Acheson, Dean 46
Aden, Gulf of 144
Afghanistan, invasion by Soviet
Union 23
agricultural productivity 80
Akbar, Mughal emperor 113
Albuquerque, Afonso de 122, 137–8
Andaman and Nicobar islands 143
animosities and suspicions 114–20
Arabian Sea 139, 140–1, 143, 166
arms sales 33
Asia
anxieties and vulnerabilities 127
Cold War and sovereign equality in 102
communist vs. non-communist areas 46–7
consequences of empowerment and enrichment 160–2
cultural and political assertions 119–20
decolonisation 47
defined by economic success 62
economic and security relationships 29
economic fragility 70
encirclement and containment fears 7, 20, 118, 119, 127, 170–1
European-based trading territories 42–3
external security 163
followed European economies 70
global extent of international order 172–3
historical consciousness 109–11
impact of connections and rivalries 167
international relations 96, 165
internationalising imperatives 82
marchland communities 112
maritime chokepoints 139
mountains 128
national histories 109
national stereotypes 110
normalisation of security 163
postcolonial hierarchies 103–4
poverty in 26
pre-colonial empires and kingdoms 38
predictions of peace and prosperity 31
preoccupations about rest of world 168–71
regionalism 44
reorder of dynamics 171
rivalrous interdependence 165
self-worth after colonial domination 159
sensitivity to non-Asian attitudes 89
soft authoritarian rule 30
sovereignty denied 101
spheres of influence 172
stability 28
strategic claustrophobia 6, 89–90, 91–2
sub-regions 37
transnational connections 49
Asian Development Bank (ADB) 52–3, 91
Asian economies
consumer-based 74
facilitative and regulatory role 72–3
high-income status 86
interdependence of 6
necessary conditions of economic growth 26–9
reduction in self-sufficiency 161–2
restrictions on trade and investment 48
‘tiger’ economies 72
Asian financial crisis (1997–98) 84
Asian Infrastructurre Investment Bank 61, 91
Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development 60
Asian Relations Conference (1947) 93–5
Asian societies
Europeans view as inferior 100
hierarchical relations 96–106, 97–106
racial and cultural superiority 100–1
tributary relationships 98, 100–1
western dominance 100
Asian trade, allure to Europeans 39
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 59, 73
assertive cultural and political sentiments 119–20
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 28–9, 48, 59
Æterni regis (papal bull) 40
Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor 113
Australia 29
Balinese society 96
ballistic missile 135
banking institutions 91
bays, geography and strategic significance of 140–1
Beijing 77
Bengal, Bay of 139, 140–1, 142, 143, 165
Bretton Woods institutions 91, 172
Brezhnev, Leonid 21
British Empire 43
British trading ports in Asia 122
Brunei 29
Canada 29
carbon emissions 167
Central Asian states 151, 153–4, 155
Chabahar port (Iran) 145
Chian Kai-shek 117
Chiang Mai Initiative 91
China
agricultural productivity 80
antagonism by South Korea 106–9
attacks on India and Vietnam (1962) 110–11
bilateral trade with South Korea 107
breakdown of Soviet alliance 15
civilisational greatness 103
commercialisation 66
‘containment’ concerns 119
corruption and anarchy 67
decay of Qing empire 70
defence against Mongols 151
diplomatic pragmatism 24
diplomatic relations with United States 17–18
disputes over South China Sea 119
empire and boundaries 112
end of seclusion from west 70
energy consumption 56
ethnic identities 112
‘first island chain’ maritime rampart 138–9
haijin foreign prohibition policy 68–9
harmonious international order 173
hukou system of household registration 76–7
impact on global status quo 171
Indonesian view of 105
and Indo-Pacific Peninsula strategy 147–8
internal security 163
invasion of northern Vietnam 18–19
investment on education 86
island defence bases 142
‘lost colonies’ 103
membership of ASEAN 29
naval presence in Indian Ocean 135–6, 165
