Index
Note: A page number followed by an f indicates a figure, n indicates a note, and t indicates a table.
Abe, S., 338
Abedin, M., 111, 113
Abelson, P., 70
Abstractions, 278–279
Abstract knowledge, 68
Academic science, 132–136, 142n7
Acculturation, 221
Acetylcholine, 176, 332
Acquired immune system, 169, 179, 374
ACTH, 178–179
Action selection, 177
Adaptability, 310–311
Adaptations, 2, 34, 93
Adaptedness, 322
Adaptive evolution, 11
Adaptive radiation, 77–78, 82, 88–89
Addison, Joseph, 141
Ader, R., 178
Adolphs, R., 181
Adrenaline, 178
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 178–179
Advertising industry, 292
Affect, 169, 174, 177, 180
Age
brain plasticity over life span, 283, 327–340, 384–385
compensation for neuroanatomical/neurochemical declines with, 338–340
decline in dopaminergic function associated with, 332–333, 334f, 336f
memory plasticity associated with, 336f, 337
mnemonic training on brain circuitry associated with, 338, 339f
plasticity of brain regions supporting information processing associated with, 331, 384
plasticity of sensory/motor cortex shaped by, 330–331
Agency core cognition, 214
Agents, 206n1, 311
Agent scaffolding. See Developmental agent scaffolding
Agriculture, 289, 290f
Ahmadi, S., 150
Ahringer, J., 116
Aiello, L., 255
Aircraft industry, 82–83, 103n9
Airline flight, 67
Airport control tower, 66
Alber, M. S., 112
Albert, R., 127, 129
Alberts, Jeff R., 153–156, 160
Aldrich, H. E., 297
Alegado, R. A., 111
Algeria, 137
Allen, Colin, 6, 60, 191, 195, 204–205, 229, 231–245, 340, 376–378, 380, 385
Allostasis, 173
Allostatic load, 173
Alon, U., 103n10
Alteration of reproductive generations model, 40
Altruism, 11, 67
Alvarado, M., 331
Amedi, A., 329–330
American Economic Review, 129
American Machine Works, 95
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 103n9
Ames Manufacturing Company, 95
Amygdala, 181, 184
Analogies, 278–279
Analogue magnitude number representations, 214
Anderson, C., 131
Anderson, J. R., 244
Anderson, N. D., 338–339
Anderson, P., 297
Anderson, R. L., 137
Animals. See also Rat pup aggregation experiment
canalization of developmental programs in, 119–120
coordination of groups, 65–66
development of worms/insects, 116
K-T mass extinction/mammalian adaptations, 82
selective breeding as hybrid with entrenchment, 91
symbolic interpretation, 242
Anonymity, 200–201
Anterior-posterior polarity, 116–117
Anthropological relativist theories, 216
Anticipatory looking, 214
Antigen-presenting molecules, 182
Ant raft building, 170, 203–205
Appraisal, 174–175
Apprenticeship. See Mentor-mentee relationships
Arabidopsis thaliana, 134–136
Architectural features, 230–231
Architecture of complexity, 287
Architecture of innovation, 283
Armory practice, 78, 94, 102
Arnold, Matthew, 267
Arthur, B., 2
Arthur, W., 13, 277
Article-level data, 143n8
Artifact mediating short-term activities, 80
Artifacts. See also Computers; Mass-production systems; Tools
as characterization of scaffolding developmental process, 367
circulation through seasonal meetings, 67
constructional alphabet engendering, 77
definition of, 15
development of, 46
diagrams, 229–230, 252–253, 257–259, 378
as element of theory of cultural evolution, 80–81
formation of parts of practices, 256–259
generation of norms/standards, 252–253
group interactions facilitating production, 79, 366
interchangeability propagating adaptive radiation of, 77–78
as links to complex structures of cultural evolution, 229, 377
meaning and intention in design/construction of, 81
production of/interaction with, 46–47
repeated assembly of, 26, 59
role in spread of culture, 258
as social imaginaries, 68–69
tracking of, 370
Artifact scaffolding
for cultural development, 46, 51
for cultural evolution, 209, 219–220, 261
definition of, 15, 81
for development, 30, 226
intersection with maintenance/growth/development, 15, 365
for learning, 7, 219, 222–223, 344, 364
for production of representings, 256
significance of, 6–8
Artifact structures, 80, 366
Artificial sciences, 26
Ashburner, J., 330
Assembly bonus, 198
Assembly malus, 199
Assembly processes, 34
Assimilation, 136
Associative memory, 332, 337–338
Atran, S., 210, 212, 215, 221
Attractor state, 310–314, 316–317, 321–322, 383–384
Attunement, 58, 65, 69
Aunger, R., 251
Autoactivatory-lateral inhibitory circuitry, 112
Autocatalytic molecules, 10
Automobile industry, 25, 100–101, 103n9
Avital, E., 11
Axial polarity, 115
Axioms, 131–132, 142n5
Aydede, M., 344
Bäckman, L., 329, 332–333, 340
Backward compatibility, 85, 97, 103n3–103n4
Bailey, C. H., 183
Ball, P., 206
Baltes, Paul B., 327, 329, 337
Bands. See Demes
Barabási, A.-L., 127, 129
Barad, K., 32
Baratta, M. V., 182
Bargh, J. A., 70
Barkow, J., 268
Barlow, Nora, 347
Barnason, A. R., 134
Barnier, A. J., 191, 194–196
Baron, J., 350
Baron, R. M., 11, 59, 111, 119f
Barrier steps in reproduction, 42–46
Barsalou, L. W., 242
Bartha, P. F. A., 273
Bartsch, D., 183
Basalla, G., 292
BASF, 300
Baum, A., 174
Baum, J. A. C., 297
Baumeister, R. F., 176
Baune, B. T., 172, 182–183
Bayer, 293, 300
Bayesian reasoner, 127, 372
Bechara, A., 181
Becker, Howard S., 265, 268–269, 272
Beer, J. H., 293
Behavior
collective, 271–273
context-dependent, 161
creation/maintenance of reliability/consistency in, 266, 379–380, 383
and culture, 266, 283–284
epigenetic modulators of, 284
normative rules/frameworks guiding, 80, 366
relationship between individual and collective, 271–273
as self-referential/recursive, 274, 278
social norms, 80, 366
trial-and-error, 161, 293, 296, 312, 381
Behavioral robotics, 253
Behavioral science, 150–152
Being There (Clark), 5–6
Bekar, C., 298
Bell Labs (AT&T), 292
Bermiss, Sekou, 292
Berryman, A. A., 162
Bertalanffy, L., 171
Bhat, R., 27, 110, 113–114
Bherer, L., 331
Biases
of contemporary psychology/cognitive science, 196
directional biases in operations with symbols, 229
due to longing for generality, 249, 377
as factors of attraction, 321–322, 376
inherent cognitive biases shaping cultural evolution, 310
leading to cultural stability/attractor, 170, 210, 212, 313, 322, 376
natural perceptual, 229
physiological/learning effect on spread of practices, 309
in Waddington’s epigenetic landscape, 313
Bickhard, Mark, 8–9, 30, 47, 253, 259
Bidirectional immune-neuroendocrine communication, 179
Bielby, W. T., 350
Bininda-Emonds, O. R., 118
Biocultural coconstruction, cross-level dynamic, 327–328, 328f, 338–340, 384–385
Bioinformatics, 138
Biological entities, 59
Biological evolution
cultural evolution contrasted with, 80–81, 273–276, 279–280
effect of generative entrenchment, 301
genetic change with similar appearance/operation, 103n3
importance of phenotypical trait development, 210
standard narratives (see Standard narratives of biological evolution)
Biological individuals, 79, 366
Biological null condition, 10
Biological reproduction, 27–29. See also Reproduction
Biological science experiments, 150–152
Biological systems, 90–91
Biology, 284, 327–328, 328f
Biotechnology of plants, 134–136, 143n8
Bipedalism, 58, 70, 73
Birdsell, J. B., 61, 63
Bish, R., 157
Black, P. H., 180
Black, S., 128
Black boxing
advantages/disadvantages of, 100
chunking, 78, 88, 91, 99, 237
of complex hierarchical artifacts, 47, 100
evo-devo as opportunity for opening, 369, 375
meme-like things as, 78
of processes producing phenotypes, 210
standard narratives of evolution ignoring, 363, 369
of subassemblies, 99
Blackmore, S., 251
Blalock, J. Edwin, 177–179
Blood-brain barrier, 178
Bockaert, J., 182
Body form/morphology
importance of in robot aggregation, 162
robots simulating rat pups, 157–160
social life associated with, 58, 60–61, 63, 69–70, 73
Bohan, D. A., 148
Boinski, S., 65
Boli, J., 138
Bonde, S., 185
Bonnell, V. E., 269
Bookkeeping, 93
Bootstrapping, Quinian, 222–223
Bottom-up brain determines behavior perspective, 284
Boundaries. See also Extended mind thesis
of cultural change processes, 384
human bodies/situated active scaffolding, 63
hybrids’ blurring of system-environment boundaries, 30
between Jews/gentile world, 318
links crossing between individual psychology/culture, 170
of mind, 5
tools for recognition of, 170
Bourdieu, P., 323
Bourgois, P., 308
Bowers, W. J., 185
Bowker, G. C., 138
The Box (Levinson), 101
Boyce, P., 128
Boyd, R., 4, 11, 46, 79, 209, 211, 217–218, 226, 260, 268, 309, 369–370, 375
Boydston, E. E., 66
Boyer, P., 210, 215–216, 221
Braaksma, F. J., 135
Brain
as dependent variable, 327, 329–330, 384
effect of mental exercise, 327
experience-dependent plasticity of sensory/motor cortex, 330–331, 385
extended mind thesis, 169, 191
future research needed concerning plasticity, 339–340
immune-brain coevolution thesis, 172, 177–180
immune system involvement in, 172, 177–178, 182, 374
information processing’s dependence on cognitive training, 331
modification of circuitry with mnemonic training, 338
neurochemical mechanisms of memory plasticity, 332–333, 384–385
plasticity over life span, 283, 327–340, 384–385
proinflammatory cytokines role in generation of new cells, 179
scaffolding of process, 329
Brandes, U., 313
Brandon, Robert, 103n5
Bratslavsky, E., 176
Breeding groups, 49–50, 380
Brehmer, Y., 337, 340
Brewer, M. B., 11, 58, 62, 68
Brinkman, Paul, 348
Brodie, E., III, 46
Brooks, R., 253, 260
Bruner, Jerome, 6–7, 69
Brunner, D., 113
Buenstorf, G., 300
Burgelman, R. A., 297
Burgess, E. W., 137
Burke, C. B., 291
Burt, R., 130
Business firms. See Firms
Buskens, V., 130
Buss, L. W., 11, 58–59
B. xylophilus, 117
Byrne, M. C., 134
Bystritsky, P., 333
Cabeza, R., 338–339
Cadence, 229, 241–242
Cadherins, 111–112
Cagampang, F. R., 181–182
Cajal, Ramón y, 327, 329
Callebaut, W., 10, 57
Calow, P., 28
Cambridge University’s evaluation system, 219
Camerer, C. F., 340
Campbell, Donald T., 4, 273, 288, 293, 296–298, 301
Campbell, S., 195
Canalization
of cognitive development by genes, 220–221
definition of, 312–313
developmental biologists’ emphasis on processes of, 307
of developmental programs of present-day animals, 119–120
as focus of studies of meaning, 323
of Jewish life, 284, 317–321, 383
modulation of entrenchment, 13, 87
protection of features from deep changes, 13
relationship to plasticity, 313
of social practices, 323
of urban poverty, 308, 317, 383
Waddington’s concept of, 311–312
Cannon, W. B., 173–174
Cao, X., 179
Capitalism, 221
Caporael, Linnda R., 1–17, 24, 30, 32, 48, 52n17, 57–73, 79, 110–111, 117, 119f, 216, 259, 287, 343–344, 349, 363–387
Career development
choice of profession scaffolding, 79
cognitive development intertwined with, 343, 346–351, 385
of Darwin, 347–348
decision making process, 353–354
emotional/professional guidance scaffolding, 283
mentor-mentee relationships, 285, 343, 346–348, 354–359
personality matching, 285
professionalization, 90, 343, 350–351, 359, 385
profession choice, 79, 346–347, 349–350, 353–356
role of encouragement/guidance in, 350–351, 352t, 360n2
scaffolding, 283, 343–344, 346–359, 352t, 360n2, 385
skill acquisition, 284–285
of Venter, 346
Caregiver-infant dyad, 12, 69–73, 368, 386
Carey, Susan, 211, 213–214, 222–223, 225
Carlaw, K., 298
Caron-Lormier, G., 148
Carpentier, P. A., 172, 182, 185
Carroll, S. B., 109
Carter, C. S., 150
Cartwright, N., 250
Cassie-Baxter law, 204
Castelhano, M., 241
Castells, M., 127, 131
Catecholamines, 178–179
Causal coupling, 204
Causal narratives, 34–35
Cavalier-Smith, T., 109, 113
CCCCs (cultural cognitive causal chains), 214–215, 227n3, 376
C. elegans, 116
Cell, 129
Cell adhesion, 107, 109, 111–112
Cell interaction toolkit, 109, 111, 118
Cells
aggregation of, 89
differentiation of, 10, 88–90, 112
emergence of morphological complexity, 107
premetazoan clusters, 113–114
primordial clusters, 109
reproduction of, 27, 91
rise of multicellularity, 111–112
RNA, 95
RNA-DNA hybrids, 42–46
role in production by genes, 13
as scaffold of gene replication, 81
Cell-surface receptors, 178
Central sensitization, 184
Central subjects, 24–25, 32, 36–37, 40, 44
Chalmers, D., 191, 193–194
Chalmers, Margaret, 243, 245
Chandler, A. D., 277
Chaperone molecules, 81
Charnas, D., 278
Cheats, 67
Chemical gradients, 112
Chen, X., 180
Chi-square approximation, 360n2
Choanozoans, 111, 113
Chowdhury, S., 183
Christensen, C., 192, 197
Chromosomes, 27, 95
Chrousos, G. P., 173, 177
Chunking, 78, 88, 91, 99, 237. See also Black boxing
Churchill, F., 23
Chwe, M. S.-Y., 272
Circadian rhythmicity, 181
Citation lists, 107–108
Claidière, N., 212, 256, 321
Clark, Andy, 5–6, 191, 193–194, 196, 344, 346, 349, 359
Clark, K., 91
Class distinction, 137
Classification systems, 125
Closed causal loops, 86
Cluzel, C., 113
Codes, 257
Cognition. See also Learning
challenge of drawing porous boundaries, 169
coadaptation with symbol structures, 229, 242–243
collective epistemic action facilitating, 196–206
definition of, 174
diagrams as technology of, 257–259
distribution in task groups, 63–64
as dynamical activity, 241
effect of repeated assembly of core configurations, 344
embodied/embedded cognition, 5–6, 70, 366, 370
epistemic actions aiding, 192–193
evolution of, 254–255, 375–376
extended (see Extended cognition; Extended mind thesis)
fitness dynamics for evolution of, 374
grounded nature of, 344–345
group size for distribution of, 64
intersection with stress response, 180–182
of magnitudes, 375
mediation of behavior/physiological adjustments to inflammation/injury, 180
mutual support between culture and, 254–256
as result of models of constraints, 260
role of immune system in normal function, 171–172
standard evolutionary narratives of, 374
Cognitive artifacts, 8
Cognitive causal chains, 210, 214, 226n1
Cognitive development
acquisition of expertise, 278, 330–331, 345–348, 351, 360n1
career development intertwined with, 343, 346–351, 385
conceptual change during, 222
enculturation producing, 220
in generative process, 345
hierarchical nature of, 371
hourglass pattern in, 369
mentor-mentee relationships scaffolding, 285, 343–344, 346–348, 350–351
over life span, 327–340, 384
role of environment in, 220
role of learning, 344–345
sequential nature of, 370
social/cultural/artifactual realm, 344
