Genes and DNA: A Beginner’s Guide to Genetics and Its Applications

amino acids: and changes in hemoglobin, table 7.1; coding to make proteins, fig 4.5–4.8; composition in proteins, table 4.1; errors in coding; in PKU

amniocentesis, fig. 7.3

antibiotics; resistant bacteria

Arabidopsis thaliana

BAC. See bacterial artificial chromosomes

Bacillus thuringiensis

bacteria; antibiotic resistant; genetic properties of; making proteins in, fig. 5.3, table 5.1; DNA polymerase from. See also Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Eschericia coli; Streptococcus pneumoniae

bacterial artificial chromosomes

biolistics, fig. 6.2–6.3

blending inheritance

blood, fig. 3.1; clotting factors, table 5.1; umbilical cord blood. See also blood type; hemochromatosis; hemoglobin; hemophilia; sickle-cell anemia

brachydactyly, fig. 10.1

Bt toxin. See Bacillus thuringiensis

cancer, table 5.1; breast; leukemia; lung; prostate; skin; thyroid

chorionic villus sampling, fig. 7.3

chromosomes, figs. 2.3–2.4, fig. 7.4; abnormalities in numbers, fig 7.4; bacterial, fig. 5.2; karyotype, fig. 7.1, fig. 7.3; sex, fig. 2.3, fig. 7.4

cloning: animal, figs. 13.1–13.2; gene, fig. 5.3; human, see human cloning; plants, fig. 6.1, fig. 6.3

color blindness, fig. 3.2

complementary base pairing, fig. 1.2

corn; genetically modified, table 6.1

DeoxyriboNuclease (DNase)

deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA

DES. See diethylstilbestrol

DeVries, Hugo, fig. 2.2, fig 2.4

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

diseases: congenital adrenal hyperplasia; cystic fibrosis, table 5.1

DNA; copying; extracting; ligase, fig. 5.3; polymerase, table 4.1; structure of, fig. 1.2, figs. 4.1–4.2. See also mitochondrial DNA; recombinant DNA

DNase. See DeoxyriboNuclease

dominance; incomplete, fig. 2.5; codominance, fig. 3.1; of human traits

dominant diseases, fig. 3.3; Huntington’s disease; Marfan syndrome. See also under specific diseases

Drosophila melanogaster, fig. 2.6; chromosome composition, fig. 2.3

E. coli. See Eschericia coli

eggs: human oocyte; chicken egg production

embryonic stem cells, fig. 13.2

enzymes, table 5.1; proofreading; restriction, figs. 5.1–5.3, fig. 6.3; RNA polymerase, fig. 4.4.9

Equal (sweetener). See aspartame

erythropoietin, table 5.1

Eschericia coli, figs. 5.1.2; medically important proteins made in, table 5.1

fibrillin, table 4.1

Flemming, Sir Alexander

Florey, Sir Howard Walter

fruitfly. See Drosophila melanogaster

games: founder effect; independent assortment; pedigree; random genetic effect; replication, transcription, and translation

gel electrophoresis, fig. 1.4.B, fig. 9.5.B, fig. B.9.1

gene gun, figs. 6.2–6.3

gene regulation, fig. 4.9

genetically modified organisms (GMOs): animals, figs. 13.1–13.2; ecological issues; food safety; labeling; opposition to; plants, fig. 6.1, fig. 6.3, table 6.1. See also individual plants: banana, canola, corn, poplar trees, potato, tomato

genetic code, fig. 4.6

genome; sequencing projects

GMOs. See genetically modified organisms

growth hormone. See somatotropin

hemoglobin, table 4.1; in sickle-cell anemia, figs. 9.4–9.5; variants in, table 7.1

hemophilia, fig. 3.2; gene therapy for; pedigree, fig. 3.5; predicting frequency of, in population, fig 10.7; treatment with blood clotting factors, table 5.1

hepatitis C: in hemophilia patients; treatment of, table 5.1

herbicide resistance, table 6.1

heritability, fig. 12.4

heterozygote/heterozygous; advantages

homozygote/homozygous

human: evolution; genome; karyotype, fig. 7.1, fig. 7.4; number of genes; reproduction

human cloning: reproductive; therapeutic

Huntington’s disease

hydrogen bonds holding together DNA double-helix, fig. 1.2

immune cells; reaction; severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

