Culture Un dimanche en France, page 4 1. bakeries and florists 2. a family meal at grandmother’s house. 3. seafood, meats, cheese, vegetables, salads, and dessert Parfum de nos enfances, page 6 1. It was used by the Romans during baths and during medieval times for its medicinal qualities. 2. July 15–August 15 3. Real lavender grows wild and reproduces naturally. It is recognizable by its color, more mauve. Lavindin is more violet. Les marchés du Sénégal, page 8 1. Kermel market; in the heart of Dakar. 2. Casamanc market 3. weekly markets outside the city limits, in the bush; buy, sell, and trade Les mois du camping et du crabe, page 10 1. toilets and showers 2. mangrove swamps, humid places; vegetation and small crabs and fish 3. so that it can grow to maturity and so that it does not go extinct or become endangered Les vendanges, page 12 1. between the end of August/beginning of September through October 2. students 3. Workers sign a contract; work cannot last longer than a month; with two contracts together work cannot exceed two months. 4. You can harvest day and night; it takes less time and costs about 50% less than by hand. Noël sur les marchés, page 14 1. Germany and Alsace 2. waffles, hot wine, crepes, grilled chestnuts 3. Christmas figurines and ornaments, pottery, candles, jewelry, artwork, mittens Francophonie canadienne, page 18 1. 1974 2. poutine, French fries covered with sauce La mode, reflet de la culture, page 19 1. Coco Chanel 2. simplified styles, masculine styles for women and getting rid of the corset
Voyages La grande et la merveilleuse, page 24 1. French literature 2. milk cakes Les pâtisseries de Paris, page 25 1. Choose one that is brown on top and caramelized. 2. Blé Sucré; perfect for a late afternoon snack Le visage unique de Montréal, page 26 1. 1642; fur trading 2. the contrast between the buildings’ old architecture and modern architecture 3. They allow you to shop without braving the cold of winter. 4. being welcoming and open-minded Des îles pleines de richesses, page 28 1. 1503; it was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1498. It was populated by the French and in 1792 became a labor camp and exile for criminals. 2. Touloulous; women disguised and not recognizable (even by their husbands) who play a game asking men to dance Le quartier de la Croix-Rousse, page 32 1. between the Saone and the Rhone rivers; it is a hill north of Lyon. 2. hot candy, cotton candy, and riding bumper cars 3. an enormous rock that was dug up in 1892 during the construction of the cable car Le vieux Marseille : le panier, page 34 1. the aroma of soap 2. orphanage; art center/museum 3. The French series Plus Belle La Vie was filmed here. Belle-Île-en-Mer, page 36 1. the citadelle 2. by foot; good shoes, a picnic basket, a bottle of water, sunglasses, and a windbreaker 3. You go down some very steep steps. Saint Tropez, page 38 1. Saint-Tropez church, Sainte-Anne chapel, Annonciade chapel 2. twelve
Tradition Un jour, un chocolat, page 44 1. Germany, 19th century 2. They drew lines with chalk. Les vacances à la française, page 45 1. The idea to start getting paid for vacations came to fruition. 2. They went on strike, almost paralyzing the country. 3. They have increased exponentially. Le temps des sucres, page 46 1. a maple cabin; families go to the cabin to enjoy a big meal, harvest maple syrup, and make maple candy. 2. with snow 3. Make a jag/hole in the ground for a blowtorch; this boils the syrup; the syrup is filtered and emptied into an evaporator. Le réveillon de la Saint Sylvestre, page 48 1. coins and medals 2. the opulence of the year 3. so that the meal lasts until midnight Des chants sacrés, page 50 1. tubers with rice and pigeon peas 2. Christmas carols 3. People come together to sing Christmas Carols; end of November–Christmas Eve La tradition du pastis, page 52 1. anise 2. A law was passed prohibiting the consumption of absinthe. 3. at the end of the afternoon Le vin et le fromage français, page 54 1. quality, authenticity, and origin of wine (and cheese) 2. It guarantees that a certain type of wine (from the same terrain) will have the same general characteristics. 3. nine La cérémonie du mariage, page 58 1. the exchanging of “consents” or vows 2. lively and happy 3. June–August; mild weather and the days are longer, move favorable for a party
