ENDNOTES

Preface

1	Hillary Clinton, “America’s Pacific Century” Foreign Policy, 11 October 2011
2	US Department of Defense, “Sustaining US Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense,” p. 2
3	James R. Fichter, So Great a Proffit: How the East Indies Trade Transformed Anglo-American Capitalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010

Introduction

1	James R Holmes, ‘Japan and China: Tensions mounting’, The Diplomat, 6 February 2013.
2	Robert Ayson & Desmond Ball, ‘Can a Sino-Japanese War Be Controlled?’, Survival, Vol. 56, No. 6, December 2014 – January 2015, pp. 135–66.
3	Quoted in SCM Paine, The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power and Primacy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 192–3.
4	Calculations based on Angus Maddison’s historical data; see The Maddison Project, www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm, 2013 version.
5	WJ Macpherson, The Economic Development of Japan, c. 1868–1941, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987.
6	Paine, 2003, pp. 81–2.
7	Quoted in Paine, 2003, p. 314.

Chapter 1 Peace Dividends

1	My account of the fall of Saigon draws heavily on Olivier Todd, Cruel April: The Fall of Saigon, New York: WW Norton, 1987.
2	Daniel Bell, ‘The end of American exceptionalism’, The Public Interest, Fall, 1975, reprinted in Daniel Bell, The Winding Passage: Essays and Sociological Journeys 1960–1980, Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Books, 1980.
3	Frederik Logevall & Andrew Preston (eds) Nixon in the World: American Foreign Relations, 1969–1977, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
4	Robert S Litwak, Détente and the Nixon Doctrine: American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of Stability, 1969–1976, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
5	Richard Nixon, ‘Informal remarks in Guam with newsmen’, 25 July 1969, online by Gerhard Peters and John T Woolley, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2140.
6	Richard Nixon, ‘US foreign policy for the 1970s: A new strategy for peace’, 18 February 1970, Vol. I, Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969–1972, Document 60, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v01/d60.
7	Ronald C Keith, The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai, London: Macmillan, 1989.
8	Lorenz M Luthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
9	Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
10	James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, From Nixon to Clinton, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1999.
11	Nancy Bernkopf Tucker (ed.) China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945–1996, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
12	King C Chen, China’s War with Vietnam, 1979: Issues, Decisions, Implications, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1987.
13	Robert G Sutter, Chinese Foreign Policy: Developments After Mao, New York: Praeger, 1985.
14	Richard Sisson & Leo E Rose, War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
15	Raymond L Brown, Anwar al-Sadat and the October War, Santa Monica: California Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy, 1980.
16	Saad Shazly, The Crossing of Suez: The October War 1973, London: Third World Centre for Research and Publication, 1980.
17	Misagh Parsa, The Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution, Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
18	Joseph J Collins, The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: A Study in the Use of Force in Soviet Foreign Policy, Lexington Books, 1986.
19	Robert F Miller, Soviet Foreign Policy Today: Gorbachev and the New Foreign Policy Thinking, New York: Unwin Hyman, 1991.
20	Alice Lyman Miller & Richard Wich, Becoming Asia: Change and Continuity in Asian International Relations Since World War II, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
21	Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry Into the Poverty of Nations, New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1968.
22	Lawrence MacDonald (ed.), The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy, World Bank Policy Research Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
23	GDP growth data is taken from the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015, at www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/index.aspx.
24	Anis Chowdhury & Iyanatul Islam (eds), Handbook on the Northeast and Southeast Asian Economies, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2007.
25	Thanat Khoman, ‘ASEAN: Conception and evolution’, in KS Sandhu et al. (eds) The ASEAN Reader, Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992; Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of Southeast Asia, London: Routledge, 1989.
26	MC Abad Jr, ‘The Association of Southeast Asian Nations: Challenges and responses’ in Michael Wesley (ed.), The Regional Organizations of the Asia–Pacific: Exploring Institutional Change, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
27	Goh Chok Tong, ‘ASEAN–US Relations’, speech to the ASEAN – United States Partnership Conference, New York, 7 September 2000.
28	Robert Gilpin, The Multinational Corporation and the National Interest, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973.
29	Indermit Singh Gill & Homi J Kharas, An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth, Washington: World Bank, 2007.
30	Karen Ward, The World in 2050, HSBC Global Research, January 2012.
31	Willem Buiter & Ebrahim Rhabari, ‘Global growth generators: Moving beyond “emerging markets” and “BRIC” ’, Citibank Global Economics View, January 2011.
32	Dominic Wilson, Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research, October 2003.
33	Australian Government, Australia in the Asian Century, White Paper, Commonwealth of Australia, October 2012.
34	Kishore Mahbubani, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East, New York: Public Affairs, 2008, p. 2.

