NOTES
Author’s Note
1. Administrative Order No. VI-97-I-1A, “In re Creation of a Mental Health Court Subdivision within the County Criminal Division, 17th Cir. Ct., Broward., Fla.”
2. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: IV-TR (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
3. Carol Marbin Miller, “The Woman Who Changed How Disabled People Are Treated Has Died,” Miami Herald, June 5, 2016.
Chapter 1: A Race for Justice
1. Chapter 394 of the Florida Statutes governs mental health services, including involuntary examination (Section 394.463) and involuntary placement (Section 394.467). The Florida Mental Health Act of 1971, commonly known as the Baker Act (after Representative Maxine Baker, who sponsored the legislation in 1997), allows for involuntary examination of an individual if there is evidence that the person has a mental illness or is a harm to self or others as defined in the statute and is unable or unwilling to provide express informed consent for examination. (Florida Statutes, Section 394.467, as amended in 2016, added a “substantial harm” standard.)
2. National Institute of Drug Courts, “Development and Implementation of Drug Court Systems,” Monograph Series 2 (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Courts Program Office, 1999), www.ndci.org/sites/default/files/ndci/Mono2.Systems.pdf.
3. Bruce Winick, “An Agent of Change,” videos, parts 1, 2, and 3, YouTube, posted by Cuttingedgelaw.com, September 10, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUmdh1uHFg4 (part 1), www.youtube.com/watch?v=-osg8X2 KPMY (part 2), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwZ0xdgF4Ng (part 3).
4. Ibid., part 3.
5. Ibid.
6. Suzanne M. Strong, Ramona Rantala, and Tracey Kyckelhahn, Census of Problem-Solving Courts, 2012, bulletin (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016), www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpsc12.pdf.
7. Florida Statutes, Section 916.12, states: “A defendant is incompetent to proceed within the meaning of this chapter if the defendant does not have sufficient present ability to consult with her or his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding or if the defendant has no rational, as well as factual, understanding of the proceedings against her or him.”
8. “A New Justice System for the Mentally Ill,” Frontline website, with link to “The New Asylums,” broadcast May 10, 2005, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/courts.html.
9. Florida Grand Jury, Mental Health Investigation, interim report, Spring Term, November 9, 1994; Trevor Jensen, “Mental Health System Deplorable, Report Says; Grand Jury Suggests Closing Unit at State Hospital,” Sun-Sentinel, November 10, 1994.
10. Florida Grand Jury, Mental Health Investigation, 9.
11. Ibid., 137–40.
12. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Medical Problems of Inmates, 1997, NCJ 181644, January 2001, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/ascii/mpi97.txt.
13. Fox Butterfield, “Asylums Behind Bars: A Special Report; Prisons Replace Hospitals for the Nation’s Mentally Ill,” New York Times, March 5, 1998.
14. Ibid.
15. American Psychological Association, Action for Mental Health: Final Report of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health (Boston: APA, 1961).
16. John F. Kennedy, “Special Message to Congress on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation, February 5, 1963,” American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9546.
17. Risdon N. Slate, Jacqueline K. Buffington-Vollum, and W. Wesley Johnson, The Criminalization of Mental Illness: Crisis and Opportunity for the Justice System, 2nd ed. (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2013), 38–41.
18. Butterfield, “Asylum Behind Bars.”
19. Ibid.
20. “Mental Health a System Priority,” Sun-Sentinel, June 11, 1993.
21. Sandra Jacobs, “Hospital Prepares for Battle in Crisis over Mental Health, Sun-Sentinel, April 30, 1991.
22. Maya Goldman, “Punishment for Prison Misconduct Is Sometimes Death” (New York: Human Rights Watch, May 4, 2017), www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/04/punishment-prison-misconduct-sometimes-death. See also Human Rights Watch, “Ill-Equipped: US Prisons and Offenders with Mental Illness” (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2003), www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/usa1003.pdf.
Chapter 2: The Shackles Come Off
1. This legal directive was in recognition (1) that mental health resources in Broward County are scarce, (2) that the community-based system of care is highly fragmented, (3) that there is an overrepresentation of people with mental illness in the Broward jail, and (4) that untreated mental illness often leads to incarceration (see Mental Health Court Administrative Order VI-97-1-1A).
