ENDNOTES

1. Carter, Chelsea J. “Iraq developments: ISIS establishes ‘caliphate,’ changes name,” CNN. Published June 30, 2014; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/29/world/meast/iraq-developments-roundup/

2. Ferran, Lee and Rym Momtaz. “ISIS Trail of Terror,” ABC News. Last updated Feb. 23, 2015; accessed Nov. 20, 2015: http://abcnews.go.com/WN/fullpage/isis-trail-terror-isis-threat-us-25053190

3. “Senior Iraqi al-Qaeda leaders ‘killed,’” BBC News. Published April 19, 2010; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8630213.stm

4. “ISIS Fast Facts,” CNN. Updated Nov. 17, 2015; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/index.html

5. Parry, Tony. “After leveling city, US tries to build trust,” Los Angeles Times Jan. 7, 2005.

6. “ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension In Syria, Declares ‘Islamic State Of Iraq And Al-Sham’ As New Name Of Merged Group,” Middle East Media Research Institute. Published April 8, 2013; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7119.htm

7. Shadid, Anthony. “Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders,” New York Times. Published May 16, 2010; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/iraqi-insurgent-group-names-new-leaders/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0

8. Reuter, Christoph. “Rational Monster: How Terror Fits into Islamic State’s Plan,” Der Spiegel. Published Nov. 20, 2015; accessed Jan. 12, 2016: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/terror-a-means-to-an-end-for-islamic-state-a-1063454.html

9. “The Rise of Isis,” Frontline. Originally aired Oct. 28, 2014; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/rise-of-isis/

10. Ibid.

11. “ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension In Syria, Declares ‘Islamic State Of Iraq And Al-Sham’ As New Name Of Merged Group,” Middle East Media Research Institute. Published April 8, 2013; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7119.htm

12. Ibid.

13. “Isis Fast Facts,” CNN. Published Dec. 28, 2015; accessed Jan. 12, 2016: http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/

14. “Syria Iraq: The Islamic State militant group,” BBC. Published Aug. 2, 2014; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24179084

15. Hubard, Ben. “Al Qaeda Breaks With Jihadist Group in Syria Involved in Rebel Infighting,” New York Times. Published Feb. 3, 2014; accessed Nov. 20, 2015: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/world/middleeast/syria.html

16. “Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria,” US Department of State. Published May 14, 2014; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/05/226067.htm

17. Glenn, Cameron. “The isis Primer,” Wilson Center. Published Nov. 19, 2015; accessed Nov. 23, 2015: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/the-isis-primer

18. Freeman, Colin. “Al-Qaeda seizes Iraq’s third-largest city as terrified residents flee,” Telegraph. Published June 10, 2014; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10888958/al-qaeda-seizes-iraqs-third-largest-city-as-terrified-residents-flee.html

19. Keating, Joshua. “Is the ‘Islamic State of Iraq and Syria’ a real country now?” Slate. Published June 10, 2014; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/06/10/isis_takes_mosul_is_the_islamic_state_of_iraq_and_syria_a_real_country_now.html

20. Ibid.

21. “Isis Fast Facts,” CNN.

22. Ibid.

23. Roberts, Dan and Spencer Ackerman. “US begins air strikes against isis targets in Iraq, Pentagon says,” Guardian. Published Aug. 8, 2014; accessed Nov. 23, 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/us-begins-air-strikes-iraq-isis

24. Accessed Nov. 22, 2015: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadi_John

25. “ISIS Fast Facts,” CNN.

