Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Academy of the Supreme Ultimate, 230
activism: Ming period and, 218–22, 242; Wang Yangming as reformer and, 122, 209
African studies, 12g
American Library Association, 31
American Philosophical Society, 35
Analects, xiii, 19, 357, 362; family and filiality in, 65–68, 72, 120, 134; Fenollosa on, 75; on government, 69–70, 72; Heaven’s will in, 220; learning for the sake of one’s self in, 109, 137–38, 170, 241; loyalty in, 68–69; meaning of, 36; noble person in, 63–65, 68–69, 72–74; opening lines of, 63–64, 68, 71, 137; original, 54–55, 75; Pound on, 68–69, 75; reading and studying, 62–76, 161; saying in, 285; trust in, 68–70; Zhu Xi on, 110–11
Anthology of Japanese Literature (Keene), 58–59
Aoi, Princess (fictional character), 80
Articles of the White Deer Grotto Academy (Zhu Xi), 164, 194; on broad learning, 129; conduct of schools in, 180, 183, 187; on content of education, 191, 197; as popular education, 123–24; taking responsibility oneself and, 159–60
Ascent to Truth, The (Merton), 354
Asian civilizations, 18–19, 49–52. See also Chinese civilization; Indian civilization; Islamic civilization; Japanese civilization
Asian humanities courses (Columbia University), 16, 50, 51, 58–60, 63
Authoritative Transmission of the Learning of Principle (Sun Qifeng), 242
Barzun, Jacques, 32; on Western civilization, 5
Basic Structure and Selected Details of the General Mirror (Zhu Xi), 255, 256
Bodhisattva Kannon (Goddess of Mercy), 93–94
Book of Rites: as authoritative text, 256; reverencing the person in, 118–19
Book of Tea (Okakura Kakuzō), 43
broad learning, 258–59; Articles of the White Deer Grotto Academy on, 129; higher education as, 128–31
Buddha: life of, 350; sayings of, xii
Buddhism: Chan, 169, 201, 215–16, 225; Confucianism and, xii–xiv, 66, 75, 82, 119, 139, 207–8, 216–18, 222, 224–25, 356; Esoteric, 90–91; Four Noble Truths of, 82, 84; Mahāyāna, 75, 82, 84, 90, 218, 350; Mongols and, xiv; Neo-Confucianism and, 232, 247–48, 266; Noble Eightfold Path of, 82; philosophy of, 83–84, 100, 125, 165, 203, 381n22; Pure Land, 265; spheres of influence, 169; study of, 7, 9, 24, 89, 202; temples, 92–94, 261; Tendai, 346; Tsunoda and, 346–50; views on, 174; Zen, 7, 264–65, 359, 361
Burning of the Books (Qin dynasty), xi
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 32
Cabinet Library (Tokyo), 228
cases cross-referencing, 43
Case Studies of Song and Yuan Confucian Scholars (Huang Zongxi), 199–201, 232, 237, 333
Cheng brothers: on daoxue, 235; on lixue, 241–42; philosophy of, 102, 106, 154–55; on quiet-sitting, 218; on relation between self and the Way, 159; role of, 174; on Sage as ideal self, 148, 241; writings of, 238, 252. See also Cheng-Zhu school
Cheng Duanli, 200; The Daily Schedule of Study in the Cheng Family School, 196–99, 201, 202
Cheng Yi: influence of, 268; as lecturer from the classics mat, 155–56; quoted in Reflections on Things at Hand, 111, 115, 146, 148, 157; renewing of the people and, 100–101; on the Way, 107–8, 241; “What Yanzi Loved to Learn,” 148–49; writings by, 160–64, 247; Zhu Xi and, 110–12, 115, 146–48, 156, 159, 162–64, 176–77, 259
Cheng-Zhu Learning of the Mind-and-Heart, 108, 240
Cheng-Zhu school, 190; on jing, 147; on lixue, 333; philosophy and teachings of, 163, 169, 210, 231–32, 235, 238, 242–43; on taking responsibility oneself, 152; writings of, 246
Chen Xianzhang, 104; on book learning, 212; on experience of self, 214–16; philosophy of, 322; on xinxue, 239
Chiao Tung University, 41
child of heaven (tianzi), 64
China: Beijing, 285, 308, 319, 339, 362; Chinese University (Hong Kong), 40–41, 329, 342–43; Cultural Revolution in, 70, 281–82, 300, 303, 308, 310, 314, 318–19, 323; dialogue between West and, 305–7; Huang Zongxi as China’s Rousseau, 318, 330; interest in, 7, 9; liberal education in, 4, 22; May Fourth Movement, 282, 292, 300, 304–5, 320; modernization in, 41, 45–46, 338; New Asia College (Hong Kong), 40, 323, 337, 339, 341–43; New Culture movement, 280, 320; Peking, 229–30; reunification of, xii; revolutions in, 312, 319; unification of, xi, 357; West compared to, 310–12, 320–25; Western compared to Chinese individualism, 139–40, 323–24, 380n4. See also specific period or dynasty
Chinese civilization, 18, 49
Chinese classics: reading and study of, 36, 41, 53; translation of, 57, 59
Chinese Encounters (Miller, A.), 312
Chinese language class, 352
Chinese studies, at Columbia University, 338–39
Ching, Julia: on human rights, 288–89; on Neo-Confucianism, 157; “Yi Yulgok on the Four Beginnings and Seven Emotions,” 270
chŏri (integrity and righteousness), 250–51
Chuang Tzu. See Zhuangzi
Chūgoku ni okeru kindai shii no zasetsu (Shimada Kenji), 216
