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Note: Page numbers in italics indicate maps and illustrations.
Aberdeen (Scotland), 67, 139, 158, 297–98
Across Arctic America (Rasmussen), 385
Adam, Jean Baptiste, 98–99, 100–101
Adelaide Peninsula, 149, 302, 305, 322, 349, 350, 388, 398
Admiralty. See British Admiralty
Admiralty Inlet, 201
Admiralty Island, 225
adoption, 32, 33
Advance, 197–98, 198–99, 201, 235, 243, 250
Adventure Canada, 2, 4, 403, 410
adventure tourism, 405–7
Aglukark, Susan, 2
Ahnighito fragment, 370–71
“Air for Dr. John Rae,” 410
Akaitcho, 88, 93, 93–94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 107, 108, 114
Alaska, 33, 56, 120, 334, 380
Albany, 38
Albert, Prince, 296–97, 313, 326
Albert Edward Bay, 224
Albert One-Eye, 208–9, 209–10, 211, 212–13, 222, 412
Aleutian Islands, 230
Alexander, HMS, 66, 69, 74, 76
Ambassadress of Peace, 36
American Geographical Society, 343
American Museum of Natural History, 75, 371, 372, 374, 377
American Philosophical Society, 240–41
Amundsen, Roald, 362–63, 363–64, 367
1903–6 Northwest Passage expedition, 289, 361, 364–65, 368–69
1918–20 Northeast Passage expedition, 369
in Antarctica, 363, 365–66
geomagnetism research, 361, 363–64, 364–65
and Inuit, 361, 366
memorial to, 362
navigation of Northwest Passage, 5, 269, 321, 368–69
at North Pole, 369
Anchorage, 56
Ancient Mariner (McGoogan), 49
Anderson, James, 287–88, 311
Anderson, Jenna, 411, 411
Anglo-French War, 52
Anoatok (Greenland), 243, 245, 248, 249, 250
Antarctica, 363, 365–66, 366–67
Antigua, 166
Apache, 344
Apelagliu, 134
Arbuckle, Francis, 36
Arctic, 366
Arctic Explorations (Kane), 240–41, 249, 293, 294, 327
Arctic Grail, The (Berton), 2
Arctic Ocean, 51, 53
Arctic Research Foundation, 390–92
Arizona Territory, 344
Arkshuk, 187
Armstrong, William, 217
Arrowsmith, William, 309, 311, 312
Arthur, George, 167, 169
Artungelar, 366
Assiniboine people, 32
Assistance, 202
Athenaeum Club, 323
Augustus. See Tattannoeuck (Augustus)
aurora borealis, 111, 187, 365
Austin, Horatio, 201, 202
Australia, 168
Back, George, 89, 90, 147, 256, 257, 357
1819–21 Franklin expedition, 91–92, 94, 95–96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104–5, 107, 114, 220
1825–26 Franklin expeditions, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118
1834 expedition, 122, 123, 145–46, 149, 165, 269
1836–37 expedition, 165–66, 229–30
and 1845–47 Franklin expedition, 172, 173
Inuit stories of, 349
Back River. See Great Fish River (Back River)
bacon, 91
Baffin, William, 21–22, 63, 75, 132
Baffin Bay, 21–22, 65, 199, 200, 214, 299, 306, 322, 370
Baffin Island, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 138, 295, 327, 385
Inuit of, 67, 155, 327, 382, 383, 411
whaling at, 159, 325
Ball, Tim, 211
balloons, 231
Balsillie, Jim, 392
Banks Island, 231–33
Barents Sea, 14, 15
Baring Island, 232
Barnum’s American Museum, 328
Barr, William, 408–10
Barrow, John, 64, 77, 78, 79, 82, 90, 160, 165, 171, 173
Barrow Bay, 77
Barrow Strait, 84, 122, 312
Bartlett, Bob, 375–76
Bath (UK), 86
Bathurst Inlet, 101, 102
Battle of Copenhagen, 112, 163
Battle of Trafalgar, 163
Beads, Jacob, 259, 261, 266, 267, 270
Beads, John, 215, 216, 219, 220, 259
Beattie, Owen, 40, 395, 397
Beaufort, Sir Francis, 173, 213–14, 280, 321
Beaufort Sea, 115, 230, 306, 322
Beechey, Frederick William, 84, 117, 121, 143