26. “Islamic State’s 43 Global Affiliates Interactive World Map,” IntelCenter. Published May 19, 2015; accessed Jan. 12, 2016: http://intelcenter.com/maps/is-affiliates-map.html

27. MacFarquhar, Neil and Merna Thomas. “Russian Airliner Crashes in Egypt, Killing 224,” New York Times. Published Oct. 31, 2015; accessed Nov. 22, 2015: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/01/world/middleeast/russian-plane-crashes-in-egypt-sinai-peninsula.html

28. Yourish, Karen, Derek Watkins, and Tom Giratikanon. “Recent Attacks Demonstrate Islamic State’s Ability to Both Inspire and Coordinate Terror.” New York Times. Updated Nov. 17, 2015; accessed Jan. 12, 2016: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/17/world/middleeast/map-isis-attacks-around-the-world.html

29. Abbas, Mushreq. “ISIS leader al-Baghdadi proves formidable enemy,” Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/02/iraq-isis-baghdadi-mystery.html#

30. Lister, Charles. “Islamic State Senior Leadership: Who’s Who,” Brookings Institution. Research concluded Oct. 20, 2014; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling%20islamic%20state%20lister/en_whos_who.pdf

31. NB: This is an Arabic source. Accessed Nov. 24, 2015: http://www.syrianmasah.net/arabic/articaldetails34130.html

32. Abbas. “ISIS Leader al-Baghdadi proves formidable enemy.” Al-Monitor

33. Sherlock, Ruth “How a talented footballer became world’s most wanted man, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.” Telegraph. Published Nov. 2014; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10948846/How-a-talented-footballer-became-worlds-most-wanted-man-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi.html

34. Childress, Sarah and the Soufan Group. “Who Runs the Islamic State?” Frontline/PBS.org. Published Oct. 28, 2014; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/who-runs-the-islamic-state/

35. Arango, Tim and Eric Schmitt. “U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled Rise of a Rebel” New York Times. Published Aug. 10, 2014; accessed Nov. 21, 2015: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/world/middleeast/us-actions-in-iraq-fueled-rise-of-a-rebel.html?_r=0

36. Wood, Graeme. “What ISIS Really Wants,” Atlantic. Published March 2015; accessed Nov. 24, 2015: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/

37. Arango and Schmitt. “U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled Rise of a Rebel.” New York Times.

38. Cockburn, Patrick. “Who is the Isis jihadi leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi?” Independent. Published June 16, 2014; accessed Nov. 24, 2015: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mosul-emergency-who-is-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-9523070.html

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40. Abbas, Mushreq. “ISIS leader al-Baghdadi proves formidable enemy,” Al-Monitor. Accessed Jan. 12, 2016: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/02/iraq-isis-baghdadi-mystery.html#

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43. “The Rise of ISIS,” Frontline.

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59. Ibid.

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61. TRAC graphic.

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63. Ibid.

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116. Ibid.

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119. Ibid.

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144. The Soufan Group. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

145. Ibid.

146. Ibid.

147. Ibid.

148. Mamon, Marcin. “The Mujahedeen’s Vally: A Remote Region of Georgia Loses its Children to ISIS,” Intercept. Published July 9, 2015; accessed Dec. 12, 2015: https://theintercept.com/2015/07/09/mujahedeensvalley/

149. The Soufan Group. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

150. Ibid.

151. Dusica, Tomovic. “Montenegro to Jail Fighters in Foreign Wars,” Balkan Insight. Published Sept. 19, 2014; accessed Dec. 12, 2015: http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/montenegro-to-jail-fighters-in-foreign-wars

152. The Soufan Group. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

153. Ibid.

154. Bishkek/Brussels. “Syria calling: Radicalisation in Central Asia,” Crisis Group. Accessed Dec. 12, 2015: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/central-asia/b072-syria-calling-radicalisation-in-central-asia.pdf

155. Ibid.

156. Farooq, Umar. “Kyrgyzstand and the Islamists,” Diplomat. Published Nov. 16, 2015; accessed Jan. 12, 2016: http://thediplomat.com/2015/11/kyrgyzstan-and-the-islamists/

157. The Soufan Group. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

158. Ibid.

159. Bishkek/Brussels. “Syria calling: Radicalisation in Central Asia.” Crisis Group.

160. The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

161. Ibid.

162. US Homeland Security Committee. “Final Report of the Taskforce on Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter Travel,” Homeland Security Committee. Published Sept. 2015; accessed Jan. 12, 2016: https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TaskForceFinalReport.pdf

163. The Soufan Group. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

164. Ibid.

165. Ibid.

166. Ibid.

167. Ibid.

168. Ibid.

169. Masbah, Mohammed. “Moroccan Foreign Fighters,” SWP Berlin. Published Oct. 2015; accessed Dec. 13, 2015: https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2015C46_msb.pdf

170. The Soufan Group. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

171. The Soufan Group. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria.”

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174. Ibid.

