2“rich, white, middle-aged men” … “You will never see”: “Paul Tudor Jones comments on the lack of female traders,” Video, 6:53, Washington Post, May 23, 2013.
3“Glamour stocks” with futuristic names: Kenneth Silber, “The Go-Go Sixties,” Think Advisor, April 1, 2008.
3“From the days of street-sweeping skirts”: Shirley Willett, “1960s: Hemlines and the Stock Market!” Fashion Solutions Blog, October 27, 2006.
4The one-bedroom apartment she shared: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 10.
4a card-carrying Communist: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 3, 5.
4She did not play canasta: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 4.
4“came often”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 6.
5“A feminist I am not”: Terry Robards, “Partner in Hirsch Is Scheduled to Be 2d Woman on Big Board,” New York Times, May 21, 1970, 55.
5Alice agreed: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 14.
6they refused to pay: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 15.
6“overthrowing the government”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 18.
7“slam on the desk”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 17.
7“a maniac” … “a screamer”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho, New York City, September 19, 2021.
8“bragged about the size”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 20.
8Just as Alice appraised: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021). Also: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 20.
8“a new toy, a shiny new object”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
8choking her with a curtain rod: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
8navigate dysfunction: My thanks to Kathy Abizaid, who came up with the idea of “navigating dysfunction” during a discussion we had about the early women on Wall Street.
9“Blond Bomb”: As quoted in Dana Wechsler Linden, “The Class of ’65,” Forbes, July 4, 1994, 92.
10In the first year of that experiment: Judith Spofford Gibson, “Bridging the Charles: The First Women Graduates of the Harvard Business School, 1960–1965,” PhD dissertation, Drew University, Caspersen School of Graduate Studies, 2009, 8. [Gibson herself ended up graduating in 1965 with the “first women” of Harvard Business School, but as one of the Radcliffe Program transfers.]
10“I taught the same material”: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 204–205.
10“guinea pigs”: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 203.
10“we didn’t need Gloria Steinem”: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 204–205.
11In 1961, 95 percent: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 166.
11“A woman who is determined”: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 168.
11“flatly repellent”: “Women at the Top,” Newsweek, June 27, 1966, 77.
11Another professor asked a married woman: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 223–224.
12Presented with two to three case studies: Lillian Lincoln Lambert, The Road to Someplace Better: From the Segregated South to Harvard Business School and Beyond (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2010), 94.
12Jane Lack walked into class: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 225.
12“some of them were nice”: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 235.
12On Fridays, students received: Delivery times for the WAC varied over the years. The chute cut-off was anywhere from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m., with allowances given to those living off campus—but not the women at the Radcliffe Graduate Center.
13A 1955 Fortune article described: Julie Marie Still, A History of the Corporate Wife, 1900–1990, MA thesis (University of Richmond, 1994), 50.
13“the wife he left behind”: Still, Corporate Wife, 56.
13“highly adaptable”: Still, Corporate Wife, 59.
14Guidelines for executive wives: Still, Corporate Wife, 59.
14a 1957 survey of 4,000 executive wives: Still, Corporate Wife, 62–63.
14In one case, a man lost: Still, Corporate Wife, 64.
14When the cab dropped her off: Finally in 1969, four out of the fifty women attending would move into a dorm on the HBS campus. It would be another four years before female students were finally fully integrated into the MBA program, with dorms of their own on the other—the “right”—side of the Charles River.
14“nondescript brick building”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 87.
15“Why am I here?”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 88.
15“I was in Harvard, but not of it”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 87.
16Growing up, Lillian wore: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 29.
16“outside of the segregation system”: Heather Dunhill, “Entrepreneur Lillian Lambert on Being the First Black Woman to Graduate from Harvard Business School,” (Part of the series Listening to Diverse Voices) Sarasota, May 10, 2022.
17“Indeed, even if I’d wanted it”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 78.
17“Why not Harvard?”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 80.
17“symbolized the Great Divide”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 89.
18Harvard students called: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 90.
18“black leather miniskirt”: Patricia Chadwick, Little Sister: A Memoir (New York: Post Hill Press, 2019), 246.
18“Hippies, unkempt and unwashed”: Chadwick, Little Sister, 258.
18“their gray flannel suits”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 90.
18“as if he were running”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 93.
19“Never before”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 95.
19“pissed off”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 95.
19“the Temptations”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 95–6.
19Sometimes Nancy Pelz: Author’s interview with Lillian Lambert, Zoom, June 7, 2022.
19“To think that these women”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 98.
20“paltry—$57 a week”: Garry Emmons, “Down the Memory Chute: WAC, WOC, and Doing the Write Thing,” Harvard Business School Website/Alumni, September 1, 2006, https://
20“I have no idea”: Interview with Ambassador John Loeb, conducted by Melanie Shorin of the Narrative Trust, April 22, 2016, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, New York.
20“significantly older”: Bobbi Clarke, “Analyze This,” Harvard Business School Website/Alumni, September 1, 2006, https://
20In fact, WAC reader applications: Emmons, “Down the Memory Chute.”
21looking “cool”: Author’s interview with Priscilla Rabb, Zoom, September 21, 2021. All subsequent references to Priscilla Rabb are from this interview.
23In 1792: Steven Fraser, historian of Wall Street, believes the Buttonwood story was most probably a myth but that the core idea, that some kind of self-regulation and coordination was created and cemented within the Wall Street Community during the 1790s, remains valid.
24“The Tontine coffee-house”: John Lambert, Travels Through Lower Canada, and the United States of North America, in the Years 1806, 1807, 1808, Vol. 2 (London: Printed for Richard Phillips, 1810), 156–157.
25“a prophecy of the future”: Sheri J. Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes: Portraits of Women in Wall Street’s History (New York: Praeger, 2013), 37.
25“These two ladies”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 38.
25“The Witch of Wall Street”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 45.
26“greatest miser”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 52.
26litigious, penny-pinching, and fashion-challenged: Jason Zweig, “Business Headlines, 1889: Female Speculators Rattle Wall Street Traditions,” Wall Street Journal (online), July 7, 2014.
26“private bank”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 51.
26“a masculine instinct for finance”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 51.
26Mary opened a ladies-only exchange: George Rabb, “Ladies of the Ticker: Pioneering Women Stockbrokers from the 1889s to the 1920s,” Museum of American Finance, Summer 2017, Financial History 21, https://
27“the Petticoat Line”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 67.
27“turned out as so many mannequins”: Eunice Fuller Barnard, “Ladies of the Ticker,” The North American Review 227 (January 1, 1929): 405.
28“than all the noisy suffrage campaigns”: Eunice Fuller Barnard, “Women in Wall Street Wielding a New Power,” New York Times, June 23, 1929, XX15.
28“the men’s board rooms”: Barnard, “Women in Wall Street.”
28“responsibility, character and citizenship”: “Woman Seeks a Seat on Stock Exchange: Would Upset Male-Membership Tradition,” New York Times, January 14, 1927, 1.
28“banksters”: Melissa S. Fisher, Wall Street Women (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012), 32.
29In 1933, the Glass-Steagall Act: Fisher, Wall Street Women, 32.
29overturned until 1999, although: “The Long Demise of Glass-Steagall,” The Wall Street Fix, Frontline, PBS, May 8, 2003.
29“first woman to appear”: “Exchange Tradition to Go As Woman Gets Floor Job,” New York Times, April 28, 1943, 31.
29“a barrage of boos, catcalls,”: “Din Like Dodger Ball Game Sounds as Girl Takes Up Job on Exchange,” New York Times, April 29, 1943, 24.
29“Helen the Second”: “Helen 2D at Exchange,” New York Times, June 2, 1943, 33.
30“French blue”: “Stock Exchange to Make 36 Young Women ‘Quote Girls’ and ‘Carrier Pages’ on Floor,” New York Times, July 11, 1943, S7.
31“women can handle the money”: Lucy Greenbaum, “Wall Street: Man’s World,” New York Times, May 13, 1945, 11.
31“The market failed to react”: Greenbaum, “Wall Street: Man’s World.”
31The young page’s cry: Janice M. Traflet and Robert E. Wright, Fearless: Wilma Soss and America’s Forgotten Investor Movement (Fort Lauderdale, FL: All Seasons Press, 2023), 17.
31Anson-Jones chain, where all the dresses: “New Downtown Shop Has Youthful Styles,” New York Times, February 17, 1948, 29.
31“Men make the big money”: Gloria Emerson, “Retail Shops Vital to Life of Wall Street,” New York Times, August 5, 1959, 18.
31“first group floods this store”: Emerson, “Retail Shops Vital.”
31“Wall Street has always been”: Greenbaum, “Wall Street: Man’s World.”
32If you found yourself in: Fred Whittemore, in Eric J. Weiner, What Goes Up: The Uncensored History of Modern Wall Street as Told by the Bankers, Brokers, CEOs, and Scoundrels Who Made It Happen (New York: Back Bay Books, 2005), 30.
32“economic suffragette”: Traflet and Wright, Fearless, 13.
32“Federation of Woman Shareholders in American Business”: “Topics of the Day in Wall Street,” New York Times, May 6, 1947, 41. Her name was incorrectly reported as Willa Soss.
32“a late Victorian costume”: Michael Norman, “Wilma Porter Soss, 86, A Gadfly at Stock Meetings of Companies,” New York Times, October 16, 1986, B20.
32“considerable and increasing”: C. J. Sinclair Armstrong, “Today’s Capital Markets and the Work of the Securities and Exchange Commission,” Speech given by the commissioner of the Securities and Exchange Commission, before the Calvin Bullock Forum, NYC, May 23, 1955, page 9, Commission Speeches and Public Statements Archive, 1955, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, https://
32“an ash-blond interior decorator”: A. H. Raskin, “Stock Market as the ‘Little Man’ Sees It; Clients in a Broker’s Office Tell Why and How They Buy,” New York Times, March 20, 1955, 8.
33“customer’s women”: Arturo Gonzalez and Janeann Gonzalez, “Where No Woman Reaches the Summit,” New York Times Magazine, August 17, 1958, SM34.
33Little is known about her: “Five African American Women Pioneers in U.S. Finance,” Columbia University Press Blog, March 20, 2019.
33had “crammed”: “Woman Passes NY Stock Exchange Exam,” Jet, May 7, 1953, 18.
33In 1957, Special Markets,: Gary S. Bell, In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2002), 50–51.
34placing advertisements: Traflet and Wright, Fearless, 26–7.
34before traveling the country: NYSE Women’s History Timeline (Archives 2021), Slide 14. NYSE Archives, NJ.
36“their word is enough”: Oscar Rudolf, dir., The Lady and the Stock Exchange, Paramount Pictures, NYSE, 1962.