Chu Hsi. See Zhu Xi
“Citizenship and Human Rights in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Thought” (Zarrow), 300
Civil and Political Rights covenant (United Nations), 283
civilizations: Asian, 18–19, 49–52; Chinese, 18, 49; Indian, 18, 19, 49; Islamic, 18, 49; Japanese, 18, 19, 49; Japan’s curiosity about other, 5; non-Western, 11–12, 17–19; Western, 5, 11–12, 17–19
civil service exams, 362; debate on, 183; history of, 229–30, 253–54, 256; impacts of, 209; Zhu Xi on, xii, 110, 112, 170, 188, 192–94, 198–99, 267
classical languages, 35, 41, 57
Classic of Documents, 105
Classic of Filial Piety, 196, 357
Classic of Government (Zhen Dexiu), 257
Classic of the Mind-and-Heart (Zhen Dexiu), 251–52, 255, 257
classics, 56; definition of, 53–61; Erskine on, 26–30, 33, 41, 56, 57; Five Classics, xiii, 196, 253–55, 362; Five-Foot Shelf of Classics, 38; generic, 55; Greek language and, 26, 35; lectures from the classics mat, 128, 152, 155–56, 257, 268, 315; lists of, 13, 41, 44; modern, 43–44, 55, 343; reading and discussion of, x–xiii, 36, 41–44, 50, 53, 99, 141, 160–64, 190–91, 317, 342–43, 356–57; traditional, 43–44, 54–55, 88; translations of, 26, 35, 57–61; Zhu Xi on, 59, 342–43, 362. See also specific classics
Classics for an Emerging World, 55
Classics of the Western World course (Columbia University), 34, 38, 56
Classified Conversations (Zhu Xi), 202
Collected Commentaries on the Jinsilu, 182
College and World Affairs, The, 5–6
Colloquium on Important Books (Columbia University), 29–32
colonialism and imperialism, 24
Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, 59
Columbia Guide (1989), 44
Columbia University: Asian humanities courses at, 16, 50, 51, 58–60, 63; Chinese studies at, 338–39; Classics of the Western World course at, 34, 38, 56; Colloquium on Important Books at, 29–32; Contemporary Civilization course at, 32, 33, 46, 48; core curriculum at, 16, 26–33, 41, 44, 47–48; corporate responsibility at, 46–47; education reform at, 45–47; General Honors course at, 27–30, 33; humanities courses at, 16, 29, 32–33, 38, 48, 51, 59; Japanese Collection at, 345, 347; Neo-Confucian Studies Series at, 333; Oriental studies at, 8, 16; Peace Issues course at, 32; Tsunoda at, 345, 347–50
“Combat Liberalism” (Mao Zedong), 310
Commentary on the Great Learning (Zhu Xi) (also Words and Phrases from the Great Learning), 113, 116, 123, 129, 234, 239; education aim in, 170–80; ge-wu in, 363–64; opening lines of, 145, 151; repossession of the Way and, 105–8; self-renewal in, 100
Commission on International Understanding, 11
common good, 51. See also public good
Compendium on Human Nature and Principle, 242
Comprehending the Changes (Zhou Dunyi), 148, 151
Comprehensive Inquiry Into Recorded Institutions (Ma Duanlin), 256
Comprehensive Institutes (Du You), 130, 190, 256
“Concept of People Rights (minquan) in the Late Qing, The: Classical and Contemporary Sources of Authority” (Judge), 299
Conference on Zhu Xi’s Philosophy and Korean Confucianism (Seoul), 251
Confucian classics: basic principles from, 116; “Four,” 357, 363; reading and discussion of, xi–xiii, 36, 99, 356–57. See also Four Books; specific texts
Confucianism: Buddhism and, xii–xiv, 66, 75, 82, 119, 139, 207–8, 216–18, 222, 224–25, 356; Daoism and, 139, 148, 208, 218, 224, 356–57; on harmony, 40, 70, 217, 301; human rights and, 277–307; Mao’s anti-Confucian campaign, 40, 285, 309–10, 337, 362; Merton on, 354–60, 363, 365–66; minority within, 210, 388n13; Mozi as critic of, 66; negative views of, 277–81; Neo-Confucianism compared to, 232–35; Pound on, 7, 36; on public service, 69–74, 140, 208–10, 256; on reciprocity, 66–67, 120, 360; rites, 135, 288–90, 295, 297–98, 301–2, 357; spheres of influence, 169; studies of, 40, 49; in Vietnam, xiv, 265, 362; virtues of, xiv, 65–66, 73, 113, 133; Weberian analysis of, 103. See also Neo-Confucianism
Confucian Society (Saigon), 227–28
“Confucian Theory of Norms and Human Rights, The” (Chang, W.), 291–92
Confucius, 4; birthday celebration for, 362; character and mission of, 71–74; life of, 220–21; Old Testament prophets compared to, 64–65; on public good, 73; sacrifice to, 135, 296; sayings of, xii, 25, 118, 263; teachings of, 10, 24, 148, 162, 166, 204, 335–36; the Way and, 140–41. See also Analects
Contemporary Civilization course (Columbia University), 32, 33, 46, 48
Conversations from the States, 130, 190
core curriculum: at Columbia University, 16, 26–33, 41, 44, 47–48; as concept, 45; development of, ix–xiv; interests of, vii; at New Asia College, 342–43; Zhu Xi on, 361–62, 365
corporate responsibility, 46–47
Correcting Youthful Ignorance (Zhang Zai), 254