social scaffolding of, 343–345, 359
standard narrations of, 363
as step-wise process, 346
study of, 244–245
symbols scaffolding, 231–246
Cognitive epidemiology, 369, 383
Cognitive memory mechanisms, 172, 184
Cognitive plasticity, 226
Cognitive scaffolding
cognition/cultural development, 46
collective resources, 197–198, 370–371
communication, 125–141, 372
complex tasks scaffolded by, 229
core cognition as scaffold for conceptual change, 216, 220–226
cultural phenomena, 220
cultural stability/innovation scaffolded by, 249, 254–258
generally, 7–8, 229, 343–344, 360, 370
innate cognitive abilities, 209–226, 375
with material/cognitive modes, 91
mentoring, 285, 343–344, 346–348
mentor-mentee relationships, 285, 343–344, 346–348, 350–351
repeated assembly of core configurations scaffolding, 58
social-cognitive, 169
social scaffolding, 343–345, 359
stress, 169, 171–186, 345, 373–374, 376
symbols, 231, 233–246, 237f
technology of cognition as scaffold for diversification of standards, 258–259
Cognitive science, 233
Cognitive system, 7, 74n3
Cognitive tracks, 215–216, 218, 221, 226
Cognitive training, 331
Cohen, J., 150, 163n2
Cohen, M., 176
Colcombe, S. J., 331
Cole, M., 57
Collaboration, 133
Collaborative tagging, 126
Collective behavior, 271–273
Collective cognition resources, 197
Collective cognitive systems, 196–206
Collective epistemic action. See also Core configurations
decision making, 197–199
definition of, 191, 197, 374
fire-ant raft building, 204–205
judgment aggregation, 199–202, 199t, 206n1–206n2
as units of inquiry, 374
Collective information sampling model, 198
Collectively extended cognition, 197
Collective psychology tradition, 195
Colleges/universities
invisible colleges, 63
stability of, 283, 292
as support structure for industry, 298, 381–382
Collegial groups, 169
Collins, H. M., 278
Colonization, 136–137
Combinatorial alphabet, 77, 102, 231, 235
Combinatorial antibodies, 89
Combinatorial entrenchment
definition of, 77, 88, 102
effect of black boxed subassemblies, 47
emergence of standardized parts and tools, 88, 89t, 93–102, 97f–98f
polyfunctional nature of standardization, 89–91, 90t
Combinatorial generative systems, 77–78, 88
Commitment
to bipedalism/group-living, 58, 70, 73
empirical tracking, 37–38
ideological, 276
institutional methodological commitment for different disciplines, 4
to mentors, 357–358
moral, 267
to novel units of investigation, 36, 385
ontological, 38–39, 48
opening/closing avenues of change, 350, 386
of resources in mentor-mentee relationship, 351, 352t, 353
theoretical, 36, 126, 132, 136, 195
univocal strategic, 382
Common carrier law/regulation, 277
Common knowledge
articulation of institutions through, 271–273, 380–381
function in culture, 279, 363, 369
independence from particular individuals/organizations, 275
scientific research as, 64
Communication, 125–146
cognitive scaffolding, 125–141, 372
compatibility of structure with message, 125–126
effect of shifts in quality on knowledge/culture, 125, 139–142, 372
effect of shifts in quantity on knowledge/culture, 125–139, 130f, 141–142, 372
effect of theory, 134–136
forms of, 232
of ideas, 5
increase through standardization, 138–139
material overlap in, 29
scaffolding of science/scholarship, 128–134, 130t
social cognitive causal chains resulting from, 214
social/geographic/technical protocols effect on culture, 136–138, 372
through World Wide Web, 126–128
trace left on things conveyed, 125
Comper, W. D., 109, 115
Competitive games, 64
Completeness, 200–201
Complex tasks cognitive scaffolding, 229
Compositional coherence, 151–152
Computer languages, 90
Computers
backward compatibility of programs, 85, 97, 103n3–103n4
economic growth attributed to, 290
entrenchment of hardware/software, 83, 85
object-oriented programs, 93
Conative faculty, 169
Conceptual change, 211, 222–226
Conceptual demes, 63
Conceptual framework, 3–4
Conclusion-centered procedure, 200–201
Concretizing process, 278
Condorcet’s paradox, 200, 202
Conduct. See Behavior
Conquest, 266
Consciousness, unitary, 169–170
Conservation
of adaptive defense mechanisms, 180
entrenchment explaining, 2, 283
of intermediate stage of development, 118, 119f
of material overlap, 28
of phytotype, 114–117
of signaling pathways of memory, 183
in simple entrenchment, 83
Conservatism, 283
Conserved intermediate stage of development, 118, 119f
Consistency, 141, 200–201, 206n1, 379. See also Stability
Constraints
of anatomical/psychological properties, 213
black boxing of, 363
on the brain, 327
on change, 10
on children, 308
on combinatorially entrenched processes, 88
on compatibility of computer hardware/software, 83, 85
on core configurations, 60
on design of mass produced parts, 89t, 95–96
on development, 57
on distributed cognition, 66
evolution/novel mechanism emergence channeled by, 180
of experimental models, 158
explaining hourglass in development, 107
genetic constraints, 218
on human cognition, 253
of impossibility theorem on judgment aggregation, 202
model of for understanding cognition, 260
on organic forms, 343
representation in social-developmental landscape model, 316f
representation in Waddington’s epigenetic view, 313, 314f–315f
of reproduction, 49
standard narratives of evolution’s treatment of, 369, 384
of technological evolution, 253
on transmission of causal structures, 78
Constructed niche, 310
Construction alphabet, 77
Construction biases, 376
Construction scaffolding, 30–32, 33f, 46, 52n11, 162, 219, 369
Constructive learning, 8–9
Context-dependent behavior, 161
Context-dependent interaction processes, 309
Continuity thesis, 254–255
Continuum of tolerance, 172, 175–177, 374
Contrada, R. J., 174
Conventions. See also Norms; Standards/standardization
conjoining to reshape/form institutions, 277
culture as system of, 268
definition of, 269
fixed features of cultural systems, 14
generative role, 14
institutions as, 378
modification of, 269–270
movement from an institutional setting to another, 277–279
role of, 363
Conway-Morris, S., 119
Cook, P. J., 127
Coordination
of animal groups, 66
of caregiver-infant dyad, 70–71
as central problem in social life, 11
by core configurations, 12, 65–70, 79
definition of, 65, 349
factors determining, 65–66
as function of groups, 65
of human groups, 66
Copf, T., 183
Core cognition
constraint of CCCCs, 215
as factor of cultural stability/diversity, 214–216
as important innate ability, 213–214
inborn abilities, 222
as scaffold for conceptual change, 216, 220–226
Core configurations
of animal groups, 65–66
articulation of material overlap/hybridity/entrenchment, 58
body form/developmental trajectory binding humans to, 58, 70, 73
breeding groups, 48–50, 380
caregiver-infant dyad, 70–73
definition of, 12, 32, 57–58, 61, 344
distribution of folk psychology, 69–70
function of, 57, 60, 79
group size, 60–61, 63
group types, 12–13, 63
as hybrids, 32, 34
hypothesis of, 12
as interface between individuals and habitats, 58
in modern society, 68
modulation of culturally induced reference groups, 81
of non-human animals, 65–66
organizations, 80
processes that organize phylotypic anatomies, 119
production of entities/artifacts/practices, 79
repeated assembly of, 9, 11–13, 363, 380
reproducer perspective of, 32, 34
role in human evolution, 73
scaffolding development of offspring, 57
size/modal task/scaffolding, 62t
sociality as solution to defection problem, 67
task groups, 48–50, 52n16, 61, 63, 66, 69, 363, 369, 380
trait groups, 48–50, 52n16, 380
Core configurations model, 9, 12, 73, 111
Corning, P. A., 171
Corporations, 91–92. See also Firms
Corticosterone, 178
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 178–179
Cortisol, 178
Cosley, B., 182
Cosmides, L., 212, 217, 226–227n2, 268
Coulson, S., 277
Council, N. R., 142n7
Coward, F., 261n6
Craver, C. F., 184
Creative fusion, 230
Creative thought, 298–299
CRH, 178–179
Crisafi, A., 197
Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society (Cajal), 327
Cross-cutting group structures, 63–64, 68, 79
Cross-level dynamic biocultural coconstruction, 327–328, 328f, 338–340, 384–385
Cross-modal plasticity, 330
Cruickshank, T., 118
Cultural attractor, 212, 215
Cultural beliefs/values, 221
Cultural capacity, 46
Cultural change/evolution, 265–282. See also Cumulative cultural evolution
application of standard narratives of evolution, 25, 46, 48, 230, 249, 252, 266, 274–275, 280, 309–310, 366, 371, 377, 379–380, 382–383
architecture of theory of, 78–82, 366
artifacts as links in, 229, 377
biases due to longing for generality, 249, 377
biological evolution contrasted with, 80–81, 273–275, 279–280
boundaries conditions of, 384
conceptual changes in, 223–226
cumulative cultural evolution, 209–211
definition of, 279
developmentalist accounts of, 230
developmental systems theory, 321–324
development compared to, 275–276
development of chemical dye industry, 283
development of papermaking technology, 283
effect on genetic changes, 4
elements necessary to theory of, 77–82
epidemiologically based accounts, 230
formation of normative horizon of cultural practices, 257–259
generative entrenchment associated with, 13–14
innate cognitive abilities scaffolding, 209–226, 375
as institutional changes, 229
mechanisms promoting, 256, 266
memetic theory of, 250–253
models of, 249–253, 255–256, 259–261, 377
natural selection, 209–210
Netz’s view of, 252–253
non-Weismannian view of, 227n3
problems of analysis of, 265–280
role of practices in understanding of, 253
role of technologies of cognition, 257–259
selectionist approaches, 283
tools for making deep modifications, 13–14
topics of, 265
transmitted artifacts/public representation scaffolding, 209
unconstrained cultural evolution, 211–213
Cultural cognitive causal chains (CCCCs), 214–215, 227n3, 376
Cultural development
hourglass pattern in, 369
repeated assembly of core configurations scaffolding, 58
scaffolding and hybrids in, 46–48
systems for, 212, 216–217
Cultural diversity, 214–218
Cultural evolution. See Cultural change/evolution
Cultural innovation, 249
Cultural items, 225, 230
Cultural phenomena, 214–217, 219–220, 225, 256
Cultural practices, 59, 191
Cultural products, 219–220, 321–322
Cultural representations, 321–322
Cultural speciation, 137
Cultural stability
attraction leading to, 321
as by-product of evolving structure of scaffoldings, 260–261
cognition scaffolding, 249
core cognition as factor of, 214–216
epigenetic landscape as metaphor for, 284, 311–314, 383–384
human disposition to acquire knowledge/act in social world contributing to, 309–310
models of, 249
of Orthodox Jewish community, 317–321
as product of cultural developmental systems, 212
relationship to innovation, 255–257
role of ability to attribute aims/intentions, 256
role of imitation, 256
role of practices in understanding of, 253
social-developmental landscape metaphor, 314–317, 316f
of urban poverty, 283–284, 307–311, 316–317, 322
Cultural transmission systems, 29, 217, 226
Culture
aspects of, 265–266, 269–270
assimilation of/adjustment to change, 307
and behavior, 266, 283–284
biology framing, 214
change and evolution (see Cultural change/evolution)
combinatorial systems of, 93–94
constitution of mind, 69
contrasting concepts of, 364
definition of, 103n1, 258, 266–268, 271, 277, 380
effect of shifts in quality of communication, 125, 139–142, 372
effect of shifts in quantity of communication, 125–139, 130f, 141–142, 372
effects of colonization, 136–137
effects of Internet on, 130–131
elements necessary to theory of, 77–82
evoked culture, 212–213, 217–218, 226–227n2
factors affecting stability/diversity, 214–216
generation of variational systems, 90
generative entrenchment of, 211
Gerson’s definition, 80, 103n1
as hierarchy of contingencies, 14
influences on brain/cognitive development, 327–328, 328f
as intergenerational transmission of learning, 230
mutual support between cognition and, 254–256
overlapping and embedded entrenchment in, 90–91
role in human development, 284
scaffolding, 126, 130–131, 136–137, 170, 216, 259–260
scaffolding as distinguishing characteristic of, 102
as shared practices, 250–255
stability of, 307
strategies for facilitating deep modifications, 93
as system of conventions/institutions, 230, 267–270, 380
as systems of meaning, 230
technology scaffolding, 230
variance in institutions of, 136
Culture theory, 77–82, 101–102
Cumulative cultural evolution, 209–211, 216–218, 226
Cumulative developmental change, 170
Curtis, M. A., 184
Customs, 330–331, 369
Cyborgs, 52n9
Cytokines, 178–179, 182–183
Cziko, G., 268
Dallman, M. F., 181
Damasio, A. R., 175, 181
Damuth, J., 47
Dangling pages, 142n2
Dantzer, Robert, 179
Darwin, Charles, 25, 285, 296, 343, 347–348
Darwin and Henslow (Barlow), 347
Darwinism. See also Neo-Darwinism
application of reproducer perspective to, 40
application to economics, 381–382
attraction of mentors, 356–357
career development, 283
classification of animal realm, 221
compared to cultural evolution, 274–275, 280
extension to cognitive/cultural development, 25, 46, 48, 230, 249, 266, 377, 382
extension to viruses, 45
focus of studies, 23
importance of phenotypical trait development, 210
model of human evolution, 254
multilevel selection theory recasting, 58–59
necessity of ontological context, 250
repeated assembly consistent with, 11
units of inquiry, 35
Das, M., 179
Dasgupta, P., 140, 308
Dassow, G. von, 118
Databases, 107, 138–139
Data management, 107
Data productions, 149–150
DAT (dopamine transporter) binding, 332–333, 334f–335f
David, P. A., 140
Davies, J., 348
Dawkins, R., 4–5, 10, 25–26, 250–251, 255–256, 260, 268
Dayel, M. J., 111
Decision making
as collective epistemic action, 197–199
institutions scaffolding, 5
in medical field, 353–359
molar adaptive, 100
opening/closing avenues of change, 386
political party influence, 202
rationality in, 6, 350
role of encouragement/guidance in, 349–351, 352t, 353, 355–359 (see also Mentor-mentee relationships)
Defectors, 67
De Groote, S. L., 128
Demes
breeding groups, 49–50, 380
conceptual, 63
coordination of task groups into, 48
definition of, 12