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177. Ibid.

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179. Ibid.

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182. Ibid.

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187. Barrett. The Islamic State.

188. Ibid.

189. Ibid.

190. Ibid.

191. Ibid.

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193. Ibid.

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491. Ibid.

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495. Ibid.

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510. Ibid.

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515. Ibid.

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538. Ibid.

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542. Ejiofor, Clement. “Boko Haram’s Source of Weapons Revealed,” Naij. Published 2014; accessed Dec. 9, 2015: https://www.naij.com/66368.html

543. Ibid.

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553. Ibid.

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555. Study Group Writer. Independent Strategy and Intelligence Study Group. http://isisstudygroup.com/ 15th December 2014. Web. 17th December 2015

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573. Ibid.

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590. Ibid.

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617. Craig and Nawaz Khan. “Pakistani Taliban Leaders Pledge Allegiance to Islamic State,” Washington Post.

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625. “Afghan Army Kills 32 ISIS Militants in Eastern Province Nangarhar,” AlAlam. Published Nov. 6, 2015; accessed Jan. 13, 2016: http://en.alalam.ir/news/1756770

626. Ibid.

627. “Forty ISIS Terrorists Killed,” AhulBayt. Published Dec. 6, 2015; accessed Jan. 13, 2016: http://en.abna24.com/service/centeral-asia-subcontinent/archive/2015/12/06/723317/story.html

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631. Obaid, Nawaf and Al-Sarhan, Saud. “The Saudis Can Crush ISIS,” New York Times. Published Sept. 8, 2014; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/opinion/the-saudis-can-crush-isis.html

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633. Ibid.

634. Ibid.

635. Dickinson. “The Islamic State Brings the War to Saudi Arabia,” Foreign Policy.

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637. Ellis, Ralph. “Saudi Arabia arrests 431 with alleged ISIS ties,” CNN. Updated July 18, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/middleeast/saudi-arabia-arrests-431-with-isis-ties/

638. “Fighters in Saudi Arabia Pledge to the IS, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi,” SITE Intelligence Group Enterprise. Accessed Dec. 3, 2015: https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Statements/fighters-in-saudi-arabia-pledge-to-the-is-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi.html

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640. “TSG IntelBrief: The Islamic State’s Looming Fight with Saudi Arabia,” The Soufan Group.

641. Dickinson. “The Islamic State Brings the War to Saudi Arabia,” Foreign Policy.

642. Ibid.

643. “TSG IntelBrief: The Islamic State’s Looming Fight with Saudi Arabia,” The Soufan Group.

644. Dickinson. “The Islamic State Brings the War to Saudi Arabia,” Foreign Policy.

645. Black

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647. Black

648. Ibid.

649. Pandey. “Saudi Arabia Mosque Attack: New ISIS Affiliate ‘Hijaz Province’ Claims Responsibility,” International Business Times.

650. Alkhereiji, Mohammed. “Third ISIS branch emerges in Saudi Arabia” Arab Weekly. Published Oct. 23, 2015; accessed Jan. 13, 2016: http://www.thearabweekly.com/?id=2514

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653. Ibid.

654. Al-Tamimi. “Bay’ah to Baghdadi: Foreign Support for Sheikh Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham,” Jihadology.

655. Todd, Brian. “ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda,” CNN. Updated January 22, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/politics/isis-gaining-ground-in-yemen/index.html

656. Worth. “At Risk of Fragmenting, Yemen Poses Dangers to US,” New York Times.

657. Ibid.

658. “Who Are the Houthis of Yemen?” New York Times. Published Jan. 20, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/21/world/middleeast/who-are-the-houthis-of-yemen.html

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662. Sharp, Jeremy M. “Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention,” Congressional Research Service. Published Oct. 2, 2015; accessed Dec. 1, 2015: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R43960.pdf

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670. Kavanaugh. “A Brief History of ISIS’s Growing Presence in Yemen,” Vocativ.