Chapter 2 Significant Others

1	Melvyn C Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.
2	Edward Dalton, Tribal Worlds of the Eastern Himalaya and Indo-Burma Borderlands, Bangkok: White Lotus, 2007.
3	Jason Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks, Leiden: Brill, 2011; Ralph Kautz (ed.), Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010; Johan Elverskog, Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
4	Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, New York: Crown, 2004.
5	Janet L Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250–1350, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
6	Alan Hodgart, The Economics of European Imperialism, London: Edward Arnold, 1977.
7	John R Fisher, The Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America, 1492–1810, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997; JP Cain, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688–1914, New York: Longman, 1993.
8	Bailey Diffie, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
9	Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History, London: Longman, 1993.
10	Francisco Bethencourt & Diogo Ramada Curto (eds), Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
11	CR Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800, London: Hutchinson, 1965.
12	MN Pearson, The World of the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800, Burlington: Ashgate, 2005.
13	Robert Johnson, British Imperialism, Houndmills: Macmillan, 2007.
14	Raymond F Betts, Europe Overseas: The Phases of Imperialism, New York: Basic Books, 1968.
15	Donald G McCloud, System and Process in Southeast Asia: The Evolution of a Region, Boulder: Westview Press, 1986.
16	Dean Acheson, quoted in Cynthia Ann Watson (ed.), US National Security: A Reference Handbook, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2002, pp. 159–60.
17	Tony Cavoli, Siona Listokin & Ramkishen S Rajan (eds), Issues in Governance, Growth and Globalization in Asia, Hackensack: World Scientific, 2014.
18	Razeen Sally, Economic Integration in Asia: The Track Record and Prospects, ECIPE Occasional Paper No. 2, Brussels: European Centre for International Political Economy, 2010.
19	Yuko Kikuchi, Japanese Modernisation and Mingei Theory: Cultural Nationalism and Oriental Orientalism, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
20	Harald Fuess (ed.), The Japanese Empire in East Asia and its Postwar Legacy, Munich: Iudicium, 1998.
21	Jun Uchida, Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.
22	James C Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
23	Sven Saaler & J Victor Koschmann (eds), Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism and Borders, London: Routledge, 2007.
24	Frank B Tipton, The Rise of Asia: Economics, Society and Politics in Contemporary Asia, Melbourne: Macmillan, 1998.
25	Michael Wesley, ‘The Asian Development Bank’, in Michael Wesley (ed.), The Regional Organizations of the Asia-Pacific: Exploring Institutional Change, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
26	Prema-chandra Athukorala, Production Networks and Trade Patterns in East Asia: Regionalization or Globalization?, ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration, No. 56, Asian Development Bank, August 2010.
27	Prema-chandra Athukorala, ‘Asian trade and investment: Trends and patterns’, in Prema-chandra Athukorala (ed.), The Rise of Asia: Trade and Investment in Global Perspective, New York: Routledge, 2010.
28	Linghe Ye & Masato Abe, The Impacts of Natural Disasters on Global Supply Chains, ARTNeT Working Paper No. 115, Bangkok: UN ESCAP, 2012.
29	All energy figures are taken from the International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2014, Paris: OECD/IEA, 2014.
30	All energy figures are taken from the International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2014, Paris: OECD/IEA, 2014.
31	Amy Myers Jaffe, Kenneth B Medlock & Ronald Soligo, The status of World Oil Reserves: Conventional and Unconventional Resources in the Future Supply Mix, James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, March 2011.
32	Philip Andrews-Speed, Sumit Ganguly, Manjeet S Pardesi, et al., The New Energy Silk Road: The Growing Asia – Middle East Energy Nexus, The National Bureau of Asian Research, October 2009.
33	Saad Alshahrani & Ali Alsadiq, Economic Growth and Government Spending in Saudi Arabia, IMF Working Paper No. 14/3, International Monetary Fund, 2014.
34	Naser Al-Tamimi, China – Saudi Arabia Relations: Economic Partnership or Strategic Alliance?, Discussion Paper, Durham: HH Sheikh Nasser Al-Sabah Programme, Durham University, 2012.
35	PricewaterhouseCoopers, Developing Infrastructure in Asia Pacific: Outlook, Challenges and Solutions, PricewaterhouseCoopers Services LLP, 2014.
36	Asian Development Bank, Infrastructure for a Seamless Asia, Manila: ADB, 2009.
37	Neil Thomas, ‘Rhetoric and reality – Xi Jinping’s Australia policy’, The China Story Journal, Australian Centre on China and the World, 15 March 2015, www.thechinastory.org/2015/03/rhetoric-and-reality-xi-jinpings-australia-policy/.
38	Alexander Cooley, ‘The new great game in Central Asia’, Foreign Affairs, Council on Foreign Relations, 7 August 2012.
39	Homi Kharas, The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries, OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 285, OECD, January 2010.
40	Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
41	UN World Tourism Organization, Tourism Highlights 2014, UNWTO, 2014.