distribution of folk psychology, 69–70
of hunter-gatherers, 61
macrodemes (see Macrobands/macrodemes)
requirement for child rearing, 52n17
role in establishing social imaginaries, 68–69
Demic structure of science, 57–58, 63–65
Democracy, 137, 140, 202
Dennett, D., 250
Dentate gyrus, 185
Dependencies. See Downstream dependencies
Deprivation, 284
Derecki, N. C., 183
Deutsch, G. K., 331
Development. See also Evo-devo perspective
cognitive (see Cognitive development)
cultural change compared to, 275–276
definition of, 10, 26, 233
entrenched steps/outcomes in process of, 111
expansion of considerations, 16
factors affecting success, 365
focus of, 8
generation of cumulative change, 170
group living bracketing, 65
hourglass pattern in, 107, 110–111, 117–120, 119f, 369, 387
identification of agencies of, 364
of insects, 116
as integral part of reproduction, 24
intersection with entrenchment/repeated assembly/reproduction, 365
intersection with types of scaffolding, 15
material overlap, 25–27
parent-offspring relationship, 51n7, 52n8, 58
process of, 28
rates of evolution, 13
relationship to heredity, 23
repeatedly assembled errors in systems, 60
in retrovirus replication, 40, 45
role in evolution/cognition/cultural change, 15–16
role of individuals, 34–35
role of mesoscale physics, 109–110
scaffolding infant development, 69
scaffolding of, 26, 29–32
of scientific skills, 63–64
socialization during, 79
of viruses, 42
of worms, 116
Developmental agents/agency, 16–17
Developmental agent scaffolding, 15, 30, 81, 226, 365
Developmental capacity, 27, 43–45, 141–142, 363, 370
Developmental entrenchment, 8–9
Developmental patterning modules, 378
Developmental plasticity, 284
Developmental scaffolding, 26, 29–32, 63–64, 69
Developmental systems theory (DST)
application to reproduction, 321–324
application to stability of poverty, 310
concepts of, 6
contexts required for capacity carrying, 29–30
core configurations based on, 58
cross-discipline application of, 363, 366
definition of, 11, 307
interpretation of, 51n7
units of inquiry, 383
view of black box of development, 369
Developmental toolkit, 109
Development-embryonic dynamics schema, 311–314
DeVore, I., 61
Diagnostics, 366–371
Diagrams, 229–230, 252–253, 257–259, 378
Dialectical system, 6
Dialects, scientific, 125
Dialogue, 71–72
Diatonic scales, 138
Dictyostelium discoideum, 175–176
Diderot, Denis, 288–289
Dierker, D., 71
Dietz-Uhler, B., 198
Differential diffusion of ideas/practices, 309
Differential entrenchment, 2, 13
Differentially distributed knowledge, 363
Differential stabilization, 310–311
Differentiation of functions, 87–88
Diffusion, 107, 112
Dijksterhuis, A. P., 70
Diploblasts, 114
Disciplinary horizons, 364
Discursive dilemma, 199–200
Distributed cognition, 61, 220, 366–367, 369–370
Distributed cognitive systems, 348–349
Distributed premise-centered procedure, 201
DNA
as constraint to mutational landscape, 369
gene-environment interactions, 59
genomic replication of, 26–28, 35–37, 39
as master molecule, 95
nucleic acid sequences, 89
RNA-DNA hybrids, 42–46
structures/functions of, 35
temporal scale and cycle of reproduction, 60
Dobbs, D., 357
Dodds, P. S., 127
Dolan, R. J., 340
Domain-general abilities, 213, 226
Domain-specific conceptual abilities, 213–214
Donald, Merlin, 8, 220
Dong, L., 119
Dooren, T. J. van, 118
Dopamine, 178, 332–333, 334f, 336f
Dopamine D1 receptor binding, 333, 335f
Dopaminergic function, 332–333, 334f
Dopamine transmitter gene, 340
Dopamine transporter (DAT) binding, 332–333, 334f–335f
Dorsch, J. L., 128
Dosi, G., 287
Dove, G., 2, 91
Downstream consequences, 82–83, 84f
Downstream dependencies
adaptation of life cycle, 2
of caregiver-infant patterns of behavior, 70
configuration of resources creating, 259
entrenchment generating, 34, 83, 111, 369, 375 (see also Entrenchment)
feedback to entrenched elements, 82–83
of fine hand-eye coordination, 67
tracking of, 368
DPMs (dynamical patterning modules), 125–139, 130f, 141–142, 372
Dranovsky, A., 172
Drug dealers, 308
Drug dependence, 176
DST. See Developmental systems theory
Dual inheritance theory
application to cultural evolution, 46, 383
application to urban poverty, 309
approach of, 77
avenue for opening black box mechanisms, 369
concepts of, 4, 369–370
strengths/weaknesses of, 79, 375
view of transmission of cultural knowledge, 211–212, 218
Duboule, D., 118
Dugatkin, L., 49
Dumville, B., 192
Dunbar, R., 9, 11, 61, 68, 255
Duneier, M., 308
Dunn, A. J., 178
DuPont, 134–135
Durham, W., 4
Durkheim, É., 127, 139, 141, 195
Dyads. See also Mentor-mentee relationships
of animal groups, 66
definition of, 12, 30
entrenchment of, 62
essential for reproduction, 52n17
of hunter-gatherers, 61
modal tasks/scaffolds/group size, 62t
mother-infant dyad, 12, 31, 61, 70–73, 358, 368, 386
of scientists, 63
Dye industry. See Synthetic dye industry
Dynamical patterning modules (DPMs), 89, 110–115, 117–120, 371–372
Dynamic biocultural coconstruction, 327–328, 328f, 338–340, 384–385
Dynamic closure conditions, 367
Dynamic systems, 365
Dyslexia, 331
Ecological succession, 92
Economic change theory, 293
Economic disaster, 276
Economic exchange, 211
Economics, 293, 296–300
Economies
before/after industrial revolution, 287
continuity/change in, 288
decision making scaffolding, 5
employment in different sectors of, 283–284, 289–290, 290f
GDP, 288–291, 289f
generative entrenchment, 288
growth due to increase in products/services, 288, 290, 290f, 381
growth due to technological development, 287, 290, 381
increase in number/size of firms, 291, 381
as nested hierarchy of part-whole relationships, 300f
scaffolding of, 288, 301–302
VSR model, 288, 297–298, 301–302, 382
The Economist, 357
Edelman, L. B., 140
Eden, J. van, 135
Edmonds, E., 126
Educational scaffolding. See Learning
Education system of Orthodox Jews, 317–319, 321
Egg-patterning processes (EPPs), 114–117
Ekdahl, C. T., 185
Ekman, P., 70
Elberse, A., 127, 131
Elbert, T., 330
The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (Durkheim), 139
Ell, S. W., 182
Elowitz, M. B., 112
Embedded entrenchment, 60, 90–91
Embodied/embedded cognition, 5–6, 70, 366, 370
Embryonic hourglass, 107, 110–111, 117–120, 119f
Embryos
appearance of neuromodulators in humans, 176
capacity to produce normal result after disruptions, 111
developmental patterning modules in development of, 378
development of, 107, 110–112, 117–120, 119f
ontogenetic stage of development, 113–114
tolerance to intracellular variation in development, 114–118
Emina, B., 114
Emotion, 174
Emotional scaffolding, 344
Empirical testability, 3–4
Empirical tracking, 37–38
Employment, 283–284, 289–290, 290f
Encephalization, 254–255
Encoding, 8
Encouragement, 350–351, 352t, 353, 360n2. See also Mentor-mentee relationships
Enculturated cognition hypothesis (HEnC), 191
Enculturation, 221
Energy minimization, 112
Engelien, A., 330
Engineer’s Illustrated Thesaurus (Herkhimer), 97f, 98–99, 98f
Enkephalins, 176, 178
Entities, 79
Entrenched features, 77
Entrenchment
in aircraft industry, 83
of animal forms, 119
in career development, 343
of caregiver-infant patterns of behavior, 70, 72–73
of cognitive abilities in coevolution of tasks/symbols, 229
of cognitive development, 91, 371, 375
complexity of, 385
of computer software/hardware, 83, 85
of core configurations, 62
core configurations perspective incorporating, 58
cultural variant accumulation as diagnostic for, 376
definition of, 2
embedded entrenchment, 60, 90–91
escape mechanisms for modifications, 93
factors modulating, 86–92, 89t
of fine hand-eye coordination, 67
generation of transgenerational invariance/cumulative developmental change, 170
generative (see Generative entrenchment)
generative entrenchment, 82, 84f
of group sizes, 61
of ideational structures, 85–86
in individual ontogeny, 370
of infrastructural scaffolding, 81
innovation’s use of, 283
internalization of, 377
of Jewish life (Orthodox), 317–320, 383
of language, 83
maintenance entrenchment, 86
of material overlap, 28
overlapping entrenchment, 60, 90–91
of poverty, 307–308, 383
pseudo-entrenchment, 82–83
of Quinian bootstrapping, 223
resistance to changes, 111
scaffolding compared to, 376
of scaffolds, 285, 365
simple entrenchment, 83, 85–86
standardization of parts/tools, 88, 89t, 93–102, 97f–98f
of steps in developmental processes, 111, 344
time and size scales of, 60, 371
tracking of relations, 368
of ways of setting up initial conditions of morphogenetic stage, 118
Environment
in cognitive development, 220
construction of/by humans, 311, 316
definition of, 59
evolutionary analysis considering, 5
factors evoking cultural diversity, 217–218
factors scaffolding cultural stability/evolution, 212, 216, 220
gene interactions, 4, 6, 59
groups interactions with, 60, 65
inputs authoring mind/behavior, 283, 329
inputs influencing plasticity/interaction, 284
learning scaffolded by, 220
modes of interaction, 66
organism interactions, 52n12
plasticity of sensory/motor cortex shaped by, 330–331
relationship between brain size/manipulation of, 255
repeated assembly perspective concerning, 59
role in cognitive development, 220–221, 373–374
role in development, 26
as scaffold for diverse agents, 364
as source of disturbance in heredity, 4, 6, 275
as source of structure for individuals, 275
symbols in, 240
system-environment interactions, 30–32, 52n11
task groups interaction with, 64
Epel, D., 9
Epidemiological culture, 226–227n2, 230
Epidemiology, cognitive, 369, 383
Epidemiology of representation, 226–227n2
Epigenetic inheritance systems, 10, 23
Epigenetic landscape model, 284, 311–314, 314f–315f, 322, 383–384
Epigenetic modulators of behavior, 284
Epigenetics, 311
Epistemic actions, 192–193
Epistemic projects, 58, 63–70
EPPs (egg-patterning processes), 114–117
Erickson, K. I., 331
Ericsson, K. A., 298
Erixon-Lindroth, N., 333
Erlebach, T., 313
Error diagnosis strategy, 149
Escape mechanisms, 93
Espelund, M., 109, 113
Esrock, E., 9
“Essay on the Principle of Population” (Malthus), 296
Eugenics, 296
Eukaryotic chromosomes, 26–27
Evans, James A., 6, 107–108, 125–142, 372–374
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 70
Evo-devo perspective
approach to cultural evolution, 210, 216
approach to heredity, 23
avenue for opening black box mechanisms, 369, 375
connections between understanding of relationships/human sciences, 4
contributors’ contributions to, 1, 387
core configurations perspective as human evo-devo, 57
decomposition of interactions providing material for, 66
epidemiological approaches combined with, 376
notion of innateness, 213
on phenotypical trait development, 210
view of infant imitation, 72–73
Evoked culture, 212–213, 217–218, 226–227n2
Evolution. See also Natural selection
biological (see Biological evolution)
change in deep features, 13
of cognition by stress, 169, 171–186, 373–374
cognitive (see Cognitive development)
cultural (see Cultural change/evolution)
driving forces, 2
factors causing variability of rate, 13
hierarchical view of, 58–59
human evolutionary studies, 73
of human mind, 254–255
introduction of developmental considerations, 16
nontrivial process involving developmental systems, 34
origin of animal forms, 119–120
repeated assembly of core configurations materializing, 58
replicator/interactor function approach to, 25
reproducer perspective on units of, 10–11
role of development/reproduction, 24
role of social learning in, 250
theories of (see Darwinism; Dual inheritance theory; Epigenetic inheritance systems; Evo-devo perspective; Multilevel selection theory; Reproducer perspective; Standard narratives of biological evolution)
Evolutionary accumulation, 77–102, 363
Evolutionary analysis, 59
Evolutionary-developmental cognitive processes, 66
Evolutionary-ecological view of culture change, 310
Evolutionary economics, 283
Evolutionary meta-ontogenies, 91–92, 371
An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Nelson/Winter), 296–297
Excess capacity, 13
Excitable media, 109
Existential challenge, 171–186
Experience, 284, 329, 332
Experiments. See also Rat pup aggregation experiment
in biotechnology, 134–136
collaboration between industry/academics, 132–136
as models, 149–150
as scaffold for understanding, 150–151
Expertise acquisition, 278, 330–331, 345–348, 351, 360n1
Exploration, 312, 322
Exposito, J. Y., 113
Extended cognition
challenge to notion of cognition inside the head, 169
claims of, 191
social dimension of, 192–196, 254
Extended mind thesis
challenge to notion of cognition inside the head, 169
Clark and Chalmers’s argument for, 5–6, 193–194
concepts of, 191, 193–194
connections to Martínez’s concept of institutions, 377, 380
limitations of, 344, 374–375
relationship between individual and group cognition, 196–206
social dimension of, 192–196, 374–375
Theiner’s view of, 375, 382
External symbols, 233–235, 240, 377
Extracellular matrices (ECMs), 113–114
Extrapolationism, 371, 379. See also Standard narratives of biological evolution
Extreme plasticity, 230
Eye movement, 229
Eyer, J., 173
Face-recognition, 215, 220, 225
Face-to-face groups. See also Core configurations; Demes; Dyads; Macrobands/macrodemes
core configurations of, 60–63
functions of, 12, 58, 68
liberation from, 62
repeated assembly of, 363
role in human evolution, 57–58
scaffolding by customs/common knowledge, 369
scaffolds in, 57
scales of coordination, 65–70
shared construction of reality, 61
Facial imitations, 61, 72–73
Factual knowledge, 58
Fairclough, S. R., 111
Farde, L., 332–333, 340
Fauconnier, G., 277
Faull, R. L. M., 184
Feenstra, W. J., 135
Feinstein, J. S., 181
Feldman, M. W., 4–5, 73, 310
Feng, B.-S., 180
Festschrift, 6
Fetal tissue, human, 176
Fettling, W. T., 155
Feynman’s diagrams, 258, 260
Finkenauer, C., 176
Firms
birth and death of, 283, 291–292, 295t, 302n4, 381
changes in, 92, 298
factors affecting response to markets/technological developments, 92
increase in number/size of, 291, 381
institutions scaffolding, 288, 381
life span of, 103n6
market share, 293, 294t–295t, 297–298
ownership structure, 294t
as population of routines/practices, 297, 299
