References

Ajzen, I., and M. Fishbein. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Akerlof, G. 1980. “A Theory of Social Custom, of Which Unemployment May Be One Consequence.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 94: 749–775.

Alessie, R., and A. Kapteyn. 1991. “Habit Formation, Interdependent Preferences, and Demographic Effects in the Almost Ideal Demand System.” Economic Journal, 101: 404–419.

Arabmazar, A., and P. Schmidt. 1982. “An Investigation of the Robustness of the Tobit Estimator to Non-normality.” Econometrica, 50: 1055–1063.

Bank, B., R. Slavings, and B. Biddle. 1990. “Effects of Peer, Faculty, and Parental Influences on Students’ Persistence.” Sociology of Education, 63: 208–225.

Bassi, L., and O. Ashenfelter. 1986. “The Effect of Direct Job Creation and Training Programs on Low-Skilled Workers.” In S. Danziger and D. Weinberg, eds., Fighting Poverty. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Berkson, J. 1958. “Smoking and Lung Cancer: Some Observations on Two Recent Reports.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53: 28–38.

Berrueta-Clement, J., L. Schweinhart, W. Barnett, A. Epstein, and D. Weikart. 1984. Changed Lives: The Effects of the Perry Preschool Program on Youths through Age 19. Ypsilanti, Mich.: High/Scope Press.

Blackmore, J., and J. Welsh. 1983. “Selective Incapacitation: Sentencing According to Risk.” Crime and Delinquency, 29: 504–528.

Blumstein, A., J. Cohen, and D. Nagin, eds. 1978. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Blumstein, A., J. Cohen, J. Roth, and C. Visher, eds. 1986. Criminal Careers and Career Criminals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Borjas, G. 1992. “Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107: 123–150.

Bork, R. (Solicitor General) et al. 1974. Fowler v. North Carolina, U.S. Supreme Court case no. 73–7031. Brief for U.S. as amicus curiae: 32–39.

Bowers, W., and G. Pierce. 1975. “The Illusion of Deterrence in Isaac Ehrlich’s Research on Capital Punishment.” γale Law Journal, 85: 187–208.

Campbell, D., and J. Stanley. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Case, A. 1991. “Spatial Patterns in Household Demand.” Econometrica, 59: 953–965.

Chaiken, J., and M. Chaiken. 1982. Varieties of Criminal Behavior. Report R-2814-NIJ. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation.

Cliff, A., and J. Ord. 1981. Spatial Processes. London: Pion.

Cochran, W. 1977. Sampling Techniques. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.

Cochran, W., F. Mosteller, and J. Tukey. 1954. Statistical Problems of the Kinsey Report on Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Washington, D.C.: American Statistical Association.

Coleman, J., E. Campbell, C. Hobson, J. McPartland, A. Mood, F. Weinfeld, and R. York. 1966. Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Coleman, J., E. Katz, and H. Menzel. 1957. “The Diffusion of an Innovation among Physicians.” Sociometry, 20: 253–270.

Conlisk, J. 1980. “Costly Optimizers versus Cheap Imitators.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1: 275–293.

Corbett, T., J. Deloya, W. Manning, and L. Uhr. 1989. “Learn-fare: The Wisconsin Experience.” Focus, 12(2): 1–10.

Cornfield, J. 1951. “A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates from Clinical Data: Applications to Cancer of the Lung, Breast, and Cervix. “Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 11: 1269–1275.

Coyle, S., R. Boruch, and C. Turner, eds. 1989. Evaluating AIDS Prevention Programs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Crane, J. 1991. “The Epidemic Theory of Ghettos and Neighborhood Effects on Dropping Out and Teenage Childbearing.” American Journal of Sociology, 96: 1226–1259.

Davidson, A., and L. Beach. 1981. “Error Patterns in the Prediction of Fertility Behavior.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11: 475– 488.

Davidson, A., and J. Jaccard. 1979. “Variables That Moderate the Attitude-Behavior Relation: Results of a Longitudinal Survey.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37: 1364–1376.

Doreian, Patrick. 1981. “Estimating Linear Models with Spatially Distributed Data.” Sociological Methodology 1981, 11: 359–388.

Duesen-berry, J. 1949. Income, Savings, and the Theory of Consumption. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Duncan, O., A. Haller, and A. Portes. 1968. “Peer Influences on Aspirations: A Reinterpretation.” American Journal of Sociology, 74: 119–137.