36“The exchange insists”: Rudolf, Lady and the Stock Exchange.
36“No woman has ever seriously applied.”: Gonzalez and Gonzalez, “Where No Woman Reaches the Summit.”
37“genial, fraternal, man-to-man”: Gonzalez and Gonzalez, “Where No Woman Reaches the Summit.”
37“for long reading, maybe”: “The ‘Voice’ of the Exchange,” The Exchange 23, no. 11, November 1962, NYSE Archive, NJ.
37“had a God-given voice”: Richard Phalon, Forbes Greatest Investing Stories (New York: Wiley & Sons, 2001), 176.
38“sea of men”: Muriel Siebert (with Aimee Lee Ball), Changing the Rules: Adventures of a Wall Street Maverick (New York: The Free Press, 2002), 2.
38“Welcome to the NYSE”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 136.
38He observed as the limousines: Martin Mayer, Wall Street: Men and Money (New York: Collier Books, 1955), 24.
39“the coffee men”: Lucie Levine, “Roasteries and Refineries: The History of Sugar and Coffee in NYC,” https://
39With setbacks on tall buildings: Mayer, Wall Street, 16.
39“brick bas-reliefs,”: Mayer, Wall Street, 17.
39“or in smaller amounts”: Alec Benn, The Unseen Wall Street of 1969–1975: And Its Significance for Today (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2000), 11.
39In the 1950s, the telephone was: Mayer, Wall Street, 22.
40“hideaway beds”: Mayer, Wall Street, 23.
40“pension funds, mutual funds”: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 6.
40“seeing a pattern in those numbers”: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 6.
41“saddled”: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 8.
41But a man by the name of Benjamin Graham: John Steele Gordon, The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 255–258.
42“I was with the geeks”: Fisher, Wall Street Women, 39.
42By 1966, there were around sixty women: Fisher, Wall Street Women, 40.
42“a pert, attractive brunette”: Vartanig G. Vartan, “She Enjoys Being a Stock-Market Analyst,” New York Times, February 6, 1964, 37.
42insisting that the “mystery”: Donald Regan, quoted in Weiner, What Goes Up, 15.
42By 1960, Merrill Lynch’s firm: Gordon, Great Game, 254.
42“the thundering herd”: Gordon, Great Game, 255.
42“153 offices and more than”: Vartan, “She Enjoys Being a Stock-Market Analyst.”
43“Why are you here?”: Judith Spofford Gibson, “Bridging the Charles: The First Women Graduates of the Harvard Business School, 1960–1965,” PhD dissertation, Drew University, Caspersen School of Graduate Studies, 2009, 244.
43but only for kicks: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 242.
44“at least when I go shopping”: Dana Wechsler Linden, “The Class of ’65,” Forbes, July 4, 1994, 93.
44“the experiment”: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 243.
44“You don’t understand”: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 241.
44only just hired a woman: Linden, “The Class of ’65,” 93.
44She was finally hired: Gibson, “Bridging the Charles,” 256.
44“been promised romantically”: Laurie P. Cohen, William Power, and Michael Siconolfi, “Wall Street Women: Financial Firms Act to Curb Office Sexism, with Mixed Results,” Wall Street Journal, November 5, 1991, A1.
45“long client list”: Patricia Chadwick, Little Sister: A Memoir (New York: Post Hill Press, 2019), 277.
45“in the pitch black”: Chadwick, Little Sister, 277.
47By the 1950s, a Jewish broker might: Joe Nocera, in Eric J. Weiner, What Goes Up: The Uncensored History of Modern Wall Street as Told by the Bankers, Brokers, CEOs, and Scoundrels Who Made It Happen (New York: Back Bay Books, 2005), 22.
47Wall Street investment banks and brokerage houses: For more on this, see Stephen Birmingham, “Our Crowd”: The Great Jewish Families of New York (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996).
47“should go to Lehman Brothers”: Robert Bernhard, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 40.
48“white-shoe” of course: Fred Whittemore, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 32.
48“mahogany walls”: Winthrop Smith Jr., in Weiner, What Goes Up, 16.
48“the course for corporate”: Weiner, What Goes Up, 27.
48“nebulous half-mile-square”: Arturo Gonzalez and Janeann Gonzalez, “Where No Woman Reaches the Summit,” New York Times Magazine, August 17, 1958, SM34.
48“a single phone call”: Jack Hyland, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 28.
49“It really was”: Joe Nocera, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 29.
49At the Stock Exchange Club: Martin Mayer, Wall Street: Men and Money (New York: Collier Books, 1955), 25–26.
49“broad stairs, old tables”: Mayer, Wall Street, 26.
49“What the food lacks”: Mayer, Wall Street, 26.
50“like the rest of”: Muriel Siebert (with Aimee Lee Ball), Changing the Rules: Adventures of a Wall Street Maverick (New York: The Free Press, 2002), 11.
50Even earlier, Isabel Benham: Tracy Alloway, “Isabel Benham, Wall Street’s first female partner,” Financial Times, June 14, 2013.
51A male colleague doing: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 13.
51“piled chest-high”: Quoting historian Vincent Cannato: “Today in NYC History: The Great Garbage Strike of 1968,” UntappedNewYork.
51(Once the ticker tape itself became): John Steele Gordon, The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 268–269.
52“Hardly anything else on”: John Brooks, The Go-Go Years: The Drama and Crashing Finale of Wall Street’s Bullish 60s (New York: Wiley, 1991), 210.
53“radiates total cool”: As quoted in “From the Go-Go Years to YOLO,” Stray Reflections, September 21, 2021, https://
54They managed to bring: Author’s interview with Lillian Lambert, Zoom, June 7, 2022.
54They next lobbied: Heather Dunhill, “Entrepreneur Lillian Lambert on Being the First Black Woman to Graduate from Harvard Business School,” (Part of the series Listening to Diverse Voices) Sarasota, May 10, 2022.
54“Don’t be ridiculous”: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 29.
55“Can I buy a seat”: Sheri J. Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes: Portraits of Women in Wall Street’s History (New York: Praeger, 2013), 138.
55One of them later said: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 139.
56“Jan Eddins got her loan”: June Kronholz, “Bars to Borrowing: Women Complain That New Equal Credit Law Is Applied Unevenly, Enforced Haphazardly,” Wall Street Journal, January 21, 1977, 32.
56Eventually Chase Manhattan Bank: Muriel Siebert, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 115.
56“the most expensive piece”: Muriel F. Siebert, in Martin Mayer (photographs by Cornell Capa), New Breed on Wall Street: The Young Men Who Make the Money GO (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 98.
56Mickie took her badge: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 4.
56Sometimes she fantasized: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 4.
56“Now the Girls Want”: Roslyn Lacks, “Muriel Siebert: Playing the Numbers on Wall Street,” in Maxine Gold, ed., Women Making History: Conversations with Fifteen New Yorkers (New York City Commission on the Status of Women, 1985), 104.
57When in 1969 pranks: Terry Robards, “Exchange’s Talcum Throwers Are Advised to Take a Powder,” New York Times, June 10, 1969, 67.
57“bubbly and”: Vartanig G. Vartan, “First New York Exchange Seat for Woman Sought by Analyst,” New York Times, December 9, 1967, 1.
57“five feet four inches”: Vartanig G. Vartan, “Miss Siebert’s Memorable Day,” New York Times, January 1, 1968, 23.
58“a token”: “Wall Street & The Role of Women,” The Takeaway, WNYC, September 9, 2013.
58“the petite blonde”: Vartan, “First New York Exchange Seat.”
58But when she submitted: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 139.
58“masculine air”: Mayer, Wall Street, 32.
58“could afford to pay”: Siebert, in Mayer, New Breed, 98.
59Most of the 1,366: Alec Benn, The Unseen Wall Street of 1969–1975: And Its Significance for Today (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2000), 1.
59In 1952, 6.5 million: Benn, Unseen Wall Street, 12.
59“value of shares”: Benn, Unseen Wall Street, 14.
60At one firm: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, conducted by Karen A. Frankel of the Narrative Trust, October 30, 2014, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 34.
60“were like deck officers”: Benn, Unseen Wall Street, 15.
60“spoke with broad a’s”: Benn, Unseen Wall Street, 16.
60In 1965, the NYSE had predicted: Gary S. Bell, In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2002), 92.
61That is when a boutique: William D. Cohan, “When Bankers Started Playing with Other People’s Money,” The Atlantic, February 18, 2017, https://
61“Old men screaming”: Dan Lufkin, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 123.
61At the dinner: Benn, Unseen Wall Street, 7.
61The Associated Press compared: Benn, Unseen Wall Street, 7–8.
62In 1971, Merrill Lynch: Gordon, Great Game, 270.
62A 1960s study: Peter Kihss, “Study Finds Wall St. Lawyers Practice ‘Creative Conformity,’ ” New York Times, April 18, 1964, 57.
63“click-click-clack-click”: Martin Mayer, Wall Street: Men and Money (New York: Collier Books, 1955), 32.
64Over five thousand men: Arturo Gonzalez and Janeann Gonzalez, “Where No Woman Reaches the Summit,” New York Times Magazine, August 17, 1958, SM34.
65“These people in Wall Street”: Leonard Sloane, “Boom and Bust on Wall Street,” New York Magazine, October 14, 1968 [1 (28)], 33.
65“destruction of passivity”: As stated by WITCH, quoted in: Marian Jones, “Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell: What to Know,” Teen Vogue, October 28, 2021, https://
66“Beware of the curse”: Jones, “Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell.”
66“the epicenter of corporate America’s”: Jones, “Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell.”
66“a paper-maché”: Jones, “Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell.”
66“a symbol of patriarchal”: As quoted in Jones, “Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell.”
67“What would corporate America”: Lillian Lincoln Lambert, The Road to Someplace Better: From the Segregated South to Harvard Business School and Beyond (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2010), 124.
67“Left HBS eager”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 124.
68“Maybe, maybe, hmm”: Berkeley Haas; Dean’s Speaker Series; November 5, 2018, https://
68Lillian’s mother arrived: Author’s interview with Lillian Lambert, Zoom, June 7, 2022.
68first three Black stockbrokers: Gary S. Bell, In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2002), 45.
68George King, one of: Bell, In the Black, 47.
69“who likes to cook chicken”: Vartanig G. Vartan, “A Girlhood Dream Is Realized: Negro Woman Now Selling Stocks for Big-Board Firm,” New York Times, February 5, 1965, 39.
69Married to an architect: Vartan, “Girlhood Dream.”
70“not a bedroom war”: Linda Charlton, “Women March Down Fifth in Equality Drive,” New York Times, August 27, 1970, 1.