Cultural Revolution (China), 70, 282, 300, 310; early days of, 323; Hai-Jui Dismissed as target of, 303, 308; impacts of, 319; Red Guards during, 281, 314, 318
culture: Ming period and burden of, 211–14; New Culture movement, 280, 320. See also multiculturalism
curriculum: based on method in Great Learning, 343; Neo-Confucianism, 191–98; sequence for, 21; suggestions for developing, 14–24. See also core curriculum
Daily Schedule of Study in the Cheng Family School, The (Cheng Duanli), 196–99, 201, 202
dao. See the Way
Daoism: Confucianism and, 139, 148, 208, 218, 224, 356–57; Neo-Confucianism and, 247; spheres of influence, 169; study of, 129, 174, 202, 294. See also Neo-Daoism
daotong/tot’ong. See repossession of the Way
daoxue (Learning of the Way, School of the Way), 99, 100, 102–3, 107, 231–32, 235–37, 241, 244, 333
dayong (great usefulness), 258
De Amicitia (Cicero), 365
de Bary, W. T.: Liberal Tradition in China, 170, 184–85, 190; Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart, 103, 238, 243–44, 252; Principle and Practicality, 236; Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism, 236; Waiting for the Dawn, 288, 297, 317
Debate on Salt and Iron, 142
Democracy Wall movement, 281
Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate Explained (Zhou Dunyi), 254
Discourses of the States, 302
discussion of learning (jiangxue), 127, 342
duty to perform one’s allotted function (taigi meibun), 250–51
East Asia, education in, 36–37
East European studies, 12
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights covenant (United Nations), 283
education: content of, 188–202; democratization of, 209, 211, 322; in East Asia, 36–37; Hu Yuan’s program of, 181–83, 191, 262–63; Neo-Confucianism’s structure of, 74–75; popular, 120–25; reform, at Columbia University, 45–47; Tang dynasty’s system of, xii, xiv; for world affairs, 10; for world community, ix, 10–13, 15, 23–25. See also general education; higher education; learning; liberal education; universal education
Elementary Education (Zhu Xi), 202
Elementary Learning (Zhu Xi), 194, 251; as authoritative text, 251, 253–55; community compact in, 259; conduct of schools in, 181–82; implementation of, 276; original texts of, 196; Sage as ideal self in, 150, 152; self and person in, 116–20; Xu Heng on, 116–17, 119
Eliot, President (Harvard University), 38
Engels, Friedrich, 43, 308
English language: popularity of, 41–42; relevancy of, 36–37
“Enjoyment of Reading the Classics, The” (Erskine), 27–28
“Essay on the Learning of the Emperors” (Zhen Zhangfang), 106
Essence of Government in the Zhenguan Era, 257
Essential Meaning of the Analects (Zhu Xi), 111
“Essentials of Reading” (Zhu Xi), 202
Evening Glory (Yūgao) (fictional character), 79
Extended Meaning of the Great Learning (Zhen Dexiu), 255, 257–58
family: in Analects, 65–68, 72, 120; five-family units of local organization, 122; as model, 132. See also filiality, filial piety
FDR. See Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Five Constant Relations, 152
five-family units of local organization, 122
Five-Foot Shelf of Classics, at Harvard University, 38
five moral relations (wulun), 232
Five Relations of Moral Obligation, 119
Four Books, 74, 138; Latin translation of, 365; Merton on, 363, 366; Zhu Xi and, xiii, 54, 75, 162, 192, 234, 252–55, 362. See also Analects; Great Learning; Mean, the; Mencius
Four Confucian classics, 357, 363
Four Noble Truths, 82, 84
fugu (restoration of the ancient order), 100
Fujiwara Kamatari (Japanese prime minister), 82
Gandhi, Mahatma: English language and, 42; influences on, 43
general education: electives and, 38–39; features of, 33; at Harvard University, 38–39, 47; meaning of, 56, 63; special training compared to, 14, 20; as term, 27, 45
General Honors course (Columbia University), 27–30, 33
Genji. See Tale of Genji
geren zhuyi (individualism), 143
getting it by or for oneself (zide), 110, 145–48
ge-wu (recognition of things), 363–64
Gita Govinda (The Love Song of the Dark Lord), 60
globalization: of education, ix–x; trend toward economic, 41
Goddess of Mercy (Bodhisattva Kannon), 93–94
gong. See public good
government: Analects on, 69–70, 72; matsurigoto and, 91
grain-growing metaphor, 151
Great Books program, 56; Adler and, xi, 29, 31, 36, 47; Barr on, 34; Van Doren on, 34, 57. See also Hundred Great Books
Great Conversation, 34–36
Great Learning, 54, 75, 357, 362; curriculum based on method in, 343; Eight Steps (Items/Stages) of, xiii, 139, 177, 249; meaning of, 36; self-cultivation in, 105–6, 172, 249, 376n3; self in, 144; three guiding principles of, 176–77
great usefulness (dayong), 258
Greek language: abandonment of requirements in, 26, 41, 46, 57; classics and, 26, 35