Chapter 3 Compulsive Ambition

1	Dennis O Flynn, World Silver and Monetary Histories in the 16th and 17th Centuries, Aldershot: Varorium, 1996.
2	Charles O Hucker, The Ming Dynasty: Its Origins and Evolving Institutions, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1978.
3	Mi Chu Wiens, Socioeconomic Change During the Ming Dynasty in the Kiangnan Area, PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1973.
4	The story of the Suzhou riot is drawn from Pei-kai Cheng, Michael Lestz, Jonathan D Spence (eds), The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection, New York: Norton, 1999.
5	Quoted in Cheng, Lestz, Spence (eds), 1999.
6	John W Dardess, Ming China 1368–1644, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012.
7	Jiang Yonglin, The Mandate of Heaven and the Great Ming Code, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011.
8	Quoted in Li Kangying, The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010, p. 7.
9	Bruce Swanson, Eighth Voyage of the Dragon: A History of China’s Quest for Seapower, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1982.
10	Itoh Mayumi, Globalization of Japan: Japanese Sakoku Mentality and US Efforts to Open Japan, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998.
11	Donald N Clark, Korea in World History, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.
12	Bjoern Dressel & Michael Wesley, ‘Asian states in crisis’, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 38, No. 4, July 2014.
13	Peter Drysdale (ed.), The New Economy in East Asia and the Pacific, New York: Routledge, 2004.
14	United Nations ESCAP, ‘Urbanization trends in Asia and the Pacific’, UN ESCAP Factsheet, November 2013, www.unescapsdd.org/files/documents/SPPS-Factsheet-urbanization-v5.pdf.
15	Dean Forbes, Urbanisation in Asia, Canberra: AusAID, 1998.
16	Ghulam Akhmat & Yo Bochun, ‘Rapidly changing dynamics of urbanization in China: Escalating regional inequalities and urban management problems’, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 3 No. 2, June 2010.
17	Shirish Sankhe, et al., India’s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth, McKinsey Global Institute, April 2010.
18	Michael Spence, Patricia Clarke Annez & Robert M Buckley (eds), Urbanization and Growth, Washington: World Bank, 2009.
19	Wang Fei-ling, Organizing Through Division and Exclusion: China’s Hukou System, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005.
20	Tom Miller, China’s Urban Billion, New York: Zed Books, 2012.
21	KC Roy, Economic Development in China, India and East Asia: Managing Change in the Twenty-First Century, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012.
22	Adam Drewnowski & Barry M Popkin, ‘The nutrition transition: New trends in the global diet’, Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 55, No. 2, 1997.
23	Zhu Xiaodong, ‘Understanding China’s growth: Past, present, and future’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 26, No. 4, Fall 2012.
24	Lucy Hornby, ‘China scythes food self-sufficiency policy’, Financial Times, 11 February 2014.
25	All energy figures are taken from the International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2014, Paris: OECD/IEA, 2014.
26	Shahid Khandker (ed.), Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis Revisited, Washington: World Bank Institute, 2002.
27	Justin Yifu Lin, The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1996.
28	Anna Jankowska, Ame Norgengast & Jose Ramon Perea, The Middle Income Trap: Comparing Asian and Latin American Experiences, OECD Development Centre Policy Insight, May 2012; Jesus Felipe, Utsav Kumar & Reynold Galope, ‘Middle Income Transitions: Trap or Myth?’ ADB Economics Working Papers Series No. 421, Asian Development Bank, November 2014.
29	Hal Hill & Thee Kian Wie, ‘Indonesian universities: Rapid growth, major challenges’, in Daniel Suryadarma & Gavin W Jones (eds), Education in Indonesia, Singapore: ISEAS, 2012.
30	Pawan Agarwal, Indian Higher Education: Envisioning the Future, New Dehli: Sage, 2009.
31	Shi Li & Chunbing Xing, China’s Higher Education Expansion and its Labor Market Consequences, IZA Discussion Papers No. 4974, Institute for the Study of Labor, May 2010.
32	Yu He & Yinhua Mai, ‘Higher Education Expansion in China and the “Ant Tribe” Problem’, Higher Education Policy, 17 June 2014.
33	Zhou Xiaochuan, Statement on the International Financial System, Council on Foreign Relations, 23 March 2009, www.cfr.org/china/zhou-xiaochuans-statement-reforming-international-monetary-system/p18916.
34	John Kehoe, ‘Rajan Clashes With Bernanke Over QE Taper’, Australian Financial Review, 11 April 2014.
35	Outbound Investment Development Report 2010, MOFCOM, 1 November 2010, as reported in Beijing Review, 25 November 2010.
36	Robert Zoellick, Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility?, Remarks to National Committee on US–China Relations, New York, 21 September 2005.
37	Stijn Classens & M Ayhan Kose, Financial Crises: Explanations, Types, and Implications, IMF Working Paper 13/28, International Monetary Fund, January 2013.
38	Quoted in Thomas, 2015.