70“the most visible symbol”: Marilyn Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish in Wall Street,” New York Times, October 11, 1970, 147.
70“I just had lunch”: Terry Robards, “Market Place,” New York Times, August 27, 1970, 63.
71“from rare vice president”: Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish.”
71“from their male sovereigns”: Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish.”
71“In the long run”: Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish.”
71“afford inflammatory”: Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish.”
71“If I ever thought”: Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish.”
72“Wall Street’s stag atmosphere”: Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish.”
72“turn the tables”: Quoted from Susan Brownmiller’s memoir, In Our Time, in Nina Renata Aron, “Sexually Charged ‘Ogle-Ins’ Allowed 1970s Feminists to Humiliate Catcalling Men,” Timeline, April 6, 2018, https://
72“I just looove”: Footage included in Mary Dore, dir., She’s Beautiful When She’s Angry, Music Box Films, 2014.
73“sauntered up”: Quoted from Susan Brownmiller’s memoir, In Our Time, in Aron, “Sexually Charged ‘Ogle-Ins.’ ”
73A group of women: Interview with Beth Dater, conducted by Melanie Shorin of the Narrative Trust, February 10, 2015, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 24–25.
75“the arcane world”: Thomas Goldwasser, “Wall Street Week Becomes a Blue Chip,” Washington Post, June 15, 1981, WB24.
75“snowy Edwardian hairdo”: Maggie Mahar, Bull!: A History of the Boom and Bust, 1982–2004 (New York: Harper Business, Reprint edition 2004), 310.
76“best and gaudiest”: James Grant, “Louis Rukeyser, Television Host, Dies at 73,” New York Times, May 3, 2006, B8.
76“Indomitably hopping”: Goldwasser, “Wall Street Week Becomes a Blue Chip.”
76“lunges across”: John Brooks, “Onward and Upward with Wall Street,” The New Yorker, Vol. 59, November 14, 1983, 114.
77“Fridays at 8:30”: Grant, “Louis Rukeyser.”
77“There sure is news”: As quoted in Brooks, “Onward and Upward.”
77“Wall Street Wake”: Brooks, “Onward and Upward.”
78“anti-semantic”: Brooks, “Onward and Upward.”
78“not previously noted”: Grant, “Louis Rukeyser.”
79“Is this an emergency”: Julia Montgomery Walsh, with Anne Conover Carson, Risks and Rewards: A Memoir (McLean, Virginia: EPM Publications, Inc.), 23.
79“Like so many women”: Walsh, Risks and Rewards, 49.
80“the dust and dirt”: Walsh, Risks and Rewards, 78.
80“like any dutiful”: Walsh, Risks and Rewards, 81.
80“I have delightful”: Walsh, Risks and Rewards, 95.
81“the comfortable apartment”: Walsh, Risks and Rewards, 96.
81“at 39 I faced”: Walsh, Risks and Rewards, 96.
82“emotionally insecure”: Walsh, Risks and Rewards, 97.
82“smelled the salt”: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, conducted by Karen A. Frankel of the Narrative Trust, October 30, 2014, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 2. [NB: The transcript incorrectly has “of the harbor.”]
83“a big cork board”: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 5.
83“There has got”: Sue Herera, Women of the Street (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1997), 143.
84“selling for three”: Peter Low, in Eric J. Weiner, What Goes Up: The Uncensored History of Modern Wall Street as Told by the Bankers, Brokers, CEOs, and Scoundrels Who Made It Happen (New York: Back Bay Books, 2005), 278.
84“Ron, they killed our”: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 12.
84“Ah, here she comes”: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 6.
84“You are young”: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 21.
84“Oh, you are not being”: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 23.
85A friend of hers: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 48.
85It was originally called: Jane Boutwell, “The Talk of the Town: Financial Women,” The New Yorker, September 6, 1976, 22.
85“We had no one”: Margot Witty, “Financial Women and Children,” Working Woman, September 1981, 78.
85They would tell: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 9.
85it was still using non-pressurized DC-4s: Philip James Tiemeyer, “Manhood Up in the Air: Gender, Sexuality, Corporate Culture, and the Law in Twentieth Century America,” Dissertation, UT Austin, May 2007, footnote 42.
86The Vomit Comet left: Interview with Beth Dater, conducted by Melanie Shorin of the Narrative Trust, February 10, 2015, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 15.
86Actress Joan Crawford: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 17.
86Almost always a group from: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 15.
86Not only was the rent: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 18.
87Then one day, the agency: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 19–20.
87“You seem like a”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 20.
87“very, very temperamental”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 21.
87He fired her: Author’s interview with Beth Dater, Zoom, August 25, 2021.
87“trading big accounts”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 23.
88“it could not be”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 23.
88“it was that in-between”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 19.
88“Jolly”: “Darley Talbot Randall,” obituary, Solimne Funeral Homes, https://
88“Well, give it a try”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 25.
88“miracle”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 45.
89“Hey, look what you’ve”: Interview with Bernadette Bartels Murphy, NYHS, Transcript, 10.
89“Why do so many pension funds”: Display Ad 98, Wall Street Journal, October 14, 1965, 24.
89“Ideas are a dime”: Display Ad 96, Wall Street Journal, March 18, 1969, 23.
91“buy blue-chip stocks”: Email correspondence between author and Nina Hayes, January 20, 2022.
92She checked in to: For more on the history of the hotel and its residents, see Paulina Bren, The Barbizon: The Hotel That Set Women Free (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021).
92“a total environment”: “Foreword, Mayor John V. Lindsay,” in The Report of the New York City Commission on Human Rights: Women’s Role in Contemporary Society, ed. Eleanor Holmes Norton (New York: Avon Books, 1972), 17.
93“wicked, rich women”: “Dr. Margaret Mead—Women’s Rights: A Cultural Dilemma,” in Norton, Women’s Role in Contemporary Society, 175.
93“even fewer of those”: Mr. Roger David, representing Merrill Lynch, in Norton, Women’s Role in Contemporary Society, 277.
93“Why wouldn’t more”: David, in Norton, Women’s Role in Contemporary Society, 283.
93“would become an occupational”: David, in Norton, Women’s Role in Contemporary Society, 283.
94“ambitious secretaries”: Marilyn Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish in Wall Street,” New York Times, October 11, 1970.
94“Financial analysis is”: Bender, “Women’s Lib Bearish in Wall Street.”
94In December 1970: Lisa Cronin Wohl, “What’s So Rare as a Woman on Wall Street?” Ms. Magazine, June 1973, 83.
94“What’s a nice girl”: Memo: To: The Women of the Class of 1971; From: Robin Wigger, Class of 1970; Subject: Life at H.B.S., 1971. Harvard Business School, Baker Library, Archives.
94“whether there were any”: Wigger, Memo: To: The Women of the Class of 1971.
95“about women’s work”: Ilene Lang, “Women at HBS: A Woman’s View,” Harbus News, February 10, 1972.
96“When you fight”: As quoted in Christine Sgarlata Chung, “From Lily Bart to the Boom-Boom Room: How Wall Street’s Social and Cultural Response to Women Has Shaped Securities Regulation,” Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 33 (2010): 226.
96“what interests you most”: Susan Antilla, Tales from the Boom-Boom Room: The Landmark Legal Battles that Exposed Wall Street’s Shocking Culture of Sexual Harassment (New York: Harper Business, 2003), 7.
96Although by all accounts: Wellesley Alumnae Achievement Awards 1980, Helen Bohen O’Bannon ’61, https://
96“Let’s get Priscilla”: Author’s interview with Priscilla Rabb, Zoom, September 21, 2021.
97“turned to stone”: Author’s interview with Priscilla Rabb (2021).
98“anonymous handmaiden”: John Brooks, “Onward and Upward with Wall Street,” The New Yorker, Vol. 59, November 14, 1983.
98“For some reason her presence”: Brooks, “Onward and Upward.”
99(out of approximately 205,000 brokers): SEC 1973: 39th Annual Report of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30th, page 54: “During the fiscal year, the number of registered representatives and principals (these categories include all partners, officers, traders, salesmen and other persons employed by or affiliated with member firms in capacities which require registration) increased by 7,125 to 205,028 as of June 30, 1973. This increase reflects the net result of 28,203 initial registrations, 27,466 re-registrations and 48,544 terminations of registration during the year.” https://
99“some advanced studies”: On Wall $treet Week, Rukeyser did not generally name the place of employment of his guests or panelists. But in 1971, Mimi Green had been hired to join the Institutional Marketing Department at Brukenfeld, Mitchell & Co. (Display Ad 109, Wall Street Journal, November 3, 1971, 28.). By 1974, she was a stockbroker at Hayden Stone. (“Mimi Green Is Wed to T. C. Dillenberg,” New York Times, August 30, 1974, 16.)
99“Tell him it’s Mimi”: “Women on the Street,” Wall $treet Week with Louis Rukeyser, air date February 2, 1973, American Archives of Public Broadcasting.
100“shocked at”: Robert Metz, “Market Place: Broker Assesses a Broker’s Role,” New York Times, April 26, 1972, 58.
100“to attract more female customers”: “Dent Asks Caution on Recession: People and Business,” New York Times, December 17, 1974, 57.
100“are no longer”: “Business Bulletin,” Wall Street Journal, January 16, 1975, 1.
100Just a few months later: Display Ad 173, New York Times, June 3, 1975, 29.
100“thundering around”: Interview with Beth Dater, conducted by Melanie Shorin of the Narrative Trust, February 10, 2015, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, 29.
100When Rukeyser approached Gannett: C. Kim Goodwin would later be the first Black female panelist to appear on the show, but by then it was broadcast on CNBC.
101“I just want to tell”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 48.
101Beth was invited: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 36.
101“We think this”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 37.
101A member of: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 38.
101Even as she fully: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 35.
102“Sure, there were women”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 65.
102She had learned something: Antilla, Tales from the Boom-Boom Room, 7.
102Helen’s drawn-out legal battle: “Merrill Lynch Will Pay $1.9 Million in Bias Suits,” New York Times, June 5, 1976, 1.
102which in 1972 was: June Kronholz, “Lagging Behind: Though More Women Work, Job Equality Fails to Materialize Most are Still Concentrated in Low-Level Positions; Recession Was a Setback Less Rank and More File Lagging Behind: More Women Go to Work but in Low-Level Jobs,” Wall Street Journal, July 6, 1976, 1.
102As part of that separate settlement: Susan Antilla, “Stark Lessons from Wall Street’s #MeToo Moment,” The Intercept, October 7, 2019, https://
103In addition, women and minorities: New York Times, “Merrill Lynch Will Pay $1.9 Million in Bias Suits.”
103“spinach pâté”: Jane Boutwell, “The Talk of the Town: Financial Women,” The New Yorker, September 6, 1976, 23.
