1. John Koliopoulos, Greece and the British Connection, 1935–1941 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 213; C. M. Woodhouse, Modern Greece: A Short History, 5th edn, revised (London: Faber 4 Faber, 1991; first edition 1968), 236.
2. Ioannis Metaxas, To ποσωπιкό τον ημερολόγιο [His Private Diary], 4 vols (Athens, 1951–64), vol. 4, 516.
3. Giorgos Seferis, Χειρόγραφο Σεπ.’41 [Manuscript Sept. ’41] (Athens: Ikaros, 1972), 51–3.
4. Koliopoulos, British Connection, 220, citing Palairet to Foreign Office, 1 February 1941.
5. Metaxas, Hμερολόγιο [Diary], vol. 4, 552–4 (553 quoted) (2 January 1941).
6. Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44 (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1993), 173, 155.
7. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 244, 256.
8. C. M. Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 1941–1949 (London: Hart-Davis, 1976; reprinted with an introduction by Richard Clogg: Hurst, 2002), 14.
9. Dimitris Glinos, Τι είναι και τι θέλει το Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο [What the National Liberation Front is and what it Wants] (Athens: Rigas, 1944; reprinted by Estia, n.d.), 39, 41.
10. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 311.
11. C. M. Woodhouse, The Apple of Discord: A Survey of Recent Greek Politics in their International Setting (London: Hutchinson, 1948), 146–7. David Brewer (Greece: The Decade of War. Occupation, Resistance and Civil War [London: I. B. Tauris, 2016], 86) is sceptical, and notes that Woodhouse’s later account (Struggle, 62–3) is ‘more guarded’. But by the time the later account was written Cold War attitudes had hardened. In 1948, Woodhouse was recording what he had seen and the impression it had made on him at the time.
12. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 279.
13. Glinos, Τι είναι [What …], 60, 61, 62–3 (emphasis added).
14. For example, Mazower (Inside Hitler’s Greece, 155–261) devotes a great deal of space to atrocities committed by the occupying forces, whose dynamics and motivation he examines closely, but gives no specific instances of extreme violence by EAM/ELAS, though he accepts that they happened. André Gerolymatos, on the other hand, repeats contemporary reports of murders and mutilations by ELAS and the KKE (An International Civil War: Greece, 1943–1949 [New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press], 2016, 88–9, 108, 162, 164, 222–6), but is silent on the achievements of ‘people’s rule’ in the mountains and does not so much as mention Mazower’s classic study.
15. David Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War (London: Longman, 1995), 94.
16. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 125–7; cf. Woodhouse, Struggle, 3–5, 63.
17. See, for example, Thanasis Sfikas, Πόλεμος και ειρήνη στη στρατηγική του ΚΚΕ, 1945–1949 [War and Peace in the Strategy of the KKE, 1945–1949] (Athens: Philistor, 2001), 15, 20.
18. Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 31.
19. The source for the remark quoted is presented as a work of fiction: Thanasis Valtinos, Orthokostá (Athens: Agra, 1994), 114, and English translation by Jane Assimakopoulos and Stavros Deligiorgis (London and New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), 85. The novel consists of detailed oral testimonies closely based on real events. See also the foreword to the English edition by Stathis Kalyvas. On northern Greece, see, for example, John Koliopoulos, Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West Macedonia, 1941–1949 (London: Hurst, 1999; first published in Greek, 1994–5).
20. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 342.
21. Procopis Papastratis, British Policy towards Greece during the Second World War, 1941–1944 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 57; Roderick Beaton, George Seferis: Waiting for the Angel. A Biography (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2003), 235–6.
22. Giorgos Theotokas, Τετράδια ημερολογίου, 1939–1953 [Diary Notebooks, 1939–1953], ed. Dimitris Tziovas (Athens: Estia, [1987]), 509 (13 October 1944); Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 362.
23. John Iatrides, Revolt in Athens: The Greek Communist ‘Second Round’, 1944–1945 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972), 192.
24. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 368; Close, Origins, 137.
25. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6: Triumph and Tragedy (London: Cassell, 1954), 97, 289.
26. Giorgos Seferis, entry for 7 December 1944 in his Μέρες Δ΄ [Diary, vol. 4] (Athens: Ikaros, 1977), 374; Beaton, Seferis, 252.
27. Churchill, Triumph, 271.
28. Haris Vlavianos, Greece, 1941–49: From Resistance to Civil War (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), 257.
29. Close, Origins, 159, citing Leeper to Foreign Office, 22 February 1946.
30. Close, Origins, 190.
31. Spyridon Plakoudas, The Greek Civil War: Strategy, Counterinsurgency and the Monarchy (London: I. B. Tauris, 2017), 120.
32. G. M. Alexander, The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British Policy in Greece, 1944–1947 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 251.
33. Kostas Kostis, History’s Spoiled Children: The Formation of the Modern Greek State, trans. Jacob Moe (London: Hurst, 2018; Greek original published in 2013), 324; John Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremis, Greece: The Modern Sequel, from 1821 to the Present (London: Hurst, 2002), 98.
34. David Close, ‘Introduction’, in David Close (ed.), The Greek Civil War, 1943–1950: Studies of Polarization (London: Routledge, 1993), 7–11; for the fullest figures available for 1946–9, see Giorgos Margaritis, Ιστορία του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου [History of the Greek Civil War], 2 vols (Athens: Vivliorama, 2000), vol. 1, 50–51.
35. Panos Lagdas, Άρης Βελουχιώτης [Aris Velouchiotis], 2 vols (Athens: Kypseli, 1964), vol. 2, 461, 466; Woodhouse, Struggle, 4–6.
36. Theotokas, Τετράδια [Diary], 507; Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 314; Seferis, Μέρες Δ΄ [Diary, vol. 4], 381–2.
37. Close, Origins, 131; Heinz Richter, British Intervention in Greece: From Varkiza to Civil War, trans. Marion Sarafis (London: Merlin, 1985), x; John Hondros, Occupation and Resistance: The Greek Agony, 1941–44 (New York: Pella, 1983), 234; John Iatrides, ‘Greece at the crossroads, 1944–1950’, in John Iatrides and Linda Wrigley (eds), Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and its Legacy (Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania University Press, 1995), 12–13.
38. Antonis Liakos, ‘Greece’, in Peter Furtado (ed.), Histories of Nations: How their Identities were Forged, 2nd edn (London: Thames and Hudson, 2017), 39–46 (45 quoted).