Chapter 4 Restless Souls

1	Robert Grant Irving, Imperial Summer: Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
2	Shankar Sharan, Fifty Years After the Asian Relations Conference, New Delhi: Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre, 1997.
3	JA McCallum, ‘The Asian Relations Conference’, The Australian Quarterly, June 1947.
4	Jawaharlal Nehru, Inaugural speech to the Asian Relations Conference, New Delhi, 23 March 1947, reprinted in Sharan, 1997.
5	Jawaharlal Nehru, reprinted in Sharan, 1997.
6	Amitav Acharya, ‘The idea of Asia’, Asia Policy, Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2010.
7	Clifford Geertz, Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth Century Bali, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, p. 18.
8	Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
9	Donald G McCloud, System and Process in Southeast Asia: The Evolution of a Region, Boulder: Westview Press, 1986.
10	Thongchai Winichakul, ‘Trying to locate Southeast Asia from its navel: Where is Southeast Asian studies in Thailand?’, in Paul H Kratoska, Remco Raben & Henk Schulte Nordholt (eds), Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of Knowledge and Politics of Space, Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005.
11	Geertz, 1980.
12	Alexander Vuving, ‘Operated by world views and interfaced by world orders: Traditional and modern Sino-Vietnamese relations’, in Anthony Reid & Zheng Yangwen (eds), Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia, Singapore: NUS Press, 2009, p. 82.
13	Leif-Erik Easley, ‘Korean and Vietnamese national identities: Navigating Chinese and American power’, in Joon-Woo Park, Gi-Wook Shin & Donald W Kayser (eds), The Identity and Regional Policy of South Korea and Vietnam, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2013.
14	Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso, 1991, p. 150.
15	Rotem Kowner & Walter Demel (eds), Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions, Leiden: Brill, 2013.
16	Anthony Reid, ‘Introduction: Negotiating asymmetry – brothers, friends and enemies’ in Reid & Zheng, 2009, p. 18.
17	Seo-Hyun Park, ‘Small states and the search for sovereignty in Sinocentric Asia: Japan and Korea in the late nineteenth century’, in Reid & Zheng, 2009, p. 32.
18	Gerrit W Gong, The Standard of ‘Civilization’ in International Society, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
19	Anthony Reid, Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
20	For a fuller discussion of these processes see Michael Wesley, ‘Asia enters an era of strife’, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 172, No. 3, April 2009, pp. 14–18.
21	Robert E Elson, The Idea of Indonesia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
22	Wang Gungwu, ‘Family and friends: China in a changing Asia’, in Reid & Zheng, 2009, p. 225.
23	Takashi Shiraishi (ed.), Across the Causeway: A Multi-Dimensional Study of Malaysia–Singapore Relations, Singapore: ISEAS, 2009.
24	Joseph Chin-Yong Liow, The Politics of Indonesia–Malaysia Relations: One Kin, Two Nations, London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
25	Quoted in Rizal Sukma, Indonesia and China: The Politics of a Troubled Relationship, London: Routledge, 1999, p. 158.
26	Quoted in John Pomfret, ‘US Takes a Tougher Line with China’, The Washington Post, 30 July 2010.
27	Alexander Vuving, ‘How experience and identity shape Vietnam’s relations with China and the United States’, in Park, Shin & Keyser, 2013, p. 60.
28	Terence Roehrig, ‘History as a strategic weapon: The Korean and Chinese struggle over Koguryo’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. 45, No. 1, February 2010.
29	Peter Hays Gries, ‘The Koguryo controversy, national identity, and Sino-Korean relations today’, East Asia, Vol. 22, No. 4, December 2005.
30	Chen Dingding, ‘Domestic politics, national identity, and international conflict: The case of the Koguryo controversy’, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 21, No. 74, March 2012.
31	Kwai-Chung Lo, ‘Manipulating historical tensions in east Asian popular culture’, in Nissim Otmazgin & Eyal Ben-Ari (eds), Popular Culture and the State in East and Southeast Asia, London: Routledge, 2012, p. 185.
32	Kawashima Shin, ‘China’s re-interpretation of the Chinese world order, 1900–40s’, in Reid & Zheng, 2009, p. 147.
33	Vuving, ‘Operated by world views and interfaced by world orders’, in Reid & Zheng, 2009, p. 82.
34	WJF Jenner, The Tyranny of History: The Roots of China’s Crisis, Harmondsworth: Allen Lane, 1992, pp. 4–5.
35	Winichakul, in Kratoska, Raben & Nordholt, 2005.
36	Sukma, 1999, p. 95.
37	John W Garver, ‘Indo-Chinese rivalry in Indochina’, Asian Survey, Vol. 27, No. 11, November 1987.
38	Geertz, 1980, p. 62.
39	CP Fitzgerald, The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People, New York: Praeger, 1972.
40	John F Richards, The Mughal Empire, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
41	Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680, Vols I and II, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
42	Sunil S Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013.
43	Michael R Stenson, Class, Race and Colonialism in West Malaysia, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1980.
44	Grant Evans (ed.), Asia’s Cultural Mosaic: An Anthropological Introduction, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
45	Stein Tonneson & Hans Antlov (eds), Asian Forms of the Nation, Richmond: Curzon, 1996.
46	Rajat Ganguly (ed.), Autonomy and Ethnic Conflict in South and Southeast Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
47	Leo Suryadinata, Understanding the Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia, Singapore: ISEAS, 2007.
48	Robert Lowry, The Armed Forces of Indonesia, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1996.
49	Reid, Imperial Alchemy, 2010, p. 63.
50	Sukma, 1999, p. 24.
51	Liow, 2005.
52	Kate Hodal & Jonathan Kaiman, ‘At least 21 dead in Vietnam anti-China riots over oil rig’, The Guardian, 16 May 2014.
53	Natasha Hamilton-Hart, ‘Indonesia and Singapore: Structure, politics and interests’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2009, pp. 247–71.
54	Liow, 2005.
55	JAC Mackie, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia–Malaysia Dispute 1963-1966, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1974.
56	Vuving, in Park, Shin & Keyser, 2013, p. 61.
57	David Brewster, India as an Asia–Pacific Power, London: Routledge, 2012.