Beechey Island, 4, 5, 185, 194, 202–3, 234, 299–300, 364
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 193, 202, 203–5, 288, 304, 393
gravesites on, 5, 193, 194, 203–5, 234, 395
polar bears at, 396–97
Beechey Point, 121
Beinecke Library, 74
Beitstadt Glacier, 376
Belcher, Sir Edward, 283, 294
Belgica Antarctic expedition, 363
Bell, John, 208
Bellot Strait, 260, 266, 267, 268, 300
Bering Land Bridge, 9
Bering Strait, 56, 63, 86, 192, 199, 214, 230, 231, 369
Berkeley, Sir Maurice, 295
Bernier, Joseph-Elzéar, 366
Berton, Pierre, 2
Bertulli, Margaret, 397
Bessels, Emil, 339–40
Bibles, 305
Blacklead Island, 155
Bloody Falls
Dease expedition, 148, 150–51
massacre at, 49–51, 54, 97–98, 411
Rae at, 212, 221
Board of Longitude, 64, 84–85
Board of Trade, 166
Bock, Thomas, 286
Bon Accord, 158
Booth, Felix, 133
Boothia Felix, 149, 182, 189
Boothia Peninsula, 264
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 253, 307
Hall at, 330
J. C. Ross at, 146, 361
McClintock at, 301, 302
McGoogan at, 3, 403, 405, 411–12
Rae at, 189, 253, 260, 261, 262, 264, 266–70, 270–71, 277
Boston Post, 371
Bowlby, John, 326, 327
Bown, Stephen R., 365, 367, 381
Boyle, Carolina, 280
Braine, William, 203
British Admiralty
and 1818 John Ross expedition, 65–66, 69
and 1819–21 Franklin expedition, 88–90, 100, 109
and 1825–26 Franklin expedition, 111
and claim to discovery of Northwest Passage, 231
and Cook expedition, 55–56, 63
and Eenoolooapik, 158
and magnetism, 89–90
reward for fate of Franklin, 288–90, 313–14
and Sakeouse, 79, 80, 158
and search for Franklin expedition, 181, 191–92, 283–84, 291, 295, 297
sponsorship of Arctic exploration, 64–65, 160–61, 165–66, 171, 288
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 160
British Empire, 109
British Empire, 208
British West Indies, 166
Brock, Sir Isaac, 112
Buchan, David, 66
Buddington, James, 294–95
Budington, Sidney O., 337–38, 339, 340, 342
Bushnan Island, 370–71
Button, Thomas, 21
Bylot, Robert, 17, 18, 20, 21–22, 75
Bylot-Baffin maps, 21–22, 75
cairns, 3, 134, 135, 149, 150, 202, 302–4, 365, 388
Franklin expedition, 115, 347, 395
Inuit, 302
Rae’s, 4, 224–25, 266, 269–70, 404, 405, 411
Cambridge Bay, 150, 223, 225, 369
Cameron, John Dugald, 154
Camp Crozier, 347
Canada, 208
Canadian Museum of History, 396
Canadian–U.S. Beaufort Sea Expedition, 234
cannibalism, 105
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 278–79, 279–83, 284, 305, 307, 314, 315, 330–33, 335–36, 347, 393, 397
among the Inuit, 73, 383
forensic evidence of, 278, 332, 397
canoes, 113, 288
canots de maître, 113
canots du nord, 113
Cape Alexander, 146–47, 148, 222–23
Cape Back, 220
Cape Baring, 220
Cape Barrow, 150, 222
Cape Britannia, 149
Cape Colborne, 223, 369
Cape Felix, 134, 146, 153, 304, 321, 345–46, 393
Cape Flinders, 222
Cape Franklin, 223
Cape Herschel, 302
Cape John Herschel, 150
Cape Krusenstern, 211, 220
Cape Lady Franklin, 218
Cape Riley, 202, 203
Cape Searle, 326
Cape Town, 131
Cape Victoria, 301, 302
Cape Wolstenhome, 17, 20
Cape York, 370, 371, 384
Cape York meteorites, 75, 370, 377
carbon monoxide poisoning, 365
caribou, 183, 191
Carmichael, Alistair, 408, 410
Carter, Robert Randolph, 197
Castle of Mey, 157
Castor, 142, 149
Castor and Pollux River, 149, 154, 187, 260, 266
Castro, João de, 127
census, 249
Chantrey Inlet, 146, 149, 165, 287
Chapin, David, 195
Character Book (Simpson), 116
