1. Gerasimos Augustinos, Consciousness and History: Nationalist Critics of Greek Society, 1897–1914 (New York: Columbia University Press/East European Quarterly, 1977), 26, quoting (in translation) Neoklis Kazazis in Ellinismos 1 (1899), 7–8 (emphasis added).
2. Ion Dragoumis, Ελληνικός πολιτισμός [Hellenic Civilization] [1913], in Έργα [Works], 2 vols (Athens, n.p., 1927), vol. 2, 180.
3. Eleni Bastéa, The Creation of Modern Athens: Planning the Myth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 194, and figs 73, 77, 78, 85.
4. Thomas Gallant, The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015), 215–16.
5. S. Victor Papacosma, The Military in Greek Politics: The 1909 Coup d’État (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1977), 170.
6. Maria Anastasopoulou, Η συνετή απόστολος της γυναικείας χειραφεσίας: Καλλιρρόη Παρρέν [The Discreet Apostle of Female Emancipation: Callirhoe Parren] Athens: Σύλλογος προς Διάδοσιν Ωφελίμων Βιβλίων [Association for the Dissemination of Useful Books], 2012); Gallant, Edinburgh History, 303–4.
7. Georgios Skliros, Το κοινωνικόν μας ζήτημα [Our Social Question] (Athens: Konstantinidis, 1907); Gallant, Edinburgh History, 302.
8. George Margaritis, ‘The nation and the individual: Social aspects of life and death in Greece (1896–1911)’, in Philip Carabott (ed.), Greek Society in the Making, 1863–1913: Realities, Symbols and Visions (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997), 87–98 (97 quoted).
9. Pericles Giannopoulos, Άπαντα [Complete Works], vol. 1, ed. D. Lazogiorgos-Ellinikos (Athens, n.p., 1963), 191, 162.
10. Dragoumis, Ελληνικός πολιτισμός [Hellenic Civilization], 234; Augustinos, Consciousness, 114–15.
11. Douglas Dakin, The Unification of Greece, 1770–1923 (London: Benn, 1972), 155; Kostas Kostis, History’s Spoiled Children: The Formation of the Modern Greek State, trans. Jacob Moe (London: Hurst, 2018; Greek original published in 2013), 222, 236–7; Alexis Dimaras, ‘Modernisation and reaction in Greek education during the Venizelos era’, in Paschalis Kitromilides (ed.), Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 319–45 (see 321, 339 n. 8).
12. Cited in Dimitris Livanios, ‘“Conquering the souls”: Nationalism and Greek guerrilla warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904–1908’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 23 (1999), 195–221 (see 196).
13. John Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821–1912 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 215, 222–7, 234.
14. Vasilis Gounaris, Τα Βαλκάνια των Ελλήνων. Από το Διαφωτισμό έως τον Α΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο [The Balkans of the Greeks: From the Enlightenment to the First World War] (Thessaloniki: Epikentro, 2007), 411.
15. Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts (London: HarperCollins, 2004), 275, citing in translation A. Sarrou, La Jeune Turquie et la Révolution (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1912), 25.
16. Konstantinos Svolopoulos, Κωνσταντινούπολη 1856–1908. Η ακμή του Ελληνισμού [Constantinople 1856–1908: The High Point of Hellenism] (Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon, 1994), 98, citing Ioannis Gryparis to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Athens, 30 July 1908.
17. Eleftherios Venizelos, cited in translation in Michael Llewellyn Smith, ‘Venizelos’ diplomacy, 1910–23: From Balkan alliance to Greek–Turkish settlement’, in Kitromilides (ed.), Venizelos, 140; Ion Dragoumis, Ο ελληνισμός μου και οι Έλληνες (1903–1909) [My Hellenism and the Greeks (1903–1909)], in Έργα [Works], vol. 2, 144.
18. Svolopoulos, Κωνσταντινούπολη [Constantinople], 23, citing Greek representatives in the Ottoman parliament, shortly after its reconstitution.
19. Maria Mandamadiotou, The Greek Orthodox Community of Mytilene: Between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek State, 1876–1912 (Bern: Peter Lang, 2013).
20. Cited in Svolopoulos, Κωνσταντινούπολη [Constantinople], 79.
21. Papacosma, Military, 42, 49.
22. Robert Holland and Diana Markides, The British and the Hellenes: Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean 1850–1960 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 143, citing a Foreign Office memorandum of 17 June 1909.
23. Translated text in Papacosma, Military, 190–6.
24. Papacosma, Military, 115–20, citing J. B. Bourchier in The Times, 13 January 1910.
25. Giorgos Mavrogordatos, 1915. Ο Εθνικός Διχασμός [1915: The National Schism] (Athens: Patakis, 2015), 28; Dakin, Unification, 186.
26. Alexis Dimaras, Η μεταρρύθμιση που δεν έγινε [The Reform that Never Was], 3 vols (Athens: Ermis, 1974), vol. 2, 75–7.
27. Sean McMeekin, The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923 (London: Allen Lane, 2015), xv–xviii, 62–5.
28. McMeekin, Endgame, 68–9.
29. Michael Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 (London: Hurst, 1998; first published 1973), 17–20 (18 quoted).
30. Athina Kakouri, Τα δύο βήτα [The Two Vs] (Athens: Kapon, 2016), 84.
31. Richard Hall, The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War (London: Routledge, 2002), 107–23.