Chapter 5 Fateful Terrains

1	Marcus Scott-Ross, A Short History of Malacca, Singapore: Chopmen Enterprises, 1971.
2	John Villiers, Portuguese Malacca, Bangkok: Exbaixada de Portugal na Tailandia, 1988.
3	Samuel Wee Tien Wang, British Strategic Interests in the Strait of Malacca 1786–1819, MA thesis, Simon Fraser University, 1992.
4	Colin S Gray, ‘Inescapable geography’, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2–3, 1999.
5	Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
6	Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
7	Ewan W Anderson, ‘Geopolitics: International boundaries as fighting places’, in Colin S Gray & Geoffrey Sloan (eds), Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy, Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, pp. 130–1.
8	Halford Mackinder, The Scope and Methods of Geography and the Geographical Pivot of History, London: Royal Geographical Society, 1951.
9	Ralf Emmers, Geopolitics and Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
10	Thomas C Schelling, Arms and Influence, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008, p. 38.
11	Carl von Clausewitz, On War (trans. JJ Graham), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
12	Schelling, 2008.
13	John Herz, International Politics in the Atomic Age, New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.
14	WG East & OHK Spate, The Changing Map of Asia: A Political Geography, London: Methuen, 1961, p. 157.
15	Raoul Castex, Strategic Theories (trans. Eugenia C Kiesling), Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994.
16	Christopher Small & Joel E Cohen, ‘Continental Physiography, climate and the global distribution of human population’, Current Anthropology, Vol. 45, No. 2, April 2004, pp. 269–76; Michel Lichter, Athanasios T Vafeidis, Robert J Nicholls & Gunilla Kaiser, ‘Exploring data-related uncertainties in analyses of land area and population in “Low Elevation Coastal Zone” (LECZ)’, Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 27, No. 4, July 2011, pp. 757–68.
17	Canfei He, ‘Industrial agglomeration and economic performance in transitional China’, in Yukon Huang & Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi (eds), Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia, Washington: World Bank, 2009, pp. 259–60.
18	International Maritime Organization, International Shipping Facts and Figures, Maritime Knowledge Centre, March 2012, www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/ShipsAndShippingFactsAndFigures/ TheRoleandImportanceofInternationalShipping/Documents/International%20Shipping%20-%20Facts%20and%20Figures.pdf.
19	Geoffrey Till, Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century, London: Frank Cass, 2004, p. 284
20	Till, 2004, p. 71.
21	Till, 2004, p. 127
22	Till, 2004, p. 4.
23	James R Holmes, Andrew C Winner & Toshi Yoshihara, Indian Naval Strategy in the Twenty-First Century, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 72.
24	Till, 2004, p. 154.
25	John Lewis Gaddis, ‘Containment: Its past and future’, International Security, Vol. 5, No. 4, Spring 1981, p. 80.
26	Siemon T Wezeman, ‘The maritime dimension of arms transfers to South East Asia, 207-11’, in SIPRI Yearbook 2012: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
27	Till, 2004, p. 149.
28	Samuel P Huntington, ‘National policy and the Transoceanic navy’, United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 80, No. 5, May 1954.
29	James R Holmes & Toshi Yoshihara, Red Star Over the Pacific: China’s Rise and the Challenge to US Maritime Strategy, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2010.
30	Ronald O’Rourke, China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities – Background and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, 23 December 2014.
31	Holmes, Winner & Yoshihara, 2009.
32	Desmond Ball & Richard Tanter, The Tools of Owatatsumi: Japan’s Ocean Surveillance and Coastal Defence Capabilities, Canberra: ANU Press, 2015.