Charles Hansson, 369
Charles II, 32
Charlton Island, 17, 182
Chawhinahaw, 44
Chesterfield Inlet, 39, 256
China, 10, 56
Chipewyan, 33, 35, 37, 41, 46–47, 53–54
Chouinard, Elizabeth, 152
Christian (Inuk interpreter), 299
Christiania (Oslo), 362, 363, 381
Christian IV, 24
Churchill, 30, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 147, 186, 256. See also Prince of Wales Fort
Churchill River, 21, 25, 26, 51, 114
Cincinnati, 327, 334, 335
Clark, C. M. H., 352–53
climate change, 4, 63–64, 322, 370, 406, 407
Clipper Adventurer (Sea Adventurer), 3, 403
Clowey Lake, 47, 48
Collier, John, 19
Collinson, Richard, 225, 230, 231, 321, 368
colonialism, 406
Colonial Office, 167, 169, 173
Columbia River, 58
Comfort, Charles Fraser, 188, 264
Committee Bay, 189, 261
Company of Adventurers (Newman), 5
compasses, 15, 127–30
Congo, 64
Conneequese, 44
Cook, Frederick A., 363, 374, 378
Cook, James, 55, 56
Cook Inlet, 56, 57, 59
Copenhagen, 23, 30, 389
copper, 38, 43
Copper Indians, 33
Coppermine (Kugluktuk), 51, 88
Coppermine River (Far-Off Metal River), 37, 49
1819–21 Franklin expedition, 88–89, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98–101, 103
1825–26 Franklin expeditions, 111, 114, 117, 121, 145
Dease expedition, 145, 148, 150
Hearne expedition, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 60, 88
Knight expedition, 37, 38, 40
Rae expeditions, 210, 211, 212–13, 215, 221, 227, 412
Cornwallis Island, 304
Coronation Gulf, 98, 101, 211, 215, 218, 221, 227
Cortés, Hernán, 406
coureurs de bois, 58
Craciun, Adriana, 1, 9, 322
Cracroft, Sophy, 298, 313, 334–35, 355, 356, 357
Cree, 6, 32–33, 35, 37
Cresswell, Samuel Gurney, 232, 286–87
Crimean War, 286, 288, 291
Crocker, George, 374, 377
Crocker Land, 374, 376–77
Crocker Land Expedition, 374, 376
Croker, John Wilson, 77
Croker Mountains, 77, 82, 83
Crozier, Francis, 172, 304, 306, 394, 398–99
Cuba, 294
Cumberland House, 92, 93, 113, 122, 208, 209
Cumberland Sound, 13, 86, 155, 158–59, 326, 383
Curley, Tagak, 2
Cyriax, R. J., 170, 292
Cyrus Field Bay, 327–28
Daily Telegraph, 314
Dalles des Morts, 58
Daly Bay, 344
Danish Literary Expedition, 381–84
Davis, John, 13–14, 63, 159
Davis, Richard C., 99–100, 111, 121
Davis Strait, 13, 69, 82–83, 327, 364
Dean, Miqqusaaq Bernadette, 410–11
Dease, Peter Warren, 114, 116, 139, 141, 152
1836–39 expedition, 139, 141–45, 144, 146–47, 148–49, 150–51, 154, 228
Dease Inlet, 143
Dease Strait, 150, 222, 223
Death Rapids, 58
Deehr, Charles, 365
de Gerlache, Adrien, 363
De Haven, Edwin, 197, 198, 199, 203
Delaware River, 15
De Magnete (Gilbert), 15, 129–30
Demarcation Point, 120
Dene, 6, 33, 37, 114–15, 142. See also Yellowknife-Dene
customs of, 46–47, 53–54
relations with Cree, 35, 37, 94
relations with Inuit, 33, 34, 47–48, 49–51, 97–98, 114–15
Denmark, 70, 381, 389
Derby, William, 91
Detroit, 56
Devil’s Thumb, 252
Devon Island, 203, 205, 383
Dickens, Charles, 177, 280–83, 281, 288, 393
Discovery, 38, 341
under Bylot, 21
under Hudson, 15–16, 17, 18, 20
Disko Bay, 176, 177, 299, 364
Disko Island, 69–70, 379
Disraeli, Benjamin, 314
Dogrib, 33, 59, 94, 114
dogsled, 216, 384–85
Dolphin, 116
Dolphin and Union Strait, 211, 215, 218, 219, 220
Dorothea, HMS, 66
Dorset people, 9
Douglas Bay, 395
Douglas Island, 218
Drake, Sir Francis, 13
Dr. Rae Meets Eskimos / Discovery of Franklin Expedition Relics (Comfort), 264