2. William A. Anthony, “Recovery from Mental Illness: The Guiding Vision of the Mental Health System in the 1990’s,” Psychological Rehabilitation Journal 16, no. 4 (1993): 11–23.
3. Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (May 1998): 245–58, www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/about_ace.html.
4. Ibid.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Violence Prevention,” “About the CDC-Keiser ACE Study,” www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/about.html.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Child Abuse and Neglect: Consequences,” www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/consequences.html.
9. Karen Dolan with Jodi L. Carr, “The Poor Get Prison: The Alarming Spread of the Criminalization of Poverty,” Institute for Policy Studies, May 18, 2015, www.ips-dc.org/the-poor-get-prison-the-alarming-spread-of-the-criminalization-of-poverty.
10. April Trotter and Margaret Noonan, “Medical Conditions, Mental Health Problems, Disabilities and Mortality Among Jail Inmates,” American Jail Association, May 3, 2016, www.usf.edu/cbcs/mhlp/tac/documents/cj-jj/cj/mental-health-problems-among-jail-inmates.pdf.
11. Ibid.
12. Julie Ajinkya, “The Top 5 Facts About Women in Our Criminal Justice System,” AmericanProgress.org, March 7, 2012, www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/news/2012/03/07/11219/the-top-5-facts-about-women-in-our-criminal-justice-system/. See also National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women, “Fact Sheet on Justice Involved Women in 2016: Victimization and Experiences of Trauma.” “A number of studies have found that about half (50%) of justice involved women report experiencing some kind of physical or sexual abuse in their lifetime, with some studies noted rates of trauma histories as high as 98%.”
13. Steven Gold, “Time Trauma and Transformation,” TEDxNSU, uploaded April 8, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7jn1e8Nhzw.
14. David B. Wexler, “Therapeutic Jurisprudence: An Overview,” Thomas M. Cooley Law Review 17 (2000): 125.
15. See Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, “Rule 3.213. Continuing Incompetency to Proceed, Except Incompetency to Proceed with Sentencing: Disposition,” 2017, http://floridarules.net/florida-rules-of-criminal-procedure/rule-3-213-continuing-incompetency-to-proceed-except-incompetency-to-proceed-with-sentencing-disposition/.
16. Florida Statutes, Section 916.12, (1) “Mental Competency to Proceed,” 2016.
17. Michael Braga, Anthony Cormier, and Leonora Lapeter Anton, “Definition of Insanity: Florida Spends Millions Making Sure the Mentally Ill Go to Court—and Gets Nothing for It,” Tampa Bay Times–Herald Tribune, December 18, 2015.
18. Ibid.
19. Human Rights Watch, “Callous and Cruel: Use of Force Against Inmates with Mental Disabilities in US Jails and Prisons” (New York: Human Rights Watch, May 12, 2015).
20. Florida Rules, “Rule 3.213 (a) Dismissal without Prejudice during Continuing Incompetency,” http://floridarules.net/florida-rules-of-criminal-procedure/rule-3-213-continuing-incompetency-to-proceed-except-incompetency-to-proceed-with-sentencing-disposition/.
21. National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org.
22. Florida Policy Institute, “Florida’s Provision of Mental Health Services Ranks 49th out of 50 States,” February 16, 2016, www.fpi.institute/floridas-provision-of-mental-health-services-ranks-49th-out-of-50-states.
23. Ibid.
24. National Alliance on Mental Illness, “Mental Health by the Numbers,” 2013, www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-By-the-Numbers.
25. T. R. Insel, “Assessing the Economic Costs of Serious Mental Illness,” American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 6 (2008): 663–65.
26. US Department of Health and Human Services, Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institute of Mental Health, 1999), https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBHS.pdf.
Chapter 3: Punishing Loss
1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, “Healthcare for Homeless Women,” Women Health Care Physicians, no. 576, October 2013.
2. J. L. Jasinski et al., The Experience of Violence in the Lives of Homeless Women: A Research Report (Orlando: University of Central Florida, 2005).
3. Joan Zorza, “Woman Battering: A Major Cause of Homelessness,” Clearinghouse Review 25 (1991): 421–27.
4. National Center on Family Homelessness, “The Characteristics and Needs of Families Experiencing Homelessness,” (Newton Center, MA: NCFH, 2008), http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED535499.pdf.
