Acoma Pueblo, 21, 29, 39, 40, 46
Agriculture: irrigation, 22, 37, 48, 51, 137; mainstay of Pueblo economy, 48; dry farming, 48; turkey pens, 48; rotated crops, 49; fertilizer, 49; rainfall, drought, 65; in rural hamlets, 84; around Santa Fe, 1806, 98; Mesilla valley, 137; mentioned, 136. See also Archeology
Albuquerque, 45–195 passim
Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants), 185–188
American Revolution: supported by Spain, 94–95; mentioned, 97
Anasazi: build large urban centers, 52; and complex road system, 52–53; towns of masonry, 53; cliff cities built and abandoned, 53; new communities, 53–54; mentioned, 45
Angell, Frank W., 161–162
Anian, Strait of, 26, 37, 41, 43
Anza, Don Juan Batista de (governor): courage, ability, 88; and mercy mission to Hopi, 92–93; tries to open trade route to Sonora, 93–94; mentioned, 95, 153, 192. See also Indian nomads, hostile
Apache Canyon, 125, 127, 147, 148
Archeology: Dead Horse Gulch discovery, 51; Folsom points, 51; Sandia Cave, 51; Clovis site, 51; Mongollon, 52; Basket-makers, 52
Architecture: of Tiwa, 22; of Pueblos, 46, 47, 48; of mission towns, 57–58; in Santa Fe, 1806, 98; of frontier, 101
Armijo, Manuel (governor), 113–127 passim, 147
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway, 160
Atwood, Mrs. Stella: and the Pueblos, 174
Axtell, Samuel B. (governor), 161, 162
Ayeta, Father Francisco de, 67, 70, 71
Basketmakers, 52
Baylor, Lt. Col. John R. (Confederate), 141, 142, 149
Benavides, Father Alonzo de: custos for New Mexican missions, 58, 59
Bent, Charles (governor), 129, 130, 135
Billy the Kid (William Bonney), 161, 162, 163, 192
Blue Lake: sacred shrine, 175, 176; Taos fights to keep, 175–176
Bonilla, Francisco Leyva de: leads unauthorized expedition to New Mexico, 34, 41
Bosque Redondo Reservation, 150, 151, 152, 158
Bursum, Howard O. (senator), 170, 171, 173
Bursum Bill: purpose of, 170, 171, 172; source of land rights trouble, 170–171; Pueblo cause aided, 171–174; Pueblo Land Act, 175; new support for Indians, 175
Calhoun, James S.: first Indian agent, 154
Camino Real: 70, 93, 102, 120
Canby, Col. Edward R. S. (Federal commander), 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150
Canyon de Chelly: Navajo last stand, 151
Carlton, Col. James H. (Federal commander, later brig. gen.), 149, 150, 151, 152, 159
Carson, Col. Kit, 94, 119, 145, 150, 151, 192
Catholicism, Spanish: missionary impulse, 27; priest, soldier co-operation, 27; and jurisdiction over Pueblos, 61, 64; priests claim governor destroying church, 63–64; clergy expelled from Santa Fe, 64; priests raid governor’s ranch, 64; Church-state rivalry abates, 65
Chacón, Don Fernando (governor), 97, 104
Chihuahua, 28, 80–129 passim
Chimayo Rebellion, 113
Chisholm Trail, 158
Chisum, John S.: pioneer stockman, 158
Civil War: New Mexicans and slavery, 140; South takes southern New Mexico, 140–141; struggle for northern New Mexico, 142–149; Battle of Valverde, 145–146, 192; Battle of Glorieta Pass, 146–147; Battle of Peralta, 148–149; Confederate retreat to Texas, 149; results of war, 149; mentioned, 133, 153, 156
Clovis site, 51
Colfax County War, 161
Collier, John, 173, 174
Colorado Territory (1861), 138
Concha, Fernando de la (governor), 92, 101
Cochise culture: collectors and hunters, 51; and Pueblo farming, 51; Bat Cave dig, 51–52; pottery, 52
Connelly, Henry (governor), 143, 147, 150
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de: governor of Nueva Galicia, 19; heads search for Cibola, 19–26; abuses Indians, 24; and American exploration, 24–25; mentioned, 34, 156
Cortez, Fernando: sails from Cuba to Mexico, 14; names New Spain, 14; conquers Aztecs, 15; mentioned, 5–l6 passim, 35
Croix, Gen. Teodoro de, 87, 88, 89
Cuerno Verde (Green Horn), Chief (Comanche), 89, 90, 91, 192
Davis, Jefferson (Confederate president), 142
Dead Horse Gulch, 51
Denver and Rio Grande Western, 160
De Vargas, Don Diego (governor): dedicated to reconquest of New Mexico, 74–76; provinces renounce allegiance, 75; leaves kivas undisturbed, 75; death of, 77; mentioned, 78, 192
Disease: epidemic among Indians, 65
Dominguez, Father Francisco Atanasio, 87, 93, 98
Doniphan, Col. Alexander, 129, 150
Ecueracapa, Chief (Comanche), 91, 92
Education: Fergusson Act, foundation for public school system, 166. See also Lamy, Bishop Jean B.