research and development labs, 91, 292–293, 294t, 298–299, 381
role of technology in success of, 382
spin-offs, 300
Fischer, J., 243
Fiske, A. P., 67
Fitness function model, 156
Flannery, B. P., 155
Fleming, L., 132
Flinn, M. V., 11
Focus groups, 199
Fodor, Jerry, 222–223, 232
Folk psychology, 68–71
Footholds. See also Handholds
career decision making as, 349–350
for cognitive development, 370
definition of, 385
in development of Darwin’s theory, 348
in development of medical careers, 350–359
in development of Venter’s career, 346
emotive/intellectual, 353
function of, 364, 376
knowledge/acquired skills, 354
as problem-solving resources, 348
stabilization of problem-solving trajectories, 345
types of, 346, 359
Forgacs, G., 109–112
Formal reproduction, 42–43, 45
Forman, Paul, 141
Forssberg, H., 333
Fourth moment, properties of, 142n4
Fracchia, J., 92, 249
Frackowiak, R. S. J., 330
Fractal order, 14
Fraley, R. T., 134
Franceschi, C., 179
Frank, M. G., 182
Frank, R. H., 127
Freeman, G., 115
Freeman, J. H., 292
Freeman, R. B., 143n7
Free-riders, 67
Frege, Gottlob, 232
Fregni, F., 329–330
Frenken, K., 301
Freund, G. G., 179
Friedlander, A., 128
Friedman, D., 298
Frith, C. D., 330, 340
Fukuda, H., 333
Fuller, S. R., 140
Functional gain, 204–205
Functional redundancy, 93
Functional scaffolding, 9, 47
Futai, K., 117
Gaddis, W., 14
Gadian, D. G., 330
Galis, F., 118
Gallagher, S., 197
Gallup, G. G., Jr., 244
Gamble, Clive, 9, 11, 61, 254–255, 261n6
Gamble, J., 68
Gametes, 27, 31
Gametophytic plants, 28
Gao, T.-M., 179
Garber, P. A., 65
Garbutt, I. D., 180
Garcia-Ojalvo, J., 112
Gardener, W., 62, 68
Gatfield, D., 112
Gauges, 95–96
GDP (gross domestic product), 288–291, 289f
Geary, D. C., 11
Geertz, Clifford, 267
Gelatt, C. D., 164n12
Gender, support in medical field, 350–351, 352t, 353, 357–359, 360n2, 386
Genealogical relationships, 27, 51n4
GeneBank, 138
Gene-culture coevolution theory, 4, 79
Gene-encoded transcription factors, 371–372
Gene-environment interactions, 59
Generations, 36, 52n10, 58, 70–73, 170
Generative entrenchment
advantage of, 92
analysis showing innateness, 6
approach of, 9–10
consistency with economics, 288
core configurations perspective incorporating, 58
cross-discipline application of, 366
of culture, 211
of defense systems, 180, 374
definition of, 2, 111, 231
in development of Venter’s career, 346
on different scales of cognition, 169
of economic structures, 301–302
effect on ability to change, 301
empirical evaluating systems with, 366–367
failures of, 13–14
foothold related to, 345
generation of different rates of stasis/change, 363
as part of nontrivial evolutionary processes, 6
of parts of developmental systems, 34
perspective taking, 344–345
predictable features, 14
in retrovirus replication, 47
role in cultural evolution, 13–14
of stages of ontogenesis, 114
of standardized parts, 97
of symbols, 231, 234, 245
types of, 82–83, 84f, 85–92, 89t, 102
Generative process, 345
Generic properties of morphological states, 109
Genes. See also Canalization
canalization of cognitive development, 220–221
cells’ role in production by, 13
cultural/environmental factors affecting, 4, 6
developmental toolkit, 109, 371–372
effect on response to training methods, 284
interactions with environment, 4, 6, 59
mind/behavior authored by, 283
as part of inheritance systems, 1, 9–10, 23
reproduction of, 26–27, 59
role in mobilization of cell clusters, 110
Gene’s-eye view, 6, 10–11, 73
Gene theory, 23, 363
Genetic algorithm, 160
Genetic code, 89
Genetic databases, 96
Genetic inheritance systems, 11, 363
Genetic regulatory networks, 107
Gentner, D., 277
Geographic protocols, 137–138
Gerhart, J., 89
Gerson, Elihu M., 6, 48, 64, 68, 80, 92, 103n1, 229–230, 265–280, 283, 299, 371, 378–383
Gestures, 125
Geyer, Charles, 360n2
Ghiselin, M., 35
Ghoshal, S., 297
Giannini, N., 157
Gibson, J., 30
Giddens, Anthony, 311, 316, 323
Gierer, A., 112, 149, 250
Gieryn, T. F., 73
Gilbert, P., 172
Gilbert, S. F., 9, 112
Gill, K. M., 181
Ginsberg, Simona, 6, 32, 283–284, 307–324, 378, 380, 383–386
Gittins, E., 61
Glucocorticosteroids, 178–179
Glucose metabolism, 178
GMT (group mind thesis), 195–196, 199t, 203–206, 206n2
Godfrey-Smith, P., 28–29, 36–37, 40, 43
Goguel, V. R., 183
Gold, P. W., 173, 177
Golding, W., 270
Goldstone, Rob, 191, 195, 204–206, 236–248
Good, C. D., 330
Goody, Jack, 220, 257
Google, 128–129, 131, 142n2
Goroff, D. F., 143n7
Goshen, I., 172, 178, 182–185
Gould, S., 25, 35, 180
Government
funding of research, 136
reflected in mathematical models, 141
reflected in science, 139–141
structure reflected in religion, 139
Government bodies, 80
Gowlett, M., 9, 11, 68
Grace, A. A., 181
Graham, C. F., 111
Grain, 35–36, 38, 40, 66, 378
Grant, Robert, 347
Gray, R. D., 6, 307
Greeno, J. G., 344, 359
Grice, H. P., 232
Griesemer, James R., 1–17, 23–51, 57–60, 74n3, 77–78, 81, 93, 96, 103n11, 110, 115, 117, 210–212, 216, 219–220, 226, 227n3, 231, 259, 287, 300, 343–345, 349, 363–387
Griffith, B. C., 64
Griffiths, P. E., 6, 307
Grosberg, R. K., 112
Gross domestic product (GDP), 288–291, 289f
Group identities, 68
Group-level traits, 203, 206n2
Group mind thesis (GMT), 195–196, 199t, 203–206, 206n2
Groups. See also Core configurations; Demes; Dyads; Macrobands/macrodemes; Mentor-mentee relationships; Parent-offspring relationship; Task groups
controversy over selection of, 74n1
decision-making processes, 197–199
demic structure of science, 63–65
encephalization enabling, 255
formation of, 62
functions of, 65–67
group-level traits, 204–205, 206n2
group mind thesis, 195–196, 199t, 202–206, 206n2
hunter-gatherer, 12, 60–64, 67
hybrids transforming/creating, 367
interactions enabling production, 79
judgment aggregation, 199–202, 199t
mother-infant dyad, 12, 31, 61, 70–73, 358, 368, 386
size of, 52n15, 363
Growth, 15, 23–51, 365
Guldi, J., 277
Gureckis, T., 206
Habitat, 66
Habits, 91
Habituation studies, 214
Hafner-Burton, E., 138
Hall, B. K., 118
Hall, John, 95
Halldin, C., 333
Hamilton, Bill, 217
Hammerstein, P., 10
Handholds. See also Footholds
development/innovation aided by, 364
in development of Darwin’s career/theory, 347
in development of Venter’s career, 346
function of, 376, 385–386
as problem-solving resources, 348
scaffolding problem-solving trajectories, 345
types of, 359, 385
Hanhart, C. J., 135
Hanisch, A., 112
Hannah, L., 292
Hanson, M. A., 181–182
Haraway, D., 52n9
Hard core, 86
Hargreaves, L., 157
Harlander, Les, 101
Harper’s Ferry armory, 94
Harris, C. B., 191, 194–196
Hart, B. L., 179
Harwell, J., 71
Hasegawa, K., 117
Hassell, M. P., 152
Hattikudur, S., 239–240
Hauser, M. D., 241
Hawes, C., 148
Hebb, D. O., 329, 332
Hector, Dwight, 157
Heilman, S. C., 319
Heintz, Christophe, 6, 91, 169–170, 209–226, 227n3, 229, 375–376, 380, 383
Heisler, I., 47
Helenius, H., 333
Hellhammer, D., 181
Hellsten, U., 114
Hempel, Carl, 250
Hen, R., 172
HEnC (enculturated cognition hypothesis), 191
Henderson, R., 91
Hendriks-Jansen, H., 57–58, 71
Hengge-Aronis, R., 174
Hensch, T. K., 329–330
Henslow, John Stevens, 285, 347
Heredity, 10, 23
Hertzog, C., 329, 339
Heterogeneity, 46–47, 60, 78
Heuristic adaptations, 14
Heuristic research strategies, 366–371
Heuristic structures, 259–260
Hewlett, S. A., 357
Heyes, C., 72
Hibernation, 176
Hidden profile tasks, 198
Hierarchical chunking, 78, 88
Hierarchical modularity, 99
Hierarchical regimes, 140
Hierarchical view of evolution, 58–59
Hietalo, J., 333
Hilgard, E. R., 174
Hill, J., 71
Hino, Y., 176
Hinsz, V. B., 192, 197
Hippocampal NSC, 185
Hippocampus, 181, 184
Hippocampus-dependent memory formation, 185
Hirota, N., 176
Hirschfeld, L., 210, 215
Hirschman, A. O., 127
Histone proteins, 26–27
Hitchcock, K., 128
HIV-1 replication, 31–32, 40, 41f, 42–46, 52n14, 368
Hodgson, G. M., 287, 297
Hoechst, 293
Hoke, M., 330
Holder, M., 112
Holekamp, K. E., 66
Holl, P. W., 111
Hollan, J., 8
Hollingshead, A. B., 66
Holt, C. A., 137
Holyoak, K. J., 277
Homburg, Ernst, 291, 298
Homeostasis, 173, 175, 181, 383
Hominin commitment to bipedalism, 58, 70, 73
Hominin evolution, 261n6
Hopkins, R. O., 181
Horder, T. J., 118
Hormones, 169, 178
Horsch, R. B., 134
Host-parasite systems, 152–153
Houghevans, B. R., 135
Hounshell, David A., 95, 101
Hourglass of development, 107, 110–111, 117–120, 119f, 369, 387
HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), 177–179
Hu, D. L., 203–204
Hubel, D. H., 330
Huganir, R. L., 183
Hughes, Everett C., 103n1, 268–269
Hull, David L., 10, 32, 36, 57, 63, 65
Human demic groups/structures, 61–65
Human development
biology/culture’s coconstruction of, 284
cognitive (see Cognitive development)
development, 28 (see also Development)
evolution, 57–61, 73 (see also Cultural change/evolution; Evolution)
infant development of independence/interdependence, 62, 70–73, 368, 386
repeated assembly of core configurations scaffolding, 58
Human fetal tissue, 176
Humans. See also specific topics
construction of/by environment, 311, 316
cultural activities of, 46
development (see Human development)
as ecosystems of endoparasitic/endosymbiotic species, 103n7
epistemic projects, 65–70
limitations of, 381
mother-infant dyad, 12, 30, 61, 70–73, 358, 368, 386
obligatory interdependence of, 11
reproduction, 27–28
scaffolding of, 81
social nature of, 343–344
structuring of/by social life, 316
Hume, David, 141, 296
Humphry, R. W., 148
Hunt, L. A., 269
Hunter-gatherer groups, 12, 60–64, 67
Hurov, J., 113
Hutcheson, Francis, 141
Hutchins, Ed, 5, 8, 48, 191, 196, 203, 220, 344, 348, 374
Huxhold, O., 329
Hybrids/hybridity
assembly vs. reproduction of, 30–31
blurring of system-environment boundaries, 30
characterization of, 24
core configurations as, 32, 34
core configurations perspective incorporating, 58
in cultural development, 46–48
definition of, 24
development from, 39–40
factors affecting status, 51
formation in business, 103n6
generative entrenchment as tool for analysis of, 92
government bodies as, 80
in HIV 1 replication, 41f
individuality, 34–35
overlapping and embedded entrenchment in, 90–91
reproduction and development of, 24
RNA-DNA hybrids, 42–46
scaffolding of, 34
tracking of, 38–39, 43–44
transformation/creation of group identities, 367
virus-host hybrid, 40
Hyperalgesia, 184
Hyperlinks, 126–129
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), 177–179
Hypothalamus, 181
Ideas, 59
Ideational structures, 85–86
Ideological commitment, 276
IEEE, 103n9
IJzerman, H., 70
IL-1beta, 178–179, 182
IL-6, 178–179
Iljima, T., 338
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, 126
Imitation, 61, 72–73, 256, 278
Immigration, 136, 276
Immune-brain coevolution thesis, 172, 177–180
Immune-brain communication, 178–179
Immune mediators, 178
Immune system
combinatorial antibodies produced by, 89
interaction between/reciprocal comodulation of neuroendocrine system and, 178
involvement in brain, 172, 177–178, 182, 374
involvement in neural plasticity, 172, 182
relationship to response to stimuli, 171–172
role in neurogenesis, 172, 182, 184–185
role in normal cognitive function, 171–172, 374
Immunocyte, 179
Impossibility theorem, 202
Incomes, 287
Incommensurability, 96
Independence/interdependence, infant development of, 62, 70–73, 368, 386
Inder, T., 71
Index of change in shared beliefs, 257
Individual cognition, 193–196
Individual culture, 137
Individuality
definition of, 39–40
delimiting of while tracking units of inquiry, 44
effect of choice of starting points/grain for narration, 36
environment as source of structure for, 275
expression of in terms of owners of use of order, 51n1
as hybrid concept, 34–35
Individuals
creative thought of, 298–299
economic mobility, 307–308
as elements of theory of culture/cultural evolution, 79
evolution and, 297
institutions embodied in, 270–271
learning process, 299
rationality of, 293, 296, 302n7
relationship to collective behavior, 271–273
scaffolding for, 81
social-developmental landscape metaphor of social development, 314–316, 316f
as units of inquiry, 34–35
Industrial economies, 275
Industrial science, 132–136, 142n7
Industry. See also Economies; Manufacturing; Mass-production systems; Synthetic dye industry
armory practice, 78, 94, 102
automobile, 25, 100–101, 103n9
factors affecting change, 301
favoring of risky innovation, 108
paper-making, 283, 290, 291f, 292, 381
supporting structures of, 288, 298–299, 302
Infants
development of independence/interdependence, 62, 70–73, 368, 386
embodied vs. enactive infant, 71
as fulcrum between generations, 70
imitation by, 61, 72–73
nursing pattern, 71–72
resemblance to adult, 71
scaffolding of development of, 69
Information processing, 331. See also Cognition; Knowledge; Learning
Infrastructure scaffolding
cultural change enabled/forced by, 277, 366
definition of, 15, 81
for development, 30, 226
industrial development enabled/inhibited by, 301
for industry, 298
intersection with maintenance/growth/development, 15, 365
for learning, 364
in medical field, 350
Sears kit houses, 100–101, 103n11, 219–220
types of, 16
Ingold, T., 9, 49, 57, 69
Ingvar, M., 338
Inherent cognitive biases, 310
Inheritance, 10–11, 363
Innate cognitive abilities, 91, 212–214, 383
Innate immune system, 179, 185
Innateness, 6
Innate phenomena, 2
Inner symbols, 234
Innovation
as by-product of evolving structure of scaffoldings, 260–261
circulation of through seasonal meetings, 67
critical stance supporting, 278
flow of from world to world, 273
relationship to cultural stability, 255–257
role of, 363
role of knowledge preservation in, 345
use of modularity/entrenchment, 283
Inoue, M. and O., 333
Inquiry, units of. See Units of inquiry
Institutions
articulation through common knowledge, 271–273
change of structure vs. change of scope, 270
changes in/replacement of, 274–279
as conventional practices, 378
culture as system of, 266–269
definition of, 80, 103n1, 268, 380
as element of theory of cultural evolution, 80, 366
embodied in organizations, 270–271, 279, 382
epidemiological accounts of changes in, 230
formation of, 277, 279
function of, 279
funneling of decision making in medicine, 350
identification of, 380
meaning/intention implicated in, 81