104“the tabletops”: NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project; Pompier Restaurant/Tenth of Always/Bonnie & Clyde, https://
104When the partners at Epstein: Email correspondence between author and Nina Hayes, September 9, 2021.
105In 1973, Nixon’s bear market: John Steele Gordon, The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 272–273.
109“bellbottoms, a neat shirt”: John Brooks, The Go-Go Years: The Drama and Crashing Finale of Wall Street’s Bullish 60s (New York: Wiley, 1991), 201.
109“just businessmen making a buck”: Brooks, Go-Go Years, 203.
109“right in Trinity churchyard”: Brooks, Go-Go Years, 202.
109“young office girls on pills”: Brooks, Go-Go Years, 203.
109“white-collar pill party”: Nicolas Rasmussen, On Speed: From Benzedrine to Adderall (New York: New York University Press, 2008), 174.
109The drug scene was commonplace: Brooks, Go-Go Years, 210.
110Peter Cohen, who ten years later: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 32. (Ms. Jarcho incorrectly names Cogan rather than Weill as Cohen’s boss at the time.)
110“Corned Beef With Lettuce”: Marshall Cogan, in Eric J. Weiner, What Goes Up: The Uncensored History of Modern Wall Street as Told by the Bankers, Brokers, CEOs, and Scoundrels Who Made It Happen (New York: Back Bay Books, 2005), 134–135.
111One unattractive but: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 25.
111The annual Christmas Party: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021). Also: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 26.
111With an undergraduate degree: Cogan, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 83.
111and neither Goldman Sachs nor: Judith Ramsey Ehrlich, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 84.
111“a hell of a salesman”: Roger Berlind, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 86.
111“the personification of”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
112“like Julia Roberts”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 27.
112“taken over by a bunch”: Sandy Weill, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 142.
112“smarter than we were”: Wick Simmons, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 143.
113an investing god: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021). (In Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Ms. Jarcho is more vague about who introduced her to the idea of applying for the job with Tisch. She does not credit Cogan with giving her the idea and encouraging her but instead an institutional trader whom she knew. Transcript, 34)
113“shaking”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
113“liked bargains”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 34.
113“How much”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021). Also: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 43.
113“cheap”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021). (In Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Ms. Jarcho tells it slightly differently—she does not get the raise.)
114But Larry’s stinginess: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
114spoke luridly about his sex life.: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 36. Also: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
114In 1989, his fiftieth birthday: Martha Sherrill, “Abuzz About a Million Dollar Bash,” Washington Post, August 16, 1989, D1.
114hers served on a plastic plate: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 38.
114“And which are you?!”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
114“act like a man”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
114“I had a reputation”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 40.
115“cramped studio apartments”: Melissa S. Fisher, Wall Street Women (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012), 13–14.
116“Schulder … does not fit”: Terry Robards, “Woman, 36, at Top in Brokerage House,” New York Times, March 23, 1969, 3.
116“Today hundreds of thousands”: John T. Molloy, The Woman’s Dress for Success Book (New York: Warner Books, 1978), 22.
116“business uniform”: Molloy, Dress for Success, 34.
116“nothing morally wrong”: Molloy, Dress for Success, 27.
117“imitation man look”: Molloy, Dress for Success, 28.
117“lightweight”: Molloy, Dress for Success, 18.
117“despite the rhetoric”: Molloy, Dress for Success, 21.
117“OK. So you’ve made it”: Florence Graves, “The Art of Luring a Man,” New York Times Magazine, November 26, 1978, SM214.
117“Molloy seeks to”: Deborah Sue Yaeger, “Women are What They Wear (in the Office),” Wall Street Journal, March 3, 1978, 8.
117“pumps, gold or”: Graves, “Art of Luring a Man.”
118“if two women”: Judy Klemesrud, “Behind the Best Sellers: John T. Molloy,” New York Times, March 12, 1978, BR12.
118“hotel employees”: Molloy, Dress for Success, 33.
118“three of the best”: Molloy, Dress for Success, 34.
118“smile more”: Marilyn Loden, “Why I Invented the Glass Ceiling Phrase,” 100 Women, BBC News, December 13, 2017, https://
119identify her socio-economic status: Graves, “Art of Luring a Man.”
119hired Lillian Hobson in 1971: Author’s interview with Lillian Lincoln Lambert, Zoom, June 7, 2022.
119“an anomaly”: Lillian Lincoln Lambert, The Road to Someplace Better: From the Segregated South to Harvard Business School and Beyond (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2010), 138.
120“could relate it to”: Lambert, Road to Someplace Better, 138.
121they singled out the hippies: Joshua B. Freeman, “Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations,” Journal of Social History 26, no. 4 (Summer 1993): 736.
122“by their advantages:”: David Gelman et al., “How Men Are Changing,” Newsweek, January 16, 1978, 52.
122“Typically, they would endorse”: Mirra Komarovsky quoted in Gelman et al., “How Men Are Changing,” 59–60.
122“I don’t think”: Bob Amore quoted in Gelman et al., “How Men Are Changing,” 60.
123“Uncle Sam, traitor”: As quoted in Victoria Ludas, “American Manpower: Work and Masculinity in the 1970s,” MA thesis, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 2011, 62.
123the 1963 Equal Pay Act: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission “Timeline of Important EEOC Events,” https://
123“great leap forward”: June Kronholz, “Lagging Behind: Though More Women Work, Job Equality Fails to Materialize Most Are Still Concentrated in Low-Level Positions,” Wall Street Journal, July 6, 1976, 1.
123“More women”: Kronholz, “Lagging Behind,” 1.
123The Labor Department reported: Kronholz, “Lagging Behind,” 2.
124“stopped rampaging”: Terry Robards, “Go-Go Fund Managers Mostly Gone,” New York Times, February 12, 1973, 39.
124While Mickie Siebert’s: John Steele Gordon, The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 274.
124“Hello from the gutters”: “From the Archives: Jimmy Breslin, the Son of Sam, and New York Tabloid Wars,” Columbia Journalism Review (March 20, 2017), https://
124In 1978 the director of compliance: Frank J. Prial, “BUSINESS PEOPLE: They’re Capitalizing on Capital Experience, Defense for Wall Street Women, Poignant Exit for Richard Burow, He’s President, But of What?” New York Times, June 21, 1978, D2.
125“Stuffed”: Author’s interview with Maria Marsala, Zoom, August 1, 2022.
125“Stop that!”: Author’s interview with Maria Marsala (2022).
126how to hire cheap talent: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell, Zoom, August 24, 2021.
126“he said/she said”: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell (2021).
127Mary arrived to work: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell (2021).
127“nerdy but prestigious”: Marlene Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, Unpublished manuscript, 6 (I would like to thank Ms. Jupiter for her generosity in sharing her manuscript, a memoir of her experiences on Wall Street, and allowing me to quote from it).
128“Welcome to Wall Street!”: Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, 12.
128Marlene as the “new girl”: Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, 14.
129tableside backgammon boards: Aaron Goldfarb, “Backgammon’s Secret Celebrity Society,” Punch, July 9, 2021, https://
130“involved with a best friend of his”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 27.
130everyone assumed she was sleeping with him: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho, New York City, September 19, 2021. Also: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 35, 39.
130And then there were the targeted lies: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 35.
130“charm”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
130“very iconoclastic”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 44.
130“Are you crazy?”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 44.
131But Alice had a crush: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
131But Gus Levy: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
131“a roar that sounds”: Vartanig G. Vartan, “The New York Stock Exchange: An Amalgam of Coolness and Excitement,” New York Times, January 22, 1964, 50.
132“pocket-sized radio receivers”: “Beeps Join Waggles on Trading Floor,” New York Times, August 11, 1971, 49.
133“pink, yellow”: Vartan, “New York Stock Exchange.”
133“soft-drink lids”: Sonny Kleinfield, The Traders (Greenville, SC: Traders Press, 1993 [Reprint from 1983]), 1.
133There was so much paper: Patricia O’Toole, “A Day in the Life of the New York Stock Exchange,” Savvy, August 1981, 36.
133moved using a thumbwheel: O’Toole, “A Day in the Life,” 37.
133“Three-eighths for a thousand”: Kleinfield, Traders, 13.
133One ritual was so stress-inducing: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, conducted by Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, October 25, 2016, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 44.
134Only later did she learn: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 46.
134“on [her] ass”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021). (In Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 49. Here Ms. Jarcho notes only “a daughter.”)
134“I have all the fears”: Leonard Sloane, “New Floor Trader Ends a Tradition at Big Board,” New York Times, November 1, 1976, 77.
134always referred to herself: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
135“a snob”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
135The attacks on Alice: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 49–50.
135“Oh, you must have your”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
136“There were women with”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 57–58.
137“You’re not understanding”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
137“pure Teddy Roosevelt”: O’Toole, “A Day in the Life,” 36.
137“a lone black man”: Gary S. Bell, In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2002), 71.
137“When are you”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
139had admitted its first two women: Vartanig G. Vartan, “First New York Exchange Seat for Woman Sought by Analyst,” New York Times, December 9, 1967.
139“Mayday”: Gary S. Bell, In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street (New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2002), 108.
140“I am concerned”: As quoted in Alec Benn, The Unseen Wall Street of 1969–1975: And Its Significance for Today (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2000), 127.
140“financial Camelot”: Bell, In the Black, 94.
141Others weren’t smiling: Roslyn Lacks, “Muriel Siebert: Playing the Numbers on Wall Street,” in Maxine Gold, ed., Women Making History: Conversations with Fifteen New Yorkers (New York City Commission on the Status of Women, 1985), 105.
141The fixed rate commission: Dylan Gottlieb, “Yuppies: Young Urban Professionals and the Making of Postindustrial New York,” PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 2020, 39. I would like to thank Dylan Gottlieb for his generosity in sharing his PhD dissertation with me. His dissertation is now a forthcoming book with Harvard University Press.
141Her father had died: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, conducted by Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, October 25, 2016, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 7.
141“husky traders”: Sonny Kleinfield, The Traders (Greenville, SC: Traders Press, 1993 [Reprint from 1983]), 52.
142He had been hiding them: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 5–6.
142possibly as a department-store buyer: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 12.
142“into which traders”: Kleinfield, Traders, 51.
143The American Stock Exchange was for her: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 13.
143Almost everyone found it: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 51–52.
144Doreen accessorized: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero, New York City, September 16, 2021.
144Doreen secretly hoped: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 14.
144buying a membership for $52,000: Douglas W. Cray, “People in Business: Big Board, Amex Each Adding a Woman as Trading Members,” New York Times, March 10, 1977, 57.