Duck Islands, 252–53
Dundas Harbour, 383
Durban Island, 155
Dutch East India Company, 15
dysentery, 27
Eagle (Alaska), 369
Eastern Cree, 32
Ebierbing, 326, 342, 344, 412
1864–69 Hall expedition, 326, 328, 330, 398
1871–72 Polaris expedition, 338, 340, 341
1878–80 Schwatka expedition, 342, 344, 345, 347, 351, 400
in New York City, 328
economy, 405–6
Edinburgh, 67, 69, 80, 81, 158, 182, 347
Eenoolooapik, 155–59, 156, 325, 326, 412
Ek-kee-pee-ree-a, 332
Elizabeth I, 12
Ellesmere Island, 75, 245, 341, 374, 375, 376
“English Chief,” 59
English River, 114
Enterprise, HMS, 192, 225, 230
equator, magnetic, 130
Erebus, HMS, 176, 197, 223, 304, 305, 387, 392, 394, 399
abandonment of, 306, 394
discovery of, 322, 330, 388, 390, 391
Inuit stories of, 302, 398, 400, 401
Lady Franklin on, 175–77
on memorials, 320
Erebus Bay, 304, 332, 397
Erik the Red’s Land, 389
“Eskimo Round,” 240–41
Etah (Greenland), 237
Inuit of, 240, 248, 251, 383
Kane expedition, 240, 242, 243, 244, 249, 251, 252
Minik in, 371–74
Polaris at, 341
exhibitions of Inuit, 326, 328
Faith, 246
famine, 39
Faraday, Michael, 111
Far-Off Metal River. See Coppermine River (Far-Off Metal River)
Fatal Passage (McGoogan), 405
Fata Morgana, 77, 376
Felix, 201, 203
Felix Harbour, 133, 135, 136–37, 137–38
Fifth Thule Expedition, 380, 384–88, 395, 398
First Communication with the Natives of Prince Regent’s Bay, 72
First Nations, 32–33
First Thule Expedition, 384
Fiskernaes (Greenland), 237
Fitzjames, James, 171, 172, 306, 394
Fitzpatrick Kathleen, 352
Flagstaff Observatory, 363
Flett, George, 189
Flinders, Matthew, 163
Fonte, Bartholomew de, 55–56
forensic studies, 307, 330, 340, 395–96
Fort Chimo, 122, 148
Fort Chipewyan, 55, 95, 96
Dease at, 142, 152
Franklin at, 92, 93, 114, 121
Mackenzie at, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60
Fort Churchill, 26, 110, 113, 122
Fort Confidence, 210, 221
Dease expedition at, 143, 145, 148, 151
Rae at, 210–11, 213, 214–15, 216, 227
Fort Enterprise, 95–96, 98, 100, 102, 104–5, 106–8, 110, 220
Fort Franklin, 114, 116, 117, 121
Fort Garry, 139, 142, 153, 184
Fort George, 209
Fort Hope, 187, 258, 329
Fort Norman, 114, 143
Fort Providence, 93, 94
Fort Reliance, 123, 153
Fort Resolution, 114, 122, 123, 143
Fort Ross, 300–301
Fort Simpson, 114, 143, 145, 152, 207, 208
Fort Wedderburn, 96
Fort William, 113
Fourth Thule Expedition, 384
Fox, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 313
Fox, Robert Were, 161
foxes, 230
Fox Islands, 300
Franklin, Eleanor, 113, 115, 164
Franklin, Jane, Lady, 163, 286
and 1845–47 Franklin expedition, 171, 173–74, 175–77
and Arctic exploration, 6, 353
death of, 343, 356–57
and discovery of Northwest Passage, 298–99, 319–22, 333, 355–56, 393
and fate of Franklin expedition, 279, 280, 288–90, 305, 308–9, 313, 314, 334–35, 336, 353
and Franklin’s reputation, 352–56
and Franklin’s reputation and memory, 299, 319–20, 322–24, 354–56, 357–58
influence on Franklin’s career, 166–67, 172–73
and John Ross, 65, 66
marriage, 162–64, 177, 357–58
and Rae, 6, 279–80, 284–85
recognitions and honours received, 314
and search for Franklin expedition, 195, 196, 213, 283–84, 291–95, 296–98, 398
travels of, 165, 168–69, 175, 177, 334–35, 352
Franklin, Sir John, 89, 91, 123, 323, 354
1819–22 expedition, 82, 88–89, 90–96, 97–105, 107–9, 112, 220, 353, 412
1825–26 expeditions, 110–16, 112, 116–22, 123, 143, 145