5. T. P. Baggett et al., “The Unmet Health Care Needs of Homeless Adults: A National Study,” American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 7 (July 2010): 1326–33.
6. National Coalition for the Homeless, “Substance Abuse and Homelessness: Fact Sheet,” www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/addiction.pdf.
7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “Current Statistics on the Prevalence and Characteristics of People Experiencing Homelessness in the United States,” July 2011, www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/programs_campaigns/homelessness_programs_resources/hrc-factsheet-current-statistics-prevalence-characteristics-homelessness.pdf.
8. On the use of the now-preferred term “justice-involved individual” instead of “criminal,” see Jazz Shaw, “White House Wants Colleges to Refer to Criminals as “Justice-Involved Individuals,” Hot Air, May 15, 2016, http://hotair.com/archives/2016/05/15/white-house-wants-colleges-to-refer-to-criminals-as-justice-involved-individuals/; Stephanie S. Covington and Barbara E. Bloom, Gendered Justice: Women in the Criminal Justice System (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2003).
9. Ibid. See also National Resource on Justice Involved Women, “Fact Sheet on Justice Involved Women 2016,” http://cjinvolvedwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Fact-Sheet.pdf.
10. Becki Ney, Rachelle Ramirez, and Marilyn Van Dieten, eds., “Ten Truths That Matter When Working with Justice Involved Women,” National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women, April, 2012.
11. National Alliance on Mental Illness, “Jailing People with Mental Illness,” www.nami.org/Learn-More/Public-Policy/Jailing-People-with-Mental-Illness.
12. See National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women, “Fact Sheet on Justice Involved Women in 2016,” http://cjinvolvedwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Fact-Sheet.pdf.
13. Christine M. Sarteschi, “Mentally Ill Involved with the US Criminal Justice System: A Synthesis,” Sage Open (online journal), July 16, 2013, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244013497029, writes, “A recent study by Greenberg and Rosenheck (2008) notes the prevalence of homelessness among people with SMI is very high (15.3%) and per the authors, was 7.5 to 11.3 times higher than general population.”
14. Henry Fitzgerald Jr., “Court a Safety Net for Mentally Ill,” Sun-Sentinel, December 28, 1998.
15. Lenore E. Walker was the first forensic psychologist to introduce the concept of battered woman syndrome through expert forensic testimony, in the case of Ibn-Tamas v. United States, 407 A.2d 626 (D.C. 1979). On appeal from the trial court’s exclusion of her testimony, the DC Court of Appeals held that the trial court had erred and found that “Dr. Walker’s methodology leading to her theory of the Battered Woman Syndrome is generally accepted in the scientific community.” Shannon L. Lynch. Dana D. DeHart, Joanne Belknap, and Bonnie L. Green, Women’s Pathways to Jail: The Roles & Intersections of Serious Mental Illness & Trauma, September 2012, www.bja.gov/publications/womenspathwaystojail.pdf.
16. Sue Reisenger, “Legal Healing,” Miami Herald, March 26, 2000.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
Chapter 4: The Raging Voice of Dignity
1. Michael L. Perlin, “Sanism and the Law,” American Medical Association Journal of Ethics 15 (October 2013).
2. Ginger Lerner-Wren, “Essays from the Bench—Problem-Solving Justice, Leading Cultural Change and the Restoration of Community,” unpublished manuscript, August 2011, in author’s collection (based on an interview with Broward County public defender Howard Finkelstein).
3. Ibid.
4. Penny Colman, Breaking the Chains: The Crusade of Dorothea Lynde Dix (New York: ASJA Press, 1992).
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Special Message to the Congress Recommending a Health Program, January 6, 1956,” American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=10605&st=&st1=.
8. Ibid.
9. Slate, Buffington-Vollum, and Johnson, Criminalization of Mental Illness, 38–42.
10. Ibid., 56–57. US Department of Health and Human Services, “Mental Health Myths and Facts,”: www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/myths-facts.