144Ace Greenberg took a shine to him: Jenny Lee LaVertu, “The Women of Jeffrey Epstein,” Medium, August 15, 2019, https://
144Doreen was still living at home: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
144Opened in 1972: Frank J. Prial, “Years of Feeding Wall Street Meet Abrupt End at Harry’s,” New York Times, November 1, 2003, B4.
145a small hammer: Kleinfield, Traders, 53.
145After she’d finished her breakfast: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 20.
145Doreen found an apartment: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 19.
145Her best friend lived: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
145Having untethered herself: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 25.
146“an extremely, extremely nice man”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 28.
147It was a total culture shock: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 30–31.
147“where traders cluster[ed]”: Anne Mackay-Smith, “Women Are Facing Hostility and Hazing As a Few Break into Commodity,” The Wall Street Journal, January 22, 1982, 33.
147She was just twenty-four: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 31.
148“Get me a quote on IBM”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 54.
149solo flying: Lacks, “Muriel Siebert,” 102.
149“It gives me great”: Lacks, “Muriel Siebert,” 104.
150“Oh, that was nice”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 35. Further details: Author’s Interview with Doreen Mogavero (2021).
150“I felt like I could breathe”: Author’s interviews with Louise Jones, New Jersey, April 28 and June 28, 2022. Please note that all references to Louise Jones are based on the author’s interviews.
153“People were screaming”: Patricia O’Toole, “A Day in the Life of the New York Stock Exchange,” Savvy, August 1981, 34.
155a floor trader in his late forties: My interviewees who worked on an exchange floor tended to use the terms “floor broker” and “floor trader” indiscriminately and interchangeably. In theory, those who executed orders for brokerage house clients were called “commission brokers,” those who helped commission brokers execute orders (for any firm) were called “two-dollar brokers,” and those who traded their own accounts were called “floor traders.” See Kleinfield, Traders, 11.
159“What’s an eee-light?”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne, Zoom, August 17, 2021.
160“a journeyman’s school”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
160“How much money do you think”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
162“Jacquard typewriters”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
162“Look, Barbara, this is market data”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
163“they would call you names”: Johnny Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend, Shattering the Glass Ceiling,” with Barbara Byrne, Former Vice Chairman of Investment Banking, Barclays and Lehman Brothers, AAAIM High (Podcast), August 4, 2021, Episode 26.
163as he puffed on his own cigar: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
163“I don’t understand”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
164“You’re quiet”: Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend.”
164“Do you agree with this?!”: Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend.” Also: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
164“So is there anything positive”: Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend.”
164“Do you really think I’m”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021). Also: Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend.”
164“so ridiculously tacky”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
165“Oh, and by the way”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
165favorite television show: Ms. Byrne refers to the television show 1L (as in first year of law school). Presumably, she meant The Paper Chase. Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
165“Ladies’ Day”: Brenda Feigen, Not One of the Boys: Living Life as a Feminist (New York: Knopf, 2000), 5.
165But it wasn’t just about: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
165(“which is true”!): Author’s interview with Cali Cole, Zoom, August 20, 2021.
165The daughter of a prominent lawyer: Marianne Camille Spraggins, interviewed by Julieanna L. Richardson at New York, NY, with videographer Matthew Hickey on October 20, 2013, HistoryMakers, Tape 2.
167Marianne now had a law degree: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 1
167“a very suave … mysterious”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 2.
167Deak had in fact worked as an operative: “Was CIA Financier-Turned Wall Street Banker Assassinated by the Bearded Bag Lady? New Evidence May Solve Mystery of 1985 Shooting,” Daily Mail, December 9, 2012, https://
167Deak represented a level of power: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins, New York City, June 11, 2022.
167“understood political power”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 2.
168“but that wasn’t the driving force”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 2.
168Alice in Wonderland: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 2.
168“brutal for Black people”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers: Tape 2.
168“I called up every single”: David J. Dent, “Taking Their Seats on The Street: Blacks Have Made It on Wall Street to a Point. Now They’re Asking, ‘What’s Next?’,’ ” New York Times, February 23, 1997, 127.
169“Oh, how long have you”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 4.
169“very bankerly”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 2.
170“false front”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
170“Average”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
170“If you believe you are”: Lisa Rawson, “Second Generation Alumnus Returns to Teach,” Equitas, November 1977, 9.
170“had no idea”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
170“I don’t see anyone here”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
170On Friday, they told her: Marianne Spraggins’s various interviews across time offer up different dates as her starting point on Wall Street. In “Taking Their Seats on The Street,” the article cites her starting year as 1978. In Audrey Edwards, “Marianne Spraggins: Doing the Count,” Essence, August 1993, Spraggins speaks of the early 1980s as when she started. In an extensive oral history interview for HistoryMakers, as well as an interview with the author, Spraggins is less specific but seems to suggest 1980–81.
170“beauty contests”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
171“little yellow tie thing”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
171“So this is who I am”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
171Now there were three Black trainees left: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
172“like Hester Prynne”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
172“a fatal error”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
172“Marianne, I can’t believe you didn’t”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
173“uncouth, ill-bred”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
173She had been reduced: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
173“steel-blue eyes, like a beetle”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
174The man then looked up: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
174“Let me tell you one thing”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
174“up there”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
174“carried out feet first”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
175“one day, somebody”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
175“ready to bite the ass off a bear”: Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising Through the Wreckage of Wall Street (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 22.
175“I was in the class”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
176He would be known for coining: “25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis,” Time, https://
176“uncouth”: Edward Morris, Wall Streeters: The Creators and Corruptors of American Finance (New York: Columbia Business School Publishing, 2015), 252.
176“the firm’s Biggest Swinging Dicks”: Lewis, Liar’s Poker, 95.
176“baddest dudes”: Lewis, Liar’s Poker, 95.
177Outstanding mortgage loans were: Lewis, Liar’s Poker, 104.
177“women have it”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
177“So I knew I was on to something”: Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
179made $150 million for Salomon Brothers: Lewis, Liar’s Poker, 135.
179“We are pioneers”: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations of the Committee on Education and Labor House of Representatives on H.R. 1179 and H.R. 4243, 119.
179“I would love to say”: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations of the Committee on Education and Labor House of Representatives on H.R. 1179 and H.R. 4243, 121.
179“now trading about $15 billion”: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations of the Committee on Education and Labor House of Representatives on H.R. 1179 and H.R. 4243, 122.
179totaled $500 million: This is actually what the interviewer asks Marianne—to confirm that she brought in $500 million. Marianne says she does not remember but trusts it’s true. Spraggins, HistoryMakers, Tape 3.
179the worst of it was: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
179“twofers”: Keith L. Alexander, “Minority Women Feel Racism, Sexism Are Blocking the Path to Management,” Wall Street Journal, July 25, 1990, B1.
179“And that’s a direct order!”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
179“always did whatever”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
180“There are people who know”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
180“known as the city’s most”: Mimi Sheraton, “Restaurants; Palace Revisited; New in Midtown,” New York Times, November 20, 1981, C22.
180“because we’re going to break them!”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
181“came glittering down”: John Duka, “A New Opulence Triumphs in Capital,” New York Times, January 22, 1981, C1.
182“All of the women here”: Duka, “New Opulence.”
182household debt: Paul Krugman, “Reagan Did It,” op-ed, New York Times, May 31, 2009, 21.
183“I wore granny dresses”: As quoted in Gil Troy, Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 56.
183“Dawn of a Bull Market”: James Grant, in Eric J. Weiner, What Goes Up: The Uncensored History of Modern Wall Street as Told by the Bankers, Brokers, CEOs, and Scoundrels Who Made It Happen (New York: Back Bay Books, 2005), 270.
183He even did the unthinkable: Author’s interview with Patricia Chadwick, Greenwich, CT, December 4, 2021.
183Five days later, on August 17: Gary Silverman, “ ‘Shock the Market’: Wall Street’s Original ‘Dr Doom’ Tells Fed to Toughen Up,” Financial Times, August 17, 2022, https://
183By August 20: Jason DeSena Trennert, “Remembering the Reagan Bull Market,” Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2009, A15.
184MTV arrived in August 1981: For more on the Cold War cues played on MTV in the 1980s, see Tom Nichols, “I Want My Mutually Assured Destruction,” The Atlantic, May 8, 2021, https://
184Suddenly New York was the place: Matthew Galkin, dir., Empires of New York, Fairhaven Films, 2020, Episodes 1 and 2.
184When, in October 1981: Dylan Gottlieb, “Yuppies: Young Urban Professionals and the Making of Postindustrial New York,” PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 2020, 65–66.
185“The M.B.A degree is”: Warren Kalbacker, “Playboy Interview: Louis Rukeyser,” Playboy, April 1987, 53.
185In 1971, women: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 68.
185“At cocktail parties”: As quoted in Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 40.
186“a means of creating”: Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising Through the Wreckage of Wall Street (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 43–44.
186She had never wanted a fur coat: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell, Zoom, August 24, 2021.
186“a herd mentality”: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 56.
186“No, no, no”: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 23.
186In 1986, over 30 percent: James B. Stewart, “Taking the Dare,” The New Yorker, July 26, 1993, 35.
186Phyllis Strong, Yale class of 1983: Author’s interview with Phyllis Strong, Zoom, September 14, 2021. All subsequent references to Phyllis Strong are from this interview.
188“because I open my boss’s mail”: Julie Salamon, “Working Women Grill Major Banks in Noon Mock Trial,” Wall Street Journal, August 27, 1980, 21.
188“if someone gave me an order”: Commencement DB, Muriel Siebert at Case Western Reserve University (1998), https://
190“If you want the job”: Joanne Lipman, “The Mismeasure of Woman,” Op-Ed, New York Times, October 23, 2009, 21.
190She’d landed a: Author’s interview with Joanne Lipman, Zoom, July 26, 2021.
190“Valley of the Dolls”: Lipman, “Mismeasure of Woman.”
191“curse like truck drivers”: Lipman, “Mismeasure of Woman.”
191In 1984, LGBT Stanford alumni: The interviewee did not want to give her name: interview on Zoom, November 21, 2022.
191The question of whether: Annette Friskopp and Sharon Silverstein, Straight Jobs, Gay Lives: Gay and Lesbian Professionals, the Harvard Business School, and the American Workplace (New York: Scribner, 1995), 350.
191Gay culture largely identified: Friskopp and Silverstein, Straight Jobs, Gay Lives, 364–366.
191“My generation of professional”: Lipman, “Mismeasure of Woman.”
191“Being an analyst”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne, Zoom, August 17, 2021.
192Beth Dater, now a partner: Interview with Beth Dater, conducted by Melanie Shorin of the Narrative Trust, February 10, 2015, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, 41.