671. Ibid.

672. Al-Falahi. “Islamic State extends its tentacles into Yemen,” Al-Monitor.

673. Ibid.

674. Ibid.

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753. Winter. “Women of the Islamic State.

754. Ibid.

755. Ibid.

756. Ibid.

757. Winter. “Women of the Islamic State.

758. Qur’an, Surah 33:59. Accessed Aug. 9, 2013: http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php#033.059

759. Erlander, “In West, ISIS Finds Women Eager to Enlist,” New York Times.

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762. Culzac. “Isis: British women led by Aqsa Mahmood ‘running sharia police unit for Islamic State in Syria,’” Independent.

763. Canal. “What Life For ISIS’ Female Recruits Is Like—And What Happens If They Try To Leave,” Bustle.

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765. Canal. “What Life For ISIS’ Female Recruits Is Like—And What Happens If They Try To Leave,” Bustle.

766. Ibid.

767. “Austrian ISIS poster girls ‘want to return home,’” Al-Arabiya. Published Oct. 11, 2014; accessed Nov. 27, 2015: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/10/11/Austrian-ISIS-poster-girls-want-to-return-home.html

768. Charlton, Corey. “‘We made a big mistake’: Teenage Austrian poster girls for ISIS who moved to Syria to live with jihadis are now pregnant and want to come home … but officials say that will be ‘impossible,’” Daily Mail. Oct. 10, 2014; accessed Nov. 27, 2015: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2788605/Teenage-Austrian-poster-girls-ISIS-moved-Syria-live-jihadis-pregnant-want-come-home-officials-say-impossible.html

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771. Ibid.

772. Dickey, “The Boko Haram Bidding War,” Daily Beast.

773. Ibid.

774. Rogers. “Revealed: Hate preacher terror ‘mastermind’ who recruited Austrian ‘ISIS poster girls’ sent ‘another 160 to join jihad in Syria and Iraq,’” Daily Mail.

775. Sommers, Jack. “Isis ‘Poster Girl’ Samra Kesinovic Murdered For Trying To Flee Raqqa, Austrian Press Report,” Huffington Post. Nov. 25, 2015; accessed Nov. 27, 2015: http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/11/25/samra-kesinovic-isis-murdered-reports_n_8645622.html

776. Piggott. “Isis: Teen Austrian ‘poster girl’ reportedly beaten to death for trying to leave Raqqa,” International Business Times.

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779. Sommers. “Isis ‘Poster Girl’ Samra Kesinovic Murdered For Trying To Flee Raqqa, Austrian Press Report,” Huffington Post.

780. Human Rights Council. “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic,” UN General Assembly. Dated Aug. 13, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A.HRC.27.60_Eng.pdf

781. Ibid.

782. Horgan, John and Mia Bloom. “This Is How the Islamic State Manufactures Child Militants,” Vice. Published July 8, 2015; accessed Jan. 13, 2016: https://news.vice.com/article/this-is-how-the-islamic-state-manufactures-child-militants

783. Winter. Women of the Islamic State.

784. Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently

785. Hanoush, Feras. “ISIS Is Training an Army of Child Soldiers,” Newsweek. Published Nov. 21, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.newsweek.com/isis-training-army-child-soldiers-396392

786. Ibid.

787. Horgan and Bloom. “This Is How the Islamic State Manufactures Militants,” Vice.

788. Mullen. “ISIS’ Use of Children: Propaganda and Military Training,” CNN.

789. Boghani. “Why Afghanistan’s Children Are Used as Spies and Suicide Bombers,” Frontline.

790. Ibid.

791. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. “Syrian Arab Republic,” Report to the Security Council. Issued June 5, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/countries/syria/

792. Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently

793. “Islamic State Moulds Children into New Generation of Militants,” BBC. Oct. 8, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34453476

794. Bertrand, Natasha. “ISIS Training Ring for Children Discovered in Istanbul,” Business Insider. Published Oct. 19, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-training-camp-for-children-in-istanbul-2015-10

795. Horgan, John and Mia Bloom. “This Is How the Islamic State Manufactures Militants,” Vice. Published July 8, 2015; accessed Jan. 13, 2016: https://news.vice.com/article/this-is-how-the-islamic-state-manufactures-child-militants

796. Hanoush. “ISIS Is Training an Army of Child Soldiers,” Newsweek.

797. “Islamic State Moulds Children into New Generation of Militants,” BBC.

