1. Cited in translation in Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts (London: HarperCollins, 2004), 295.
2. George Leon, Greece and the Great Powers, 1914–1917 (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1974), 29, citing a diplomatic telegram of 7 August 1914.
3. Cited in Leon, Greece, 145.
4. Despoina Papadimitriou, ‘Ο εθνικισμός στο βενιζελικό και αντιβενιζελικό τύπο και η εσωτερική διαμάχη 1914–1917’ [‘Nationalism in the Venizelist and anti-Venizelist press and the internal conflict, 1914–1917’], in Συμπόσιο για τον Ελευθέριο Βενιζέλο, Πρακτικά 1986 [Symposium on Eleftherios Venizelos, Proceedings 1986] (Athens: ELIA and Benaki Museum, 1988), 96.
5. Leon, Greece, 218, citing a German diplomatic telegram of 2 September 1915.
6. Giorgos Mavrogordatos, 1915. Ο Εθνικός Διχασμός [1915: The National Schism] (Athens: Patakis, 2015), 84.
7. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 93, 217.
8. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 271, citing the diary of Penelope Delta.
9. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 89, 99.
10. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 226–7, 274–5, quoting newspapers of the period.
11. Cited in Michael Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 (London: Hurst, 1998; first published 1973), 67, 140.
12. Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, 146; Mavrogordatos, 1915, 134, citing Gounaris’s speech on 25 October 1920.
13. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 168–9 (citing a newspaper of 15 August 1920), 171–4.
14. Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, 166.
15. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 142–3, 154.
16. Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, 224.
17. Sean McMeekin, The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923 (London: Allen Lane, 2015), 456.
18. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 228–30.
19. McMeekin, Endgame, 483–4.
20. Mavrogordatos, 1915, 150–5, 314–18, and George Mavrogordatos, Μετά το 1922. Η παράταση του διχασμού [After 1922: The Extension of the Schism] (Athens: Patakis, 2017).
21. Compare Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, 134, citing Venizelos to Lloyd George, 5 October 1920, with p. 203, citing Metaxas’s diary for 11 April 1921. On defensibility, see the views of Metaxas as early as 1915 and Toynbee in 1921–2, both summarized in Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, 48–51, 55, 109–10; on economic isolation from the hinterland, Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, 73 n., citing the view of an American analyst in 1918; Mavrogordatos, 1915, 121–5.
22. For instances see Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision, 117, 124, 131.
23. Andrew Mango, Atatürk (London: John Murray, 1999), 316–17; Halidé Edib, The Turkish Ordeal (London: John Murray, 1928), 284–310.
24. Douglas Dakin, The Unification of Greece, 1770–1923 (London: Benn, 1972), 237.
25. Ioannis Metaxas, Το προσωπικό του ημερολόγιο [His Private Diary], 4 vols (Athens, 1951–64), vol. 2, 314 (emphasis added); Athina Kakouri, Τα δύο βήτα [The Two Vs] (Athens: Kapon, 2016), 150.
26. Text reproduced in full in Dimitri Pentzopoulos, The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and its Impact on Greece (Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1962; reprinted with a new preface by Michael Llewellyn Smith, London: Hurst, 2002), 257–63, and Renée Hirschon (ed.), Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (Oxford: Berghahn, 2003), 282–7.