mechanisms that enable/block influences among, 230
relationship between forming/formed by organizations, 230
replacement of macrobands, 67–68
role of, 363
role of literacy in development of, 257
scaffolding role of, 5–6, 227n3, 275, 279, 288, 382
source of, 80
structural changes initiating change in practices, 266
as unit of analysis of cultural evolution, 230
as units of inquiry, 380
Instructions, 251–253, 261n2
Integrated network of organism defense, 374
Integrated system, 204
Integration, 177, 343
Intel integrated circuits, 85, 96, 100, 297
Intellectual interdependence/coordination, 348
Intentions, 81–82, 256
Interaction, 284. See also Coordination; Core configurations
Interactionist view of representations, 8
Interchangeable parts, 78, 90, 94–95
Interdeme selection, 50
Interdependent designs, 287
Interdisciplinarity, 139
Interleukin family, 178–179
Internalization, 377
Internal symbols, 232, 234–235, 376–377
International Classification of Disease, 138
Internet
disciplinary differences in use, 142n3
economic growth attributed to, 290
extension of information/narrowing of scope of things considered, 127–128, 130, 130f, 136, 138–139, 372–373
facilitation of communication, 126–128, 372
as infrastructural scaffold, 81
scaffolding of knowledge/culture, 126–128, 130–131
scaffolding of science/scholarship, 128–134, 130f
Web 2.0, 126, 142n1
Intra-action of hybrid systems, 32
Intuitive theories, 223–224
Invertebrates, 179
Invisible colleges, 63
Iosif, R. E., 185
Itoh, T., 333
Jablonka, Eva, 6, 10–11, 27, 32, 283–284, 307–324, 378, 380, 383–386
Jackson, J., 141
Jacque, C., 182
Jakobsen, K. S., 109, 113
JAK/STAT, 183
Jakubs, K., 185
James, William, 296, 327, 329
Jameson, Robert, 347–348
Jang, Y. S., 138
Janus kinase, 183
Jarrod, C., 114
Järvinen, Joonas, 289–290, 291f
Jefferis, G. S. X. E., 172
Jeffery, J. E., 118
Jeong, H., 127
Jernvall, J., 113, 116, 118
Jewish Orthodox community in Los Angeles, 283–284, 317–322, 383–384
Ji, R.-R., 172, 184
Johannsen, W., 274
Johnson, M., 70
Johnson, R. W., 179
Johnston, L., 288
Johnstone, T., 174
Johnsure, I. S., 330
Jones, S., 338
Jones, S. S., 72
Josephson, M., 132
Joshi, Sanjay S., 61, 107–108, 147–164, 373
Jucaite, A., 333
Judgment aggregation, 199–202, 199t, 206n1
Kaasinen, V., 333
Kaiser, D., 258, 260
Kam, M., 184
Kandel, E. R., 332
Kaplan, Nathan, 346
Kaube, H., 340
Kauffman, S., 13
Kawashima, T., 114
Kaye, K., 71
Keil, P. G., 191, 196
Kel, E. R., 183
Kelley, Keith, 179
Kempermann, G., 329
Kendal, J., 310–311
Kim, J. S., 331
Kimura, S., 172
King, D. W., 128–129
King, N., 109, 111, 113
King-Casas, B., 340
Kipnis, J., 183
Kirkpatrick, S., 164n12
Kirsch, D., 8, 191–193, 197, 202, 359
Kishimoto, T., 333
Kitcher, P., 11, 225
Kleinman, D. L., 142n6
Klepper, S., 292, 300
KLI (Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research), 3, 16–17
Kliegl, R., 329, 337
Kline, S. J., 171
Klingberg, T., 331, 333
Kluckhohn, C., 267
Knowledge. See also Cognition; Learning
acquisition of expertise, 278, 330–331, 345–348, 351, 360n1
articulation of institutions through, 271–273
building on prior knowledge, 345, 347–349, 359
common knowledge, 271–273, 275, 279
communication of through core configurations, 64
communication’s scaffolding of, 125–126
differentially distributed knowledge, 363
effect of shifts in quality of communication, 125, 139–141, 372
effect of shifts in quantity of communication, 125–139, 130f, 141–142, 372
effects of standards, 138–139
flow from world to world, 272–273, 364, 381
pooling/preservation of, 345
relevance of, 142n5
support of in different domains, 299
transmission of, 299–300, 363
variance in institutions of, 136
Knudsen, T., 297
Koehnle, T. J., 152
Kohn, D., 347
Kohno, T., 172, 184
Kokaia, Z., 185
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 155
Kondo, Y., 338
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research (KLI), 3, 16–17
Koornneef, Martin, 134–135
Kotrschal, A., 182
Kowalewski, M., 119
Kramer, A. F., 329, 331, 339
Kroeber, A. L., 267
Kruger, D., 109
K-T mass extinction, 82
Kuhl, D., 183
Kuhn, T., 132–133
Kuo, A., 114
Kuper, Adam, 73, 267–268
Kuraishi, Y., 176
Kurtosis, 142n4
Kurz-Milke, E., 348
Labels/labeling
relabeling in hybridization studies, 38–39, 43–44
simplification of encoding complex environments, 5
tracking hybrids with, 38–39, 43–44
tracking with, 24
types of, 37
Labor unions, 292
Lahl, V., 117
Lakatos, I., 86
Lakoff, G., 70, 225
Lal, K. N., 4, 310
Laland, K., 4–5
Lamb, M. J., 10–11, 27, 309, 313, 322
Lamberg, Juha-Antti, 290, 291f
Lamboreaux, N. R., 291
Lampin-Saint-Amaux, A., 183
Landau, M., 73
Landy, David, 236–248
Lang, F. B., 109
Lange, M., 136
Language
acquisition as closed causal loop, 86
combinatorial systems of, 90, 93–94
as communication protocol, 125
coordination of actions, 5
culture made through use of, 79
effects of colonization, 136–137
effects of standardization for science, 138
entrenchment of, 83
genetic/cultural basis for learning, 221
incommensurability of differences, 96
as infrastructural scaffold, 81
lack of material overlap, 29
maintenance through seasonal meetings, 64, 67
meaning and intention implicated in, 81–82
origin of written forms, 93–94, 103n8
as resource for shaping geometric deductions, 229–230, 378
roles of, 271
as scaffold for social interaction, 255
as symbolic system, 5, 231–232, 259, 376
Langville, A. N., 128, 142n2
Large-scale group coordination, 58, 67–70
Larson, J. R., 192, 197
Lashley, K. S., 329
Lateral inhibition, 112
Latour, B., 132, 134
Latremoliere, A., 184
Laubichler, M., 10
Lawrie, Steve, 52n14
Layton, R., 61
Lazarus, R. S., 174
Learned helplessness, 179
Learning. See also Cognition; Mentor-mentee relationships; Mother-infant dyad
artifacts/infrastructure scaffolding, 364
collective resources scaffolding, 197–198, 219, 222–223
effect on brain function, 329
environmental scaffolding of, 216
in firms, 381
in individual/population levels, 299
lack of material overlap, 29
link with neurogenesis, 184–185
models scaffolding, 107, 373
mother-infant dyad, 12, 30, 61, 70–73, 358, 368, 386
plasticity of sensory/motor cortex shaped by, 330–331
proinflammatory cytokines in, 182–183
Quinian bootstrapping, 222–223
reactivity to stress enhancing, 182
representation as scaffold for, 221
role of in cognitive development, 344–345
scaffolding of, 1, 7–9, 79, 162
supporting structures of, 299, 359
through social/cultural/artifactual realm, 344
Lee, R. B., 61
Legal arrangements, 277
Legislation, 266
Leibnizian concepts, 225
Lengeler, J. W., 177
Leonardo, E. D., 172
Lethias, C., 113
Leutwiler, L. S., 135
Levin, T. C., 111
Levins, Richard, 6, 148
Levinson, Marc, 101, 138, 277
Lévy-Bruhl, L., 216
Lewis, J., 112
Lewis, M., 72
Lewontin, R., 4, 6, 10, 92, 180, 249
Li, P., 180
Li, Shu-Chen, 6, 58, 70, 79, 283–284, 327–340, 384–385
Lieberman, E., 141
Life, processes maintaining/threats to, 171
Life cycles
adaptation occurring downstream, 2
breaks in material overlap, 29
of business firms, 103n6
central subjects of narratives, 32
of cultural items, 230
of HIV-1 viruses, 41–46
material overlap in reproduction, 25–29
narrations of, 36
of simple entrenched systems, 83
Lifespan Development of the Brain (Baltes et al.), 327
Light, 30
Lindenberger, U., 329, 332–333, 337, 339–340
Lindvall, O., 185
Lineages, 2
Linkage maps, 95
Linton, S., 184
Lipid compounds, 178
Lipsey, R. G., 298
List, C., 192, 199–201
Literacy, 242, 257
Lloyd, A. M., 134
Lloyd, E. A., 11, 39, 50, 73
Localized common knowledge, 272–273
Locantore, J. K., 338–339
Long-tail argument, 131, 142n4
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 184, 332
Lovas, B., 297
Lövdén, M., 329
LTP (long-term potentiation), 184, 332
Lucas, G., 150
Lunt, P. S., 269
Luria, A. R., 7–8
Ly, D., 240
Lyell, C., 347–348, 357
Lyon, Pamela, 60, 81, 169, 171–186, 313, 373–374
Macintosh operating system, 85, 96
Mackie, D. M., 195
Mackie, J. L., 233
Mackiean INUS conditions, 233
Macrobands/macrodemes
artifact production by, 48
definition of, 12, 67
distribution of folk psychology, 69–70
entrenchment of, 62
function of seasonal meetings, 64
mediation of interaction in, 61
modal tasks/scaffolds/group size, 62t
model for coordination, 67
role in establishing social imaginaries, 68–69
scaffolding within and between groups, 65
of scientists, 63
as site of biocultural evolution, 67–68
standardization of language/liberation from face-to-face groups, 61–62
Maddison, Angus, 288, 289f
Maglio, P., 191–193, 197, 202
Maguire, E. A., 330
Mahoney, J., 136
Maienschein, J., 23
Maier, Steven F., 178–180, 182
Maintenance, 16, 365
Maintenance entrenchment, 60, 86
Maintenance scaffolding, 15
Malthus, Thomas R., 25, 296, 348
Management, 293, 296–300, 382
Mancosu, P., 225
Mantzavinos, C., 5–6, 379
Manu’a Islands, 136
Manual dexterity, 243
Manufacturing
black boxing of complex hierarchical artifacts, 47
effects of armory practice, 78
percentage of population employed in, 290, 290f
standardization of machine parts/tools, 88, 89t, 93–102, 97f–98f
strategies for facilitating deep modifications, 93
use of combinatorial modules, 90
Mara-Drita, I., 140
March, James, 296
Marchand, T. H. J., 221
Mark, R., 260
Marking, 36–38
Markov model, 128, 142n2
Marriage, 221, 318
Marshall, G. J., 292
Martínez, Sergio F., 6, 229–230, 249–261, 377–378, 380, 385
Masks, 215, 220, 225
Mass culture, 137, 143n9
Masse, N. Y., 172
Mass-production systems
interchangeability propagating, 78
standardization of machine parts/tools, 88, 89t, 93–102, 97f–98f
use of combinatorial modules, 90
Matching, 149–150
Material/cognitive scaffolding, 91
Material culture, 255, 257–259
Material overlap
in biological reproduction, 363
breaks in, 29
connection of lineages, 59
core configurations perspective incorporating, 58–59
lacking in scaffolding, 30
in reproduction, 25–29, 34, 36–37
in retrovirus replication, 40, 42–46
Material resources, 256, 261, 261n6
Maternal-infant dyad, 12, 30, 61, 70–73, 358, 368, 386
Mathematical concepts
as cultural items, 225
Newtonian vs. Leibnizian concepts, 225–226
order of precedence in, 229
parasymbolic features, 240
resources for shaping deductions in geometry, 229–230, 252–253, 378
skills acquisition, 86, 101, 222–223, 233–235, 238–239, 376
symbols entrenched in, 231, 376
traces of scaffolding in students, 236–240
Mathematical models, 141
Mating systems, culturally/environmentally driven, 4
Maturation, 45
Matzinger, P., 171
May, Christopher J., 61, 107–108, 147–164, 373
Mayr, E., 274
McAfoose, J., 172, 182–183
McClanahan, K., 129
McCoy, S. K., 182
McDermott, J., 241
McDonald, K., 111
McDougall, W., 195
McEwen, B. S., 174
McGonigle, Brendan, 243, 245
McGowan, R., 128
McIntosh, A. R., 338–339
McKelvey, B., 297
McKenzie, R. D., 137
McLuhan, Marshall, 125
McNab, F., 333
McNeil, Nicole, 238–240
McPhee, W. N., 127, 131
Mead, G. H., 274, 278
Meanings, 81–82
Measurement, 95
Mechanical construction kits, 101
Mechanisms of development
for creation/maintenance of reliability/consistency in behavior, 266, 379–380, 383
definition of, 10, 261n1
interaction producing cultural phenomena, 256
necessity of ontological context of, 250
as units of measure of regularity/contingency in culture, 229, 378
Medical doctors in training study, 343, 349–351, 352t, 354–359
Meinhardt, H., 112
Meltzoff, A. N., 72
Meme-like things (MLTs), 78–79, 366
Memes, 251, 309, 322, 378
Memetic inspired theory, 79, 250–251, 309, 378, 383
Memetics, 212, 218
Memory
factors shaping, 284, 331
link with neurogenesis, 184–185
mnemonic training shaping, 329–330, 333, 337
necessary for acquiring states of continuum of tolerance, 177
plasticity of, 331–333, 334f–336f, 337
proinflammatory cytokines in, 182–183
social distribution of, 194
social interactions requiring, 62
Menary, R., 191
Mendel, Gregor, 23, 39, 135
Mendoza, M., 113
Mental capacities. See Cognition; Core cognition; Memory
Mental events, 226n1
Mental exercise, 327
Mentor-mentee relationships
attraction of mentors, 285, 346–347, 349, 354–357
career development, 285, 343, 346–348, 354–359
cognitive development through, 343–344, 346–349, 385
encouraging activities, 285
gender biases, 350–351, 352t, 353, 357–359
in medical field, 350–351, 352t, 353–359, 360n2
mentee efforts, 285, 354–355, 357
negative interactions, 357
reciprocal nature of, 386
in science research, 63–64
transmission of tacit knowledge, 125, 372
types of assistance, 352, 385
Merabet, L. B., 329–330
Merton, Robert K., 127, 129, 140
Merzenich, M. M., 331
Meselson, M., 28, 35–36
Meselson-Stahl procedure for tracking strands, 43
Mesentseva, N. V., 113–114
Mesoscale materials, 109–110
Mesoscale physics
confirmation of scaffolding by in embryonic hourglass, 117–120
mobilization of partway into development process, 111
in oogenesis, 115
role in development, 109–110
role in morphogenetic stage of development, 113–114
tracking by gene-encoded transcription factors, 371–372
Mesoudi, A., 4
Message, 125–126
Metazoans, 89–91, 111–112
Methionine-enkephalin, 176
Method of difference, 323
Method of loci, 337–338, 339f
Methodology, 3–4, 24, 48–51, 86, 244, 351
Metric system, 138
Metz, J. A., 118
Meyer, C. D., 128, 142n2
Meyer, John W., 138
Meyerowitz, Elliot, 135
Meyer-Thurow, G., 293
Michel, J. B., 141
Microbands, 63
Microcoordination, 61
Microglia, 182, 185
Microsoft software, 85, 96
Miller, G. E., 171, 173, 177
Miller, S. L., 331
Mills, J. S., 323
Mimicry, 61, 72–73
Mind. See also Brain; Cognition; Cognitive development; Extended cognition; Learning
as constituted by culture, 69
development in infants, 368
evolution of, 254–255
production of new cultural items, 211–212
Minge, M. A., 109, 113
Minimum description length principle, 141
Mistro, D. C., 152
Mitchell, M., 128
Mitosis, 91
Miwa, J., 117
Miwa, S., 117
Mlot, N. J., 203–204
MLTs, 78–79, 366
MLTs (meme-like things), 78–79, 366
Mnemonic training, 329, 333, 337–338, 339f
Moadel, T., 172
Modal tasks, 61, 62t
Models
applicability of, 364
assumptions in creation of, 373
of cultural evolution, 249
definition of, 147
experiments, 149–150
false representation by, 147–148
guiding inquiry, 37
hierarchy of, 164n1
identification of, 364