798. Mullen. “ISIS’ Use of Children: Propaganda and Military Training,” CNN.

799. Horgan and Bloom. “This Is How the Islamic State Manufactures Militants,” Vice.

800. Bloch, Hannah. “An ISIS School Teaches Jihad to Children at Age 3,” NPR. Originally aired Nov. 19, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/11/19/456508362/an-isis-school-that-teaches-jihad-to-children-at-age-3

801. Human Rights Council, “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic,” UN General Assembly.

802. Horgan and Bloom. “This Is How the Islamic State Manufactures Militants,” Vice.

803. Bloch. “An ISIS School Teaches Jihad to Children at Age 3,” NPR.

804. Boghani. “Why Afghanistan’s Children Are Used as Spies and Suicide Bombers,” Frontline.

805. Hanoush. “ISIS Is Training an Army of Child Soldiers,” Newsweek.

806. Boghani. “Why Afghanistan’s Children Are Used as Spies and Suicide Bombers,” Frontline.

807. Hanoush. “ISIS Is Training an Army of Child Soldiers,” Newsweek.

808. “Islamic State Moulds Children into New Generation of Militants,” BBC.

809. Ibid. | AP. “Scores of ISIL Child Soldiers ‘Killed’ in Syria in 2015,” AlJazeera. Published July 15, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/07/scores-isil-child-soldiers-killed-syria-2015-150715132745980.html

810. AFP. “Dozens of Child Soldiers Recruited by ISIL in Syria Killed Since the Start of 2015,” Telegraph. Published July 15, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11741503/Dozens-of-child-soldiers-recruited-by-Isil-in-Syria-killed-since-the-start-of-2015.html

811. Ibid.

812. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. “Syrian Arab Republic,” Report to the Security Council.

813. “Obama authorises Iraq air strikes on Islamist fighters,” BBC. Published Aug. 8, 2014; Jan. 13, 2016: https://web.archive.org/web/20140808001143/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28699832

814. Mamoun, Abdelhak. “ISIS Executes 12 Children in Mosul for Fleeing from the Training, Says Mamouzini,” Iraqi News. Published Nov. 1, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/isis-executes-12-children-mosul-fleeing-training-says-mamouzini/

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816. “Islamic State Moulds Children into New Generation of Militants,” BBC.

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818. Boghani. “Why Afghanistan’s Children Are Used as Spies and Suicide Bombers,” Frontline.

819. “ISIS: Shocking Video Shows Islamic State Child Executioner Beheading Victim,” Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Published July 17, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/07/isis-shocking-video-shows-islamic-state-child-executioner-beheading-victim/ | “‘A Cub of the Caliphate Cubs’ Carries out the First Beheading and IS Threatens to Conquer Rome,” Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Published July 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/07/a-cub-of-the-caliphate-cubs-carries-out-the-first-beheading-and-is-threatens-to-conquer-rome/

820. Dearden. “ISIS Video Shows Young Boy Beheading Syrian Soldier near Ancient City of Palmyra,” Independent.

821. “ISIS: Shocking Video Shows Islamic State Child Executioner Beheading Victim,” Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. | “‘A Cub of the Caliphate Cubs’ Carries out the First Beheading and IS Threatens to Conquer Rome,” Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.