and 1836–37 Back expedition, 165–66
1845–47 expedition (See Franklin expedition of 1845–47)
as captain of Rainbow, 164–65
and Northwest Passage discovery, 4–5, 284–87, 298–99, 306, 314, 333, 408–10
death of, 304, 305, 393
grave of, 315
influence on historical writing, 1, 4–5, 6
knighthood, 163
marriage, 162–64, 177
memorials and sculptures, 299, 313–14, 319–20, 322–23, 354–56, 357, 408
portrait of, 246
reputation, 169–71, 172, 352–54, 367–68
search for Northwest Passage, 23, 122
in Van Diemen’s Land, 167–69, 174, 352
Franklin expedition of 1845–47, 4, 159, 278, 379, 412
cannibalism among, 278–83, 284, 305, 314, 315, 330–33, 335–36, 347, 393, 397
command of, 161–62, 171–75
encampments, 202
fate of, 277–83, 284, 288–90, 306–15, 343, 392–401
footprints from, 332, 333, 349, 350, 351, 400
gravesites, 5, 193, 194, 203–5, 288, 307, 336, 395
human remains, analysis of, 330, 395–96, 397
human remains, found in exploration, 330, 333, 345, 347, 388, 395, 397, 398, 401
human remains, Inuit stories of, 265, 272, 278, 302, 330–33, 349, 350, 388, 393, 395, 399, 400, 401
missed rescue of, 223, 225
rations, 191
recognitions and rewards in search for, 257, 288–90
relics of, 203, 263–65, 270, 273, 277, 279, 288, 301, 305, 345, 397
search for, 181, 190–93, 195–96, 201, 211, 213–14, 227, 230–31, 253, 287–90, 291–95, 297, 327
significance of, 406–7
wreckage and boats, 202, 226–27, 257, 272, 278, 304, 332, 350–51, 388 (See also Erebus, HMS; Terror, HMS)
written records from, 203, 304–5, 312, 315, 342, 343, 393, 394, 398
Franklin Strait, 268
French Canadians, 58, 59, 109, 111, 186, 208
Fretum Christian, 23–24
Freuchen, Peter, 374, 383, 384
Frobisher, Martin, 10, 10–13, 11, 63, 328
Frobisher Bay, 11, 12, 13, 23, 328
Frobisher Strait, 327
frostbite, 108, 237, 270, 376
Frozen Strait, 21
Fuca, Juan de, 56
Fullerton Harbour, 366
fur trade, 35, 41, 56, 58, 100, 207
Fury, HMS, 132, 133, 137
Fury and Hecla Strait, 149, 153, 190
Fury Beach, 133, 136, 137–38
Garry Island, 115
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 131
Geiger, John, 40, 395
geomagnetism, 89–90, 127–32
George B. Cluett, 377
George Henry, 325, 327
George V, 356
German Marine Observatory, 363
Gibraltar, 165
Gibson, William “Paddy,” 395
gifts, exchange of, 24, 74
Gilbert, William, 15, 129–30
Gilder, William Henry, 344, 349–50, 351
Gjoa, 361, 364, 368
Gjoa Haven (Uqsuqtuuq), 315, 362, 385, 387, 390, 395
Amundsen in, 361, 364–65, 366
Glenelg, Charles Grant, 1st Baron, 166, 167
global warming. See climate change
Godhavn (Qeqertarsuaq), 299, 364
gold, 12, 35, 37, 38
Goliath, 142
Goodsir, Henry, 330
Gore, Graham, 355
Graham, Andrew, 51
Grand Portage, 57
Grant Point, 333, 349, 350, 400
gravesites, 3, 5, 193, 194, 203–5, 234, 288, 307, 336, 395
Great Bear Lake, 114, 116, 142, 143, 145, 149, 151
Great Bear River, 114, 143
Great Fish River (Back River), 146, 153, 165, 287, 288, 302, 394
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 304, 306–7, 310, 349, 394, 399
Great Slave Lake, 54, 57, 59, 60, 114, 121, 143, 209, 210, 213
Green, George Pycock, 140
Greene, Henry, 16, 17, 18, 20
Greenhithe, 175, 177
Greenland
crossing of, 362
ice cap, 70
mapping of, 384
Norwegian claim in, 389
Greenland by the Polar Sea (Rasmussen), 384
Greenland Inuit, 385
and 1818 John Ross expedition, 70–71, 73–75
and 1829–33 John Ross expedition, 133–34