Duncan, O., A. Haller, and A. Portes. 1970. “Duncan’s Corrections of the Published Text to ‘Peer Influences on Aspirations: A Reinterpretation.’” American Journal of Sociology, 75: 1042–1046.

Ehrlich, I. 1975. “The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death.” American Economic Review, 65: 397–417.

Erbring, L., and A. Young. 1979. “Individuals and Social Structure: Contextual Effects as Endogenous Feedback.” Sociological Methods and Research, 7: 396–430.

Ferguson, T. 1967. Mathematical Statistics: A Decision-Theoretic Approach. New York: Academic Press.

Fishbein, M., and I. Ajzen. 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Fisher, F. 1966. The Identification Problem in Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Fisher, R. 1935. The Design of Experiments. London: Oliver and Boyd.

Fleiss, J. 1981. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. New York: Wiley.

Frechet, M. 1951. “Sur les Tableaux de Correlation Donte les Marges Sont Données.” Annals de Université de Lyon A, ser. 3, 14: 53–77.

Freeman, R. 1971. The Market for College-Trained Manpower. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Friedkin, N. 1990. “Social Networks in Structural Equation Models.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 53: 316–328.

Friedman, M. 1953. Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Friedman, M. 1957. A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Gaertner, W. 1974. “A Dynamic Model of Interdependent Consumer Behavior.” Zeitschrift für Nationalokonomie, 70: 312–326.

Gamoran, A. 1992. “Social Factors in Education.” In M. Alkin, ed., Encyclopedia of Educational Research. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan.

Garfinkel, I., C. Manski, and C. Michalopolous. 1992. “Micro-Experiments and Macro Effects.” In C. Manski and I. Garfinkel, eds., Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Goldberger, A. 1983. “Abnormal Selection Bias.” In S. Karlin, T. Amemiya, and L. Goodman, eds., Studies in Econometrics, Time Series, and Multivariate Statistics. New York: Academic Press.

Greenberg, D., and M. Wiseman. 1992. “What Did the OBRA Demonstrations Do?” In C. Manski and I. Garfinkel, eds., Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Greenwood, P. 1982. Selective Incapacitation. Report R-2815-NIJ. Santa Monica, Calif: Rand Corporation.

Gronau, R. 1974. “Wage Comparisons—a Selectivity Bias.” Journal of Political Economy, 82: 1119–1143.

Hanushek, E. 1986. “The Economics of Schooling.” Journal of Economic Literature, 24: 1141–1177.

Hardle, W. 1990. Applied Nonparametric Regression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hauser, R. 1970. “Context and Consex: A Cautionary Tale.” American Journal of Sociology, 75: 645–664.

Hausman, J., and D. Wise, eds. 1985. Social Experimentation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hayes, C., and S. Hofferth, eds. 1987. Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Heckman, J. 1976. “The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection, and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models.” Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, 5: 479–492.

Heckman, J. 1978. “Dummy Endogenous Variables in a Simultaneous Equation System.” Econometrica, 46: 931–959.

Heckman, J. 1992. “Randomization and Social Policy Evaluation.” In C. Manski and I. Garfinkel, eds., Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Heckman, J., and R. Robb. 1985. “Alternative Methods for Evaluating the Impact of Interventions.” In J. Heckman and B. Singer, eds., Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hendershot, G., and P. Placek, eds. 1981. Predicting Fertility. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath.

Holden, C. 1990. “Head Start Enters Adulthood.” Science, 247: 1400–1402.

Hood, W., and T. Koopmans, eds. 1953. Studies in Econometric Method. New York: Wiley.

Hotz, J. 1992. “Designing an Evaluation of the Job Training Partnership Act.” In C. Manski and I. Garfinkel, eds., Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Hsieh, D., C. Manski, and D. McFadden. 1985. “Estimation of Response Probabilities from Augmented Retrospective Observations.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 80: 651–662.

Huber, P. 1981. Robust Statistics. New York: Wiley.

Hurd, M. 1979. “Estimation in Truncated Samples When There Is Heteroskedasticity. “Journal of Econometrics, 11: 247–258.

Hyman, H. 1942. “The Psychology of Status.” Archives of Psychology, no. 269.

Jamieson, L., and F. Bass. 1989. “Adjusting Stated Intentions Measures to Predict Trial Purchase of New Products: A Comparison of Models and Methods.” Journal of Marketing Research, 26: 336–345.