number of parameters for data fitting, 164n11
phylogeny of, 152–153
of rat pup aggregation, 153–155, 154f
of rat pup interactions, 108, 164n16, 165n23, 165n26
reason for building, 147
scaffolding of learning, 107, 373
Modernization, 136
Modern society, 68
Modifications in entrenched structures, 93
Modular designs, 287
Modularity, 87–88, 99, 283
Mohammed, S., 192
Mokyr, J., 287
Molar adaptive decision making, 100
Molecular developmental biology, 23
Monsanto, 134–135
Montague, P. R., 340
Montesquieu, C. S., 127
Montgomery, C., 128
Montgomery, S. L., 185
Moore, K. A., 72, 172, 184
Moral commitment, 267
Moran, N., 28
Morphogenesis, 111
Morphogenetic stage, 113–114, 117–118
Morphogenic fields, 112
Morphogens, 112
Morphological evolution, 109
Morphology. See Body form/morphology
Morris, William, 267
Mother-infant dyad, 12, 30, 61, 70–73, 358, 368, 386. See also Parent-offspring relationship
Motivation, 174, 180
Motor cortex, 330–331
Motorola integrated circuits, 85, 96
Motor system, 240
Movable type, 90
Mugikura, S., 338
Mulbrandon, C., 288, 289f
Müller, G. B., 57
Müller, V., 341
Müller-Wille, S., 23–24
Mullins, N. C., 64
Multicellularity, 111–112
Multicellular organisms, 109
Multidimensional classification, 368
Multilevel selection theory, 11, 27, 46–47, 58–59, 375
Multilevel trait, 203–205, 206n2
Multiple object tracking/parallel individuation, 214
Multistable dynamics, 112
Munro, E., 116, 118
Murmann, Johann Peter, 6, 80, 92, 101, 142n7, 283–284, 287–302, 291f, 371, 379, 381–383
Murrell, G., 347
Music, 241, 278
Musicians
aspects of culture exemplified by, 265–271
auditory cortical representations of, 330
common knowledge shared by, 272–273
as members of cross-cutting groups, 68, 272–273
as task group, 48
Muskets, interchangeable parts, 78, 94–95
Mutational landscape, 369
Nagren, K., 333
Nance, J., 116
Narrative modes of thought, 65
Native immune system, 169, 374
Natural disasters, 266, 276
Natural perceptual biases, 229
Natural selection. See also Evolution
application to cultural evolution, 249–250, 261n1
Dawkins’s idea of, 250–251
development of concept, 296
as exploration/selective stabilization, 322
factors affecting, 59, 180
group mediation of, 60
in Waddington’s epigenetic landscape, 314
Nature-nurture dualism, 59
Naveh-Benjamin, M., 333
Navigational tasks, 48, 64, 196, 203, 348
Nazi Germany, 139–140
Neely, A. Stigsdotter, 338
Neil, J., 71
Nelson, K., 298
Nelson, R. R., 287–288, 293, 296–299, 340
Nematode development, 116–117
Neo-Darwinism. See also Darwinism
alternative to, 2
application to cognitive/cultural evolution, 252, 275, 371
burden of proof for, 73
causal resources of, 58–59
controversy over, 74n1
developmental systems perspectives recasting of, 366
dichotomy between genes/environment, 57
limitations of, 1, 11, 61, 368–369
Nersessian, N., 343–344, 348, 359–360
Network elements, 103n10
Network protocols, 125
Networks, 125
Network-theory models, 313
Netz, R., 252–253
Neural plasticity, 172, 182–183
Neural progenitor cells, 184
Neural stem cells (NSCs), 184
Neuroendocrine system, 178–179
Neurogenesis, 172, 182, 184–185
Neuropeptides, 178
Neurophysiology, 283
Neuroplasticity, 283, 327–340, 384–385
Neurotransmitters, 169, 178, 284, 332
Newman, K. S., 308
Newman, Stuart A., 6, 27, 57, 60, 63, 89, 107–120, 371–372, 378, 385
Newstetter, W., 348
Newtonian concepts, 225–226
Niche construction theory, 4–5, 383
Nichols, S. A., 111
Nicholson-Bailey model of host-parasite systems, 152–153
Nietzsche, Friedrich M., 143n9
Niklas, Karl, 343
Noncore groups, 12, 63
Noradrenaline, 178
Norepinephrine, 332
Normalization, 378
Norman, D. A., 8, 196, 344
Norms
embodiment in material culture, 255
fixed features of cultural systems, 14
generation of by artifacts, 252–253
generative role, 14
of institutions, 80
for manufacturing parts, 95–96
meaning and intention implicated in, 81
spread through specialization, 257
standardized elements of cultural practices anchoring, 379
North, Douglas, 5–6, 379
Notch pathway, 113–114
Not-for-profit organizations, 291–292, 381
Not OK condition, 175–177, 181, 373–374
Nowak, M. A., 141
NSCs (neural stem cells), 184
Nucleus accumbens, 181
Null hypothesis testing, 150, 163n2
Nunez, R., 225
Nursery rhymes, 241
Nursing, 71–72
Nyberg, L., 332–333, 338, 340
Object cognition, 214
Object tracking system, 225
Obligatory interdependence, 11
O’Brien, M. J., 268
Observation, 37–38, 260
Occam’s razor, 141
O’Connor, J. C., 179
O’Connor, T, 197, 203, 205, 206n2
Odenbaugh, J., 148
Odling-Smee, F. J., 310
Odling-Smee, J., 4–5, 311
O’Doherty, J., 340
Oertzen, T. von, 337, 340
“Of the Standard of Taste” (Hume), 141
Ogren, Bill, 134–135
O’Hara, S., 61
Ojala, Jari, 290, 291f
OK condition, 175–176, 181
Oktem, O., 151
Okubo, Y., 333
Olby, R., 24
Olesen, P. J., 331
Olsson, H., 333
Oluwole, C., 180
Online scholarly databases, 129
Ontogenetic stage of development, 113–114, 313
Ontogenies
entrenchment of habits, 91
evolutionary meta-ontogenies, 91–92, 371
generation of recurrences/entrenchments, 86, 370
of information, 26–27, 51n3
ontological commitment, 38–39, 48
Oocytes, 115
Ooplasmic organization, 114–117
Ooplasms, 115
Oostenveld, R., 330
Open-ended plasticity, 312
The Open Society and Its Enemies (Popper), 140
O’Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference, 142n1
Organisms, 6, 52n12, 59
Organizations
circulation of innovations through seasonal meetings, 67
culture as manner of assembly/conduct of, 380
definition of, 80
as element of theory of cultural evolution, 80, 366
formation of, 275
imprints of on members, 91, 103n5
institutions embodied in, 270–271, 279, 382
institutions scaffolding, 275, 279
participation in multiple worlds, 272
re-creation process in, 278
role of, 80, 363
scaffolding for, 81
society as repeated assembly of, 380
as source of institutions, 80
The Origin of Concepts (Carey), 213–214, 222–223
Origin stories, 68–69, 73
Orr, R., 109, 113
Orthodox Jewish community in Los Angeles, 283–284, 317–322, 383–384
Orzack, S. H., 148–149
Oscillation in internal chemical composition, 112
Ostrom, E., 192
Ottaviani, Enzo, 179
Overlap, material. See Material overlap
Overlapping entrenchment, 60, 90–91
Ovulation in mammals, 151
Ownership criterion in retrovirus replication, 42–44
Oyama, S., 6, 51n3, 58, 307
Pain memory mechanisms, 172, 184
Painters scaffolding, 30–32, 219, 369
Paley, W., 27
Palmer, C. L., 128
Palmer, T. D., 172, 182, 185
Pantev, C., 330
Paper-making industry, 283, 290, 291f, 292, 381
Paradigmatic modes of thought, 65
Paradigm Genetics, 135
Parasymbolic features, 240
Parcellation of functions, 87–88
Parent-offspring relationship
material overlap, 25–29
mother-infant dyad, 12, 30, 61, 70–73, 368, 386
scaffolding for development, 26, 51n7, 52n8, 58
in virus reproduction, 40, 43–44
Parity principle, 193, 197
Park, D. C., 339
Park, R. E., 137
Parker, J., 347
Parnes, O., 23–24, 36, 52n10
Parsons, Talcott, 267
Pascual-Leone, A., 329–330
Patent laws, 298, 382
Pattern formation, 111
Pea aphids, 28
Penrose, L., 26
Pepperberg, Irene, 242, 244
Peraino, K., 357
Perception, 177
Perceptual system, 240
Performance, 284
Perry, M., 8
Personality matching for careers, 285
Perspectives
core configurations, 57–73 (see also Core configurations)
entrenchment of generative elements, 9–10, 13–14, 77–102 (see also Entrenchment; Generative entrenchment)
repeated assembly of core configurations, 9, 11–13
reproduction, 9–11, 23–51 (see also Reproducer perspective)
Petersen, L. A., 239–240
Peterson, M. S., 331
Petersson, K. M., 338
Pettit, P., 192, 199–202
Phase separation, 112
Phenotypical trait development, 210
Pheromones, 125
Phyla, 114
Phylogenetically ancient defensive network, 179
Phylogeny of models, 152–153, 163f
Phylotype, 114–118
Phylotypic stage of development, 111, 116, 118, 369
Physical medium, 240
Physics
confirmation of scaffolding by in embryonic hourglass, 117–120
mobilization of partway into development process, 111
in oogenesis, 115
role in development, 109–110
role in morphogenetic stage of development, 113–114, 117–118
tracking by gene-encoded transcription factors, 371–372
Piaget, Jean, 243
Picchini, A. M., 172
Pigliucci, M., 210
Pilley, J. W., 242
Piore, M. J., 131
Piwnica-Worms, H., 113
Plague, 276
Planning, 5
Plant biotechnology, 134–136, 143n8
Plant reproduction, 28
Plasticity
of brain, 283, 327–340, 384–385
cognitive plasticity, 226
definition of, 312, 327
developmental plasticity, 284
experience-dependent plasticity of sensory/motor cortex, 330–331, 385
extreme plasticity, 230
future research needed concerning plasticity, 339–340
of individuals in society, 317
interlinking across multiple levels, 284
longevity of, 284
memory plasticity, 331–333, 334f–336f, 337
mnemonic training shaping brain plasticity, 338
modification of brain plasticity by cognitive training, 331
neural plasticity, 172, 182–183
neurochemical mechanisms of memory plasticity, 332–333, 384–385
open-ended plasticity, 312
plasticity over life span, 283, 327–340, 384–385
scaffolding performance, 284
of sensory/motor cortex shaped by sociocultural inputs, 330–331
study of cultural evolution in terms of, 323
Plath, N., 183
Pleiotropy, 283, 300–301
Polanyi, M., 125, 140, 299
Polarity, 112, 114–115
Poldrack, R. A., 331
Political parties, 202
Political structure
cultural change enabled/forced by, 277
reflected in mathematical models, 141
reflected in science, 139–141
religion reflecting/worshipping, 139
totalitarian claims to scientific authority/compatibility, 139–140
Poole, M. S., 66
Poore, K. R., 181–182
Popper, Karl, 140, 161
Population-genetics-inspired gene-culture coevolution. See Dual inheritance theory
Populations, 274, 297
Population structure, 79
Porter, M. E., 293
Postfertilized eggs, 115
Postma, P. W., 177
Post-morphogenetic stage diversification, 118
Poverty
application of developmental systems theory, 310–311, 316–317, 322
application of genetic-evolution-based models, 309–310
factor causing shifting of, 307
factors reproducing, 308–309
stability of, 283–284, 307–308
ways it is lived, 308
Practices
artifacts/infrastructure narrowing shared practices, 364
embodiment in material culture, 255
group interactions facilitating production, 79
as mechanism of change in culture, 380
mechanisms embodied in, 256
role in characterization of interactions, 253
role in cultural stability, 256
structural changes initiating change in, 266
transmission of, 309
Pragmatic actions, 192–193
Preat, T., 183
Prefertilized eggs, 115
Prefrontal cortex, 181, 184
Premack, D., 244
Premetazoan cell clusters, 113–114
Premise-centered procedure, 201
Pre-morphogenetic-stage variation, 117–118
Press, W. H., 155
Price, D. J. D., 129
Price, E. G., 278
Priess, J. R., 116
Primordial cell clusters, 109
The Principle of Psychology (James), 327
Prions, 29
Problem solving
in acquisition of expertise, 345
artifacts/infrastructure scaffolding, 364
careers as developing cognitive trajectories, 349–351
in distributed cognitive systems, 348–349
resources for integration over time, 348
study of situated cognition, 192–193
zone of proximal development, 1, 7, 63–64, 370
Process explanations, 32
Process ontology, 8
Process outputs, 367
Process scaffolding, 47–48
Proctor, R., 140
Products
complex group interactions facilitating production, 79, 366
effect of production technologies, 290
growth of, 283, 381
introduction into economy, 288–289
know-how necessary for production of, 299–300
repeated assembly of, 59
research and development, 292–293
Professionalization, 90, 343, 350–351, 359, 385. See also Career development
Profession choice, 79, 346–347, 349–350, 353–356
Profits, 287, 381
Progeneration, 26–27
Program evolution, 103n3
Proinflammatory cytokines, 182–185
Promotional scaffolding, 344
Propagule, 26, 28, 50
Prostaglandins, 178, 185
Protease, 45
Protein synthesis, 90
Provirus, 42–44
Pseudo-entrenchment, 82
Psychological challenge, 171
Psychological phenomena, 226n1
Public representations, 68, 209, 214–215, 223
Puffert, D. J., 277
Putnam, N. H., 114
Pylyshyn, Z., 235
Quantum mechanics, 141
Quartz, S. R., 340
Quinian bootstrapping, 222–223
Quinn, Naomi, 221
Quintner, J., 176
Raff, R. A., 118
Ramirez, F. O., 138
Random access memory (RAM), 233
Random variation and selective retention (RVSR), 273–274
Rasmussen, N., 111
Ratcheting effect of development, 173, 345, 355, 359, 386
Rational decision theory, 6
Rationality
effect of choice of aggregation procedure on, 199–202
explanations concerning range of, 293, 296, 302n7
requirements for group judgments, 200–202
role in decision making, 6, 350
Rat pup aggregation experiment
building/rebuilding scaffolding for understanding, 153
discussion, 161–162, 163f, 164
first agent-based model, 155–156, 161, 164n9
models, 153–155, 154f
models of interactions, 108, 164n16, 165n23, 165n26
rat pup huddles, 153f
robot models (see Robot models of rat pups)
second-generation agent-based model, 156, 161, 164n16
second-generation robots, 165n17
third-generation agent-based models, 160–162
Ray, E., 72
Rayner, K., 241
R. culicivorax, 117
Reaction-diffusion mechanism, 112
Reading, 242
Reciprocity, 62
Re-creation process, 278
Recursion, 279
Recursive notion of constructive learning, 8
Redemann, S., 113
Redfield, Robert, 269
Redundancy, 13, 87
Re-Engineering Philosophy for Limited Beings (Wimsatt), 164
Reformation, 139
Reid, A. K., 242
Reimer, J., 126–127
Reinke, H., 112
Relabeling in hybridization studies, 38–39, 43–44
Relative developmental dependency, 2, 13
Relevance, 215
Reliability. See also Stability
canalization leading to, 313
of channels of cultural transmission, 260
increased in transmission of capacities by material overlap, 26, 28
in patterns of behavior, 266, 379
of recurrence of core configurations, 60
of reproduction, 78
Religion
beliefs triggering cognition mechanisms, 215
effects of belief concerning after life, 221
Orthodox Jewish community, 283–284, 317–322, 383–384
reflection/worship of political structure, 139
Renear, A. H., 128
Repeated assembly
of core configurations, 11–13, 57, 343–344, 363, 380
of core configurations scaffolding, 58
cross-discipline application of, 366
definition of, 2, 11, 58–60