Chapter 5: Simple Dreams
1. Sanbourne v. Chiles, No.89–6283-CIV-NESBITT.
2. Albert Q. Maisel, “Bedlam 1946: Most of US Mental Hospitals Are a Shame and Disgrace,” Life, May 6, 1946, was an exposé based on two psychiatric state hospitals in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Maisel wrote, “Thousands spend their days—often for weeks at a stretch—locked in devices euphemistically called ‘restraints’: thick leather handcuffs, great canvas camisoles, ‘muffs,’ ‘mitts,’ wristlets, locks and straps and restraining sheets. Hundreds are confined in ‘lodges’—bare, bed-less rooms reeking with filth and feces—by day lit only through half-inch holes in steel-plated windows, by night merely black tombs in which the cries of the insane echo unheard from the peeling plaster of the walls.”
3. Gonzalez v. Martinez, 756 F. Supp. 1533 (S.D. Fla. 1991), Order on Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, executed January 18, 1991, https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12352836658806527560&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr.
4. Ibid., 2.
5. Ibid.
6. “Hospital Examiners Broke Down and Cried,” Palm Beach Post, October 6, 1988.
7. Gonzalez v. Martinez, Order on Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
8. Linda Kleindienst, “Mental Hospital to Close; Shutdown in 3 Years Gets Legislative OK,” Sun-Sentinel, May 28, 1993.
9. Public Law 88–164, “Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963.”
10. John F. Kennedy, “Special Message to Congress on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation, February 5, 1963,” American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9546.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. The Joint Commission on Mental Health was established in 1955 by the American Psychiatric Association and the American Medical Association. According to Howard R. Goldman and Gerald N. Grob, “Defining Mental Illness in Mental Health Policy,” Health Affairs 25, no. 3 (May 2006): 737–49, the commission “had a broad mandate” and ultimately focused its study on “medical, psychological, social cultural and other factors related to the cause of mental illness.” Per Goldman and Grob, the joint commission ultimately shifted its focus to include a more broad-based focus on the impact of mental health conditions. The final report, published in 1961, Action for Mental Health, advanced community-based mental health and laid the groundwork for President Kennedy’s national agenda for the Community Mental Health Act of 1963, which emphasized prevention and understanding mental health from a public health perspective. See American Psychological Association, Action for Mental Health.
14. Slate, Buffington-Vollum, and Johnson, Criminalization of Mental Illness, 37.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 42.
17. Ibid.
18. Michael Winerip, “Bedlam on the Streets,” New York Times, May 23, 1999.
19. “Kuhn’s Big K Stores Plans Wal-Mart Ties,” New York Times, June 23, 1981.
20. Erin Martz and Will Newbill, “The Rehabilitation of a Hospital: The Transformation of a State Hospital,” International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 18, no. 2 (2014), www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_18/Rehab_of_a_hospital_Martz.html.
21. John S. Goldkamp and Cheryl Irons-Guynn, Emerging Judicial Strategies for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Caseload: Mental Health Courts in Fort Lauderdale, Seattle, San Bernardino, and Anchorage, report prepared for the US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance (Washington, DC: Department of Justice, April 2000), www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/182504.pdf.
22. Ronald D. Smothers, “Miami Tries Treatment, Not Jail in Drug Cases,” New York Times, February 19, 1993.
23. “US Department of Justice, Keynote Remarks of the Honorable Janet Reno, Attorney General, Working Luncheon for Consensus Meeting on Drug Treatment in the Criminal Justice System,” Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington, DC, March 24, 1998, www.justice.gov/archive/ag/speeches/1998/0324_agond.htm.
24. Ibid.
25. Henry Fitzgerald Jr.,” $18 Million Awarded in Abuse Case,” Sun-Sentinel, April 4, 1998, articles.sun-sentinel.com/1998–04–04/news/9804040030_1_medical-care-mental-health-system-verdict.
Chapter 6: I Once Was Lost
1. Broward County Human Services Department, “Comprehensive Community Needs Assessment (Executive Summary),” Public Works LLC, US Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2012 Data Release, December 2013, http://broward.org/Budget/Documents/NeedsAssesExecSummaryJune162014.pdf.
2. Numbers based on “Broward by the Numbers,” Broward.org, 2015; Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova, “Caribbean Immigrants in the United States,” Metropolitan Policy Institute, September 14, 2016, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caribbean-immigrants-united-states; National Institute of Mental Health, “Substance Use and Mental Health,” www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health/index.shtml.
3. 1 Ibid.
