
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (explorer), 125, 126
Mackenzie, Alexander (PM), 225, 247
Mackenzie, Sir William, 256
Mackenzie, William Lyon, 175, 179–80, 181–82, 193, 321, 338
Mackenzie King, William Lyon. See King, William Lyon Mackenzie
Mackenzie-Papineau battalion, 341
Maisonneuve, Sieur de, 31
Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 157, 178–79
Manifest Destiny, 159
Manitoba, 221, 233; education, 242–44; politics, 243, 311, 312, 463, 491, 492; population, 232, 243, 250, 406
Manitoba Schools question, 242–44, 269, 291
Mann, Sir Donald, 256
Manning, Ernest, 495
Manning, Preston, 495, 496, 512
Marchand, Jean, 456
Maria Theresa, 75
Marshall, George, 375
Marshall Plan, 375
Martin, Paul, Jr., 493, 513, 530–31, 531–32, 533–34, 535
Maryland, 98
Masons, 198
McKenna, Frank, 491
McLane, David, 137
McMurtry, Roy, 464
McNaughton, A.G.L., 354
McTavish, Simon, 125
medicare, 330, 409–10, 411–12, 476
Meech Lake Accord, 489–92, 493
Meighen, Arthur, 312–13, 314, 318, 319, 339, 352
mercantilism, 51, 99, 126, 131, 151, 154, 158, 193, 440, 523
merchandising and commerce, 234–35, 286, 337
Mercier, Honoré, 230
Methodists, 177–78, 179–80, 261
Métis, 72, 217, 218, 221, 228, 229. See also Native peoples
Mexico, 9, 17, 159, 197, 257, 477, 482, 483
Michilimackinac, 71, 72, 97, 142
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 406
Mi’kmaq people, 75, 77, 95, 121
militia: British North America, 120, 136; Canada, 223, 237, 264–65; New France, 51, 79, 84, 86. See also armed forces
mining, 233, 252–53, 316, 326, 349, 371, 388
Minto, Gilbert, Lord, 264, 269
missionaries, 30, 32–34, 36, 77–78
Molière, 37
Monroe, James, 146
Montcalm, Louis-Joseph, Marquis de, 82, 84, 85, 86
Montgomery, Richard, 104
Montmagny, Charles Huault de, 31
Montreal, 38, 48, 51, 53, 86–87, 102, 104, 155; business and economy, 125–26, 129, 194, 285, 455, 458; cholera, 190; English, 167, 169, 292, 336, 435; founding and development, 15, 31, 168–69, 191, 251; Hochelaga, 18; immigration, 337; Olympics, 455; party system, 292; riots, 173–74, 270, 420; in War of 1812, 143
de Monts, Pierre du Gua, Sieur, 27, 29
Morgan’s, 235
Mound Builders, 10
Mount Royal, 15
Mowat, Oliver, 249
Mulroney, Brian: constitutional reform, 486–87, 488–89, 491, 492, 494, 495; foreign relations, 483, 517; free trade, 478, 479, 480, 482, 486; oil, 474–75; political career, 475–77, 481, 495
Muslims, 503
Mutual Aid, 359
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 482–85, 486, 501, 523
Natchez Rebellion, 73
National Citizens’ Coalition, 532
National Council of Women, 264
national debt. See debt, federal
National Energy Program, 472–75, 476, 483, 488
National Indian Brotherhood, 424
nationalism: Canadian, 292, 338, 345, 389, 407, 413, 419, 435; Quebec, 292–93, 336–39, 370, 394–95, 435, 438–43, 450, 452
National Policy, 238–39, 240–41
national treatment, 483
National Typographical Union, 236
Native languages, 11