dependence upon early development, 70–72
errors of, 60
of fine hand-eye coordination, 67
Heintz’s questioning of, 376
of HIV-1 viruses, 40
involving copying, 59–60
of ontogeny, 370
of organizations, 380
process outputs feeding back to, 367
re-creation process in organizations, 278
reproduction compared to, 34
in retrovirus replication, 45
role in establishing social imaginaries, 69
of social groups, 380
standardized elements of cultural practices anchoring, 379
time scales of, 60
Replication in social transmission practices, 309
Replication of HIV-1, 31–32, 40, 41f, 42–46, 52n14, 368
Replicator/interactor function approach to evolution, 25
Replicators, 10, 322
Representation
application to evolution of cognition/culture, 253
artifacts as scaffoldings for production of, 256
construction of, 253
of goal-oriented action, 214
interactionist view of, 8, 253
of material objects, 214
role in spread of culture, 258, 260–261
of scaffoldings of culture, 259–260
as scaffolds for learning, 221
standardization of by social norms/expectations, 256
Reproducer perspective
application to economics, 301–302
approach of, 9
concepts of, 10–11
consistency with economics, 288
cultural development, 46–48
development/status of hybrids, 34–40, 41f, 42–46
integration with core configurations/entrenchment, 32, 34
material basis for, 110–111
material overlap in reproduction, 25–29
scaffolding, 29–32, 46–47
trait/breeding/task groups, 48–51
Reproducers, 27–28, 118
Reproduction. See also Mass-production systems
application of developmental systems theory, 321
biological, 27–29
of cells, 27, 91
conceptualizing levels of, 74n2
of core configurations, 380
cross-discipline application of, 366
definition of, 2, 10, 25–27
development as integral to, 24
development of hybrids, 23–50
failure to confer developmental capacities, 51n5
as fundamental to evolution, 24
of HIV-1 viruses, 31–32, 40, 41f, 42–46, 52n14, 368
of interdeme groups, 50
material overlap in, 25–29, 34, 36–37
model of, 34
of Orthodox Jewish life, 317–321, 383
of poverty, 307–308, 383
repeated assembly compared to, 34
role of individuals, 34–35
scaffolding of, 37
task of breeding groups, 49
tracking of, 37–39
use of combinatorial modules, 90
Reproduction dynamics, 323
Research, 142n3
Research and development labs, 292–293, 294t, 298–299, 381
Researcher-subject collaboration, 60
Research groups, 63
Research laboratories, 348
Research strategy proposals, 375–378, 380–382, 384
Reserve developmental plasticity, 337
Residential bands, 61
Resources, 59–60, 311, 345
Response to stimuli, 171
Retroviruses
barriers steps in replication, 42–46
lack of material overlap between parent/offspring, 29
replication of, 31–32, 40, 41f, 42–46, 52n14, 368
Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A., 327, 339
Revolution, 266
Reynolds, L., 242
Rheinberger, H.-J., 23
Richardson, M. K., 118
Richerson, P., 4, 11, 46, 79, 209, 211, 217–218, 226, 260, 268, 309, 369–370, 375
Rifles, 25, 34, 45, 78, 94–95
Rijit, A. van de, 130
Rinne, J. O., 333
Rissanen, Jorma, 141
Rittle-Johnson, B., 239–240
Rivier, C., 179
RNA, 95
RNA-DNA hybrids, 42–46
Robbins, P., 344
Roberts, L. E., 330
Robotics, 253, 260
Robot models of rat pups
errors in programming, 165n24
first-generation, 157, 157f, 161
formation of subgroups, 165n26
second-generation, 157f, 158, 159f, 160–162, 165n17, 165n23–165n24
unexpected outcomes, 164n16, 165n23
Robustness
analysis of, 148–149, 153
canalization leading to, 313
definition of, 307
enabling modification in entrenched structures, 93
increased in transmission of capacities by material overlap, 26, 28
modulation of entrenchment, 87
monitoring, 382
Röcke, C., 329
Rockstroh, B., 330
Rodrigues, L. A. D., 152
Roger, A. J., 109
Rogers, S., 134
Rogoff, B., 7, 9, 57
Rohrschneider, M. R., 116
Rokas, A., 109
Rosati, A., 350
Rosen, S., 127
Rosenberg, E. L., 70
Rosenblum, L. A., 72
Rösler, Frank, 327
Ross, B., 330
Ross, G., 7
Rostral migratory stream, 184
Rowlands, M., 191
Ruden, T., 109, 113
Ruiz-Trillo, I., 109
Rules, 80, 271, 366
Rumbaugh, G., 183
RVSR (random variation and selective retention), 273–274
Sabbath edicts, 319, 321
Sable, C. F., 131
Sadler, B., 117
Salazar-Ciudad, I., 113, 116, 118
Salganik, M. J., 127
Salmon, C. A., 217
Salter, M. W., 184
Samuels, R., 213
Sandblom, J., 338
Sander, K., 111
Sastry, B., 176
Sato, Gordon, 346
Sato, Y., 176
Satoh, M., 176
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., 244
Sawyer, R. K., 344, 359
Scaffolding. See also specific topics
acquisition of expertise, 278, 330–331, 345–348, 351, 360n1
activities in science, 63–64
artifact (see Artifact scaffolding)
bonded groups, 61
boundaries, 63
brain processes, 329
caregiver-infant relations, 70–73
categories of, 15
Clark’s elaboration of, 5–6
as clue to evolutionary origins, 369
cognitive (see Cognitive scaffolding)
complexity of, 385
of concept changes, 222–226
conceptualizing levels of, 57, 74n2
by core configurations, 12
cross-classification of, 365–366
cultural change/evolution, 46–48, 130–131, 209–226, 249, 256, 310
cultural variant accumulation as diagnostic for, 376
cumulative culture, 216–217
definition of, 1–2, 7, 14–15, 26, 57, 81, 110, 172, 259–260
developmental capacities, 26, 29–32, 34
development of hybrids, 41f
development of offspring, 57, 70–73
development of standardization, 96
development/stabilization/language, 67
diagnostic symptoms of, 371
of economy by institutions, 288, 301–302
effect on reproducing and repeated assembly, 2
elements accounting for role of in cultural evolution, 78–82, 101–102
elements of, 80–81
in embryonic development/evolution, 113–114, 117–120, 372
enabling modification in entrenched structures, 93
entrenched features acting as, 77
entrenchment compared to, 376
entrenchment of, 77
environmental factors scaffolding culture, 212
by fine hand-eye coordination, 67
of flow of knowledge from world to world, 272–273
functional nature of, 8–9
function of, 259
function of models allowing, 149, 152, 373
gene replication, 81
group, 58, 60, 62t
as guide for system to basin of attraction, 383–384
hybrids, 34
individuals, 81
information through standards, 138–139
infrastructure (see Infrastructure scaffolding)
internalization of environmental scaffolding, 377
knowledge, 63, 221
learning, 1, 7–9, 79, 107, 162, 222–223, 373, 381
limitations of, 136
lowering of fitness functions, 374
in mass manufacturing, 102
as means of creating groupiness, 367
mediating role of tools, 7
mesoscale physics in embryonic hourglass, 117–120
models appropriate for, 152–153
models of rat pup aggregation, 153–157, 154f, 157f, 158, 159f, 160–162, 163f, 164
in morphological evolution, 109
opening/closing avenues of change, 363
organizations, 81
Orthodox Jewish life, 321
performance, 284
persistence of, 51n2
plant biotechnology, 134–136
points for new empirical research, 366–368
problem-solving trajectories, 345
production of hybrid developmental complexes, 47
professional/career development, 283, 343–344, 346–359, 352t, 360n2, 385
protein folding, 81
provision of causal specificity to accounts, 369
psychosocial aspect of, 7, 69
reciprocal nature of in mother-infant dyads, 30, 58, 70–73
representings as scaffolding of culture, 259–260
reproduction, 37
research, 108
retrovirus replication, 42–45
role in development, 71–72
scales of, 107
science by theory, 131–136
science/scholarship by Web, 128–131, 130f
sensitivity to time/size scales, 363
significance of artifacts in, 6–8
skills acquisition, 79, 284–285, 381
social development, 316
sociocultural networks, 311
success/failure of firms, 284
support/limitation of types of institutional change, 277
task groups by customs/common knowledge, 369
by technology, 67
theoretical work, 37
time and size scales of, 371, 379
traces of, 235–240
23rd Altenberg Workshop on, 3, 386–387
types of, 30
of virus reproduction, 40
zone of proximal development, 1, 7, 15, 63–64, 370
Scaffolds
architectural features compared to, 230–231
artifacts, 219–220
artifact structures, 80–81
behavior of others, 219
cells, 81
chaperone molecules, 81
core cognition, 216, 220–226
cultural environments, 46
definition of, 47–48, 81
DPMs as, 117
effects of, 48
empirical work, 37
entrenched features, 77
environment, 364
face-to-face groups, 57
factors affecting status, 51
function of, 364
groups, 60
handholds, 345–346
host cells, 40, 44
infrastructure, 219
institutions, 80, 227n4, 382
Internet, 127–131, 130f
mentor-mentee relationships, 343, 346–347, 350–351, 352t, 353–359
models, 147–164
organizations, 80
physics of mesoscale materials, 110
symbols, 231–245
theory, 131–134
types of, 30, 364
Scale. See also Mesoscale physics; Time scales
of B. Wimsatt’s study of career development, 284–285, 345
of coordination, 65
of core configurations, 79
DPMs enabled by, 113
effect on narration of hybrids, 36
effect on views of status of hybrids, 35
influence on physical effects on organisms, 111
mesoscale, 109
of processes scaffolding activities/capabilities, 107
relationship to scope of institutions, 380
of role of interaction toolkit, 109–110
scaffolding by groups, 65
scaffolding sensitive to, 363–364
of social landscapes, 311
sources of large scale changes, 276–277
for study of hybridization, 24
of work on situated cognition, 359
Scalf, P. E., 331
Scaplehorn, N., 183
Schaefer, S., 329
Schank, Jeffrey C., 6, 13, 24, 32, 61, 107–108, 111, 147–164, 276, 284, 373
Schank, R., 70
Schema, 311
Scherer, K. R., 174
Schierenberg, E., 117
Schmiedek, F., 329
Schmitt, V., 243
Scholarship, 128–131, 130f
Schon, D. A., 277
Schultze, J., 117
Schwartz, M., 177
Science
biological experiments, 150–152
collaboration between academic/industrial, 132–136
criteria for evaluation of hypotheses, 141
as cultural accumulation, 222
effect of industrial science on academic science, 142n7
effects of Internet scaffolding, 128–131, 130f
effects of shifts in quality of communication, 125, 139–141, 372
emergence of English as dominant language, 138
history of, 252
industrial compared to academic, 132–135
reflection of government structure, 139–141
role of models, 373
scaffolding of models, 153–162, 163f, 164
as social practice, 254
symbols entrenched in, 231, 376
theory as scaffold for, 131–136
totalitarian claims to scientific authority/compatibility, 139–140
Scientific citations, 129–130
Scientific dialects, 125
Scientific management, 140
Scientific research distribution, 364
Scope, 371, 380
Scrable, H., 183
Seabright, P., 379
Sears kit houses, 100–101, 103n11, 219–220
Seasonally meeting macrobands, 61
Sebé-Pedrós, A., 109
Seger, C. R., 195
Segerstrom, S. C., 171, 173, 177
Selectionist approaches, 283, 322
Selection processes on firms/products, 283
Selective retention model, 297, 381–382
Selective stabilization, 312, 322
Self-maintaining interactions, 311, 383
Self-maintenance, 60. See also Immune system; Stress response
Self-scaffolding, 26, 34, 238, 365–366
Seligman, M. E., 179
Selye, Hans, 173–174
Semi-conservation, 28, 35, 39
Semin, G. R., 66, 70, 191
Sensitive period, 330
Sensorimotor system, 240
Sensory cortex, 330–331
Sensory/motor cortex, experience-dependent plasticity of, 330–331, 385
Services, 288–290, 290f, 299–300
Seymour, B., 340
Sgorbati, S., 9
Shackelford, T. K., 217
Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., 109, 113
Shared construction of reality, 61
Shared inferential mechanisms, 225
Shared practices, 255, 364
Sharik, S., 5–6, 379
Shaw-Williams, K., 64
Shechter, R., 177
Sheets-Johnstone, M., 9, 65
Shen, B., 119
Shennan, S. J., 268
Shepherd, J. D., 183
Sherbin, L., 357
Shettleworth, Sara, 174
Shifting balance theory, 63
Shillito, D. J., 244
Shipboard distributed cognitive tasks, 48, 64, 196, 203, 348
Shore, B., 72
Shorr, A., 174
Short germ band insects, 116
Sickness behavior, 179
Signaling pathways, 89
Signal transducer and transcription activator, 183
Signatures, 214
Sikström, S., 333
Simmel, G., 137, 143n9
Simon, Herbert A., 26, 98, 296
Simple entrenchment, 83, 84f
Simplicity, 225
Simulated annealing algorithm, 156, 164n12
Singer, T., 337, 340
Sisti, A. C., 172
Situated activity, alignment of, 58
Situated cognition, studies of, 191–196, 344–345, 355, 359
Skill acquisition. See also Career development; Learning; Mentor-mentee relationships
culture made through, 79
effect on brain function, 329, 331, 385
mathematical concepts, 86, 101, 222–223, 233–235, 238–239, 376
meaning and intention implicated in, 81
professionalization, 90, 343, 350–351, 359, 385
profession choice, 79, 346–347, 349–350, 353–356
scaffolding, 79, 284–285, 381
scientific, 63–64
social interactions requiring, 62
Slack, J. M., 111
Smale, L., 66
Small-group relational identities, 68
Smith, Adam, 296
Smith, E. R., 66, 191, 195
Smith, J., 329
Smith, Maynard, 10–11, 25–27, 58, 73
Smith, Merritt R., 94–95
SMT (social manifestation thesis), 194–195, 202–206, 206n2
Snowdon, C. T., 241
Sober, E., 11, 49, 148–149
Social brain hypothesis, 230, 254
Social cognition, 344
Social cognitive causal chains, 215–216, 219
Social-cognitive scaffolds, 169
Social-cognitive systems, 363
Social-developmental landscape model, 314–317, 316f, 321–324
Social evolution, 287, 301. See also Cultural change/evolution
Social externalism, 195
Social identity formation, 67
Social imaginaries, 68–70, 73
Social interactions, 214, 320–321
Sociality, 12, 67, 255
Socialization, 79, 125, 371
Social judgment, 62
Social learning, 250
Socially manifested psychological traits, 206n2
Social manifestation thesis (SMT), 194–195, 202–206, 206n2
Social networks, 68, 254
Social norms of behavior, 80, 366
Social organization, 50. See also Core configurations
Social outcomes, 314–317, 316f, 322–324
Social parity principle, 197
Social phenomena, 219
Social protocols, 136–137
Social rituals, 60
Social structure, 139
Social systems, 300, 307–309, 316
Societal interdependence theory, 127
Society. See also Core configurations; Face-to-face groups; Groups; Poverty
collective behavior, 271–273
developmental scaffolding, 69
evolution, 11
macrobands, 67–68
modern, 68
Orthodox Jewish community, 283–284, 317–322, 383–384
plasticity of individuals in, 317
units of inquiry, 380