group discussions, benefits of, 27, 28, 33, 128
handling affairs, essentials for, 124, 183–84
Han dynasty (China), 203; Debate on Salt and Iron during, 142; reading and discussion of classics in, xi, 141
Harvard University: electives at, 38–39, 46; Five-Foot Shelf of Classics at, 38; general education at, 38–39, 47
Hayes, Carlton J. H., 352
Heaven’s command/imperative. See tianming
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 311
History of Chinese Thought in the Last Three Centuries (Qian Mu), 331
Hocking, William Ernest, 7
Hsun Tzu. See Xunzi
Huang Zongxi: Case Studies of Ming Confucians, 104, 236–37, 242, 332; Case Studies of Song and Yuan Confucian Scholars, 199–201, 232, 237, 333; as China’s Rousseau, 318, 330; Liang Qichao and, 301–2; life and writings of, 329–34, 336–37, 339; on lixue, 332–34, 336; Mingru xue’an, 207; Mingyi daifang lu, 207, 331; philosophy of, 182, 233, 288, 296–98, 301–2, 317–18, 322; reading list of, 130
human commonality, 10, 51
human rights: Bloom on, 289–91; Ching on, 288–89; Confucianism and, 277–307; definition of, 282–84; Kwok on, 289–90; Mencius and, 285–87, 290–93, 296; Rosemont on, 284, 287–88; Twiss on, 284–87; Universal Declaration of 1948 and, 38, 282–85, 288–89, 298, 305–6; views on, 136–37; Western ideas on, 284–85, 287–91, 299–300, 302, 305–7; women and, 279
Hundred Great Books, xi, 19
ihak. See lixue/ihak
imperialism and colonialism, 24
Imperial Library Catalogue, 163
Imperial Pattern (Tang Taizong), 257
India: DiNobili in, 359; study of, 7, 24
Indian civilization, 18, 19, 49
individualism: excess of, 321; geren zhuyi, 143; libertarian, 137; limits of, 317–18; Neo-Confucian, 143–48; personalism compared to, 139, 165, 287–88; role of, 312–13; Western compared to Chinese, 139–40, 323–24, 380n4
individual nature (xingfen), 173
informal writings (zuihitsu), 87–88
In lumine tuo videbimus lumen motto, 350
Inquiry Into the Great Learning (Wang Yangming), 234
integrity and righteousness (chŏri), 250–51
Intellectual Trends in the Qing Period (Liang Qichao), 204–5
international studies, 8, 12
Introductions East and West (Merton), 354
Islamic civilization, 18, 49
Japan: Cabinet Library (Tokyo), 228; curiosity about other civilizations, 5; education in, xii, 22; Heian society in, 88–91; Japanese internment during World War II, 348; Neo-Confucianism in, xiv, 248; Restoration of 1868, 346; ruling elite in, 261; shingaku schools of, 128; Valignano in, 359; Waseda University (Tokyo), 346
Japanese civilization, 18, 19, 49
Japanese classics, 58. See also Pillow Book; Tale of Genji
Japanese Collection (Columbia University), 345, 347
“Jesuits in China, The” (Merton), 359, 365
jiangxue (discussion of learning), 127, 342
Jinsilu. See Reflections on Things at Hand
keji fuli (subduing oneself and returning to decorum), 112–16, 172
Kija (Korean sage-statesman), 244, 245
koans of Zen Buddhism, 361
Korea: Conference on Zhu Xi’s Philosophy and Korean Confucianism (Seoul), 251; education in, xii, 22; historical role of, 227; Koryŏ dynasty in, 228, 230, 265, 266, 273; Neo-Confucianism in, xiv, 123, 229–30, 242, 244–51, 265–76, 393n66; Royal Confucian College (Seoul), 240; TOEFL English test in, 42; Tosan Sŏwŏn in, 228, 252; Yi dynasty in, 112, 123, 128, 265–68, 297
Korechika (Japanese nobleman), 95
Kūkai (monk), 347; on Esoteric Buddhism, 90; on universal education, xii
language and area studies: as term, 12; views on, 8, 15
languages: Chinese language class, 352; classical, 35, 41, 57; English, 36–37, 41–42; foreign-language study, 13–14, 19–22; Greek, 26, 35, 41, 46, 57; Hebrew, 46, 57; Latin, 26, 35, 41, 46, 57, 365; modern, 41; program for, vii–viii, x, 19–21; support for, 9, 13–14. See also specific languages
Latin language: abandonment of requirements in, 26, 41, 46, 57; classics and, 26, 35; Four Books translation into, 365
learning: book, 159, 169, 178, 201–2, 212, 214, 261, 389n21; broad, 128–31, 258–59; discussion of learning (jiangxue), 127, 342; humanistic, 36–37, 335; learning for the sake of others, 112, 138, 147, 149; practical, 188, 197, 199, 237–38; pursuit of, 110, 124, 183, 197
learning for the sake of one’s self, 128, 131, 149, 159; in Analects, 109, 137–38, 170, 241; Zhu Xi and, 109–12, 120, 127, 147, 170, 173, 180, 241
Learning of Human Nature (xinglixue/sŏngnihak), 241–43
Learning of the Emperor (Fan Zuyu), 257
Learning or School of Principle. See lixue/ihak
legitimate succession (zhengtong), 243–44
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 7
liberal education, ix, 335; imagination in, 6, 10; Van Doren on, 4, 5–7, 10; views on, 3–10, 12–14, 19, 21–22, 25, 46; Zhu Xi and, 109–31