Native peoples: in British North America, 121–22; and Canada–U.S. border, 111; disease, 10, 33, 96, 139, 191, 536; European contact, 12, 15, 16–18, 20–21, 115–16; governance, 423–25; hunting, 231; language groups, 11; in New France, 70–71; population, 10–12, 64, 94, 115, 190, 423, 504; poverty, 330, 405, 522; pre-Contact, 5–6, 6–12, 16; relations with British, 75, 96–97, 141–42, 151, 158; relations with Canada, 218, 228, 533, 536; relations with French, 63, 65, 70, 72–73, 76, 77, 84; relations with Quebec, 493; relations with United States, 139–40, 151, 158; settlement patterns, 4–5; trade, 26, 35, 38, 48, 55, 57, 77, 96, 117, 122, 125; treaties, 121–22, 139, 228; war practices, 66–67, 84. See also specific peoples
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 375–76, 378–79, 381, 383, 421, 422, 522
Navigation Laws, 196
navy, Canadian, 277, 280, 281, 357, 378–79
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 383
Nelson, Horatio, 137
neutral rights, 140
New Brunswick: boundaries, 158, 159; colonial, 119; Confederation, 211, 212, 213; economy, 160; governance, 126; politics, 143, 195, 463–64, 491; population, 132–33, 198; timber trade, 132, 152, 163, 192
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, 77
New Democratic Party (NDP), 396, 407, 410, 419, 426, 427, 476, 482, 490, 496, 512
New England, 38, 66–67, 101, 102, 143, 232
Newfoundland: birth rate, 406; Confederation, 212; economy, 160, 405; fisheries, 13–14, 18, 25–26, 53, 88, 94, 95, 109, 118; geography, 6; governance, 95, 162, 208; Irish in, 189; Norse settlement, 8–9, 12; politics, 195, 463, 491, 492; population, 95–96; railways, 404; settlement, 20; sovereignty, 68, 74, 88
New France: ceding of, 87–88, 93; economy, 51–52, 64; expansion, 59–60, 63–64, 73; governance, 29, 30–31, 35–36, 38–39, 47–48, 50, 52, 93; named, 17, 29; population, 31, 37–38, 52, 53, 69, 70; settlement patterns, 50, 69
New Netherlands, 38
newspapers, 286
New York City, 32, 46, 66, 110, 155, 194
New York State, 101
New Zealand, 153, 318, 319, 494
Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON, 133
Nielsen, Erik, 476
Nightingale, Florence, 259
Night of the Long Knives, 464 9/11, 525–26
Ninety-two Resolutions, 174
Nobel Peace Prize, 384
Norfolk, Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Duke of, 276–77
Normandy invasion, 354
North, Frederick, Lord, 100
North Carolina, 46
North Korea, 377
North West Company, 125–26, 155–56
North-West Mounted Police, 228, 310
Northwest Passage, 19, 20, 25, 55
Northwest Territories, 227
Notre Dame church (Montreal), 169
“notwithstanding” clause, 465
Nova Scotia: blacks in, 110; boundaries, 76, 94–95; colonial, 77, 81; Confederation, 211, 212; economy, 160; fisheries, 76, 109, 118, 203; immigration, 78, 95, 102; mining, 385; named, 68; politics, 101, 102, 143, 160–61, 164–65, 195; Scots in, 163–64; sovereignty, 72
nuclear power, 387–88, 391, 427
nuclear weapons, 371–72, 376–77, 397–99, 407, 527
Official Languages Act, 452–53
Ohio Valley, 77, 79–80, 81, 97
Ohio Valley peoples, 76, 110, 139
oil, 357, 386–87, 388, 391, 427, 428–29, 471–75
Ojibwa people, 122
Oka, 493
Olympics, 455
O’Neill, Tip, 326
Ontario: economy, 317, 334, 405; education, 242, 291, 303; electricity, 252, 385–86; French Canadians in, 293; labour, 236; medicare, 411; politics, 312, 317, 463–64, 489, 512, 514
Opportunities for Youth, 420
Oregon Territory, 158, 159, 196–97
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 388, 428, 472