4. Jeff Jacoby, “The Prison Door Keeps Revolving” Boston Globe, May 4, 2014.
5. Mental Health America, “2016 State of Mental Health in Americas—Report Overview Historical Data,” www.mentalhealthamerica.net/issues/2016-state-mental-health-america-report-overview-historical-data.
6. Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Agency, “Resilience Annotated Bibliography: SAMHSA’s Partners for Recovery Initiative,” March 2013, www.samhsa.gov/partners-for-recovery.
7. Danielle Nelson, “Spirituality and Mental Health,” Jamaica Observer, January 5, 2016, www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Spirituality-and-mental-health_47731.
Chapter 7: Therapeutic Justice Goes Mainstream
1. Bruce J. Winick and David B. Wexler, Australian Institute of Judicial Administration, “The Concept of Therapeutic Jurisprudence,” http://aija.org.au/index.php/research/australasian-therapeutic-jurisprudence-clearinghouse/the-concept-of-therapeutic-jurisprudence.
2. Mike Clary, “South Florida’s Opioid Overdose Crisis: At Least 800 Expected to Die by End of 2016,” Sun-Sentinel, November 20, 2016.
3. Corky Siemaszko, “Florida Gov. Declares State’s Opioid Epidemic Public Health Emergency,” NBC News, May 4, 2017.
4. Lawrence Mower, “Failure to Land $10 Million Grant Grates on Sober Home Community,” Palm Beach Post, December 21, 2016.
5. Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (May 1998): 245–58, www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/about_ace.html.
6. A. Kathryn Power, “Breaking the Silence,” National Council Magazine 2 (2011), www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/NC-Mag-Trauma-Web-Email.pdf.
7. Ibid.
8. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “SAMHSA’s Working Definition of Trauma and Guidance for Principles of a Trauma-Informed Approach,” draft report (Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012).
9. J. B. Gillece, “Understanding the Effects of Trauma on Lives of Offenders,” Corrections Today (June 6, 2012), cited in Chan Noether, “Toward Creating a Trauma-Informed Criminal Justice System,” Policy Research Associates, June 6, 2012, www.prainc.com/creating-a-trauma-informed-criminal-justice-system/.
10. H. J. Steadman, “Lifetime Experience of Trauma Among Participants in the Cross-Site Evaluation of the TCE for Jail Diversion Programs Initiative” (unpublished raw data), cited in Noether, “Toward Creating a Trauma-Informed Criminal Justice System.”
11. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services, report (SMA) 14-4816, Treatment Improvement Protocols (Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2014), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901203.
12. Ibid.
Chapter 8: Brothers and Sisters
1. Lisa Weber-Raley, On Pins and Needles: Caregiving Adults with Mental Illness, report prepared by Greenwald & Associates for the National Alliance on Caregiving, Mental Health America, and National Alliance on Mental Illness, February 2016, www.caregiving.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/NAC_Mental_Illness_Study_2016_FINAL_WEB.pdf.
2. The Sibling Leadership Network’s mission is “to provide siblings of individuals with disabilities the information, support, and tools to advocate with their brothers and sisters and to promote the issues important to them and their entire families” (see http://siblingleadership.org/).
3. Jennifer Van Pelt, “Aging Parents of Adults with Serious Mental Illness,” Social Work Today 11, no. 6 (November–December 2011): 18, www.socialworktoday.com/archive/111511p18.shtml.
4. Ibid.
5. C. K. Arnold, T. Heller, and J. Kramer, “Support Needs of Siblings of People with Developmental Disabilities, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50, no. 5 (2012): 373–82 (see “Siblings of Individuals with Disabilities Fact Sheet”).
6. Eun Ha Namking et al., “Well-Being of Sibling Caregivers: Effects of Kinship Relationship and Race,” Gerontologist (2016): 1–11.
7. Weber-Raley, On Pins and Needles.
8. Ibid.
Chapter 9: Changing Hearts and Minds
1. Gayle Bluebird, “History of the Consumer/Survivor Movement,” September 11, 1995, www.power2u.org/downloads/HistoryOfTheConsumerMovement.pdf; Clifford Whittingham Beers, A Mind That Found Itself: An Autobiography (New York: Longmans, Green, 1908).