Jencks, C., and S. Mayer. 1989. “Growing Up in Poor Neighborhoods: How Much Does It Matter?” Science, 243: 1441–1445.

Jones, S. 1984. The Economics of Conformism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Juster, T. 1964. Anticipations and Purchases. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Juster, T. 1966. “Consumer Buying Intentions and Purchase Probability: An Experiment in Survey Design.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 61: 658–696.

Kalbfleisch, J., and R. Prentice. 1980. The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data. New York: Wiley.

Klein, L., B. Forst, and V. Filatov. 1978. “The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: An Assessment of the Estimates.” In A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, and D. Nagin, eds., Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Koopmans, T. 1949. “Identification Problems in Economic Model Construction.” Econometrica, 17: 125–144.

Lacey, R. 1989. “From Inspiration to Institution: The ‘I Have a Dream’ Approach to Dropout Prevention.” National Center on Effective Secondary Schools Newsletter, 4(3): 3–8.

LaLonde, R. 1986. “Evaluating the Econometric Evaluations of Training Programs with Experimental Data.” American Economic Review, 76: 604–620.

Luce, R. D., and P. Suppes. 1965. “Preference, Utility, and Subjective Probability.” In R. D. Luce, R. Bush, and E. Galanter, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Psychology. Vol. 3. New York: Wiley.

Maddala, G. S. 1983. Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variable Models in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. 1980. Summary and Findings of the National Supported Work Demonstration. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.

Manski, C. 1988a. Analog Estimation Methods in Econometrics. London: Chapman and Hall.

Manski, C. 1988b. “Identification of Binary Response Models.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83: 729–738.

Manski, C. 1989. “Anatomy of the Selection Problem.” Journal of Human Resources, 24: 343–360.

Manski, C. 1990a. “Nonparametric Bounds on Treatment Effects.” American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 80: 319–323.

Manski, C. 1990b. “The Use of Intentions Data to Predict Behavior: A Best Case Analysis.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85: 934–940.

Manski, C. 1991. “Regression.” Journal of Economic Literature, 29: 34–50.

Manski, C. 1993a. “Identification Problems in the Social Sciences.” Sociological Methodology, 23: 1–56.

Manski, C. 1993b. “Adolescent Econometricians: How Do Youth Infer the Returns to Schooling?” In C. Clotfelter and M. Rothschild, eds., Studies of Supply and Demand in Higher Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Manski, C. 1993c. “Identification of Endogenous Social Effects: The Reflection Problem.” Review of Economic Studies, 60: 531–542.

Manski, C. 1993d. “Dynamic Choice in a Social Setting: Learning from the Experiences of Others.” Journal of Econometrics, 58:121–136.

Manski, C. 1994a. “The Selection Problem.” In C. Sims, ed., Advances in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Manski, C. 1994b. “The Mixing Problem in Program Evaluation.” Social Systems Research Institute Working Paper 9313R, University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Manski, C. 1994c. “Simultaneity with Downward Sloping Demand.” Social Systems Research Institute Working Paper 9408, University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Manski, C., and I. Garfinkel, eds. 1992. Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Manski, C., and S. Lerman. 1977. “The Estimation of Choice Probabilities from Choice-Based Samples.” Econometrica, 45: 1977–1988.

Manski, C., G. Sandefur, S. McLanahan, and D. Powers. 1992. “Alternative Estimates of the Effect of Family Structure during Adolescence on High School Graduation.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87: 25–37.

Manski, C., and D. Wise. 1983. College Choice in America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Marschak, J. 1953. “Economic Measurements for Policy and Prediction.” In W. Hood and T. Koopmans, eds., Studies in Econometric Method. New York: Wiley.

Marsden, P. 1990. “Network Data and Measurement.” Annual Review of Sociology, 16: 435–463.

Mayer, S. 1991. “How Much Does a High School’s Racial and Socioeconomic Mix Affect Graduation and Teenage Fertility Rates?” In C. Jencks and P. Peterson, eds., The Urban Underclass. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

McFadden, D. 1973. “Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior.” In P. Zarembka, ed., Advances in Econometrics. New York: Academic Press.

McLanahan, S., and G. Sandefur. 1994. Growing Up with a Single Parent. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Moffitt, R. 1992a. “Incentive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System: A Review.” Journal of Economic Literature, 30: 1–61.