Orleans, Island of, 38
O’Sullivan, John J., 159
Ottawa Valley, 198
“Our Lady of the Snows,” 275
Pacific Ocean, 15
Pakistan, 381
Paleo-Eskimos, 8
Palliser’s Triangle, 231, 316, 329
Papineau, Louis-Joseph, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175–76, 186, 193, 201
Papineau, Talbot, 294
Paris Peace Conference, 308–10
Parizeau, Jacques, 492, 505, 506–7, 508
Parti canadien, 138
Parti National Social Chrétien, 339
Parti Québécois (PQ), 445, 446–47, 453, 454, 456, 459, 505, 511
party system and party politics, 119, 195–96, 200–201, 218–19, 233, 292, 441, 476
pasteurization, 312
patronage, 162, 225, 265, 296, 312
peacekeeping, 384, 427, 516, 518–20, 528
Pearson, Lester B.: Centennial, 443; flag, 408; French Canada, 439, 440–41, 445; international relations, 381, 383–84, 409, 416, 417, 418, 444; Nobel Prize, 384; political career, 343, 376, 391, 392, 395, 396, 399, 411, 446; trade, 413
Pentagon, 525
Peru, 17
Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 359, 360
Peterson, David, 489
Petro-Canada, 472
Pettigrew, Pierre, 523
Philip V, 65
Pickford, Mary, 477
Pipeline Debate, 387
Pitt, William, the elder, 84
Pitt, William, the younger, 127, 128, 130, 177
Pius IX, 247
Plains Indians, 71, 96, 117, 228
Plains of Abraham, 86
plebiscites, 262, 352–53. See also referendums
poliomyelitis, 367
Pontiac, 97
Pontifical Zouaves, 242
Pope, Sir Joseph, 273
population: Acadia, 75; British North America, 116, 132–33, 134, 167, 180, 190, 191; Canada, 217, 250–51, 290, 405–6, 503; French Canada, 315, 442; Manitoba, 232, 242; Native, 10–12, 64, 70, 94, 115, 190, 423, 504; Newfoundland, 95–96; New France, 31, 37–38, 52, 53, 69; Northwest Territories, 227; Prairies, 231–32; Province of Quebec, 129; Quebec, 451, 458, 459; United States, 116; urban, 404; visible minority, 503
Port Royal, 27, 28, 53, 67, 78
post office, 120, 200, 286, 455
power. See electricity; oil
Prairies: agriculture, 250; economy, 405; population, 250; settlement patterns, 316
Presbyterianism, 261
Prevost, Sir George, 138, 141, 145
Price, William, 132
Price Brothers, 132
Prince Edward Island, 68, 160, 162–63, 211, 212, 217, 222
Privy Council, 321
productivity, 364
professionalism, 287
profiteering, 351
Progressive Conservative party, 363, 384–85, 390, 392, 419, 442, 490, 496, 512; provincial, 463, 512
Progressive party, 313
prohibition, 262, 287, 288, 317
Protestantism, 241–44, 261, 364, 503; American, 514; British, 73–74; British North America, 128–29, 152, 198–99; and Catholicism, 260–61; French, 45; Province of Canada, 198; Province of Quebec, 98, 99; Upper Canada, 177–79, 179–81. See also Anglicanism
Protestant Reformation, 16, 20, 26
public enterprise, 260
public health, 409
pulp and paper, 233, 235, 316, 330
Quakers, 110
Quebec: civil law, 466; constitutional reform, 463, 488, 489, 490; culture, 394, 436; economy, 334, 335, 405; education, 242, 367, 394, 437, 451, 452, 457, 458, 464; elections, 230, 277, 345–46, 352, 395, 440, 442, 446–47, 453, 456, 459, 505, 511; English language, 251, 292, 336, 435, 439, 451–52, 455–56, 457–58, 464; flag, 394–95; immigration, 250–51, 435–36, 488; industry, 440; labour, 453–54, 455–56; population, 250–51, 406, 435–36, 451, 458–59; prohibition, 287, 288; referendums, 459–61, 493, 494, 506–8, 509; and Riel, 229–30; sign law, 457–58; social structure, 336–37; social welfare, 410–11, 411; trade, 485; U.S. relations, 528–29; voting rights, 305, 311; wartime, 291, 293–94, 304, 335, 352. See also nationalism; separatism