2. Lawrence Van Gelder, “Howard Geld, 42, Advocate for Mentally Ill, Dies,” New York Times, February 14, 1995.
3. Pamela G. Hardin et al., “White Paper: US Peer Leadership & Workforce Development,” NACBHDD Newsletter, June 2014, https://jenpadron.com/2014/06/03/white-paper-us-peer-leadership-and-workforce-development/.
4. Patrick Hendry, Common Threads, Stories of Survival & Recovery from Mental Illness, Florida Peer Network and Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, 2007, www.floridatac.com/files/document/Common%20Threads%2012.18.07%20Final.pdf.
5. See Peer Support Coalition of Florida, www.peersupportfl.org/.
6. See Florida Certification Board, “Certified Recovery Peer Specialist,” flcertificationboard.org/wp-content/uploads/CRPS-Candidate-Guide-2015.pdf.
7. Ibid.
8. Eric R. Maisel, “Jennifer Maria Padron on Peer Support and Peer Services: On the Future of Mental Health,” Psychology Today, April 27, 2016, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/rethinking-mental-health/201604/jennifer-maria-padron-peer-support-and-peer-services.
Chapter 10: A Rush to Privatization
1. Michael Mayo, “Rushed Privatization Plan Will Harm Broward’s Mentally Ill,” column, Sun-Sentinel, August 8, 2011.
2. Brittany Davis, “State in a Rush to Hand Over Mental Health Contracts to Private Sector,” Florida Health News, August 19, 2011, http://health.wusf.usf.edu/post/state-rush-hand-over-mental-health-contracts-private-sector#stream/0.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Robert Paulson et al., “Evaluation of the Florida DCF Community-Based Care Initiative,” University of South Florida, Mental Health Law and Faculty Publications, June 16, 2003, www.dcf.state.fl.us/admin/publications/docs/cbc_report_091503.pdf.
6. Florida Tax Watch, “Analysis of Florida’s Behavioral Health Managing Entity Model,” March 2015, http://floridataxwatch.org/resources/pdf/ManagingEntitiesFINAL.pdf.
7. Florida Statutes, Section 394.9082, “Behavioral Health Managing Entities,” www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0300-0399/0394/Sections/0394.9082.html.
8. Charles Palmer et al., “Effective Public Management of Mental Health Care: Views from States on Medicaid Reforms That Enhance Service Integration and Accountability,” Milbank Fund and Bazelon Center for Mental Health, May 2000, www.milbank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Effective-Public-Management-of-Mental-Health-Care.pdf.
9. Ron Honberg et al., State Mental Health Cuts: A National Crisis, report prepared for National Alliance on Mental Illness,” March 2011, www.nami.org/getattachment/About-NAMI/Publications/Reports/NAMIStateBudgetCrisis2011.pdf, 1, 2.
10. Ibid.
11. Lawrence B. Solum, “Procedural Justice,” Southern California Law Review 78, no. 1 (November 2004): 181–321.
12. Ibid.
13. Mayo, “Rushed Privatization Plan.”
14. Ibid.
Chapter 11: In Honor of Our Elders
1. National Coalition for the Homeless, “Homelessness Among Elderly Persons” (Washington, DC: September 2009), www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/Elderly.pdf.
2. Adam Nagourney, “Old and on the Street: The Graying of America’s Homeless,” New York Times, May 31, 2016.
3. Ibid.
4. “Point of View: Homeless Elderly Statistics Frightening,” Palm Beach Post, June 26, 2014.
5. Broward County Housing Authority website, on the page “Broward County Housing Authority Waiting Lists,” announces that wait lists for all the housing programs are closed as of February 2017, and there are three thousand names on the list with a lottery for available units. See https://affordablehousingonline.com/housing-authority/Florida/Broward-County-Housing-Authority/FL079.
6. Broward.org, “Celebrating Diversity in Broward County,” www.broward.org/CelebratingDiversity/Pages/Default.aspx (citing data from the 2010 US census).
7. See Daniel E. Jimenez et al., “Cultural Beliefs and Mental Health Treatment Preferences of Ethnically Diverse Older Adult Consumers in Primary Care,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 20, no. 6 (June 2012): 533–42.