liberalism: Confucian, 103; cultural, 334; definition of, 143, 322; economic, 334; philosophic, 334; political, 334; pragmatism and, 224–25, 322; six senses of, 334–35; Western, 143, 164–65, 284–85, 321, 334–35; ziyou zhuyi, 143, 144
libertarian individualism, 137
Life Chronology (Wang Yangming), 215
literature, function of, 84–86. See also wen
lixue/ihak (Learning or School of Principle), 238; Cheng brothers on, 241–42; Cheng-Zhu school on, 333; Huang Zongxi on, 332–34, 336; Zhu Xi on, 241–42
Love Song of the Dark Lord, The (Gita Govinda), 60
Madariaga, Salvador de, 23
Ma Duanlin: Comprehensive Inquiry Into Recorded Institutions, 256; philosophy of, 212, 259; on questioning attitude, 162
Mahāyāna Buddhism, 75; madhyamika skepticism as basis for, 350; teachings of, 82, 84, 90, 218
Major Plays of Chikamatsu (Keene), 58
Making of the Modern Mind (Randall), 33
Mandate of Heaven. See tianming
Manyoshū (poetry collection), 82–83
Mao Zedong: anti-Confucian campaign of, 40, 285, 309–10, 337, 362; “Combat Liberalism,” 310; criticism of, 135, 303, 309; policies and tactics of, 318–19, 335–36; portrait of, 308. See also Cultural Revolution (China)
Martin, Everett Dean, 30–31
Mary Keatinge Das Memorial Lecture, 350
matsurigoto (attending to sacred rituals), 91
Mean, the, xiii, 54, 129, 138, 357, 362; concepts in, 246; Zhu Xi’s preface to, 101–2, 105, 107, 147, 154, 174; Zi Si as reputed author of, 101
Meiji period (Japan), 136
memorial of 1188 (Zhu Xi), 106
Memorials and Lectures on the Classics (Zhu Xi), 194
Mencius, 4, 49; human rights and, 285–87, 290–93, 296; philosophy of, 110, 138, 144–45, 157, 163, 213, 258; on relationships, 132–33, 156; teachings of, 148, 191, 362
Mencius, xiii, 54, 129, 302, 357; goodness of human nature as moral awareness in, 67; Heaven’s will in, 220; text expurgated from, 135, 296; ziren in, 145
Merton, Thomas: The Ascent to Truth, 354; on Confucianism, 354–60, 363, 365–66; on Four Books, 363, 366; Introductions East and West, 354; “The Jesuits in China,” 359, 365; Mystics and Zen Masters, 356, 358, 363, 364; The New Man, 353; Seeds of Contemplation, 354; Seven-Storey Mountain, 351, 352–53
Ming period (China), 101, 105, 128, 192, 203–26; activism and, 218–22, 242; burden of culture during, 211–14; despotism during, 314; emptiness of thought during, 204–5; experience of self during, 214–16; intellectual situation during, 208–11; liberalism and pragmatism in, 224–26; mind, body, and self during, 222–24; oneness with all creation during, 216–18; quiet-sitting and, 161, 215, 218–22, 245–46, 363–64; vitality and diversity of thought during, 205–8
Mingru xue’an (Huang Zongxi), 207
Mingyi daifang lu (Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince) (Huang Zongxi), 207, 331
Mirror of Tang (Fan Zuyu), 257
mono no aware (poignancy of things), 83
moon-reflection metaphor, 151
Mozi (Mo Tzu), 59; as critic of Confucianism, 66; on Heaven’s will, 220–21
Murasaki Shikibu, 87–89. See also Tale of Genji
National Defense Education Act (NDEA), vii, 20
NDEA (National Defense Education Act), vii, 20
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 19, 42
Neo-Confucian individualism: developments, 143–44; vocabulary of, 144–48
Neo-Confucianism: authoritative texts, 251–56; Buddhism and, 232, 247–48, 266; Ching on, 157; Confucianism compared to, 232–35; curriculum, 191–98; Daoism and, 247; doctrine, 122, 171, 216–17, 268; educational structure of, 74–75; functional roles in, 157–58; inception of, 99, 336, 360–61; institutions, 256–62; in Japan, xiv, 248; in Korea, xiv, 123, 229–30, 242, 244–51, 265–76, 393n66; Mongols and, 229–30, 254, 266; reformism, 309–11, 315, 322; as religion, 115; during Song period, xiii–xiv, 99–100, 231–32, 315, 336, 361–62; speaking of, 231–35; spread of, 228–31; Tang Junyi on, 107, 340–41; as term, 333–34; texts of, 54, 59; trust as principle of, xiv; uses of, 262–65
Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart (de Bary), 103, 238, 243–44, 252
Neo-Confucian personalism, 110, 123
Neo-Confucian Studies Series (Columbia University), 333
New Culture movement, 280, 320
New England Transcendentalists, 35
New Interpretation of the Institutes of Zhou (Wang Anshi), 100
New Laws or New System, 361
New School (New York), 40
New Man, The (Merton), 353
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 7
non-Western studies: as term, 11; views on, 3, 6–7
Non-Western Studies in the Liberal Arts College, 7
Nukada (Japanese princess), 82–83
Old Testament prophets, 64–65
oneness with all creation, 216–18
ordering the state through self-discipline (xiushen zhiguo), 249, 258
Oriental studies: at Columbia University, 8, 16; postwar boom of, 7; as term, 12
Outline and Digest of the General Mirror (Zhu Xi), 195
Paltiel, Jeremy T., 304–5