822. Bacchi, Umberto and Arij Limam. “ISIS Mimics Britain’s NHS with ‘Islamic State Health Service ISHS,’” International Business Times. April 24, 2015; accessed on Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-mimics-britains-nhs-islamic-state-health-service-ishs-1498183

823. Wood, Graeme. “What ISIS Really Wants,” Atlantic. Published March 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/

824. Baskaran, Archit. “The Islamic State Healthcare Paradox: A Caliphate in Crisis,” Student Pulse, Vol. 7, No. 7. Published 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/1054/the-islamic-state-healthcare-paradox-a-caliphate-in-crisis

825. Motlagh, Jason. “Fighting Polio Amid the Chaos of Syria’s Civil War,” National Geographic. Published March 5, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150305-polio-syria-iraq-islamic-state-refugees-vaccination-virus-jihad/

826. “ISIS dumping bodies behind spread of ‘flesh-eating’ disease in Syria,” Rudaw. Published Feb. 12, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/02122015

827. Bacchi and Limam. “ISIS Mimics Britain’s NHS with ‘Islamic State Health Service ISHS,’” International Business Times.

828. Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. “The Archivist: Critical Analysis of the Islamic State’s Health Department,” Rubin Center. Published Aug. 27, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.rubincenter.org/2015/08/the-archivist-critical-analysis-of-the-islamic-states-health-department/

829. Agron, A. “Wanted: Western Professionals to Join the Islamc State ISIS,” Middle East Media Research Institute. Published May 15, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.memrijttm.org/content/view_print/report/8565

830. “ISIS Health Care Video an Ad or a Welfare State,” Vocativ. Published April 24, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.vocativ.com/usa/nat-sec/isis-health-care-video-an-ad-for-a-welfare-state/

831. Townsend, Mark Marga Zambrana, and Muhammed Amahmoud. “What Happened to the British Medics Who Went to Work for ISIS?” Guardian. Published July 11, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/12/british-medics-isis-turkey-islamic-state

832. Russell, Catherine M. “ISIL’s Abuse of Women and Girls Must Be Stopped,” US Department of State. Accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://statedept.tumblr.com/post/97300225472/isils-abuse-of-women-and-girls-must-be-stopped

833. Oakford, Samuel. “Yazidi Women Captured by the Islamic State Suffer Terrible Fate,” Vice. Published Oct. 12, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: https://news.vice.com/article/yazidi-women-captured-by-the-islamic-state-suffer-terrible-fate

834. Russell. “ISIL’s Abuse of Women and Girls Must Be Stopped,” US Department of State.

835. Semple, Kirk. “Yazidi Girls Seized by ISIS Speak Out After Escape,” New York Times. Published Nov. 14, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/world/middleeast/yazidi-girls-seized-by-isis-speak-out-after-escape.html

836. Callimachi, Rukmini. “ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape,” New York Times. Published Aug. 13, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/world/middleeast/isis-enshrines-a-theology-of-rape.html?_r=1

837. Ibid.

838. Semple. “Yazidi Girls Seized by ISIS Speak Out After Escape,” New York Times.

839. “Iraq: Forced Marriage, Conversion for Yazidis,” Human Rights Watch. Published Oct. 11, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/11/iraq-forced-marriage-conversion-yezidis

840. Ibid.

841. McDuffe, Allen. “ISIS Is Now Bragging about Enslaving Women and Children,” Atlantic. Oct. 13, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/

842. Ibid.

843. “Iraq: Forced Marriage, Conversion for Yazidis,” Human Rights Watch.

844. McDuffe. “ISIS Is Now Bragging about Enslaving Women and Children,” Atlantic.

845. Ibid.

846. Ibid.

847. “To Have and to Hold: Jihadists Boast of Selling Women as Concubines,” Economist. Published Oct. 14, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold

848. Ibid. | Callimachi. “ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape,” New York Times. | Yoon, Sangwon. “Islamic State Circulates Sex Slave Price List,” Bloomberg. Published Aug. 4, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-03/sex-slaves-sold-by-islamic-state-the-younger-the-better

849. “UN Official Verified IS ‘Price List’ for Yazidi and Christian Females,” Defend International. Published Aug. 4, 2015; site accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://defendinternational.org/is-price-list-for-yazidi-and-christian-females-verified-by-un-official/