world, 138
Sociocultural inputs, 330–331
Sociocultural network, 311
Somerville, Chris, 134–135
Sorenson, O., 132
Sovago, J., 333
Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.), 139–140
Specialization, 10–11, 88
Specialized common knowledge, 272–273
Specialized role differentiation/training, 79
Special progeneration, 25–26, 28, 31
Speciation, 137, 274
Sperber, Dan, 170, 210, 212, 214–215, 226–227n2, 229, 256, 268, 309–310, 321–322, 376, 383
Sponges, 114
Sponsel, A., 348
Springfield armory, 94
Sprunger, D. B., 182
Squire, L. R., 181, 332
Srivastava, M., 114
Sroufe, L. A., 71
Stability. See also Consistency; Reliability
canalization leading to, 313
of Orthodox Jewish community, 283–284, 317–322, 383–384
of outcomes of individual trajectories, 386
of poverty, 283–284, 307–309
of reproduction, 78
of sociocultural systems, 307, 383
Stabilization, 284
Stahl, F., 28, 35–36
Stam, P., 135
Standard narratives of biological evolution. See also Biological evolution; Darwinism; Neo-Darwinism
application to cognitive/cultural evolution, 25, 46, 48, 230, 249, 252, 266, 274–275, 280, 309–310, 366, 371, 377, 379–380, 382–383
application to economics, 381–382
biases due to longing for generality, 249, 377
reassessment of, 23, 365, 375
treatment of cognition, 374
treatment of constraints, 369
treatment of entrenchment/repeated assembly/reproduction, 366
Standards/standardization. See also Conventions; Norms
abstract representations of, 257
armory practice requiring, 78
for attribution of intentions, 256
of cellular materials, 378
combinatorial entrenchment enabling, 77
communication facilitated by, 125
cultural practices dependent upon, 378
of developmental patterning modules in embryonic development, 378
enabling worldwide compatibility, 103n9
of entrenched parts, 85
extension of reach/narrowing of global range, 127, 139, 141, 372
facilitation of communication, 125, 138–139
fixed features of cultural systems, 14
functional scaffolding, 47
generation of by artifacts, 252–253
generative role, 14
industrial revolution midwifed by, 77
institutionalization of, 378–379
institution of common reference standards, 98
of language, 62, 62t, 67
of level of preparation for Cambridge graduates, 101
of mathematical toolbox, 378
meaning and intention implicated in, 81
of parts in combinatorial systems, 88
of parts/tools in manufacturing, 88, 89t, 93–102, 97f–98f
of practice and conventions, 268–269
of recipes, 251–252
repeatability insured by, 258–259, 378–379
of stability, 260, 378
of symbols by social norms/expectations, 256
technology of cognition as scaffold for diversification of, 258–259
toolbox of mathematics producing, 252
of tools/gauges, 78
of units of reference, 107–108
writing anchoring to text, 257
Standard view of symbols, 232
Stanton, A. A., 150
Star, S. L., 138
Stasser, G., 198
Steady state, 316
Steinberg, M. S., 112
Sterelny, K., 9, 11, 172, 191, 194, 196–197, 344–345
Stereotypes, 68–69
Sterling, P., 173
Sternberg, E. M., 177, 179
Stethoscope, 257, 261n7
Steward, Julian, 273
Stewart, D., 198
Stimuli
response to, 171–172
and symbols, 240–244
Stoff, Joshua, 95, 103n9
Storz, G., 174
Stotz, K., 245
Strathmann, R. R., 112, 118
Straus, Claudia, 221
Strauss, A., 273
Stress
cognitive scaffolding, 169, 171–186, 345, 373–374, 376
definition of, 173–174
sensitivity of neurogenetic processes to, 172
sickness behavior induced by, 179
Stress (HPA) axis, 177–179
Stress hormones, 178
Stressors, 173–174, 181
Stress response
generally, 177
hypothalamic coordination of, 181
hypothesis of cognitive evolution, 169, 171–186, 373–374
intersection with cognition, 180–182
in invertebrates compared to mammals, 179
steps of, 175
Stress response system, 169
Striatal D2 binding, 333, 334f
Strogatz, S. H., 112
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn), 132
Struiksma, S., 180
Subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, 184
Substance P, 176, 178
Subsumption-style behavior-based cognitive architecture, 157, 165n17
Subventricular zone, 184
Sudo, Y., 333
Suhara, T., 333
Sumberg, K., 357
Sunstein, C. R., 126
Supermajority voting, 201
Suppes, P., 164n1
Suprachiasmic nucleus, 181
Surface tension, 112
Sutton, J., 191, 194–196
Suzuki, K., 333
Suzuki, M., 338
Swain, J. W., 139
Swanson, Guy, 139, 141
Sweatt, J. D., 332
Swidler, A., 269, 271
Swiss-Prot, 138–139
Symbolic logic, 240
Symbolic mediation, 65
Symbolic reasoning, 236–240
Symbols
coadaptation to cognitive tasks, 229, 242–243
expansion of memory through use of, 5
external symbols, 233–235, 240, 377
generative entrenchment of, 231, 376
interlinking with everyday life, 261n6
interlinking with material, 261
internal symbols, 232, 234–235, 376–377
of language, 5
learning through, 222–223, 377
of Orthodox Jewish life, 320
role of natural perceptual biases in recognition/articulation of, 229
as scaffolding for cognitive development, 231, 233–246, 237f
standard view of, 232, 376–377
as stimuli, 240–242
stimuli as, 243–244
types of, 232
Synaptic plasticity, 183, 332
Synaptic scaling, 183
Synchrony, 112
Synthetic dye industry
diversification, 300
factors affecting German dominance, 297–298, 301
firm entries/exits, 291–292, 299, 381
research and development of, 292–293
study of, 283, 381
Systematicity, 200–201
Systematic processes of stabilization, 283
System-environment boundary, 30
System-environment interactions, 30–32, 52n11
Systemic inflammation, 178–179
System metabolic functions, 86
System structure, 300–301
Szathmáry, E., 10–11, 27, 58
Taborsky, B., 182
Tacit knowledge, 125, 259–260, 278
Takagi, H., 176
Takahashi, S., 338
Tallal, P., 331
Tandem duplication, 93
Tang, S.-G., 180
Tang, T., 141
Task, 61
Task groups
connections to Gerson’s concept of institutions, 380
coordinated fates of, 49
core configurations, 48–50, 52n16, 61, 63, 66, 69, 363, 369, 380
definition of, 12, 48
formation of, 49, 52n16, 363
hunter-gatherers, 12, 60–64, 67
as hybrids, 50
modal tasks/scaffolds/group size, 62t
as optimal size for epistemic projects, 66
repeated assembly of, 380
role in establishing social imaginaries, 69
scaffolding by customs/common knowledge, 369
of scientists, 63
Tateno, Y., 333
Taub, E., 330
Tavory, Iddo, 6, 283–284, 307–324, 378, 380, 383–386
Taylor, C., 68, 70
T-cells, 185
TCP/IP protocol, 125
T. diversipapillatus, 117
Technical protocols, 138
Technological culture, 92
Technological dialects, 125
Technological scaffolding
cognition, 258–259
culture, 230
plant biotechnology, 134–136, 143n8
situated activities of configurations, 67
Technological systems, 300
Technology
advancements in paper-making industry, 290
birth and death of, 292, 381
of cognition, 230, 257–261
cultural change enabled/forced by, 276–277
economic growth attributed to, 287–288, 381
enabling new ways of doing things, 266, 344
evolutionary model of, 293, 296–301
scaffolding of situated activities of configurations, 67
strategies for facilitating deep modifications, 93
Tehrani, J. J., 310–311
Teie, D., 241
Telephony protocols, 125
Teleportation matrix, 142n2
Temple, E., 331
Tenopir, C., 128–129
Terkel, J., 250
Terveen, L., 253
Testing-the-limits procedure, 337–338
Tetris, 192–193
Teukoloshy, S. A., 155
Thagard, P. R., 277
Theiner, Georg, 6–7, 66, 79, 169, 191–206, 373–376, 380
Thelen, E., 313
Theoretical commitment, 36, 126, 132, 136, 195
Theory. See also specific theory
entrenchment of, 85–86
factors affecting acceptance of, 225
guiding inquiry, 37
industry’s interest in, 132–133, 142n6
limitation of range of experiments, 131–132, 134–135
as scaffold for science, 131–136
scaffolding of, 225
Theory of mind, 368
Thick description, 14, 77
Thomas, G., 138
Thomas Register of American Manufacturers, 288
Thompson, E., 9
Thorbek, P., 148
Timberlake, W., 150
Time scales
of cognitive capacities facilitating literacy, 242
of complex compositional structures, 90
core configurations occurring in, 79
of entrenched entities, 60, 376
of entrenchments, 91, 213
of human development, 328, 328f
of infrastructural scaffolding, 15
as key issue in establishing units of inquiry, 385
for narration of life cycles, 32
of repeated assemblies, 60
of resources, 59
scaffolding sensitive to, 363, 365
of scaffolds/systems scaffolded, 48, 365, 379
single developmental stages, 31
for study of hybridization, 24
for study of social phenomenon, 323
of systems interacting with environment, 31–32
of transmission of religiosity, 317
Tindale, R. S., 192, 197
Tissue multilayering, 112
Titus, W., 198
TNF-alpha, 178–179, 182
Tollefsen, D., 197
Tomasello, M., 344–345, 355, 359
Tomlin, D., 340
Tongue protrusion, 72
Tooby, J., 212, 217, 226–227n2, 268
Toolboxes, 252–253
Tools, 7–8, 63, 330–331, 364. See also Artifacts
Toqueville, A. de, 137
Totalitarianism, 139–140
Tovey, C. A., 203–204
Tracey, K. J., 176
Tracking
of cultural development, 46–47
of developmental production, 370
of economic change, 382
empirical tracking, 37–38
of extended cognition, 375
of genomic DNA replication, 35–37
of history of scaffolding operations, 377
of hybrids, 24, 38–39, 43
of importance of assumptions in modeling, 373
Meselson-Stahl procedure for tracking strands, 43
of mobilization of physical forces in mesoscale, 371–372
of networks of social interaction, 372
of organism-artifact complexes/transmission of learned states, 370
Training methods, 284
Trait groups, 48–50, 52n16, 380
Tranel, D., 181
Transactive memory system, 198
Transgenerational invariance, 170
Transitive inference, 243
Transmitted culture, 217–218, 226–227n2
Traweek, S., 345
Trial-and-error behavior, 161, 293, 296, 312, 381
Trichoplax adhaerens, 114
Triggered influences, 215
Triggering thesis, 194
Trilogy of mind, 174
Triploblasts, 114
Trivers, Robert, 217
Tsai, M. C., 116
Tsutsui, K., 138
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 178–179
Turing, A. M., 112
Turnbull, A. V., 179
Turner, G. C., Jr., 172
Turn taking, 71–72
Tushman, M. L., 297
Tutorial interactions, 7
TV shows, 293
Twenty-third Altenberg Workshop, 3, 386–387
Tylor, E. B., 267
Unitary consciousness, 169–170
Units of inquiry
alignment with unit ontologies, 37
assumptions in modeling, 373
collective epistemic actions, 374
of developmental systems theory, 383
dynamical patterning modules (DPMs), 371–372
for economic change, 382
individuals, 34–35
institutions, 380
means of identifying new units, 371
mechanisms, 229, 378
neuroanatomical/neurochemical systems, 385
noncognitive/cognitive elements of immune-brain functions, 374
organizations, 380
relating individual/collective action, 373
self-sustaining feedback interactions, 383
shift in leading to change of strategy, 375
sociocultural groups, 375
structuring of commitments to notions of individuality, 36
time scales as key issue in establishing, 385
Universal Darwinism, 297
Universality, 200
Universal laws, 249–250
Universities. See Colleges/universities
Univocal strategic commitment, 382
Urman, B., 151
U.S.S.R., 139–140
Valcourt, U., 113
Valence, 177
Vallas, S. P., 142n6
Van Essen, D., 71
Variation and selective retention (VSR) model, 288, 297–298, 301–302, 382
Varr, M. C., 152
Varrone, A., 333
Veblen, Thorstein, 296
Vecchi, M. P., 164n12
Vedder, H., 177–178
Venter, Craig, 283, 285, 343, 346, 356–357
Vilkman, H., 333
Vincenti, W., 292, 298
Violation-of-expectation studies, 214
Virons, 40, 44–45
Viruses
HIV-1 replication, 31–32, 40, 41f, 42–46, 52n14, 368
retroviruses, 29, 31–32, 40–46, 52n14, 368
Visual cortex, 330
Vitkovic, L., 182
Vlaeyen, J., 184
Vocal material, 261n6
Vohs, K. D., 176
Vollrath, D. A., 192, 197
Vom Hau, M., 136
Von Baer’s law, 2
Voting paradox, 200, 202
VSR (variation and selective retention) model, 288, 297–298, 301–302, 382
Vygotsky, Lev S., 5–8, 57, 64, 344–345, 385
Waal, F. B. M. de, 268
Waddington, C. H., 284, 311–314, 322, 383–384
Wade, M. J., 46, 50, 118, 149
Wadhwa, R., 331
Wahlin, T. B. Roins, 333
Wais, P. E., 181
Wake, David, 348–349
Walbot, V., 134
War, 11, 276
Waraczynski, M. A, 181
Ward, C. V., 11
Warneken, F., 350
Warner, W. Lloyd, 269
Warwick, A., 79, 101, 344
Washburn, J., 142n7
Water-repellency, 204–205
Waters, E., 71
Watkins, Linda R., 179–180, 182
Watts, D. J., 127
Weakley, A., 126
Weak supervenience thesis, 203
Web 2.0, 126, 142n1
Webb, B., 148
Weber, B., 9
Weber, Max, 221
Websites. See Internet
Webster Marketon, J. I., 179
Wegner, D. M., 198
Weick, K. E., 297
Weimar Germany, 141
Weisberg, M., 148–149
Wells, A. J., 71
Wertsch, J. V., 7, 9
West-Eberhard, M. J., 312
Westerberg, H., 331
Wexler, J., 157
Wheeler, G., 196
Wheeler, P., 255
White, Leslie, 273
Whitehorn, M., 347
Whiten, A., 4
Whittington, K. B., 143n7
Wienbruch, C., 330
Wiesel, T. N., 330
Wikis, 126
Wilder, R. L., 177
Wilkins, A. S., 109
Williams, G., 50
Williams, L. E., 70
Williamson, O. E., 271
Williamson, S. H., 288
Willis, M. J., 137
Willis, S. K., 339
Wilson, D. S., 48–50
Wilson, Robert A., 5, 11, 191, 194–196, 203–205, 206n2, 344, 346, 349, 359
Wilson, R. S., 329, 339
Wilson, W. J., 308
Wimsatt, Barbara Horberg, 6, 283–285, 343–360, 372, 385–386
Wimsatt, William C., 1–17, 24, 30, 45, 47, 49, 57–58, 60, 66, 77–102, 103n11, 110–111, 117, 148–149, 164, 180, 205, 210–213, 216, 219–220, 226, 227n3, 231, 235, 250, 259, 276, 287, 300–301, 343–346, 348, 352, 360n1, 363–387
Windows operating system, 85, 96
Winter, S. G., 287, 293, 296–297
Witchcraft, 68
Wittenbaum, G. M., 198
Wixted, J. T., 181
Wnt pathway, 113–114
Wolf, J., 46
Women in medical field, 350–351, 352t, 353, 357–359
Wood, D., 7
Woodruff, G., 244
Woolf, C. J., 172, 184
Working memory, 332–333, 335f
World society, 138
Worldviews, 64
World Wide Web. See Internet
Worley, P. F., 183
Wound healing, 60
Wray, G., 118
Wright, Sewall, 63
Wright Flyer (1903), 82–83
Writing, 5, 257
Written norms/standards, 257
Wu, J., 183
Wu, L., 129
Xiao, S., 119
Y2K scare, 83, 85
Yamada, A., 172
Yamasaki, T., 333
Yan, H. C., 179
Yang, C., 183
Yang, P.-C., 180
Yasuno, F., 333
Yirmiya, R., 172, 178, 182–185
Zak, P. J., 150
Zednik, C., 240
Zhang, Y. T., 112
Zheng, P.-Y., 180
Zhu, J., 112
Zhu, X.-H., 179
Ziman, J. M., 292
Zipf, G. K., 141
Zoëcon Research Institute, 134–135
Zone of proximal development, 1, 7, 15, 63–64, 370
Zygotes, 27, 31