past, relationship with present, 4, 5, 35, 137
Peace Issues course (Columbia University), 32
Peerenboom, Randall, 301–2
Penetrating the Book of Changes (Zhou Dunyi), 254
People’s Institute of New York, 30–31
person: reverencing the person or self (shen), 116, 118–19, 150; self and, 116–20. See also noble person
personal cultivation, essentials of, 124, 183–84
personalism: Confucian, 116, 139, 143, 165, 287–88; individualism compared to, 139, 165, 287–88; Neo-Confucian, 110, 123
“Personal Proposals for Schools and Examinations” (Zhu Xi), 129
“Personal Proposals for Schools and Official Recruitment” (Zhu Xi), 180, 188, 195–97
philosophic liberalism, 334
poignancy of things (mono no aware), 83
political liberalism, 334
Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, 354
Pound, Ezra, 35; on Analects, 68–69, 75; on Confucianism, 7, 36
Precious Mirror for Clarifying the Mind-and-Heart (Myŏngsim pogam) (Ch’u Chŏk), 228, 252, 390n1
prince and minister relationship, 156–57
Principle and Practicality (de Bary), 236
Problem of China, The (Russell), 7
professionalization trend, 29
prophets: Hebrew, 136; Old Testament, 64–65
public good (gong), 297; Confucius on, 73; private compared to, 141–42, 172; ruler/minister relationship for, 136; subordinating selfish desire to, 113, 141–42, 172–73
Qian Mu, 202; History of Chinese Thought in the Last Three Centuries, 331; lectures by, 323–24; life and writings of, 329–32, 337; New Asia College and, 40, 323, 337; reading list of, 130
Qin dynasty (China): Burning of the Books in, xi; reading and discussion of classics in, xi
quality judging (shina no sadame), 77
Questions and Answers on the Mean (Zhu Xi), 159
Questions on the Great Learning (Zhu Xi), 239, 246
Reading Method (Zhu Xi), 169, 201
recognition of things (ge-wu), 363–64
Record of Rites, 163; education system in, 175; Evolution of Rites section in, 141; filial piety in, 278; Heaven’s principles and human desires in, 141–42; ritual in, 105; texts drawn from, xiii, 362; two versions of, 129; Zengzi and, 75
Records of the Grand Historian (Sima Qian), 59, 130, 190
Reflections on Things at Hand (Jinsilu) (Zhu Xi), 123, 194; as authoritative text, 251, 255; Cheng Hao in, 173–76, 181–82; Cheng Yi quoted in, 111, 115, 146, 148, 157; conduct of schools in, 180–83; Dispositions of the Sages and Worthies in, 174; organization and principles in, xiii–xiv, 343; Preserving One’s Mind in, 146; Pursuit of Learning section of, 110–11; questing attitude in, 162; Regulation of the Family section of, 111; ren in, 113; on Sage as ideal self, 148, 150–52
religions: Merton on higher, 353–58; Neo-Confucianism as, 115; views on religious life, 84
religious rituals: matsurigoto, 91; Sacred Dance of the Return at Kamo Shrine, 91–92
Report of the Commission on the Humanities, 9
Responses of Yanping (Zhu Xi), 120
restoration of the ancient order (fugu), 100
Rites of Zhou, 99, 129; as authoritative text, 256
rituals: in The Family Ritual of Master Zhu, 259–60; in Record of Rites, 105; religious, 91–92
Rokujō, Lady (fictional character), 81
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 352, 361
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 344; Huang Zongxi as China’s, 318, 330
Royal Confucian College (Seoul), 240
ruler/minister relationship, 133–36
Sacred Dance of the Return at Kamo Shrine, 91–92
sacrifice to Confucius, 135, 296
Sage, 71; as ideal self, 148–52, 241. See also Way of the Sages
Sage Learning (shengxue/sŏnghak), 240–41
san gangling (three mainstays), 232
Schall von Bell, Adam, 359
Schneider, Herbert, 31, 32
School Rules of Messrs. Cheng and Dong, 180, 187
Seeds of Contemplation (Merton), 354
Sei Shōnagon: Murasaki Shikibu on, 87–89; Pillow Book, 58, 86–95
Sejong (Korean king), 269
self: balance within, 68; experience of, 214–16; in Great Learning, 144; knowledge of, 6; mind, body and, 222–24; narrowing and impoverishment of, 27; person and, 116–20; relation between the Way and, 159; reverencing the person or self (shen), 116, 118–19, 150; Sage as ideal, 148–52, 241. See also ji; learning for the sake of one’s self; shen; zi
self-cultivation, 139; balanced with service to others, xi; in Great Learning, 105–6, 172, 249, 376n3; noble person and, 65; views on, 149–50, 162, 202, 223–24, 258, 301
self-discipline: ordering the state through self-discipline (xiushen zhiguo), 249, 258; self-discipline for governance of men (xiuji zhiren), 75, 116, 122–23, 249; views on, 113–16
setting up instruction, 116, 117
Shakespeare, William, 37, 57
Shakuntala (Kalidasa), 60
Shankara, 49; on Brahma Sutras, 60
shengxue/sŏnghak (Sage Learning), 240–41
Shenzong (Chinese emperor), 108