850. Webb, Sam and Khaleda Rahman. “The Price of a Slave… as Determined by Official ISIS Price List: Islamist Group Sets Prices for Yazidi and Christian Women—with Girls Under Nine Fetching the Highest Price,” Daily Mail. Published Nov. 4, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2820603/The-price-slave-determined-official-ISIS-price-list-Islamist-group-sets-prices-Yazidi-Christian-women-girls-nine-fetching-highest-price.html#ixzz3t0cpVvgc

851. “Islamic State (ISIS) Releases Pamphlet on Female Slaves,” Middle East Media and Research Institute. Published Dec. 4, 2014; accessed Dec. 13, 2015: http://www.memrijttm.org/islamic-state-isis-releases-pamphlet-on-female-slaves.html

852. Roth, Kenneth. “Slavery: The ISIS Rules,” New York Review of Books. Published Sept. 5, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/05/slavery-isis-rules

853. Callimachi. “ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape,” New York Times.

854. Callimachi. “ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape,” New York Times.

855. Shubert, Atika and Bharati Naik. “ISIS ‘Forced Pregnant Yazidi Women to Have Abortions,’” CNN. Published Oct. 6, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/06/middleeast/pregnant-yazidis-forced-abortions-isis/

856. Callimachi. “ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape,” New York Times.

857. Ibid.

858. Ibid.

859. Ibid.

860. Ibid.

861. “Iraq: Forced Marriage, Conversion for Yazidis,” Human Rights Watch.

862. Yoon. “Islamic State Circulates Sex Slave Price List,” Bloomberg.

863. Sherlock, Ruth. “Islamic State Commanders ‘Using Yazidi Virgins for Sex,’” Telegraph. Published Oct. 14, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11171874/Islamic-State-commanders-using-Yazidi-virgins-for-sex.html

864. Brekke, Kira. “ISIS Is Attacking Women, and Nobody Is Talking about It,” Huffington Post. Published Sept. 8, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/08/isis-attacks-on-women_n_5775106.html?cps=gravity

865. Semple. “Yazidi Girls Seized by ISIS Speak Out After Escape,” New York Times.

866. Wolf, Mat and Shira Rubin. “How to Buy a Slave Girl from ISIS,” Daily Beast. Published Sept. 3, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/03/the-isis-slave-girl-buyback-schemes.html

867. “ISIS Executes 19 Girls for Refusing Sex with Its Fighters,” The Quint. Published Aug. 7, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.thequint.com/world/2015/08/07/isis-executes-19-girls-for-refusing-sex-with-fighters | Withnall, Adam. “ISIS Executes 19 Women in Mosul ‘for Refusing to Take Part in Sexual Jihad,’” Independent. Published Aug. 6, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-executes-19-women-in-mosul-for-refusing-to-take-part-in-sexual-jihad-10443204.html

868. “Iraq: Forced Marriage, Conversion for Yazidis,” Human Rights Watch.

869. Shubert, Atika and Bharati Naik. “‘Hundreds’ of Yazidi Women Killing Themselves in ISIS Captivity,” CNN. Published Oct. 5, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/05/middleeast/yazidi-women-suicide-in-isis-captivity/

870. “Iraq: ISIS Escapees Describe Systematic Rape,” Human Rights Watch.

871. “Hadd,” in Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Accessed Dec. 1, 2015: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e757

872. Ibid.

873. Saul, Heather. “Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments—and vows to vigilantly enforce it,” Independent. Published Jan. 22, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-publishes-penal-code-listing-amputation-crucifixion-and-stoning-as-punishments-and-vows-to-9994878.html

874. Ibid.

875. ISIS, Aleppo branch. “Clarification of the hudud,” our version, based on a translation by the Middle East Media Research Institute, cited by Heather Saul in “Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments—and vows to vigilantly enforce it,” Independent.

876. Lenya, Lotte. “August 28, 1928,” citing an unnamed friend, in Bertholt Brecht, Threepenny Opera, New York, Grove Press, 1960.