192“was putting linebacker”: Marlen Komar, “The Evolution of the Female Power Suit,” Bustle, April 14, 2016, https://
193“You can go to Ford”: Author’s interview with Westina Matthews, Zoom, August 20, 2021.
193could not abide: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 49.
194“limousines lined up”: Trip Gabriel, “For Those Who Lived It, the Surf Club Lives On,” New York Times, March 16, 1997, 49.
194In 1970 almost 73,000: “NYC in Chaos,” Blackout/Image Gallery, PBS/American Experience, https://
194Typical then was a 1973: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 62.
195“contrary to popular rumor”: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 62.
195“one of the most highly-favored”: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 63.
195On a weekend morning: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 63.
196“a little showy”: Michael Beschloss, “Historysource: The Ad That Helped Reagan Sell Good Times to an Uncertain Nation,” New York Times (online), May 7, 2016, https://
196“a year-long tan”: Marlene Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, unpublished manuscript, 35.
196and at 2 p.m.: Author’s interview with Marlene Jupiter, Zoom, June 17, 2022.
196“entire room would look”: Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, 40.
197“For the first time in decades”: Merida Welles, “Wall Street by Night,” New York Times, January 1, 1984, Section 3, page 4.
197Like Phyllis and Joanne: Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, 46.
197“if you were blowing up”: Interview with Beth Dater, NYHS, Transcript, 45.
198drank Champagne served by maids: “The 50 Most Influential Reality TV Seasons of All Time,” Time, August 4, 2022, https://
198“a subculture in which cocaine”: Peter Kerr, “15 Employees of Wall Street Firms Are Arrested on Cocaine Charges,” New York Times, April 17, 1987, 1.
199“barely looking up”: “The Year of the Yuppie,” Newsweek, December 31, 1984, 14.
199“a couple so far ahead”: Newsweek, “Year of the Yuppie,” 16.
200“In the eighties”: Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: Pantheon, 1989), 200.
200“driving the bears back”: Rudy Abramson, “President Gives Bullish Wall St. Pep Talk,” Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1985, 26.
203they’d have to build: See: Muriel Siebert (with Aimee Lee Ball), Changing the Rules: Adventures of a Wall Street Maverick (New York: The Free Press, 2002), 39. Also, Muriel Siebert, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 114. Siebert writes that for two years she did not know that there was even a bathroom near the trading floor. Finally, a broker took pity on her and led her to the bathrooms built for the female pages hired during the Korean War. This has proven difficult to confirm, but it seems the ones she referred to are the ones that still remain with the door sign: Female Clerks Rest Room. For more, see The Good Men Project, “The New York Stock Exchange Really Needs to Move the Women’s Restroom,” Jezebel, August 2, 2012. To view photographs of how hard it is still to find the bathrooms, see: The Good Feed Blog Editors, “NYSE’s ‘Moving the Needle’ Might Have to Start with ‘Moving the Bathroom’,” Forbes, August 2, 2012, https://
205“a tough world”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne, Zoom, August 17, 2021.
205“If anyone ever hears”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
206“smoke signal”: Maria Marsala, Guest Columnist: “A Woman Who Survived Wall Street’s ‘Liquid Lunches’ and ‘Boom, Boom Rooms’ of the 1970s and 1980s Weighs in on the Ken Fisher Sexism Fracas,” RIABiz, March 2, 2020, https://
206“Not only do we have”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho, New York City, September 19, 2021.
207“I’m not going to look”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
207“You think you’re going to”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
207“some polyester people”: Jane Gross, “Against the Odds: A Woman’s Ascent on Wall Street,” New York Times Magazine, January 6, 1985, 1.
208“intoxicating”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
209“I’m not going to pay”: Gross, “Against the Odds.”
210“The over-30 mother”: Mary Kay Blakely, “Executive Mothers: A Cautionary Tale,” Working Woman, August 1983, 70.
210“If I can’t give”: Dena Kleiman, “Many Young Women Now Say They’d Pick Family over Career,” New York Times, December 28, 1980, 1.
210“mothers should either”: Kleiman, “Many Young Women.”
210A recent Gallup poll: Gross, “Against the Odds.”
211She had graduated from Columbia: Author’s interview with Janet Hanson, Hastings-On-Hudson, NY, November 23, 2021.
211“the dogs”: Author’s interview with Janet Hanson (2021).
211having already paid her dues: D. Murali, “Books: Mistreatment in the Money Den,” The Hindu, May 31, 2011, https://
211“amusing”: Janet Hanson, More Than 85 Broads: Women Making Career Choices, Taking Risks, and Defining Success on Their Own Terms (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), 1–2.
212“Thirty years ago”: Peter Davis, “The $100,000 a Year Woman,” Esquire, June 1984, 72.
212“The single men I meet”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 72.
212“I didn’t know if”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 82.
212she allowed the reporter: Author’s interview with Lisa Wolfson, Zoom, May 4, 2023.
213“You begin to feel”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 73.
213“the high forehead”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 73.
213“avuncular crush on her”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 81.
214“Now just think”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 81.
214“men have these profound”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 82.
214“I’m still enough of a”: Davis, “$100,000 a Year Woman,” 86.
214“dressed in suits”: Margot Witty, “Financial Women and Children,” Working Woman, September 1981, 77.
215“have disposable diapers”: Witty, “Financial Women and Children,” 77.
215“How much”: Witty, “Financial Women and Children,” 78.
216“It was an eye-opener”: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell, Zoom, August 24, 2021.
216“hooked on the stock market”: Witty, “Financial Women and Children,” 78.
216with women who didn’t question: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell (2021).
216“a downtown Junior League”: Melissa Suzanne Fisher, “Wall Street Women: Engendering Global Finance in the Manhattan Landscape,” City & Society 22, no. 2 (December 2010): 268–269.
216purposefully choosing the august Federal Hall: Fisher, “Wall Street Women,” 262.
217It was clear to them all: Author’s interview with Ellen Sills-Levy, Zoom, April 27, 2023.
217“analyzing for two”: John Brooks, “Onward and Upward with Wall Street,” The New Yorker, Vol. 59, November 14, 1983.
217What surprised her: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell (2021).
217Well into the late 1990s: Elizabeth Holder and Xan Parker, dirs. Risk/Reward, Organic Pictures, 2003.
217“probably the most prominent”: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell (2021).
217Margo had started out: Author’s interview with Margo Alexander, New York City, December 8, 2021.
218quietly left her name off: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell (2021).
218Paine Webber noticed that: Author’s interview with Margo Alexander (2021).
218It further helped: Author’s interview with Margo Alexander (2021).
218“whether I would have”: Scott McMurray, “Goldman, Sachs Moves to Reassure Stanford Candidates,” Wall Street Journal, February 4, 1985, 14.
218“go to the end of”: As quoted in McMurray, “Goldman, Sachs Moves.”
218he “wouldn’t fit in”: McMurray, “Goldman, Sachs Moves.”
218Antidiscriminatory Underground: Muriel Siebert (with Aimee Lee Ball), Changing the Rules: Adventures of a Wall Street Maverick (New York: The Free Press, 2002), 210.
218“they tended to look for”: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 210.
218“moment of introspection”: Author’s interview with Janet Hanson (2021).
219Women were found more often: Author’s interview with Janet Hanson (2021).
219“That was it”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 62.
219“One of them was”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 61.
219The numbers couldn’t lie: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
220“the Lehman guys wouldn’t”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 63.
220“the five phases of grief”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 64.
221“an ill-fitting toupee”: Edward Morris, Wall Streeters: The Creators and Corruptors of American Finance (New York: Columbia Business School Publishing, 2015), 226–227.
221The return was alluring: Dylan Gottlieb, “Yuppies: Young Urban Professionals and the Making of Postindustrial New York,” PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 2020, 41.
222Milken’s department: Morris, Wall Streeters, 234.
222According to his tax returns: Morris, Wall Streeters, 235.
222When for his thirty-eighth birthday: Morris, Wall Streeters, 252.
222“In 1975, the total value”: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 42.
223“many U.S. corporate managements”: Warren Kalbacker, “Playboy Interview: Louis Rukeyser,” Playboy, April 1987, 60.
223wanting to be a young Barbara Walters: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald, New York City, June 1, 2022.
224“commission shop”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald, New York City, September 30, 2021.
224“like walking into a bar”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2021).
224“jammed with”: Tim Carrington, “Tough Pit Boss: Alan Greenberg Leads Bear Stearns Traders In the Big-Block Game Intense, Poker-Faced Chief, Who ‘Loves Small Losses,’ Also Diversifies the Firm,” Wall Street Journal, January 18, 1982, 1.
225including former NY Rangers: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
225“very fit, handsome”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
225“whip-smart”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
226“big deal kings”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
226“schlep”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
226“I loved going to work”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
226“plopped down”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
227“Hazardous to your”: Muriel Siebert (with Aimee Lee Ball), Changing the Rules: Adventures of a Wall Street Maverick (New York: The Free Press, 2002), 162.
227“they needed bodies”: Author’s interview with Phyllis Strong (2021).
228As Westina Matthews’ uncle: Author’s interview with Westina Matthews (2021).
228“there was a premium”: Author’s interview with Phyllis Strong (2021).
228“Wall Street came to be”: Steve Fraser, “Toward a Cultural History of Wall Street,” Raritan 22, no. 3 (2003): 4.
228“smart”: Jonathon Peterson, “Junk Bonds: a Financial Revolution That Failed Wall Street: The Economic Highfliers of the 1980s’ Growing Economy Are a Peril in the Downturn of the ’90s,” Los Angeles Times, November 22, 1990, 1.
229“assets to be sold”: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 42.
229“was a winner-take-all feeling”: Author’s interview with Phyllis Strong (2021).
231“share his ‘grief’ ”: Anise C. Wallace, “Investing; Cashing on the Merger Madness,” New York Times, July 8, 1984, Section 3, 10.
231“demanding perfectionist”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona, New York City, September 7, 2021.
232Roseanne would eventually: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona (2021).
232“If you ever speak to”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona (2021).
233“When you ask for something”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona (2021).
233“street kids”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona (2021).
233“he was pissed off”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona (2021).
234“arbitrage gains were ill-gotten”: Morris, Wall Streeters, 240.
235“We were the original algorithms”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, conducted by Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, October 25, 2016, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 57.
236“If you need that”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 85.
236White Castle burgers or: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 63.
236“every entrée”: James B. Stewart, Den of Thieves (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 96.
236“We’re starting the 2 p.m.”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
237“less human”: Author’s interview with Janet Hanson, Hastings-On-Hudson, NY, November 23, 2021.
238“mortgages are math”: Morris, Wall Streeters, 258.
238“Wall Street made”: Author’s interview with Janet Hanson (2021).