and 1853–55 Kane expedition, 239–42, 248, 250–51
culture and history, 74–75, 382–83
ethnography and census of, 240–41, 249, 381–84
near Orkney Islands, 66–67
trade, 70, 73
Greenland service, 71
Greenland Trading Company, 339, 341
Greenstockings, 96
Grey, Charles, 296–97
Grieve, James, 183
Griffin, Jane, 65, 66, 162–64. See also Franklin, Jane, Lady
Griffin, John, 163
Griffin, Samuel P., 202
Grinnell, Henry, 294
and fate of Franklin, 308–9, 333–34
and Open Polar Sea, 195
and search for Franklin expedition, 189, 195–96, 197, 291, 295, 327, 353
and search for the North Pole, 335
Griper, 82, 84
Groton (Conn.), 342
Gulf of Boothia, 133–34, 182
Haddington, Thomas, Lord, 174–75
Hall, Afton, 377
Hall, Charles Francis, 326, 329, 339, 342
1860–62 expedition, 325–26, 327–28
1864–69 expedition, 307, 328–34, 335–36, 398, 399–400
1871–72 Polaris expedition, 335, 337, 338, 339–40
death of, 339–40
and Frobisher expedition, 12, 328
in histories of Northwest Passage, 5
and Inuit oral history, 328, 330, 331–32, 335–36, 395, 398, 399–400
Hall of Clestrain, 182, 183
Hamburg, 363
Hamilton, James, 194
Hannah. See Tookoolito (Hannah)
Hans Island, 243
Hare people, 94
Hargrave, James, 154, 186
Hargrave, Letitia, 152, 186
Harper, Kenn, 210, 371, 372, 374, 377
Harris, Ryan, 390
Hartnell, John, 203, 396
Haslar hospital, 181
Haswell, William, 229, 233
Hayes River, 91–92
Hearne, Samuel, 63
1769 and 1770 expeditions, 44
1770–72 expedition, 41–55, 50, 59, 86, 88, 90, 97, 98
at Bloody Falls, 49–51, 97, 98
in Hudson’s Bay Company, 26, 43–44, 52
and Knight expedition, 39–40
and indigenous peoples, 6, 43, 46–47, 48, 53–54, 345
sketches, 53, 54
Hecla, 82, 84
Henderson, Bruce, 378
Hendrik, Hans Christian (Suersaq), 238, 338–39
1853–55 Kane expedition, 237–39, 241, 243–44, 338, 339
1871–72 Polaris expedition, 337–38, 339, 341
1875 Nares expedition, 341
Henson, Matthew, 375, 376
Hepburn, John, 92, 104, 105, 106
Herschel Island, 369
Hibernia, 192
Historical Atlas of Manitoba, 26
Hobart, 323
Hobart (Tasmania), 131, 354
Hobson, William, 302–4, 315
Hoeootoerock (Junius), 96, 97, 104, 104, 110
Holsteinborg (Sisimiut), 327
Homeguard Cree, 32–33, 35, 37
Hong Kong, 231
Hood, Robert, 93, 95–96, 104, 105–6, 119
Hood, Samuel, 43
Hood River, 102, 103
Hope, 248, 371
Household Words (Dickens), 280, 281
House of Commons, 293, 313–14
inquiry into Northwest Passage awards, 284, 286–87, 289–90
Houston, C. Stuart, 96, 99
Hudson, Henry, 14–20, 19, 22, 23, 63, 411
Hudson, John, 15–16, 19, 20
Hudson Bay, 16, 21, 25, 48, 100, 149, 384
Hudson’s Bay Company and, 32, 56
and search for a Northwest Passage, 23, 38, 51, 60, 86, 149
Hudson River, 15
Hudson’s Bay Company, 300
and 1819–21 Franklin expedition, 93, 96
and 1825–26 Franklin expeditions, 122
interpreters, 96
and North West Company, 90–91, 100, 141
Royal Charter, 32, 44
and search for Franklin expedition, 283, 287
support of exploration, 38, 44, 140–41
trade, 35, 37–38, 41, 56, 207
whaling, 43
Hudson Strait, 12, 13–14, 16, 20, 21, 23–24, 30, 52, 165
human remains, 39, 345, 347, 393
as evidence of cannibalism, 278, 332, 397
forensic results from, 395, 397, 398
reported by Inuit, 39, 265, 278, 330, 332, 350, 387, 388, 395
Humboldt, Alexander von, 130–31, 160, 195, 363
Humboldt Glacier, 245, 340–41
Humooke, 73
Humpy, 114
Hunter, Douglas, 15
Huntford, Roland, 397
Hutton, Sir Richard, 295
icebergs, 25, 70, 200, 299, 379
icebreakers, 234, 322