oil reserves and imports 81
ownership of South China Sea 141
policy on Soviet Union 16
reforms 24
regulation of trading ports 69
relations with post-Soviet Russia 153
sea command 135
second- and third-tier cities 77
southern and northern tiers 155–6
Soviet-style planning 72
strategic infrastructure plans 60–1
tertiary education 86
trade agreements 162
trade with northern-tier states 154
tribute payment 101
underemployment of tertiary graduates 87
urban–rural disparities 75
weapons of sea denial 135
Chinese cultural superiority 97
Chinese economy
export markets 80
power of 32
relationship with other Asian economies 33–4
structure 77
Christendom, eastern vs. western variants 39
Churchill, Winston 173
cities 75, 76, 78; see also urbanisation
civilisational greatness of Asian states 103
civilisational hierarchies 6–7
civilisational rivalries 96
command power of the state 158–9
commerce 113
communist parties 71
Communist Party of Indonesia 117
components manufacturing 54
Congress Party (India) 71
conspicuous consumption 61
‘Containment’ doctrine (US) 45
cultural disputes 109
cultural inferiority 106
cultural pride 169
culture, importance of 159
defensive perimeter of containment 46
deference to larger neighbours 97–8
détante 22
development and reshaping of society 74
disarticulation of world order 173–4
dollar, US 88
Dominican Republic 173
domino effect of prosperity 160
Dong Feng 21D (ballistic missile) 135
Dutch trading in Asia 41–2, 122
East Asia 54
East Asian Economic Group (EAEG) 105
eastern Mediterranean 40
economic growth 26, 78–9, 84, 91–2, 161
economic interdependence 6, 62, 126
economy, structure of 77
employment of graduates 87
emulation phase of globalism 172
energy
consumption 78
strategic significance of 57
England, see Britain; British Empire
ethnic and cultural stereotypes 98, 114
ethnic Chinese communities 116–17
ethnic identity 115
Europe
Asian economies followed 70
colonisation by 124
defence of territory 124
imperial age of Asian trade 43–4
post-WW2 regional alliances 164
territorial divisions 39
European Community, dialogue partner of ASEAN 29
Europeans
aristocratic society 99
avarice and military prowess 99
equality as basis for societies 96
place in Asian hierarchies 99
race logic of 100
sovereign equality 101
financial systems 81
Five Power Defence Arrangements 29, 118–19
Ford, Gerald 17
foreign trade restrictions 48
Fukushima tsunami 55
Gama, Vasco da 40
Ge Xian (palm-leaf fan protest) 66–77
Genghis Khan 38
geographic settings 7
geography, significance of 123
global economy 6, 83, 90, 91, 92
global extent of international order 172–3
global international order 172
global poverty 26
global production-sharing 53–5
Gorbachev, Mikhail 24
government powers 71
Grand Canal (China) 69
Great Ming Code 68
great powers 168
Gwadar deepwater port (Pakistan) 145
haijin foreign prohibition policy (China) 68–9
hierarchy 114
in Europe societies 99
highways 60
historical consciousness 109–11
historical greatness of neighbouring states 159
homogenous societies 111
Hongwu emperor (China) 68
‘horizontal escalation’ of hostilities 133
hukou system of household registration (China) 76–7
incorporation phase of globalism 172
India
anxiety about China 119
attacks on East Pakistan 19–20
attacks on West Pakistan 19–20
border insecurities 35–6, 35–7, 147
Central Asian roads and pipelines 61
economic growth 26, 72, 73, 85
economic liberalisation 73
encirclement fears 119
energy consumption 56
fear of China’s naval power 165
membership of ASEAN 29
naval capability 136
nuclear weapons capability 33
ownership of Arabian Sea 141
ownership of Bay of Bengal 141
sea command 142
strategy of South Asian Peninsula 147
structure of economy 77
territorial disputes 143
tertiary education rates 86
urbanisation 75
urban–rural disparities 75
wars with Pakistan 147
weapons systems 135
Indian civilisation 103
Indochina, Communist rule in 10–11
Indonesia
anxiety about Chinese 117
asserts equality with China 105