Shimada Kenji: Chūgoku ni okeru kindai shii no zasetsu, 216; philosophy of, 234, 248, 389n27
shina no sadame (judging quality), 77
Shinto: philosophy, 83, 265, 359; shrines, 92; Zen Buddhism and, 359
Shizong (Chinese emperor), 315
Shōtoku (Japanese prince), 70
simhak. See xinxue/simhak
simpŏp. See xinfa/simpŏp
Singapore National University, 41
sirhak. See shixue/sirhak
sitting in forgetfulness, 363
sŏnghak. See shengxue/sŏnghak
sŏngnihak. See xinglixue/sŏngnihak
Sources of Chinese Tradition, 60
Sources of Indian Tradition, 60
Sources of the Cheng-Zhu School (Zhu Xi), 195
Spring and Autumn Annals, 129
study abroad: programs, x, 15; travel and, 21
subduing oneself and returning to decorum (keji fuli), 112–16, 172
substance, function, and literary expression, 108, 361
succession to the Way. See repossession of the Way
systematic learning process, xiii
taigi meibun (duty to perform one’s allotted function), 250–51
Taiwan National University, 41
Tale of Genji (Murasaki Shikibu), 19; Aoi in, 80; Evening Glory (Yūgao) in, 79; literature function in, 84–86; opening lines of, 76; passion and poignancy in, 76–86; Pillow Book compared to, 86–87, 94–95; Rokujō in, 81; Tō no Chūjō in, 77–80; Uma no Kami in, 78; women in, 77–81
Tang dynasty (China), 203; educational system in, xii, xiv; reunification of China by, xii
Tang Junyi, 303; association with, 338; on Heaven’s will, 221; on Neo-Confucianism, 107, 340–41; New Asia College and, 40, 323, 337, 339, 341–43; writings and philosophy of, 339–44
Taoist meditative practices, 216, 218
teacher-student relationship, 181
Ten Diagrams of the Sage Learning (Yi T’oegye), 228, 238
Tenji (Japanese emperor), 82
three L’s (Love, Law, and Labor), 350
three mainstays (san gangling), 232
Three Teachings, 169, 224, 356, 357. See also Buddhism; Confucianism; Daoism
tianming (Heaven’s command/Mandate of Heaven), 72–73, 138, 299
tianzi (child of heaven), 64
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 344
T’oegye, Yi: on authoritative texts, 251; on community compact, 271–72; on Four-Seven issue, 270; library of, 228, 252; writings of, 238, 242, 248, 269, 274–75
Tōfukuji (Kyoto temple), 261
tohak. See daoxue
Tōhō Gakkai of Japan (academic organization), 95
Tokugawa Shogunate, xiv, 266; Warring States Period transition to, 249
Tō no Chūjō (fictional character), 77–80
“to seek truth through facts” motto, 320
tot’ong. See repossession of the Way (daotong/tot’ong)
“Transforming Confucian Virtues Into Human Rights” (Cheng, Chung-ying), 292–93
translations: of classics, 26, 35, 57–61; Latin, of Four Books, 365
True Words (Shingon) Sect, 90
trust (xin), 133; in Analects, 68–70; Neo-Confucianism principle of, xiv
Tsurezuregusa (Essays in Idleness) (Kenkō), 58
Uma no Kami (fictional character), 78
underdeveloped societies, 12, 16
Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism (de Bary), 236
United Nations: Civil and Political Rights covenant, 283; Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights covenant, 283; Universal Declaration of 1948, 38, 282–85, 288–89, 298, 305–6
University of Chicago, 47
Valignano, Alexandro, 359
Van Doren, Mark, 32; on Great Books program, 34, 57; on liberal education, 4, 5–7, 10
Vanishing Bard survey, The, 37
Vietnam: Confucianism in, xiv, 265, 362; economy and aid to, 9
Waiting for the Dawn (de Bary), 288, 297, 317
Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince. See Mingyi daifang lu
Wang Anshi, 155; on content of education, 190–91; New Interpretation of the Institutes of Zhou, 100; on xinfa, 99
Wang Yangming, 231; on book learning, 212; on experience of self, 214–16; Inquiry Into the Great Learning, 234; Life Chronology, 215; philosophy of, 203, 213–14, 217, 221, 224, 274, 389n27; as reformer and activist, 122, 209; on xinxue, 238–40. See also Lu-Wang school
Wang Yangming school, 104–5; left wing of, 225; liberalism and pragmatism in, 224–25; Taizhou wing of, 144
Warring States Period, 249
Waseda University (Tokyo), 346
Way of the Early Kings, 244
Way of the Great Learning, 100
Way, the (dao): birth of, 65; Cheng Yi on, 107–8, 241; concepts for conveying essence of, 245–51; Confucius and, 140–41; human renewal and repossession of, 99–108; mind and, 105–8; relation between self and, 159; transmission of, 103, 105, 107–8, 158, 243–44; Zhen Dexiu on, 102–3, 104, 108. See also daoxue; repossession of the Way (daotong/tot’ong)
Weberian analysis of Confucianism, 103
West: China compared to, 310–12, 320–25; dialogue between China and, 305–7; ideas on human rights, 284–85, 287–91, 299–300, 302, 305–7; views on Western education, 4–7; Western compared to Chinese individualism, 139–40, 323–24, 380n4
Western civilization: Barzun on, 5; non-Western civilizations compared to, 11–12, 17–19