incomplete dominance, fig. 2.5

independent assortment, fig. 9.1, table 9.1; game

insulin: amino acid composition of, table 4.1; making of, in bacteria, fig. 5.3

intelligence, fig. 12.4

karyotype, fig. 7.1, figs. 7.3–7.4

laws of inheritance: dominance; independent assortment; segregation

linkage; sex, fig. 2.6, fig. 3.2, fig 10.7; to DNA marker

malaria: genome; heterozygous advantage; resistance to, table 7.1

male pattern baldness

maple syrup urine disease

Marfan syndrome, fig. 3.3, fig. 3.6

meiosis, fig. 2.3; errors in; in human reproduction

Mendelian inheritance; in humans

messenger RNA. See mRNA; RNA

metabolic disease, genetic, fig. 3.7

multifactorial traits. See polygenic traits

multigenic traits. See also polygenic traits

muscular dystrophy. See myotonic dystrophy

mutagens; chemical; defined; detecting; and electromagnetic radiation

mutation; spontaneous

newborn testing; for PKU; for sickle-cell anemia; for maple syrup urine disease

Nicholas II (Tsar of Russia)

Nobel Prize: for penicillin; granted to Mullis; granted to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins; not granted to Avery; not granted to Franklin

nuclear transfer, fig. 13.1

Nutrasweet. See aspartame

osteogenic protein, table 5.1

PCR. See polymerase chain reaction

pedigree analysis, figs. 3.5–3.7; game; Queen Victoria’s, fig. 3.5; symbols used in, fig. 3.4

phenylketonuria (PKU); frequency in different populations; heterozygous advantage; newborn testing

PKU. See phenylketonuria

plants: crossing; genetically modified, table 6.1; transformation, fig. 6.1, fig. 6.3. fig. B.9.2.B

plasmids, fig. 5.2.3; multidrug resistant; Ti plasmid use in plant transformation, fig. 6.1, fig. 6.3; in gene therapy

polygenic traits, fig. 12.2. See also quantitative trait loci

polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fig. 1.4; detecting genetically modified plants; human identification

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

primer, fig. 1.4; in identifying genetically modified plants; in identifying human remains

Prince Philip of Edinburgh

promoter, fig. 4.4; in gene regulation, fig. 4.9; in plant transformation

protease; for DNA extraction

proteins: amino acid compositions of, table 4.1; translation, fig. 4.7.8; making in bacteria

Punnett, Reginald C.

Punnett squares, figs. 2.4–2.6, figs. 3.2–3.3, figs. 9.1–9.3; in polygenic traits, fig. 12.1; to predict population ratios, figs. 10.2–10.5, fig. 10.7

pufferfish. See Fugu rubripes

quantitative trait loci (QTL)

quantitative traits. See also polygenic traits

Queen Victoria, fig. 3.5

QTL. See quantitative trait loci

random genetic drift, fig 11.1; game

recessive diseases; alkaptonuria, fig. 3.7; galactosemia; phenylketonuria (PKU); sickle-cell anemia. See also under specific diseases

recombinant DNA, fig. 5.3; detecting, in genetically modified plants; in human medical products, table 5.1; in plant genetic modification, fig. 6.1.3; used to make human proteins, fig. 5.3

recombination, fig. 9.3

restriction enzymes, fig. 5.1

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), fig. 9.4.5, B9.1

RFLP. See restriction fragment length polymorphism

ribonucleic acid. See RNA

rice: genome; golden

RNA, fig. 4.1; genetic material of virus; mRNA, figs. 4.2–4.3; tRNA, figs. 4.7–4.8

segregation, rule of

sex-influenced traits

sex-linkage/sex-linked traits, fig. 2.6, fig. 3.2, fig. 3.5; predicting frequency in population, fig. 10.7

sickle-cell anemia; amino acid change in; heterozygous advantage; RFLP and, fig. 9.5

single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

SNP. See single-nucleotide polymorphism

somatotropin, table 5.1

stem cells, fig 13.2

Streptococcus pneumoniae, fig. 1.1

Tay-Sachs disease, fig. 10.5

terminator, fig. 4.4, fig. 4.9; in plant transformation

Ti plasmid, fig. 6.1, fig. 6.3

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), table 5.1

transcription, fig. 4.4; game

transformation: bacterial; plants, fig. 6.1, fig. 6.3, fig. B.9.2

translation, figs. 4.7–4.8; game

triplet repeat error

ultraviolet (UV) rays: as mutagen; as selective force

variation: as necessary for selection; observed in polygenic traits

viruses: dangers of, in medically important products; genome of; in gene therapy; plants resistant to, table 6.1

vitamins: A; C; D; E; treatment with

X chromosome. See chromosomes, sex; sex-linkage

X-ray: crystallography, fig. 1.3; as mutagen

Y chromosome: in human evolution. See also chromosomes, sex