Célébration La fête du Travail, page 65 1. lily of the valley 2. It started in 1561 because King Charles IX received a sprig of lily and decided to give it to the ladies to bring them good luck. 3. Be careful when you give this flower to friends and family because it is toxic. Le carnaval aux Antilles, page 66 1. their song and dance 2. very colorful, made with feathers and shimmering fabrics 3. children all in the same costume, the same color, with masks of monkeys or witches Faites de la musique !, page 68 1. more than 340 2. summer solstice; to celebrate the arrival of summer 3. Alcohol became a problem and car accidents increased because of alcohol being sold to young people. Free public transportation encouraged people not to drink and drive. Poisson d’avril !, page 70 1. January 1st 2. attaching a paper fish to someone’s back 3. April 1st marks the end of Lent, and during Lent eating meat is replaced by eating only fish. The fake fish marks the end of eating fish and the return to eating meat. Le 14 juillet, page 72 1. patriotism; the date commemorates the storming of Bastille and is the symbol of the revolution. 2. to beat the crowds and find a good place to watch the parade 3. The planes release white, blue, and red smoke, to symbolize the three colors of the French flag. Jours de mémoire, page 78 1. All Saints’ Day; to acknowledge the Saints recognized by the Catholic Church 2. Day of the Dead; people remember the people they have lost; they go to the cemeteries and clean up the graves, leave flowers, and reminisce and talk about the good times. 3. chrysanthemum La fête des Rois en France, page 80 1. January 6th 2. A charm is hidden in the cake, and the person who finds it is crowned queen or king for the day and he/she gets to pick a “royal partner.” 3. The north of the country makes its cake with a puff pastry filled with “frangipane” cream. The south makes a brioche in the form of a crown decorated with dried fruit and sugar. Noël en Provence, page 82 1. The crops will be good. 2. The youngest and oldest child light the Yule log together. 3. meat; the 13 people at “The Last Supper”
Biographie Ingénieur français célèbre, page 88 1. Charles Nepveu 2. Statue of Liberty 3. viaducts, bridges, train stations, churches Cinéaste français, page 92 1. to use natural lighting and new equipment that is lighter and less noisy so you can follow the characters and film more closely 2. The characters and emotions feel more realistic. 3. Life is too precious not to be lived fully. Écrivain et philosophe français, page 94 1. His father died when he was two years old. 2. He didn’t get married or have children. 3. He failed the exam that would have allowed him to start teaching. Prix Nobel de médecine, page 95 1. insulin 2. religious studies 3. orthopedic surgery La Môme, page 96 1. Billie Holiday 2. Her father came and took her to work with a traveling circus. 3. because she was very small, like a little bird Écrivaine acadienne, page 98 1. mainly female, with a vast array of emotions ranging from humor to rage 2. history of Acadie 3. more than forty Une personnalité fondamentale, page 100 1. taking the people’s local culture and their identity away 2. He took a stand for their country to fight against oppression. His name and writings began to “cross borders,” and he became more popular and better known in other countries. 3. He became Mayor. Les débuts de Coco Chanel, page 102 1. Arthur Capel; Boy 2. fluid fabrics like jersey 3. the little black dress; straight sheath dress, collarless with three-quarters-length sleeves
Coutumes Bises ou pas bises ?, page 108 1. You should maintain a certain distance and shake his/her hand. 2. a kiss 3. shaking the hand Ne pas avoir l’air d’un touriste, page 110 1. You should learn to speak French, even if it’s just a few words or phrases. 2. people approaching them and asking for help in English without even trying to speak French 3. The tip is usually included in the check, but if there is change left over you can leave this for the tip. L’étiquette professionnelle, page 112 1. lunch break; noon to 2PM 2. in business settings, the spontaneous use of “tu” 3. Madame 4. five minutes early; between 8PM–11PM La bienséance autour d’une table, page 114 1. They are a time for family and friends to come together and share and talk. 2. The hostess generally assigns the seats, alternating male and female guests. 3. Do not talk with your mouth full, do not eat with your mouth open, don’t make loud noises when chewing, don’t lean your elbows on the table or hold your head in your hands with your elbows on the table. 4. Use them in the order from exterior to interior. La signification des gestes, page 116 1. amazement or impatience; biting your lower lip and shaking your hand from left to right 2. something has gone wrong; placing one hand on your forehead 3. “J’ai sommeil ou je suis fatigué”; placing two hands, palms together, against the side of your face 4. “C’est délicieux!”; kissing the tops of your fingers closed together and then opening your hand