El Paso, 70–160 passim
Espejo, Antonio de: explores western lands, 29–30
Estevanico: survives Narváez expedition (1528), guides Father Marcos de Niza (1539), 17–18
Fall, Albert B. (Secretary of Interior), 166, 171, 174
Famine, 65
Folsom points, 51
Forts in New Mexico, 129, 134, 138, 141, 143, 145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153
Franciscans: ecclesiastical capital, Santa Domingo, 57; and Indian affairs, 57–58; life in missions, 58–59; assault Pueblo religious structures, 60
Franco-Spanish competition for territory, 78, 81
Frémont, John Charles (explorer), 119–120
Gadsen, James (American Minister to Mexico), 136
Geronimo, Chief (Apache), 153
Goodnight-Loving Trail, 158
Gregg, Josiah, 110–111, 124, 192
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 132, 135, 170, 183, 185
Harding, Warren G. (U.S. president), 171
Hayes, Rutherford B. (U.S. president), 161
Indian nomads, hostile: surround New Mexico, 80–82, 86, 87; Spaniards and Pueblos allied against, 82–83; defenses against, 84–87; Don Juan Bautista de Anza’s campaign against Comanches, 88–91; treaty with Comanches, 91–92. See also Anasazi; Cochise culture
Indian wars: tribes defeated and placed on reservations, 148–154
Indians: U.S. policy toward, 154–155
Jefferson, Thomas (U.S. president), 97
Kearny, Col. Stephen Watts, 121, 135, 147, 154
Kearny Code, 128
Lamy, Bishop Jean B.: first resident Catholic bishop in New Mexico, 139; zeal in mission of church, 139; builds schools and churches, 139; mentioned, 152
Land grants: private citizens in conflict with authority, 182; and land base of Hispano villages, 183; adjudicating Spanish and American titles, 183–184; speculation in grants, 184; movement under Reies Lopez Tijerina, 184–187. See also San Joaquin, Republic of
Languages, diversity of: Pueblos, 46; Navajo and Apache, 46; Ute, 46; Hopi, 46; language groups, 46. See also New Mexico—cultural legacy; New Mexico—social life and customs
Largos, Chief Zarcillos (Navajo), 129, 150
La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, 78
Las Vegas, 126, 128, 147, 160, 163
Lincoln, Abraham (U.S. president), 155
“Long walk,” 151
Los Alamos, 54, 179
Louisiana Territory: varied rulers, 81, 96; boundary problems, 96; Lewis and Clark expedition in, 96–97; Pike expedition in, 96–97; mentioned, 79
Luhan, Tony, 173
Lummis, Charles F.: and “See America First,” 164, 165
McDonald, William C. (governor): first, after statehood, 166
McJunkin, George: and Folsom points, 51
Magoffin, James: unofficial U.S. emissary, 125, 126
Manifest Destiny, 121, 122
Martinez, Padre Antonio José, 134, 139
Melgares, Facundo (governor), 109
Mendinueta, Pedro Fermin de (governor), 87, 88
Mendizabal, Bernardo Lopez de (governor): indicted, 56
Mexican War; inherited rivalry, 121; causes, 122; course of, 122–128; aftermath, 129, 130, 133, 135. See also New Mexico—politics and government
Mexico City: established by Cortez on ruins of Tenochtitlán, 15; population of, 1570s, 25; university in, 26; mentioned, 14, 16, 19
Mongollons, 52
Montezuma: Aztec emperor, 14
Nana, Chief (Apache), 153
New Mexico: description of, 13, 18, 22, 107, 178; architecture of, 22, 46–48, 57–58, 98, 101; population, 49, 66, 156; archeology, 51, 52; economy, 134, 156–160; land of enchantment, 190–193. See also Agriculture; Land grants
—cultural legacy: arts and crafts, 48, 101–102; Spanish heritage, 130–131, 163, 182, 183; newspapers, 139; literary club, historical society, 139; Fergusson Act and public schools, 166; Taos Society of Artists, 173. See also Anasazi; Cochise culture
—economy, post-Civil War: railroading, 156, 160; mining, 156, 159–160; ranching, 156–158; telegraph brings economic boom, 156; sheepherding, 158; cattle drives begin, 158
—exploration, expeditions: early exploration, 16, 34, 41; search for Cibola, 17, 19–25; to convert Pueblos, 28, 29; to westward lands, 29, 30; unauthorized, 30, 34; for settlement, 30, 35–43
—politics and government: royal ordinances, 30, 31; early governors, 37, 44, 56; royal patronage, 43–44; and Pueblos, 49–50, 61–62; Pueblos’ yearly tribute and forced labor, 54–55, 57, 63; and Mexico, 108, 109, 112; Chimayo Rebellion, 113; Mexican War, 121–129; Compromise of 1850, 135; territory and statehood, 135, 166; Gadsden Purchase, 136; after Civil War, 161–163; first state government, 166–167; rights, 168–169. See also Civil War; Mexican War