33	Sam Bateman, ‘Perils of the deep: The dangers of submarine proliferation in the seas of East Asia’, Asian Security, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2011, pp. 61–84.
34	Ronald E Ratcliff, ‘Building partners’ capacity: The thousand ship navy’, US Naval War College Review, Autumn 2007.
35	Julian S Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1988 [1911], p. 91.
36	MJ Pintado, Portuguese Documents on Malacca, Kuala Lumpur: National Archives of Malaysia, 1993, pp. 245–6.
37	Holmes & Yoshihara, 2010.
38	For example, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, ‘Straits, passages and chokepoints: A maritime strategy of petroleum distribution’, Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec, Vol. 48, No. 135, December 2004, pp. 357–74; John Daly, ‘Naval choke points and command of the sea’, World Politics Review, 2 March 2009; Charles Emmerson & Paul Stevens, Maritime Choke Points and the Global Energy System, Chatham House Briefing Paper EERG 2012/01, January 2012.
39	CE Calwell, Military Operations and Maritime Preponderance: Their Relations and Interdependence, Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1905, pp. 266–7.
40	Janet L Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250–1350, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
41	Russell Hsiao, ‘Sanya nuclear submarine base shakes Asian neighbours’, China Brief, Vol. 8, No. 10, The Jamestown Foundation, 13 May 2008.
42	Leszek Buszynski & Christopher B Roberts (eds), The South China Sea Maritime Dispute: Political, Legal and Regional Perspectives, Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
43	Holmes, Winner & Yoshihara, 2009, p. 44.
44	David Brewster, ‘The Bay of Bengal: A new locus for strategic competition in Asia’, Asia Pacific Bulletin, No. 263, East–West Centre, 15 May 2014.
45	Lawrence G Potter & Gary G Sick (eds), Security in the Persian Gulf: Origins, Obstacles, and the Search for Consensus, New York: Palgrave, 2002.
46	Robert Hunter, Building Security in the Persian Gulf, Santa Monica: RAND, 2010.
47	Christopher M Davidson, The Persian Gulf and Pacific Asia: From Indifference to Interdependence, London: Hirst, 2010.
48	Calwell, 1905, p. 266.
49	Alan J Levine, The Pacific War: Japan Versus the Allies, Westport: Praeger, 1995.
50	Holmes & Yoshihara, 2010, p. 94.
51	Ashutosh Misra, India and Pakistan: Coming to Terms, London: Palgrave, 2010.
52	Marc Lanteigne, ‘China’s maritime security and the “Malacca Dilemma” ’, Asian Security, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2008, pp. 143–61.
53	Allan Collins, Security and Southeast Asia: Domestic, Regional and Global Issues, Singapore: ISEAS, 2003.
54	Mark Mancall, Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, pp. 20–5.
55	Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974, p. 55.
56	Michael E Clarke, Xinjiang and China’s Rise in Central Asia: A History, London: Routledge, 2011.
57	Peter B Golden, Central Asia in World History, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
58	Lena Jonson, Vladimir Putin and Central Asia: The Shaping of Russian Foreign Policy, London: IB Tauris, 2004.
59	David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
60	Vladimir Paramonov, Russia in Central Asia: Policy, Security and Economics, London: Nova Science, 2009.
61	Bobo Lo, Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing and the New Geopolitics, Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
62	Sally M Cummings, Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations, New York: Routledge, 2012.
63	Robert L Canfield & Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek (eds), Ethnicity, Authority and Power in Central Asia: New Games, Great and Small, London: Routledge, 2011.
64	Clarke, 2011.
65	AV Malashenko, The Fight for Influence: Russia in Central Asia, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013.