Les Arts Les Petits Rats, page 125 1. a ballet school; the noise of the scampering feet learning to dance 2. height and weight restrictions 3. only four or five L’art public à Montréal, page 126 1. three hundred 2. La Croix du Mont-Royal (the cross on Mont-Royal) 3. the fountain La Joute, a sculpture of a bronze cow La musique guadeloupéenne, page 128 1. accordion, violin, maracas, and drum 2. It was used as a way for the slaves to secretly communicate with each other. 3. Zouk; Kassav’Les splendeurs de Versailles, page 130 1. It is filled with three hundred fifty-seven mirrors. 2. Marie Antoinette; to escape the rigor and etiquette of the court 3. an exhibit dedicated to Louis XIV called “the man and the king” Le théâtre français, page 132 1. Greece 2. Christmas and Easter 3. misunderstandings between the characters, characters being silly and acting like“idiots” Les troubadours au Moyen Âge, page 135 1. at lordly courts in castles in the medieval era 2. emotions of the heart and soul, tribulations of the heart 3. la chanson en cinq ou six couplets (a song in five or six verses), la sérénade du chevalier amoureux (the serenade of the chivalrous knight), la pastourelle (shepherdess song) Les musées parisiens, page 136 1. a train station; built in 1900 for The World Fair 2. an oil refinery 3. Camille Claudel’s Un symbole de la culture, page 138 1. Guignol 2. glove 3. a wooden head, smile on his face, black eyes, dimples, a jacket with a red bowtie
Histoire La fleur de lys, page 146 1. purity 2. royal power 3. Philippe Auguste Historique du drapeau français, page 147 1. white, blue, red; white 2. faith and liberty 3. rooster emblem À la découverte de la Martinique, page 148 1. island of flowers 2. France and England; 1814 3. the eruption of the volcano Pelée La Nouvelle-France, page 150 1. Quebec 2. its natural resources and its relevance for the fur trade 3. the battle fought on the Plaines d’Abraham Les sans-culottes, page 152 1. lower social classes, arts industries 2. someone who doesn’t wear culottes, which were worn by the nobles and aristrocrats; for being free men who claimed their liberty and fought for the rights of all citizens 3. red; liberty L’Arc de Triomphe, page 154 1. the different stages of war 2. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Histoire de France, page 156 1. the end of the monarchy and the beginnings of a democratic republic in France 2. Austria 3. She wore fancy outfits, organized big parties, and loved music and dancing. Jeanne d’Arc, page 158 1. la Pucelle d’Orléans (The Virgin of Orleans); she is one of three patron saints of France 2. so she could travel incognito 3. She was bought by the English for ten thousand pounds. She was accused of heresy by the church. She was burned at the stake in 1431.
Géographie Les trois fleuves de France, page 166 1. the Seine, the Loire, and the Rhone 2. Lake Leman 3. castles Les plages françaises, page 168 1. the English Channel and the Mediterranean; Atlantic Ocean 2. scuba diving and observing the sea life 3. chalk cliffs Les Alpes, page 170 1. eight 2. Grenoble 3. Edelweiss, étoile des glaciers (star of the glaciers) Sur la route des baleines, page 172 1. Saguenay and Saint-Laurent 2. whale watching, and it is the first establishment for the colony of Nouvelle-France 3. because of the sounds they make to communicate with each other Les pays de mer et de montagne, page 174 1. cliffs and coastline 2. the mixture of salt water and fresh water 3. a known landmark that is a large rock with steep sides that stands on the shore of the river and makes a natural arch Des fleurs et encore des fleurs, page 176 1. rains and soil 2. the fern 3. the mangrove tree Un pays aux contrastes, page 177 1. Gulf of Guinea 2. fishing and cotton 3. the river Mono Le Lac Léman, page 178 1. crescent or comma 2. algae 3. maples, beech, poplar, ash
Gastronomie Le pain français, page 184 1. a child leaving a bakery eating a piece of a baguette 2. It would fit better in the pockets of soldiers. 3. eighty La bouillabaisse, page 186 1. Marseille 2. fish; Kakavia 3. slipper lobster Gigot d’agneau aux herbes, page 190 1. bones and trimmings 2. cover the bones and trimmings with water and let cook for one hour 3. pass through a cheesecloth Un goût très raffiné, page 192 1. more than 80% 2. duck or goose liver 3. Duck has a strong aroma, and goose is more subtle and delicate. Le diamant noir, page 193 1. black and white 2. the South of France 3. pigs and dogs La cuisine sénégalaise, page 194 1. that Dakar is filled with a wide range of tastes and flavors 2. They can’t always prepare two meals a day. 3. It is a gift offered by the hostess, and it is a sign of hospitality. Coq au vin, page 197 1. a dozen 2. one or two hours 3. rice and potatoes Saveurs des Antilles, page 198 1. blood sausage 2. cod fritters 3. sweet and salty