Moffitt, R. 1992b. “Evaluation Methods for Program Entry Effects.” In C. Manski and I. Garfinkel, eds., Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Morrison, D. 1979. “Purchase Intentions and Purchase Behavior.” Journal of Marketing, 43: 65–74.

Murphy, K., and F. Welch. 1989. “Wage Premiums for College Graduates: Recent Growth and Possible Explanations.” Educational Researcher, 18(4): 17–26.

1993 Green Book. See U.S. House of Representatives, 1993.

O’Connell, M., and C. Rogers. 1983. “Assessing Cohort Birth Expectations Data from the Current Population Survey, 1971–1981.” Demography, 20: 369–383.

Ogbu, J. 1978. Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Academic Press.

Ord, J. 1972. Families of Frequency Distributions. Griffin’s Statistical Monographs and Courses no. 30. New York: Hafner.

Passell, P., and J. Taylor. 1975. “The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: Another View.” Discussion Paper 74–7509, Department of Economics, Columbia University, New York.

Piliavin, I., and M. Sosin. 1988. “Exiting Homelessness: Some Recent Empirical Findings.” Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Pollak, R. 1976. “Interdependent Preferences.” American Economic Review, 78: 745–763.

Riccobono, J., L. Henderson, G. Burkheimer, C. Place, and J. Levinsohn. 1981. National Longitudinal Study: Data File Users Manual. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

Robinson, C. 1989. “The Joint Determination of Union Status and Union Wage Effects: Some Tests of Alternative Models.” Journal of Political Economy, 97: 639–667.

Rosenbaum, J., and T. Kariya. 1989. “From High School to Work: Market and Institutional Mechanisms in Japan.” American Journal of Sociology, 94: 1334–1365.

Rosenbaum, P. 1984. “From Association to Causation in Observational Studies: The Role of Tests of Strongly Ignorable Treatment Assignment.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79: 41–48.

Rosenbaum, P., and D. Rubin. 1983. “The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.” Biometrika, 70: 41–55.

Roy, A. 1951. “Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Earnings.” Oxford Economic Papers, 3: 135–146.

Rubin, D. 1974. “Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 66: 688–701.

Schelling, T. 1971. “Dynamic Models of Segregation. “Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1: 143–186.

Schuman, H., and M. Johnson. 1976. “Attitudes and Behavior.” Annual Review of Sociology, 2: 161–207.

Sewell, W., and J. Armer. 1966. “Neighborhood Context and College Plans.” American Sociological Review, 31: 159–168.

Stigler, S. 1986. The History of Statistics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Thurstone, L. 1927. “A Law of Comparative Judgment.” Psychological Review, 34: 273–286.

Turner, C., and E. Martin, eds. 1984. Surveying Subjective Phenomena. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Urban, G., and J. Hauser. 1980. Design and Marketing of New Products. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1988a. Fertility of American Women: June, 1987. Current Population Reports, series P-20, no. 427. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1988b. County and City Data Book 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1991. Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States: 1988 and 1989. Current Population Reports, series P-60, no. 172. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. General Accounting Office. 1990. Promising Practice: Private Programs Guaranteeing Student Aid for Higher Education. GAO/PEMD-90-16. Gaithersburg, Md.: U.S. General Accounting Office.

U.S. General Accounting Office. 1992. Unemployed Parents. GAO/PEMD-92–19BR. Gaithersburg, Md.: U.S. General Accounting Office.

U.S. House of Representatives. 1993. Committee on Ways and Means. 1993 Green Book. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Wallsten, T., and D. Budescu. 1983. “Encoding Subjective Probabilities: A Psychological and Psychometric Review.” Management Science, 29: 151–173.

Webster’s Eighth New Collegiate Dictionary. 1985. Springfield, Ill.: Merriam-Webster.

Westoff, C., and N. Ryder. 1977. “The Predictive Validity of Reproductive Intentions.” Demography, 14: 431–453.

Whitman, D. 1992. “The Next War on Poverty.” U.S. News and World Report, October 5, p. 36.

Willis, R., and S. Rosen. 1979. “Education and Self-Selection.” Journal of Political Economy, 87: S7–S36.

Woittiez, I., and A. Kapteyn. 1991. “Social Interactions and Habit Formation in a Labor Supply Model.” Department of Economics, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.