1. Kostas Kostis, History’s Spoiled Children: The Formation of the Modern Greek State, trans. Jacob Moe (London: Hurst, 2018; Greek original published in 2013), 264, 291.
2. Stathis Kalyvas, Modern Greece: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 76, 79.
3. Dimitri Pentzopoulos, The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and its Impact on Greece (Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1962; reprinted with a new preface by Michael Llewellyn Smith, London: Hurst, 2002), 96–100. For the number of Muslims covered by the Convention see p. 69. See also Renée Hirschon (ed.), Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (Oxford: Berghahn, 2003), esp. 3–37.
4. Pantelis Prevelakis, Το χρονικό μιας πολιτείας [The Chronicle of a Town] (Athens: Estia, 1976; first published 1938), 85. See also Sophia Koufopoulou, ‘Muslim Cretans in Turkey: The reformulation of ethnic identity in an Aegean community’, in Hirschon (ed.), Crossing, 209–33; Bruce Clark, Twice a Stranger: Greece, Turkey and the Minorities they Expelled (London: Granta, 2006), 184–7.
5. Henry Morgenthau, I Was Sent to Athens (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1929), 101; Pentzopoulos, Balkan Exchange, 96.
6. Vasso Stelaku, ‘Space, place and identity: Memory and religion in two Cappadocian Greek settlements’, in Hirschon (ed.), Crossing, 188.
7. John Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremis, Greece: The Modern Sequel, from 1821 to the Present (London: Hurst, 2002), 112.
8. On Jews, see K. E. Fleming, Greece: A Jewish History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 91–109; Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts (London: HarperCollins, 2004), 402–20. On other groups see Giorgos Margaritis, Ανεπιθύμητοι συμπατριώτες. Στοιχεία για την καταστροφή των μειονοτήτων στην Ελλάδα [Undesirable Compatriots: Evidence for the Destruction of Minorities in Greece] (Athens: Vivliorama, 2005); Elisabeth Kontogeorgi, Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
9. Giorgos Theotokas, Argo, 2 vols (Athens: Estia, [1933, 1936]), vol. 1, 57–8.
10. Giorgos Theotokas, Ελεύθερο πνεύμα [Free Spirit], ed. K. Th. Dimaras (Athens: Ermis, 1973; first published 1929), 70.
11. George Seferis, Complete Poems, translated, edited and with an introduction by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard (London: Anvil, 1995), 41.
12. Theotokas, Argo, vol. 2, 107.
13. George Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983), 36–7.
14. Mavrogordatos, Stillborn, 41.
15. Mark Mazower, Greece and the Inter-War Economic Crisis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 278.
16. Mavrogordatos, Stillborn, 47–8.
17. John Campbell and Philip Sherrard, Modern Greece (London: Benn, 1968), 154.
18. John Koliopoulos, Greece and the British Connection, 1935–1941 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 18, citing a Foreign Office telegram of 13 May 1935.
19. Koliopoulos, British Connection, 98, citing a Foreign Office memorandum of 12 October 1938.
20. Ioannis Stefanidis, ‘Reconstructing Greece as a European state: Venizelos’ last premiership, 1928–32’, in Paschalis Kitromilides (ed.), Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 193–233 (see 208–9).
21. Mazower, Economic Crisis, 276 (citing Emmanuel Tsouderos, Governor of the Bank of Greece) and 301, 285 (citing Sydney Waterlow to Foreign Office, January 1935, original emphasis).
22. Mazower, Economic Crisis, 292, citing Waterlow to Foreign Office, 8 April 1936.
23. Marina Petrakis, The Metaxas Myth: Dictatorship and Propaganda in Greece (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), 206 n. 100, citing Palairet to Foreign Office, 21 August 1939.
24. Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως [Government Gazette], 31 August 1936, cited in translation in Petrakis, Metaxas Myth, 9; original available online.
25. Constantine Sarantis, ‘The ideology and character of the Metaxas regime’, in Robin Higham and Thanos Veremis (eds), Aspects of Greece, 1936–40: The Metaxas Dictatorship (Athens: Hellenic Foundation for Defense and Foreign Policy, 1993), 151, citing (in translation) speeches of May and November 1937; Jon Kofas, Authoritarianism in Greece: The Metaxas Regime (East European Monographs, Boulder, CO, distributed by Columbia University Press, New York, 1983), 100 (quoted), citing a translation sent by Waterlow to Foreign Office, 30 October 1936. The original Greek is not included in Ioannis Metaxas, Λόγοι και σκέψεις, 1936–1941 [Speeches and Thoughts, 1936–1941], 2 vols (Athens: Ikaros, 1969).
26. Koliopoulos, British Connection, 79, citing a state paper signed by Metaxas, quoted in translation in a British Legation despatch dated 2 June 1938.
27. Sarantis, ‘Ideology’, 154, citing (in translation) a speech by Metaxas in 1939.
28. Τέσσαρα χρόνια διακυβερνήσεως Ι. Μεταξά [Four Years of Government I. Metaxas], 4 vols (Athens, [1940]), vol. 2, 213; Petrakis, Metaxas Myth, 34–5, 209–10 n. 28.
29. Metaxas, Λόγοι [Speeches], vol. 2, 124 (speech by Metaxas on 8 August 1939); Petrakis, Metaxas Myth, 63.
30. Markos Vamvakaris, Αυτοβιογραφία [Autobiography], ed. Angela Kail (Athens, 1973), 175, 187. A translation of this work by Noonie Minogue is available from Greeklines, London.
31. Stathis Gauntlett, Ρεμπέτικο τραγούδι. Συμβολή στην επιστημονική προσέγγιση [Rebetiko Song: Contribution to a Scholarly Approach] (Athens: Eikostos Protos, 2001), 68.
32. Thanos Veremis, ‘1922: Political continuations and realignments in the Greek state’, in Hirschon (ed.), Crossing, 53–62 (60 quoted).
33. Koliopoulos, British Connection, 89, citing Waterlow to Foreign Office, 3 October 1938.
34. Ioannis Metaxas, Το προσωπικό του ημερολόγιο [His Private Diary], 4 vols (Athens, 1951–64), vol. 4, 311 (20 October 1938), vol. 4, 460 (2 April 1940).
35. Koliopoulos, British Connection, 91.
36. Mogens Pelt, ‘The establishment and development of the Metaxas dictatorship in the context of Fascism and Nazism, 1936–41’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 2/3 (2001), 143–72 (164 quoted); Metaxas, Hμερολόγιο [Diary], vol. 4, 362 (1 April 1939).
37. Pelt, ‘Establishment’, 165–6, citing German diplomatic documents of June and July 1940.
38. Metaxas, Hμερολόγιο [Diary], vol. 4, 484 (14 July 1940).
39. Metaxas, Hμερολόγιο [Diary], vol. 4, 512–15.
40. Metaxas, Hμερολόγιο [Diary], vol. 4, 747.