239junk-bond specialist Dirk Maurier: Michael W. Miller, “Coming Attractions: Wall Street’s Stock Soars in the Movies,” Wall Street Journal, February 18, 1987, 1.
239“I have got to”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 47.
239“My God, my mother’s”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 48.
240with mahogany and marble: Joseph Grano, in Eric J. Weiner, What Goes Up: The Uncensored History of Modern Wall Street as Told by the Bankers, Brokers, CEOs, and Scoundrels Who Made It Happen (New York: Back Bay Books, 2005), 280.
240“short skirts and spiked heels”: Susan Antilla, “The Hottest Woman on Wall Street,” Working Woman, August 1991, 51.
240In her early days on Wall Street: Sheri J. Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes: Portraits of Women in Wall Street’s History (New York: Praeger, 2013), 152.
241“Elaine, Girls just wanna have funds”: Antilla, “Hottest Woman on Wall Street,” 51.
241“media hound”: Antilla, “Hottest Woman on Wall Street,” 50.
241“a kid”: Sandra McElwaine, “Cosmo Talks to Elaine Garzarelli: Wall-Street Wizard,” Cosmopolitan, August 1988, 158.
241“fall in love”: McElwaine, “Cosmo Talks to Elaine Garzarelli,” 158.
241“financial wizard”: McElwaine, “Cosmo Talks to Elaine Garzarelli,” 158.
241already done marriage: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 153.
241She refused to sign: Antilla, “Hottest Woman on Wall Street,” 51.
241“I had to take each”: Caplan, Petticoats and Pinstripes, 153.
242“Lehman’s going to”: Sue Herera, Women of the Street (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1997), 154.
242“a senior vice president”: “Brendan Thomas Byrne Jr. Marries Barbara Moakler at Mount Holyoke,” New York Times, September 29, 1985, 69.
242“It was like for sport”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne, Zoom, August 17, 2021.
242“I’m having a baby!”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
243That Friday afternoon: “Remembering Black Monday: Fred Joseph,” CNN Money, https://
243Karen had already convinced: “Remembering Black Monday: Jim Cramer,” CNN Money, https://
244“looking in the eyes”: Donald Marron, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 285.
244There were rumors: Michael Labranche, in Weiner, What Goes Up, 288.
245When the paramedics arrived: “Remembering Black Monday: Elaine Garzarelli,” CNN Money, https://
245“They weren’t running around”: “Remembering Black Monday: Muriel Siebert,” CNN Money, https://
245the market had dropped: Federal Reserve History. Time Period: The Great Moderation/ Stock Market Crash of 1987, https://
246staying on the floor: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero, New York City, September 16, 2021.
246stayed open all night: Tim Arango and Julie Creswell, “End of an Era on Wall Street: Goodbye to All That,” New York Times, October 4, 2008, https://
246to her favorite Japanese restaurant: CNN Money, “Remembering Black Monday: Elaine Garzarelli.”
246“cautious, be cautious”: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell, Zoom, August 24, 2021.
246“So, he ate some bad”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
247Doreen watched as: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 66.
247“puppies”: Gottlieb, “Yuppies,” 85.
247A pigeon can still: Siebert, Changing the Rules, 171.
247“greed is alright”: Quoted extensively. Here see: Bob Greene, “A $100 Million Idea: Use Greed for Good,” Chicago Tribune, December 15, 1986, D1.
248“a cult phenomenon”: Ken Moelis, a former UBS banker and “one of Wall Street’s best-known dealmakers” in Francesco Guerrrera, “How ‘Wall Street’ Changed Wall Street,” Financial Times, September 24, 2010, https://
248“a proliferation of suspenders”: Guerrrera, “How ‘Wall Street’ Changed Wall Street.”
249“racketeering enterprise”: Edward Morris, Wall Streeters: The Creators and Corruptors of American Finance (New York: Columbia Business School Publishing, 2015), 245.
249“yuppie five”: Lois L. Evans and Heather H. Evans, “Why Women Are Outsiders to Insider Trading,” New York Times, February 21, 1987, 27.
250men stopped barging in: Author’s email correspondence with Doreen Mogavero, September 25, 2023.
250All they had to do: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, conducted by Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, October 25, 2016, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 62–63.
250“beautiful and sexy”: Janet Hanson, More Than 85 Broads: Women Making Career Choices, Taking Risks, and Defining Success on Their Own Terms (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), 2.
250“tired and old”: Hanson, More Than 85 Broads, 2.
250“I was leaving because”: Hanson, More Than 85 Broads, 2.
251“I’m sitting here”: Hanson, More Than 85 Broads, 4.
251“Women need help”: Hanson, More Than 85 Broads, 5.
252“IPO carve-outs”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne, Zoom, August 17, 2021.
252“Mr. O’Leary, has anyone”: Johnny Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend, Shattering the Glass Ceiling,” with Barbara Byrne, Former Vice Chairman of Investment Banking, Barclays and Lehman Brothers, AAAIM High (Podcast), August 4, 2021, Episode 26.
253“You’ve never produced”: Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend.”
253represented only 4 percent of: Laurie P. Cohen, William Power and Michael Siconolfi, “Wall Street Women: Financial Firms Act to Curb Office Sexism, with Mixed Results,” Wall Street Journal, November 5, 1991, A1.
253It made her realize: Wu, “Career Advice from an Investment Banking Legend.”
253“militant”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald, New York City, September 30, 2021.
254“Oh, I would love to”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald, New York City, June 1, 2022. (Ms. Chadwick mentions this, too, in her memoir.)
255“I’m probably the only”: Vartanig G. Vartan, “Miss Siebert’s Memorable Day,” New York Times, January 1, 1968, 23.
255“I’m in her presence”: Author’s interview with Patricia Chadwick, Greenwich, CT, December 4, 2021.
255“God help you”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
255“golden girl”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
255“I’ll give you”: Michael Kaplan, “How the macho NYSE Trader Became an Endangered Species,” New York Post, February 15, 2020, https://
256“The ’80s was”: Mary Rourke, “Slouching into the ’90s,” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1992, 1.
256Someone smirked: Author’s interview with Marlene Jupiter, Zoom, June 17, 2022.
256Change and transformation: Judith Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).
256“Hey, how do you like”: Author’s interview with Margo Alexander, New York City, December 8, 2021.
257“sexy money”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 67.
257“his darling”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho, New York City, September 19, 2021.
257He would randomly: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 67.
257Allegations of sexual: Sharon Otterman and Hannah Dreyfus, “Michael Steinhardt, a Leader in Jewish Philanthropy, Is Accused of a Pattern of Sexual Harassment,” New York Times, March 21, 2019, https://
257His stock-in-trade: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
257“than I cried my entire”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 67.
257When the office politics: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021). Also: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 68.
258“I’ve never told him”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
258“I’m so sorry”: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
258Charlie Milligan, left: Author’s interview with Margo Alexander (2021). Also: Kurt Eichenwald, “COMPANY NEWS; ‘A New Paine Webber,’ ” New York Times, July 15, 1992, D1.
258“humiliated”: Author’s interview with Margo Alexander (2021).
258“Italian girl from Long Island”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2022).
258“We don’t hire”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald (2021).
259“You don’t love money!”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 68.
259“the S&M whore”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, NYHS, Transcript, 67. Also: Author’s interview with Alice Jarcho (2021).
259“because he didn’t believe”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona, New York City, September 7, 2021.
259Porter had worked for: Obituary: A. Alex Porter, Dignity Memorial, https://
260“Bulldog”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona (2021).
260“Wire 25k to”: Author’s interview with Elisa Ancona (2021).
265She was getting some offers: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 68.
265“Why do you want”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 70.
265“Don’t worry”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 70.
266“What the hell?”: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 70.
266Doreen leased a seat: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 49.
266It was finally a veteran: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 49.
266“were brave enough”: “The Climb: Doreen Mogavero,” as told to Suzanne McGee, Forbes, November 14, 2008, https://
266“What do you need a”: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero, Zoom, October 26, 2021.
268Mike Robbins: Lulu Chiang, “Bartiromo—An Eyewitness to History,” CNBC, September 13, 2013, https://
268underutilized source of talent: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 70.
268she installed a playpen: Investment Dealers’ Digest, “Building a Legacy on the Floor.”
268When Joy tired of climbing: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 71. Also: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (Zoom, 2021).
269“Mogavero, Lee has instilled motherhood”: Investment Dealers’ Digest, “Building a Legacy on the Floor.”
269an informal job-sharing system: Interview with Doreen Mogavero, NYHS, Transcript, 72. Also: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (Zoom, 2021).
269At its height: Forbes, “The Climb: Doreen Mogavero.”
270“That darned car door”: Commencement DB, Muriel Siebert at Case Western Reserve University, 1998, https://
270Calvin Grigsby had resigned: He was indicted on charges of money laundering, wire fraud, and bribery, but acquitted of all charges in 1999.
270“underwrote more than”: Creative Investment Research, Grigsby Brandford, Associated Press, Wednesday, October 2, 1996, https://
270“and under us was”: Muriel Siebert at Case Western Reserve University, 1998.
271“Stock Market Correction Is Over”: David E. Kalish, “Lehman Fires Garzarelli, Famous Wall Street Soothsayer, Associated Press, October 27, 1994, https://
271“For all the attention”: Brett D. Fromson, “The Golden Years; Wall Street’s ’90s Prosperity Makes the Go-Go ’80s Look Small-Time,” Washington Post, July 3, 1994, H01.
271“not trading with Goldman”: Author’s interview with Patricia Chadwick (2021).
271spring’s hottest items: Albert B. Crenshaw, “Cohen Named Partner at Goldman Sachs,” Washington Post, October 21, 1998, C10.
273first Black female MD: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins, New York City, June 11, 2022.
273“these awful men”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
273“Who’s this bitch?”: Author’s interview with Marianne Camille Spraggins (2022).
274“still a very macho”: “Cover Story: 25 Hottest Blacks on Wall Street; Marianne Spraggins, A Powerhouse Banker,” Black Enterprise, October 1992, 90.
274“ninety percent of”: Cin Fabré, Wolf Hustle: A Black Woman on Wall Street (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2022), 144.
274“were not allowed to initiate”: Fabré, Wolf Hustle, 147
275“Black calling”: Author’s interview with Lola West, San Francisco, July 27, 2021. Lola West joined Merrill Lynch as a financial advisor in 2000, when she was already in her early fifties. Thanks to her previous career in event planning, she had a substantial Rolodex of potential clients, and was treated with respect accordingly. What she observed took place from 2000 to 2009.
275“hovel”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry, Zoom, September 28, 2021.