8. Temple Collaborative on Community Inclusion, “Cultural Competence in Mental Health,” May 8, 2017, http://tucollaborative.org/sdm_downloads/cultural-competence-in-mental-health/.
9. Centers for Disease Control, “Understanding Elder Abuse: Fact Sheet,” www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/em-factsheet-a.pdf.
10. Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, “Understanding Elder Abuse Fact Sheet, 2016,” www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/empfactsheet-a.pdf.
11. Sanbourne v. Chiles, No.89–6283-CIV-NESBITT.
12. Rob Barry et al., “Neglected to Death, Part 1: Once Pride of Florida; Now Scenes of Neglect,” Miami Herald, April 30, 2011.
13. Michael Sallah and Carol Marbin Miller, “Florida Lawmakers Consider Tough Law to Protect Assisted Living Facilities,” Tampa Bay Times, January 18, 2012.
Chapter 12: The Power of Human Connection
1. The New Freedom Commission on Mental Health was assembled by President George W. Bush in 2002. The commission’s mission was to study the US mental health service delivery system and recommend improvements to enable adults with serious mental illness and children with a serious emotional disturbance to live, work, learn and participate fully in their communities. For the final report to the president, Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America, see http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/reports/reports.htm.
2. Paula McMahon, “Court Stand on Mental Illness Wins High Marks,” Sun-Sentinel, September 8, 2000.
3. Norman G. Poythress et al., “Perceived Coercion and Procedural Justice in the Broward Mental Health Court,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 25 (2002): 517–33. Researchers noted, “The Broward Court was designed to be informal, often involving interaction, and dialogue between the participant about problems and treatment options. . . . The patience and tolerance . . . create an impression that speedy disposition of a large number of cases is not a priority.”
4. Ibid.
5. Abe Stein, “How Home Plate Lives Up to Its Name,” Atlantic, March 31, 2014.
6. Judith Hibbard and Helen Gilburt, Supporting People to Manage Their Health: An Introduction to Patient Activation, report prepared for the King’s Fund, May 2014, www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/default/files/field/field_publication_file/supporting-people-manage-health-patient-activation-may14.pdf.
7. Ibid., 4.
8. Ibid., 13,14.
9. Ginger Lerner-Wren, “Raising the Bar for Suicide Prevention,” Director’s Corner, Suicide Prevention Resource Center, October 7, 2016, www.sprc.org/news/mental-health-courts-raising-bar-suicide-prevention. This article describes why mental health courts are in an important position to advance suicide prevention. “Zero Suicide is a commitment to suicide prevention in health and behavioral health care systems and is also a specific set of strategies and tools.” See http://zerosuicide.sprc.org/.
10. National Suicide Prevention Hotline, https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/.
11. Per the National Council for Behavioral Health, “Whole Health Action Management,” www.thenationalcouncil.org/training-courses/whole-health-action-management/, “Whole Health Action Management (WHAM) training is a peer-led intervention for people with chronic health and behavioral health conditions that activates self-care management to create and sustain new healthy behaviors.”
12. Ibid.
Chapter 13: A Crying Shame
1. Boris Sanchez and Kevin Conlon, “North Miami Shooting: Autistic Man Suffers in Aftermath, Mom Says,” CNN, July 27, 2016.
2. Charles Rabin, “How a Broom-Swinging Mentally Ill Man Ended Up Shot Dead by Police” Miami Herald, February 16, 2015.
3. See Cynthia Golembeski and Robert Fullilove, “Criminal (In)Justice in the City and Its Associated Health Consequences,” American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 10 (October 1995): 1701–6, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063768.
4. Peter Wagner and Bernadette Rabuy, “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2017,” Prison Policy Initiative press release, March 14, 2017, www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2017.html.
5. Golembeski and Fullilove, “Criminal (In)Justice in the City and Its Associated Health Consequences.”
6. Ibid.
7. Allen S. Noonan, Hector Eduardo Velasco-Mondragon, and Fernando A. Wagner, “Improving the Health of African Americans in the USA: An Overdue Opportunity for Social Justice,” Public Health Reviews 37 (2016): 12, https://publichealthreviews.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40985–016–0025–4.
8. US Department of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, “Executive Summary, Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity—A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General” (Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, n.d.), www.ct.gov/dmhas/lib/dmhas/publications/mhethnicity.pdf), iv.