877. Withnall, Adam. “Saudi Arabia executes ‘a person every two days’ as rate of beheadings soars under King Salman,” Independent. Published Aug. 25, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-amnesty-international-beheadings-death-sentences-rate-under-king-salman-10470456.html

878. Abu Mohammed. “ISIS executes a young man in Deir ez-Zor, using Bazooka (RBG) to kill him,” Raqqa, Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently. May 21, 2015; accessed Jan. 13, 2016: http://www.raqqa-sl.com/en/?p=1184

879. Botelho, Greg. “ISIS video claims beheading of Russian spy, threatens Russian people,” CNN. Updated Dec. 3, 2015; Dec. 3, 2105: http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/02/middleeast/isis-russian-beheading-claim/index.html?eref=rss_latest

880. Menezes, Alroy. “ISIS Kills 50 Syrian Soldiers, Beheads Many In Raqqa,” International Business Times. Published July 26, 2014; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-kills-50-syrian-soldiers-beheads-many-raqqa-1639948

881. Cleary, Tom. “New ISIS Video Shows ‘Spies’ Drowned in Cage, Blown Up,” Heavy. June 23, 2015; 7:31, accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://heavy.com/news/2015/06/isis-islamic-state-executes-drowns-in-cage-blows-up-spies-brutal-video-propaganda-uncensored-youtube-iraqi-espionage-men-killed/

882. Ibid.

883. “Jordanian Pilot Kaseasbeh Burned Alive by Islamic State; Jordan Executes IS Requested Prisoner Rishawi in Response,” LeakSource. Published Feb. 4, 2015; Dec. 3, 2015: http://leaksource.info/2015/02/04/jordanian-pilot-kaseasbeh-burned-alive-by-islamic-state-jordan-executes-is-requested-prisoner-rishawi-in-response/

884. Withnall, Adam. “Isis releases graphic video showing four Shia ‘spies’ being burned alive in Anbar,” Independent. Published Aug. 31, 2015; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-releases-graphic-video-showing-four-shia-spies-being-burned-alive-in-anbar-iraq-10479626.html

885. Dearden, Lizzie. “Isis ‘crucifies children for not fasting during Ramadan’ in Syria,” Independent. Published June 23, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-crucifies-children-for-not-fasting-during-ramadan-in-syria-10338215.html

886. Mezzofiore, Gianluca. “Syria: Isis Stone Woman to Death for Adultery with Father’s Help in Hama [GRAPHIC VIDEO],” International Business Times. Published Oct. 21, 2014; accessed Dec. 14, 2015: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/syria-isis-stone-woman-death-adultery-fathers-help-hama-graphic-video-1471038

887. Ibid.

888. Segalov, Michael. “‘Being gay in the Islamic State’: Men reveal chilling truth about homosexuality under Isis,” Independent. Published Aug. 25, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/being-gay-in-the-islamic-state-men-reveal-chilling-truth-about-homosexuality-under-isis-10470894.html

889. Brydum, Sunnivie. “ISIS Executes Nine More ‘Gay’ Men,” Advocate. Published Aug. 28, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.advocate.com/world/2015/08/28/reports-isis-executes-nine-more-gay-men

890. Senzee, Thom. “‘Gay’ Man Thrown From Roof by ISIS Survives Fall, Stoned to Death,” Advocate. Published Feb. 4, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.advocate.com/world/2015/02/04/gay-man-thrown-roof-isis-survives-fall-stoned-death

891. “The ‘Islamic State’ carry out the first execution by tank against a regime force member because he ‘run over the State’s soldiers,’” Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Published Oct. 24, 2015; accessed Dec. 3, 2015: http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/10/the-islamic-state-carry-out-the-first-execution-by-tank-against-a-regime-force-member-because-he-run-over-the-states-soldiers/

892. Segalov. “‘Being gay in the Islamic State’: Men reveal chilling truth about homosexuality under Isis,” Independent.

893. ISIS, Aleppo branch. “Clarification of the hudud,” cited by Heather Saul in “Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments—and vows to vigilantly enforce it,” Independent.

894. “Shocking video allegedly shows ISIS beating fellow terrorists,” Daily Mail. Accessed Jan. 14, 2016: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/news/video-1184932/Shocking-video-allegedly-shows-ISIS-beating-fellow-terrorists.html