—social life and customs: archeological clues, 45; languages and folkways, 46, 164; colonial period, 84; frontier life, 99, 137, 138; character traits, 100–101, 108, 133–134, 137, 164, 188; social classes, 103–104; racial feeling, 107, 118, 133; life in the 1680s, 118–120; Mexican War, 130–131; influence of arid land, 137; patriotism, 165
New Mexico Territory, 156, 161
New Mexico Volunteers, 148
New Spain: name given Mexico by Cortez, 14; organized, 16; settlements follow conquest, 25; frontier cities outposts of civilization, 26; mentioned, 54, 84, 94, 95, 101
Niza, Father Marcos de: leads search for Cibola, 17–19, 26
Oñate, Juan de: leads expedition to settle New Mexico, 30, 35–43; life of, 35–36; builds capital at San Gabriel, 38; war and retribution, 40–41; returned to New Spain, 41–42; removed from office, 43; mentioned, 55, 61, 67, 100, 103, 156
Otermin, Antonio de (governor), 67, 69, 70, 72, 73
Otero, Miguel A.: New Mexican delegate to Congress, 140, 165
Penitentes: religious brotherhoods, 120
Pérez, Col. Albino (governor): harsh policies fuel Chimayo Rebellion, 113. See also New Mexico—politics and government
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 96–97
Pino, Don Pedro Bautista: representative to Spanish cortes, 105
Polk, James K. (U.S. president): and justification for conquering New Mexico, 122. See also Mexican War
Prather, John: pioneer settler, 177; fights for individual rights, 177–181
Price, Col. Sterling, 129–130
Pueblo: meaning of word, 46–47
Pueblo Indians: deities of, 22, 59; in European view, 47, 118; character of, 49; and population density, 49; and Anasazi, 53; communities, 60. See also Pueblo Revolt (1680)
Pueblo Revolt (1680): leaders, 66–75 passim, 192; pueblos unite, 67–69; Santa Fe beseiged, abandoned, 70; cause of revolt not understood by Spaniards, 71; attempted reconquest a failure, 71–72
Quintana, Nicholas, 139
Quivira: legendary golden city, 24, 26, 30, 41, 42, 98, 193
Raton Pass, 124, 147, 160
Religion: of Pueblos, 47, 48; Katcina cult, 50; of Anasazi, and weather control, 52; hope to combine old and new creeds, 59–60
Rodríguez, Fray Agustin: leads expedition to convert Pueblos, 28–29
Roosevelt, Theodore (U.S. president), 165
Rosas, Luís de (governor), 63
Rough Riders Regiment, 165
Royal ordinances: of 1573, 30; decree of 1583, 30–31
St. Michael’s College: at Santa Fe, 139
San Carlos Reservation, Arizona, 153
Sandia Cave, 51
San Gabriel: New Mexico’s first capital, 38; mentioned, 36, 41, 44
San Joaquin, Republic of, 168, 186
Santa Fe: established, 44; myth of, 98; economic conditions in, 99; mentioned passim. See also Architecture; Agriculture
Santa Fe Railroad, 165, 173
Santa Fe Ring, 161, 162, 166. See also New Mexico—politics and government
Santa Fe Trail: traders follow, 110–112; mentioned, 81, 147, 152, 158. See also Traders
Sedalia Trail, 158
“See America First,” 165
Seven golden cities, fable of, 13–14
Sibley, Maj. Henry H. (Confederate, later brig. gen.), 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
Silver: deposits at Zacatecas, 26; revives interest in northern lands, 27
Sosa, Caspar Castaño de: leads unauthorized expedition to settle New Mexico, 30–34; organizes first wagon train, 33; mentioned, 193
Southern Pacific Railway, 160
Stagecoaches: route of John Butterfield’s Overland Mail, 136–137
Sterne, Mable Dodge, 173
Taft, William Howard (U.S. president), 167
Taos trade fair, 85, 86, 101
Texas: Spanish missionaries and forts in, 79
Texas Mounted Volunteers, 141
Texas-Santa Fe expedition, 114, 115
Tierra Amarilla affair, 187
Tovar, Pedro de: and early exploration, 21
Traders: French among Plains tribes, 78; Spanish subjects and trade ban, 79, 80, 81, 100; freedom to trade result of Mexican independence, 110; restrictions and taxes on American traders, 111, 112. See also Santa Fe Trail
Transcontinental railroad: to run through Gadsden Purchase, 136
Traviño, Juan Francisco (governor), 66
Valverde, Antonio (governor), 79, 80
Victorio, Chief (Apache), 153
Wallace, Lew (governor), 162, 172
Weekly Gazette: territorial newspaper, 139
White Sands Missile Range, 168, 179
World War II: New Mexican losses in, 178
Zubiria, Bishop Jose Antonio, 120