Chapter 6 Asia and the World

1	Richard Dobbs, Jaana Remes, James Manyika, et al., Urban world: cities and the rise of the consuming class, McKinsey Global Institute, Washington, DC, 2012.
2	Michael Wesley, ‘The new bipolarity’, The American Interest, Vol. 8, No. 3, Winter 2013.
3	For example, in relation to China, see William A Callahan, China: The Pessoptimist Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
4	For example, Kwai-Chung Lo, in Otmazgin & Ben-Ari, 2012.
5	An example of the Panglossian school is the Australian Government’s 2012 White Paper, Australia in the Asian Century; of the Hobbesian school is Aaron L Friedberg’s ‘The geopolitics of strategic Asia, 2000–2020’, in Ashley J Tellis, Andrew Marble & Travis Tanner (eds) Strategic Asia 2010–2011: Asia’s Rising Power and America’s Continued Purpose, Seattle: NBR, 2010.
6	Xu Shiquan, Sunflower Movement and Cross-Strait Relations, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Discussion Paper, September 2014.
7	Richard A Bitzinger, ‘China’s double-digit defense growth’, Foreign Affairs, 19 March 2015.
8	Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
9	Andrew Erickson & Gabe Collins, ‘The long pole in the tent: China’s military jet engines’, The Diplomat, 9 December 2012.
10	Kwang Ho Chun, The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis, Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.
11	For example, see Edwin M Truman, IMF Reform is Waiting on the United States, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Discussion Paper No. PB14-9, Washington, 19 March 2014.
12	Ryuzo Sato, Rama V Ramachandran & Myra Aronson (eds), Trade and Investment in the 1990s: Experts Debate on Japan–US Issues, New York: New York University Press, 1996.
13	See Michael Wesley (ed.), Energy Security in Asia, London: Routledge, 2007.
14	Simon Denyer, ‘Chinese tighten their grip on internet’, Sydney Morning Herald, 31 January 2015.
15	Eric Helleiner, Forgotten Foundations of Bretton Woods: International Development and the Making of the Postwar Order, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014.
16	Mandy Zuo & Kwong Man-ki, ‘Chinese leader Xi Jinping spells out ambitious Asia vision at Boao Forum’, South China Morning Post, 28 March 2015.
17	Quoted in Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance, London: Macmillan, 1983, p. 142.