growth of cities 76
historic civilisations 103
leadership role in SE Asia 105
maritime claims 142
membership of ASEAN 28
military action against Malaya 118
mutual negative stereotypes of Malaysia 104–5
relationship with Vietnam 111
structure of economy 77
suspicions of Malaysia 118
tertiary education rates 86
urbanisation 75
view of Singapore 118
Indo-Pacific Peninsula 146, 147–9, 165–6
industrialisation of Japan’s colonies 50–1
Inter caetera (papal bull) 40
internal–external ethnic anxieties 118–19
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 91
international relations 7–8, 126, 161
investment restrictions 48
Iranian revolution (1978–79) 22
Iraq 57
Iron Curtain (Western/Eastern Europe) 45
Japan
dialogue partner of ASEAN 29
end of seclusion from west 70
formation of Asian Development Bank 52–3
hierarchical order 99
industrial growth 170
industrialisation of colonies 50–1
infrastructure initiatives 61
interpretation of western modernisation 49–50
isolation anxieties 119
kokugaku movement 101
membership of ASEAN 29
naval capability 136
rejection of Chinese culture 4
reparations to former colonies 51
sakoku travel prohibition policy 69
‘scientific colonialism’ of Taiwan 50
tenka taihei era (the great peace) 69
urbanisation 75
Karakoram Highway 60
Kashmir 20
Kennedy, John F. 11
Khabarov, Erofei Pavlovich 149–50
Khomeini, Ruhollah 22
Koguryo World Heritage site 107–9
kokugaku movement (Japan) 101
Korea
economic growth 26
end of seclusion from west 70
Koguryo and Chinese claims 107–9
Korean War 46
‘lost colony’ of China 103
sadae practice 101
tributary relationship with China 101
urbanisation 75
see also North Korea; South Korea
Korean Peninsula 4–5, 47, 107–9
Kosygin, Alexei 23
land disputes 125
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) 71
‘Line of Actual Control’ (India–China border) 35–6
Linschoten, Jan Huyghen van 41
Lippman, Walter 173
Malaya 118
Malaysia
anxiety about Chinese 117
Cambodian stereotypes 110
economic growth 26
ethnic Chinese 117
Indonesia’s suspicions of 118
membership of ASEAN 28
middle-income trap 86
mutual negative stereotypes of Indonesia 104–5
neighbouring jealousies with Singapore 104
urbanisation 75
Manchu attacks on Cossacks 149–50
mandala (Hindu concept) 97
Manuel I, king of Portugal 40
manufacturing of components 54
maritime chokepoints 139
maritime weapons systems 131–2
McMahon Line (India–China border) 36
Middle East 45; see also Saudi Arabia; West Asia
migration 114
military regimes 71
military theatres in Asia 44
modernisation 48
monetary policy 88
Mongkut, King of Thailand 101
Mongolia 152
mountains 128
Mughal Empire 113
multicultural societies 111
mutual understanding among Asian peoples 94
Myrdal, Gunnar, Asian Drama: An Inquiry Into the Poverty of Nations 25
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 20
national borders 102
national unity 103
nation-building 159
Natuna Island (Indonesia) 142
naval strategy 132
neighbouring jealousies 104
Netherlands, see Dutch trading in Asia
New Development Bank 91
‘New Silk Road Economic Belt’ 60–1, 154
New Zealand 29
Nixon, Richard 11–14, 13, 14, 16–17
non-aggression pact (China and US) 18
Non-Aligned Movement 47
non-coercive influence 133
North Atlantic Treaty Organization 29
North Korea
invasion of South Korea 46
nuclear weapons capability 33
unification 25
see also Korea; Korean Peninsula
northern tier 128, 129, 149–56, 150, 152, 153
oceanographic research and surveillance 138–9, 141
oceans as source of danger 130–1
oil embargo 21
oligopoly 88
‘One Belt, One Road’ (Asia–Europe commercial network) 60–1
outsider mindset 89
Pahlavi, Reza Shah (Shah of Iran) 22
pan-Asian interconnections 49
‘pan-Asianism’ doctrine 44
Parameswara legend 121
peninsulas 145–6; see also Indo-Pacific Peninsula; South Asian Peninsula; West Pacific Peninsula
People’s Action Party (Singapore) 71
per capita income 73
petrochemical production and export 56–9
Phnom Penh 10
pipelines 60