275“so lazy”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
276“Working in shirt sleeves”: Tim Carrington, “Tough Pit Boss: Alan Greenberg Leads Bear Stearns Traders In the Big-Block Game Intense, Poker-Faced Chief, Who ‘Loves Small Losses,’ Also Diversifies the Firm,” Wall Street Journal, January 18, 1982.
276“we’re going to have to”: Author’s interview with Maria Marsala, Zoom, August 1, 2022.
276“had the guts”: Michael Siconolfi, “Bear Stearns Prospers Hiring Daring Traders That Rival Firms Shun: It Lets Them Make Big Bets, But Sharp-Eyed ‘Ferrets’ Watch Their Every Move Grilled at the ‘Cold-Sweat,’ ” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 1993, A1.
276“What’s the guy’s name?”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 41.
276“entire street on Park Avenue”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
277“Cold?!”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-FitzGerald, June 1, 2022.
277“overfamiliarity”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
277“If I had to call”: Dominique Mielle, Damsel in Distressed: My Life in the Golden Age of Hedge Funds (New York: Post Hill Press, 2021), 17.
277“It was sort of like”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
278“I won’t hold it”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
278“beautiful, three-hundred-dollar”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
278back at the desk, lost: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
278“geisha girls”: Siconolfi, “Bear Stearns Prospers.”
278“They were literally”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
278When female executives: Siconolfi, “Bear Stearns Prospers.”
279but it was only: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
279“timid … very soft-spoken”: Author’s interview with Jolyne Caruso-Fitzgerald (2022).
279“You know you’re in”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
279“team players”: Maureen Sherry, “Op-Ed: A Colleague Drank My Breast Milk and Other Wall Street Tales,” New York Times, January 23, 2016.
280She was walking down: Lois Smith Brady, “Wedding: Vows, Maureen Sherry and Steve Klinsky,” New York Times, April 30, 1995, 15.
280“curly-haired stranger”: Sherry, “A Colleague Drank My Breast Milk.”
280One even took: Sherry, “A Colleague Drank My Breast Milk.”
280“a dirty secret”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
281“How do the women”: Sherry, “A Colleague Drank My Breast Milk.”
281She laughed off: Jane Wollman Rusoff, “Condom Pizza and Breast Milk Shots: True Stories From a Woman on Wall St.,” Think Advisor, April 12, 2016, https://
281“definitely got sucked into”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
281They paid the price: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
281“I’m going in!”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021). Also: Sherry, “A Colleague Drank My Breast Milk.”
282“It was a very expensive”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
282“what are your options?”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
282“not tolerate any”: Laurie P. Cohen, William Power and Michael Siconolfi, “Wall Street Women: Financial Firms Act to Curb Office Sexism, with Mixed Results,” Wall Street Journal, November 5, 1991, A1.
283almost immediately the phones: Susan Antilla, “COMPANY NEWS; New ‘Woman Friendly’ Fund Hits Its First Glitch,” New York Times, October 7, 1993, D5.
283Cayne liked to put out: Kate Kelly, Street Fighters: The Last 72 Hours of Bear Stearns, the Toughest Firm on Wall Street (New York: Portfolio, 2010), 26.
283“women’s issues”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
283“a stink”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
283“a total kumbaya moment”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
284“doing all the frickin’ work”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
284“Can you believe this shit?!”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
284“Who does she”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne, Zoom, August 17, 2021.
284“She’s not difficult”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
286“he has no call”: Author’s interview with Barbara Byrne (2021).
287“she had been humiliated”: Barry Meier, “Bias Suits Against Wall St. Firms,” New York Times, November 21, 1996, D4.
287“what we might be facing”: From private testimony given in another case by James Boshart, managing director of the capital markets division, in Susan Antilla, Tales from the Boom-Boom Room: The Landmark Legal Battles that Exposed Wall Street’s Shocking Culture of Sexual Harassment (New York: Harper Business, 2003), 120.
287“anonymous friend”: Charles Gasparino, “Smith Barney Banker Leaves After Dispute over Compensation, Ex-Associates Say,” The Bond Buyer, January 10, 1994, 1.
287Employees referred to her: Antilla, Tales from the Boom-Boom Room, 95.
287“After 14 years on”: Gasparino, “Smith Barney Banker Leaves.”
288“a systemic problem of”: Susan Antilla, “Stark Lessons from Wall Street’s #MeToo Moment,” The Intercept, October 7, 2019, https://
288“the biggest whorehouse”: Martens in fact included this in her 1994 letter to Jamie Dimon. See Antilla, Tales from the Boom-Boom Room, 115.
288“slits and tits”: As quoted in Christine Sgarlata Chung, “From Lily Bart to the Boom-Boom Room: How Wall Street’s Social and Cultural Response to Women Has Shaped Securities Regulation,” Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 33 (2010): 228.
288$150 million in settlements: Susan Antilla, “Decades after ‘Boom-Boom Room’ Suit, Bias Persists for Women,” New York Times, May 22, 2016, https://
289“photographs of smiling”: Susan Antilla, “How Wall Street Keeps Outrageous Gender Bias Quiet 20 Years After the Boom-Boom Room,” The Street, June 4, 2016, https://
289At the rowdy block trading desk: Marlene Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, unpublished manuscript, 68.
289“Where’s your kid going”: Author’s interview with Marlene Jupiter, Zoom, June 17, 2022.
290“Nice haircut, dyke”: Jupiter, Dancing with Snakes, 126.
290During Fleet Week: “Sexual Misconduct at Work, Again,” Episode 1 (13m 9s), Retro Report on PBS, Video, https://
290grabbed the phone: Author’s interview with Marlene Jupiter (2022). This was corroborated by one of her colleagues: see Antilla, “Stark Lessons from Wall Street’s #MeToo Moment.”
290in 1992, it was estimated: Retro Report on PBS, “Sexual Misconduct at Work, Again,” Episode 1.
291“In order to succeed Claimant”: FINRA Database; 1997–006473-Award-NYSE–19980720: New York Stock Exchange in the Matter of Arbitration Between Marlene Jupiter v Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corporation and Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc. Date Filed: 04/14/1997; First Scheduled: 10/22/1997; Decided: 07/20/1998
292“a sexually objectionable environment”: New York Stock Exchange in the Matter of Arbitration Between Marlene Jupiter v Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corporation and Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc.
293“survival hints”: Julie Creswell and Tiffany Hsu, “Women’s Whisper Network Raises Its Voice,” New York Times, November 5, 2017, BU1.
293“drawn a line in the sand”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
293“less worth”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
294“who had all the spreadsheets”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
294“knock-down, drag-out fights”: Author’s interview with Maureen Sherry (2021).
294In 1996, Jacki Zehner: Author’s interview with Jacki Zehner, Zoom, June 2, 2022.
294“Oh, Joe is such a”: Author’s interview with Jacki Zehner (2022).
294“like stepping off a cliff”: Reed Abelson, “Just for Women: A Corporate Alumni Network Just for Women,” New York Times, October 27, 1999, C1.
295“with applesauce stains”: Abelson, “Corporate Alumni Network.”
295“You know what I think”: Janet Hanson writes about this in Janet Hanson, More Than 85 Broads: Women Making Career Choices, Taking Risks, and Defining Success on Their Own Terms (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006). I have not been able to find Moore’s published response that Hanson cites.
295“Hey Babe!”: Hanson, More Than 85 Broads, 10.
300“looked and sounded fake”: Janet Hanson, More Than 85 Broads: Women Making Career Choices, Taking Risks, and Defining Success on Their Own Terms (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), 12.
301“sunglasses perched”: Roy J. Harris Jr., “Book Excerpt: As 9/11 Turns 20, ‘September Twelfth’ Looks at the Wall Street Journal’s Pulitzer-Winning Coverage,” Poytner, September 9, 2021, https://
303“Oh my God, the world”: Lulu Chiang, “Bartiromo—An Eyewitness to History,” CNBC, September 13, 2013, https://
303“crying, crying uncontrollably”: Chiang, “Eyewitness to History.”
303Doreen’s and Jennifer’s plan: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
303Doreen said to the doorman: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
304“I can see daylight from my apartment”: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
304“Listen”: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
304“Listen to me”: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
305“How the hell did you …?!” Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
305The next day, Mary Farrell: Author’s interview with Mary Farrell, Zoom, August 24, 2021.
307“fleeing sneakers”: Harris Jr., “Book Excerpt: As 9/11 Turns 20.”
307 The birthday flowers: Chiang, “An Eyewitness to History.”
307 with just paper and pencil: Author’s interview with Doreen Mogavero (New York City, 2021).
308“Dr. Frankenstein”: Edward Morris, Wall Streeters: The Creators and Corruptors of American Finance (New York: Columbia Business School Publishing, 2015), 251.
308“I like men”: Debora Spar, “An Economic Crash Women Might Have Helped Avert,” Washington Post, January 4, 2009, https://
308“Probably not—”: Katrin Bennhold, “Where Would We Be If Women Ran Wall Street?” International Herald Tribune, February 2, 2009, http://
308“fluffy”: Carol Hymowitz, “Wall Street’s Woman Problem,” The Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2008, Eastern Edition, 0.
309“we’ll never solve”: Shawn T. Taylor, “For Steinem, Women Should Mean Business,” Chicago Tribune, April 30, 2003, 6.1
309In other words: For example, Jacki Zehner, a former Goldman Sachs partner, founded ShePlace. Jessica Robinson founded Moxie Future. Sallie Krawchek bought 85 Broads and turned it into Ellevest, a digital financial advisor for women.
309The idea behind: LinkedIn Seminar with Jack Zehner, special guest Jessica Robinson, July 14, 2021.
309tellingly, in 2022: Corinne Post, “Private Equity Manages $10 Trillion with Few Women Decision Makers,” Forbes, November 8, 2022, https://
310“entry level to the C-suite”: Kweilin Ellingrud, Alexis Krivkovich, Marie-Claude Nadeau, and Jill Zucker, “Closing the Gender and Race Gaps in North American Financial Services,” McKinsey & Company, October 21, 2021, https://
310The firm has also taken: Sheelah Kolhatkar, “The Ongoing Saga of the ‘Fearless Girl’ Statue,” New Yorker, January 7, 2022, https://
315“younger women do not”: Interview with Alice Jarcho, conducted by Melanie Shorin with Christine Doudna of the Narrative Trust, December 14, 2016, and May 24, 2017, Remembering Wall Street, 1950–1980, The Bonnie and Richard Reiss Wall Street Oral History Archive, New-York Historical Society, Transcript, 70.
317“somebody who stood up to power”: Marianne Camille Spraggins, interviewed by Julieanna L. Richardson at New York, NY, with videographer Matthew Hickey on October 20, 2013, HistoryMakers, Tape 5.