Quebec, Province of (colony), 94; and American Revolution, 101, 102–5; boundaries, 100; economy, 99; governance, 98–100, 100, 118; population, 99, 104, 129; settlement patterns, 124
Quebec Act, 100, 101, 126, 127
Quebec City: cholera, 190; English, 167; founding and development, 28, 38, 39, 53, 157, 168, 276–77; party system, 292; riots, 306, 524; Stadacona, 18; wartime, 85–87, 102, 104
Quebec Federation of Labour, 453
racism, 206, 251, 271, 281, 403, 423, 503–4
railways, 152, 153, 189, 200, 206–7, 219, 233–34, 253, 286, 316, 329; transcontinental, 218, 222, 224–27, 233, 253–56, 255, 404
Ralston, J.L., 354
ranching, 232
Reagan, Ronald, 477–78, 480, 482
Reciprocal Trade Agreement, 334
Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 205, 210, 223, 332
Red River Settlement, 155
Red River Valley, 232
referendums, 459–61, 493, 494, 506–8, 509. See also plebiscites
Reform party (Canada), 495, 496–97, 512
Reform party (Province of Canada), 196, 200
refugees, 137–38, 281, 338, 340, 423, 502. See also Loyalists
Reid, Escott, 383
Reisman, Simon, 480
religion, 241, 286, 503; in public life, 260–62; in school systems, 199. See also specific religions
Rémillard, Gil, 488
representation by population, 211
research and development, 420
reserve system, 70
responsible government, 170, 173, 184, 195, 196, 200, 208
Revolutionary War. See American Revolution
Richelieu, Cardinal de, 29, 30
Richmond, Charles Gordon-Lennox, Duke of, 157
Riel rebellions, 220–21, 228–31, 242
riots, 173–74, 237, 251, 270, 306, 420, 523–24
Ritchie, Charles, 374
Robichaud, Louis, 435
rock ‘n’ roll, 393
Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church and Catholicism
Romanow, Roy, 464
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 327, 333, 334, 335, 341, 358, 375, 389
Root, Elihu, 272
Ross rifle, 295
Royal Bank of Canada, 257, 455
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 325
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, 439
Royal Military College, 266
royal visits, 343, 393–94, 444, 465
Rush-Bagot Agreement, 158
Russian Revolution, 301, 304, 310
Ryerson, Joseph, 178
Saint John, NB, 119
salmon, 7
Salvation Army, 261
Saratoga, NY, 107
Saskatchewan, 250, 311, 316, 405, 406, 464, 473, 514; medicare, 410, 411
Saunders, Charles, 260
Sauvé, Paul, 395
Schoultz, Nils von, 182
Scotland, 44, 73, 124, 163–64, 189
Scott, Thomas, 221
Seagram Building, 406
Second World War, 285, 338, 341–57, 371, 375
secularism, 403, 404, 437, 503
seigneurial system, 50, 51, 52, 185
self-government, Native, 424–25
Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of, 155–56
séminaire de Québec, 37
separatism, 293, 306, 419, 444–45, 446, 450–51, 454, 456, 481, 492, 504–11, 512; October Crisis, 447–50; Quiet Revolution, 438–39; referendums, 459–61, 493, 494, 506–8, 509
Serbia, 522
service sector, 523