9. Ibid., 11.
10. Ibid., 5.
11. On the so-called Baker Act, see chapter 1, note 1.
Chapter 14: A Referendum on Hope
1. Senate Bill 1865–106th Congress: America’s Law Enforcement and Mental Health Project, A bill to provide grants to establish demonstration mental health courts,” www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/s1865; see also https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/s1865/summary. The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 13, 2000.
2. Ibid.
3. Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, “SAMHSA’s Working Definition of Recovery; 10 Guiding Principles of Recovery,” August 2010, https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/PEP12-RECDEF/PEP12-RECDEF.pdf.
4. The National Alliance on Mental Illness, “NAMI Warns Senate About Criminalization of Mental Illness, Supports Cornyn Bill,” February 10, 2016, www.nami.org/Press-Media/Press-Releases/2016/NAMI-Warns-Senate-about-Criminalization-of-Mental.
5. White House, “Executive Order: New Freedom Commission on Mental Health,” April 29, 2002, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020429-2.html. “Sec. 3. Mission. The mission of the Commission shall be to conduct a comprehensive study of the United States mental health service delivery system, including public and private sector providers, and to advise the President on methods of improving the system. The Commission’s goal shall be to recommend improvements to enable adults with serious mental illness and children with serious emotional disturbances to live, work and participate fully in their communities.”
6. National Institute of Mental Health, “Any Mental Illness (AMI) among US Adults,” www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mental-illness-ami-among-adults.shtml.
7. Matt Ford, “America’s Largest Mental Hospital Is a Jail,” Atlantic, June 8, 2016. According to the Treatment Advocacy Center, “Serious Mental Illness Prevalence in Jails and Prisons,” background paper, September 2016, “Overall approximately 20% of inmates in jail and 15% of inmates in state prisons are estimated to have a serious mental illness.” Calculating from the total jail population, this means that approximately 383,000 individuals with serious mental illness are behind bars in the United States.
8. American Psychological Association, “Why Philadelphia’s Mental Health Successes Should Spur Capitol Hill to Action,” Psychology Benefits Society, May 1, 2014, https://psychologybenefits.org/2014/05/01/why-philadelphias-mental-health-successes-should-spur-capitol-hill-to-action.
9. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America, final report to the White House, July 22, 2003, govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/reports/FinalReport/downloads/FinalReport.pdf.
10. Ibid.
11. World Health Organization, “mhGAP: Mental Health Gap Action Programme—Scaling Up Care for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders,” 2002, www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap_final_english.pdf.
12. Victoria de Menil, in “Reforming Kenya’s Ailing Mental Health System: In Conversation with Victoria de Menil,” Africa Research Institute, June 27, 2013, www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/mental-health-in-kenya, describes how, on May 12, 2013, forty patients escaped from Mathari Hospital in Nairobi. The incident attracted widespread coverage about the conditions in Mathari and the shortcomings of mental health care in the country. Of the annual budget, only 0.5 percent is allocated to mental health provisions. Menil notes that Kenyan mental health advocates are seeking a community-based care approach to promote human rights.
13. Michael L. Perlin, “There Are No Trials Inside the Gates of Eden: Mental Health Courts, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Dignity, and the Promise of Therapeutic Jurisprudence,” in Coercive Care: Rights, Law, and Policy, ed. Bernadette McSherry and Ian Freckelton (New York: Routledge, 2015).
14. McSherry and Freckelton, Coercive Care, 2.
15. Ibid., 11.
16. Michelle Edgely, “Why Do Mental Health Courts Work? A Confluence of Treatment, Support & Adroit Judicial Supervision,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 37, no. 6 (2014): 572–80.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 4.
19. Florida Grand Jury, “Mental Health Investigation,” interim report, Spring Term, November 9, 1994.
Chapter 15: Recovery Is Real
1. Debbie Plotnick is vice president for mental health and systems advocacy at Mental Health America and provides leadership for mental health systems advocacy initiatives within the group’s affiliate network.
2. Florida Grand Jury, Mental Health Investigation, interim report, Spring Term, November 9, 1994.
3. Fox Butterfield, “Asylums Behind Bars: A Special Report: Prisons Replace Hospitals for the Nation’s Mentally Ill,” New York Times, March 5, 1998.