Icy Cape, 56, 85, 111, 117, 120, 143
Iggiararjuk, 385–86
igloos, 187, 189, 215, 260
Ikmalick, 133, 134
Île-à-la-Crosse, 91, 92
Ilulissat, 70, 299, 379–80, 381
Ilulissat Icefjord, 70, 379
indigenous peoples, groupings of, 32–34
influenza, 377
Inglefield, Edward, 383
In-nook-poo-zhe-jook, 263–65, 331–32, 343, 398, 399
intermarriage, 33
International Polar Commission, 363
International Polar Year, 363
Intrepid, 202
Inuit
in Arctic histories, 6
attitudes toward, 6, 304–5, 308, 312, 328, 378, 406–7
cannibalism among, 73, 383
census of, 249
clothing, 215–16, 241, 246
diet, 136
economy, 405–6
encounters with explorers (See Inuit encounters with explorers)
ethnography of, 240–42, 380, 381–86
exhibitions of, 326, 328
housing, 241 (See also igloos)
languages of, 33, 73, 80, 381, 398
legend and story, 187
migration of, 382–83
music, 240–41
near Orkney Islands, 66–67
in New York City, 328, 371–74, 377
oral history and testimony (See Inuit oral history and testimony)
relations with Dene, 33, 34, 47–48, 49–51, 94, 97–98, 114–15
stereotypes of, 282–83, 308
trade, 37–38, 70, 73
unified culture of, 33–34, 380, 385
Inuit encounters with explorers
1825–25 Franklin expedition, 117–20, 121
1846–47 Rae expedition, 187, 262
1845–47 Franklin expedition (See under Inuit oral history and testimony)
1848 Rae-Richards expedition, 209–10
1851 Rae expedition, 219, 220, 222
1853–54 Rae expedition, 6, 262–66, 270, 271–73, 310, 406–7
1853–55 Kane expedition, 239–42, 248, 250–51
Amundsen, 361, 366
Anderson expedition, 288
Davis, 13
Dease expedition, 143–45, 148
Frobisher, 11
Hall expeditions, 307, 328, 330–33, 335–36, 395
Hearne expedition, 48
Hudson expedition, 17, 18, 20
John Ross expeditions, 70–71, 73–75, 133–34
McClintock expedition, 301–2, 306, 307
McClure expedition, 230, 231
Munk, 24
Peary, 370–71
Rasmussen, 33, 380, 381–86
Schwatka expedition, 347–51, 395
Inuit Heritage Trust, 396
Inuit oral history and testimony
attitudes toward, 6, 279–80, 304–5, 306, 308, 312, 328
as evidence of cannibalism, 278, 307, 330–33, 393, 398
of Franklin expedition footprints, 332, 333, 349, 350, 351, 400
of Franklin expedition human remains, 265, 272, 278, 302, 330–33, 349, 350, 388, 395, 399–401
of Franklin expedition survivors, 271–73, 330, 336, 349, 385–86, 396
of Franklin expedition wreckage and boats, 272, 301–2, 332, 349–50, 350–51, 378, 398, 399–400
of other expeditions, 11, 12, 39, 234, 328, 378
reliability of, 279–80, 310, 328, 398
Inuktitut, 33, 80, 381, 398
Inuvialuit, 117
Investigator, HMS, 192, 230, 232, 234
Iroquois, 208
Irving, John, 347
Isabel, 293
Isabella, HMS, 65, 66, 69, 138
I Sailed with Rasmussen (Freuchen), 384
Jacobshavn. See Ilulissat
James Bay, 17, 18, 209
James Ross Strait, 134, 321
Jens Muncke’s Bay, 25
Jepson, Ruth, 42
John A. Macdonald, 322
John Rae Society, 183
Johnston, James, 266, 267, 270
Jones Sound, 75
Journal of Jens Munk, 1619–1620, 24
Journals of Knud Rasmussen, The, 385
Journey to the Northern Ocean (Hearne), 39–40, 45, 49–51, 52–54, 53
Juet, Robert, 16, 17
Junius. See Hoeootoerock (Junius)
Kalaallisut, 33, 381, 398
Kalaallit. See Greenland Inuit
Kamookak, Louie, 2, 315, 386, 390, 395, 404, 405
Kane, Elisha Kent, 3, 4, 199, 238, 247, 412
First Grinnell expedition (1850–51, under De Haven), 193, 196–205, 293, 299
and Greenland Inuit, 239–42, 246, 248, 249, 250–51
in histories of Northwest Passage, 5