settlement patterns: British North America, 116–17, 120–21, 132–33, 133–34, 190; New France, 50, 69; prairies, 316; Province of Quebec, 124; Upper Canada, 166–67
Sharp, Mitchell, 412
Shawnee people, 139
Shelburne, NS, 119
Sherbrooke, Sir John, 143, 146, 157
Shirley, Sir William, 76
Sicily, 353
Sidbec, 440
Sierra Leone, 110
Sifton, Sir Clifford, 249, 250, 254, 279
Sikhs, 281
silver, 253
Simpson, Sir George, 156
Sinai Desert, 518
Skraelings, 9
slaves and slavery, 110, 118, 157–58, 159, 204, 206, 208
Smith, Donald, 227
Smith, Goldwin, 240
Smoot-Hawley bill, 332
Smuts, Jan, 309
socialism, 310, 368, 406–7, 454
social security, 369
social welfare, 262, 369–70, 407, 409–12, 476, 514–15
South Africa, 153, 267–70, 318, 517
sovereignty, coastal, 203
sovereignty-association, 459, 505. See also separatism
Soviet Union: Cold War, 372–73, 376, 378, 379, 381, 398, 427; and communism, 358–59, 373, 421; espionage, 372; in Europe, 383, 384, 421; imperial, 438; Second World War, 344, 348
Spain, 129
Spanish Civil War, 341
Spicer, Keith, 494
St. John’s Island, 126
St. Laurent, Louis, 352, 353, 356, 374, 376, 378, 381, 390, 391, 409
St. Lawrence River, 30, 143–44
St. Lawrence Seaway, 391
St. Louis, MI, 73
Stadacona, 18
Stalin, Joseph, 344, 348, 358, 372, 377, 378, 381
standard of living, 218, 252, 350, 364, 403, 423, 471
Stanfield, Robert, 446
Statute of Westminster, 321, 325
Ste. Marie Among the Hurons, 33
steam power, 152
Stephen, George, 227
strikes, 310, 411, 430, 446, 454, 455–56
subsidies, 234, 318, 479, 485; colonial, 51, 93, 99, 131, 153, 158; federal, 331, 460, 513
Sudbury, ON, 233
Suharto, 517
Sulpicians, 36
Supreme Court, 463, 488, 489, 510, 511
Sydenham, Charles, Lord, 195
Taft, William Howard, 274, 278
tariffs, 237–39, 258–59, 278, 328, 331, 332, 415, 523; pre-Confederation, 131, 146, 166, 201–2, 207; preferential, 275
Taschereau, Louis-Alexandre, 315, 316, 337
taxation, 258, 364, 369, 430, 494; British North America, 120, 138, 153, 166, 200, 207; colonial, 94, 107, 118, 123; income tax, 307, 317, 345, 351; Ontario, 317; War of 1812, 146
Team Canada, 517
teenagers, 393
terrorism, 439, 447, 448, 449, 502–3, 525
Test Ban Treaty, 407
Thames, Battle of the, 144
theatre, 37
Thompson, Sir John, 243
Thomson, Charles Poulet, 186. See also Lord Sydenham
Thoreau, Henry, 159
Thule people, 9
Ticonderoga, NY, 85
Tilley, Sir (Samuel) Leonard, 212, 213, 219
timber industry, 132, 152, 153, 163, 192–93, 198, 233, 253, 326, 349; trade, 118, 131, 154, 485–86, 525
tithes, 128
tobacco, 125
Tobin, Brian, 507
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 161, 186
torture, 67
trade. See under British Empire; Canada–U.S. trade; Native peoples
Trade Agreements Act (U.S.), 333
trade policy, 201–2, 223, 237–39, 240–41, 312, 327–28, 340, 413, 517; U.S., 203–4. See also Britain; British Empire; Canada–U.S. trade; mercantilism
trade unions, 350, 406, 453–54. See trade unions; unions
Trans-Canada Highway, 404
Trans-Canada Pipelines, 387
transfer payments, 513
transport, 116, 117, 152–53, 154–55, 189, 190, 191–92, 219, 250, 286; urban, 235, 252, 385
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 76
Treaty of Halifax, 121
Treaty of Versailles, 310
Treaty of Washington, 239, 271
Trent, 209