“What Yanzi Loved to Learn” (Cheng Yi), 148–49
“When, loosened from the winter’s bonds” (Nukada), 83
Whitehead, Alfred North, 6–7
women: human rights and, 279; in Tale of Genji, 77–81
Women in Japanese Buddhism project, 95
Words and Phrases from the Great Learning (Zhu Xi), 239, 246
World War II, 48, 285, 330, 331; Japanese internment during, 348; Pearl Harbor attack during, 352
wulun (five moral relations), 232
xiao. See filiality, filial piety
xin. See trust
xinfa/simpŏp (formula of the mind-and-heart), 99, 106, 238–40
xingfen (individual nature), 173
xinglixue/sŏngnihak (Learning of Human Nature), 241–43
xinxue/simhak (Learning of the Mind-and-Heart, School of the Mind), 107–8, 222–23, 238–40, 242, 252; Chen Xianzhang on, 239; T’oegye on, 274; Zhu Xi on, 238–39, 333
xiuji zhiren (self-discipline for governance of men), 75, 116, 249
xiushen zhiguo (ordering the state through self-discipline), 249, 258
Xu Heng, 104; on Elementary Learning, 116–17, 119; influence of, 229, 248, 254, 268; on ordering the state through self-discipline, 249
Yellow Emperor tradition, 294–95
“Yi Yulgok on the Four Beginnings and Seven Emotions” (Ching), 270
Yūgao. See Evening Glory
Zen Buddhism, 265; Claudel on, 7; koans of, 361; monks, 264; Shinto and, 359
Zengzi: Record of Rites and, 75; scolding of, 173
Zhen Dexiu: Classic of Government, 257; Classic of the Mind-and-Heart, 251–52, 255, 257; Extended Meaning of the Great Learning, 255, 257–58; influence of, 268; on ordering the state through self-discipline, 249; on philosophy of principle, 163, 242; on the Way, 102–3, 104, 108; writings of, 228, 246
zhengtong (legitimate succession), 243–44
Zhengyi tang quanshu (Zhang Boxing), 199
Zhou Dunyi, 102; Comprehending the Changes, 148, 151; Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate Explained, 254; Penetrating the Book of Changes, 254; philosophy and teachings of, 102, 218, 245; on quiet-sitting, 218; on Sage as ideal self, 148–49, 241
Zhou dynasty (China), 99, 203
Zhou guan (Institutes of Zhou), 99–100
Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu), 49, 59, 130; sitting in forgetfulness, 363; as zi, 64; on zide, 145
Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi): on Analects, 110–11; Basic Structure and Selected Details of the General Mirror, 255, 256; Cheng Yi and, 110–12, 115, 146–48, 156, 159, 162–64, 176–77, 259; on civil service exams, xii, 110, 112, 170, 188, 192–94, 198–99, 267; on classics, 59, 342–43, 362; Classified Conversations, 202; Commentaries on the Four Books, 194, 230, 255, 343; on community compact, 121–23, 194, 258–59, 271–72; on content of education, 188–202; on core curriculum, 361–62, 365; on dayong, 258; on education aims, 166–80; Elementary Education, 202; “Essentials of Reading,” 202; Four Books and, xiii, 54, 75, 162, 192, 234, 252–55, 362; on ge-wu, 363–64; on higher education, 110, 123, 125–31; learning for the sake of one’s self and, 109–12, 120, 127, 147, 170, 173, 180, 241; lecture at Jade Mountain Academy, 111–12; liberal education and, 109–31; life of, 155, 157, 170, 212–14, 382n47; on lixue, 241–42; memorial of 1162, 105, 153–54; memorial of 1188, 106; Memorials and Lectures on the Classics, 194; Outline and Digest of the General Mirror, 195; “Personal Proposals for Schools and Examinations,” 129; “Personal Proposals for Schools and Official Recruitment,” 180, 188, 195–97; philosophy and teachings of, xiv, 229–30, 250, 254–61, 268–72, 274–76, 297; on popular education, 120–25; predecessors to, xiii, 364; preface to the Mean, 101–2, 105, 107, 147, 154, 174; proclamations by, 121, 194; Questions and Answers on the Mean, 159; Questions on the Great Learning, 239, 246; on quiet-sitting, 218; reading list of, 129–30, 194–95; Reading Method, 169, 201; on reciprocity, 120, 121, 124–25; on repossession of the Way, 101, 147–48, 174, 243–44; Responses of Yanping, 120; school of, 200–201; on schools, 171, 175, 180–88, 268; on shengxue, 240–41; on shixue, 237; Sources of the Cheng-Zhu School, 195; studies of, 201, 230, 269–70, 382n47; subduing oneself and returning to decorum and, 112–16; as teacher and educator, 166, 202; on universal education, 151, 171–72, 175, 191, 193, 261, 362; on voluntarism, 122, 124, 125–28, 145, 185; Words and Phrases from the Great Learning, 239, 246; on xinxue, 238–39, 333. See also Articles of the White Deer Grotto Academy; Cheng-Zhu school; Commentary on the Great Learning; Elementary Learning; The Family Ritual of Master Zhu; Reflections on Things at Hand
zide (getting it by or for oneself), 110, 145–48
Zi Si (reputed author of the Mean), 101
ziyouhua (liberalization), 143
ziyou zhuyi (liberalism), 143, 144
zuihitsu (informal writings), 87–88