Plaza Accord (1985) 170
Portuguese trading ports in Asia 122
power paradox 7
power topography 32
powers of the state 71
preoccupations about rest of world 168–71
price rises of food and commodities 84–5
pride 159
Qing Dynasty 69, 112–13, 114, 149–50
racial and cultural superiority 100–1
railways 60
reparations 51
respect for historical greatness 169
rivalries among Asian states 162–3
roads 60
robust globalism 174
Royal Navy (Britain) 134
Russia
defence against Mongols 151
membership of ASEAN 29
post-collapse relations with China 153
relations with former republics 154–5
trade with Central Asian states 155
see also Soviet Union
Ryukyu Islands 146
sadae practice (Korea) 101
Sadat, Anwar al- 20
Saigon 10
sakoku ideology (Japan) 69
Sanya naval base (Hainan Island) 141
Saudi Arabian Oil Company 57
Second World War and regionalism of Asia 44
Shanghai 77
‘Shanghai Communiqué’ (1972) 16–17
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 59, 153
Silk Road 38
silver currency in China 65–7, 67–8
Simla Convention 36
Singapore
distrust of Malay minority 117
economic growth 26
external partners 119
membership of ASEAN 28
neighbouring jealousies 104
viewed by Indonesia 118
single-party governments 71
Sino-Japanese war, first 1–2, 4–5
Sino-Russian relations 153
Six Day War (Sinai) 20
slums 76
South Asia, see Afghanistan, invasion by Soviet Union; India; Pakistan
South Asian Peninsula 36, 146, 147
competition in 165
South China Sea 119, 133, 138–9, 140–1, 141–2, 165
South Korea
bilateral trade with China 107
invasion by North Korea 46
isolation anxieties 119
Koguryo World Heritage site 107–9
national identity 107
network of commitments 162
nuclear weapons capability 33
skills surplus 87
tertiary education rates 86
unification 25
see also Korea; Korean Peninsula
Southeast Asia
connotations of 37
rivalries 164
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 29
maritime trade 130
ocean orientation 130
sea denial 137
settlement 130
weapons acquisition 133–4, 134–5
Soviet Union 23–4, 152, 153; see also Russia
Spain 40
spheres of influence 172, 173–4
stabilisation phase of globalism 172
standards of civilisation 101
strategic claustrophobia 6, 89–90, 91–2
submarine capabilities 136
subregional organisations 59, 60
Summer Olympics (Moscow, 1980) 23
superiority, pretensions of 105–6
supply and demand economy 78
suspicions and animosities 114–20, 162–3
Suzhou, China 65
Syria 21
Taiwan Straits 47
technocratic role of government 71
territorial disputes 33, 124–5
territory, significance of 123
Tibet 36
‘tiger’ economies of Asia 72
Tokugawa Ieyasu 69
trade liberalisation 48
trading communities 113
transnational connections and collaboration 49, 54–5
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (Southeast Asia) 25
tributary relationships 98, 100–1
Tunisia 85
‘Twenty-First Century Maritime Silk Road’ 60–1
United Malays National Organisation 71
United Nations Development Program 29
United States
‘Containment’ doctrine 45
currency privileges 88
dialogue partner of ASEAN 29
diplomatic relations with China 17–18
dominance in West Asia 166
foreign policy 11
invasion of Dominican Republic 173
membership of ASEAN 29
monetary policy 88
policy on Soviet Union 16
security in Persian Gulf 144
security presence in Pacific 29–30, 31
sovereign equality 101
threatened by Japanese industrial growth 170
urban population 75
urban–rural wealth disparity 75–6
Uzbekistan 155
Vietnam
disputes over South China Sea 119
ethnic Chinese 118
growth of cities 76
invasion of Cambodia 111
‘lost colony’ of China 103
membership of ASEAN 29
relationship with Indonesia 111
relationship with Thailand 111
Thai stereotypes 110
violence, international or inter-ethnic 115–16, 125–6
Wang Ren-shu 117
wealth and power, impact on international relations 161, 168
West Asia 56, 166; see also Gulf States; Middle East
West Pacific Peninsula 146, 165
World Bank 91
Xinjiang province (China) 152, 154
Yudachi (destroyer) 1
Zhou Xiaochuan 88