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott: constitutional reform and Quebec, 445–46, 452, 453, 456–57, 459–60, 461–67, 489–90; energy policy, 474; foreign relations, 422, 478; nationalism and the Just Society, 419–20; October Crisis, 448–50; political career, 418–19, 426–27, 429, 430, 431, 436, 471
Trueman, Peter, 490
Truman, Harry, 372, 373, 374, 377, 416
Tupper, Sir Charles, 212, 219, 243, 264
Turkey, 320
Turner, John, 474, 476, 480, 481, 482
typhus, 191
Uganda, 423
Underground Railroad, 206
unemployment, 290, 340, 365, 404, 426, 471
unemployment insurance, 426, 462
UNESCO, 441
Union Nationale, 337–38, 395, 447, 451
United Church, 503
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Nations, 374–75, 377, 383–84, 516, 518, 519, 522, 526, 527
United Nations Emergency Force, 384. See also peacekeeping
United States: annexation, 159, 202–3, 204, 223, 240, 501; Civil War, 205, 208–10, 223; cultural exports, 393, 416; expansion, 116, 138–39, 152, 159, 197, 205; governance, 128; immigration from, 132, 133, 134–35, 176–77, 206, 218, 232, 251, 258; Native peoples, 139–40, 151, 158; politics, 514–15; population, 116. See also Canada–U.S. relations; Canada–U.S. trade
universities, 337
Upper Canada: creation of, 119, 129; governance, 133, 179, 181; population, 133, 134, 167, 180; settlement patterns, 133–34, 166–67; timber trade, 192. See also Canada West
urban development, 191, 218, 251, 260, 285, 287, 329, 385, 404
U.S. Civil War, 205, 208–10, 223
Vancouver, 251
Vancouver Island, 116, 129, 159, 197
Van Horne, Sir William, 227
Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis de, 75, 76
Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de, 82, 85
Venezuela, 388
Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 14, 19
Vespucci, Amerigo, 14
veterans’ benefits, 366, 370–71, 394
Victoria, Queen, 174, 219, 263, 270
Victoria Bridge, 206
Viger, Denis-Benjamin, 176
Vimy Ridge, 304
visible minorities, 503–4, 536
voting rights, 135, 165, 172, 262–63, 305, 311, 504
voyageurs, 28
wage and price controls, 347
walrus, 19
war brides, 366
War Measures Act, 289, 344, 350, 448
War of 1812, 121, 124, 138–47, 151, 156, 159–60, 285
War of the Austrian Succession, 75–76, 77–78
War of the Spanish Succession, 64–68
war production, 307, 311, 346, 347, 348, 349, 357–58, 365
Wartime Elections Act, 305
Washington, George, 81, 102, 105, 110, 119, 128
Washington consensus, 524
Webster-Ashburton treaty, 159
welfare state. See social welfare
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 141, 145, 146, 157
Western alienation, 420, 473, 494–95
wheat, 167–68, 231, 251, 254, 316, 326, 329–30; Marquis, 232, 250, 260; trade, 51–52, 118, 131, 193, 194, 289, 349–50, 374
wheat pools, 329
“When Irish Eyes Are Smiling,” 478
William III, 198
Winnipeg General Strike, 310
Wolseley, Garnet, 221
women: in armed forces, 357; education, 367; labour, 311, 366, 367; suffrage, 135, 262–63, 305, 311
Woodward’s, 235
World Trade Center, 525
World Trade Organization, 486
World War I. See First World War
World War II. See Second World War
Wright, Philemon, 132
Wrong, Hume, 377
yellow fever, 29
Yonge Street, 133
York, 144
youth culture, 393, 405, 408, 420, 438
Ypres, 297
zinc, 253