and the Open Polar Sea, 203, 205, 235, 245
and search for Franklin expedition, 293–94
Second Grinnell expedition (1853–55), 235–43, 236, 243–44, 244–53, 247
in U.S. Navy, 194–95, 196
Kane, John Kintzing, 196
Kane, Thomas, 198
kayaks, 66, 69, 118, 158, 383
Keenleyside, Anne, 397
Kei-ik-too-oo, 189
Keith, James, 152
Kellett, Henry, 296
Kendall, Edward, 115, 116–17
Kendall River, 145, 215, 216, 220, 227
Kennedy Channel, 245
Kent Peninsula, 101, 102, 145, 146–47, 150, 222
Kenyon, Walter, 24
Keskarrah, 94, 114
Ketel, Cornelis, 10
King, Richard, 288
King Point, 369
King William (child), 329–30
King William Island, 391
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 277, 285, 307, 310, 320–21, 336, 394
1864–69 Hall expedition, 329–30
Dease expedition at, 150
Franklin expedition relics from, 223, 310
Franklin expedition ships and remains, 265, 272–74, 277, 301, 304, 307, 390–92, 398
Franklin expedition survivors on, 223, 271–72, 336
geography of, 267–68, 321
In-nook-poo-zhe-jook on, 332
J. C. Ross at, 134, 146
McClintock expedition, 300, 302, 393, 398
Rae on, 268–69, 321
Schwatka at, 344–45
King William Land, 267, 321. See also King William Island
Klutschak, Heinrich (Henry), 344, 345, 346, 347, 350–51
Knight, James, 14, 35, 37–40, 411
Kodlunarn Island, 12, 328
Kogvik, Sammy, 387, 390–92
Koo-nik, 332–33, 399–400
Kristiania (Oslo). See Christiania (Oslo)
Krusenstern, 132
Kugluktuk, 51, 88
Kuujjuaq, 148. See also Fort Chimo
Labrador, 11, 14, 230, 411
Lachine, 122, 208
Lac Île-à-la-Crosse, 57
Lady Franklin, HMS, 201, 203
Lady Franklin’s Revenge (McGoogan), 65, 165, 168
Lady Franklin Visits Sitka, Alaska 1870, 334
Lake Athabasca, 33, 57, 92
Lake Superior, 208
Lake Winnipeg, 113, 142
Lambert, Andrew, 161–62, 397
Lamprey, 23, 25, 26, 29–30
Lancaster Sound, 122, 171, 201, 205, 268, 299, 364, 368
1819 Parry expedition, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86
Baffin and Bylot in, 21, 132
Inuit crossing of, 383
John Ross expeditions, 75–79, 82, 83, 133, 201, 203
Larsen, Henry, 3, 368
Last Voyage of Captain John Ross, 70–71
Last Voyage of Henry Hudson, The (Collier), 19
Lawrence (servant), 334
Lawrence, Thomas, 57
lead poisoning, 395–96, 397
leather, 102
Leeward Islands, 166
Lefroy, John Henry, 184
Leiper, Jane, 196
Leith (Scotland), 67, 68, 69
Levere, Trevor, 161
Le Vesconte, Henry, 330
lichen, 102
Life with the Esquimaux (Hall), 335
Lik-lee-poo-nik-kee-look-oo-loo, 333
Linklater, Peter, 215, 216, 219–21
Lion, 117, 118–19
Littleton Island, 243
Lok, Michael, 12
London, 15, 152, 214, 323
Loomis, Chauncey C., 339, 340
Lord Mayor’s Bay, 149, 187, 189
“Lost Arctic Voyagers, The” (Dickens), 282–83
Louis Philippe, 164
Lynge (Denmark), 381
Mackenzie, Alexander, 57, 63, 91
1789 expedition, 55, 56, 57–58, 59–60, 86
in fur trade, 56–57
and indigenous peoples, 6
Mackenzie, Hector, 215, 221, 227
Mackenzie Brigade, 207
Mackenzie River, 231
1825–26 Franklin expedition, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 123, 145
Dease expedition, 143, 147, 152
Mackenzie at, 59–60
Rae expeditions, 181, 192, 207, 209, 214
MacMillan, Donald Baxter, 376
Magnetic Crusade, 130, 131, 160–61, 162, 361
magnetic equator, 130
magnetic observatories, 85, 131, 160, 184, 187, 300–301, 361, 364–65
magnetic poles, 89–90, 130, 268, 363. See also
north magnetic pole magnetism, 128–29
Majendie, Ashurst, 314
Malaurie, Jean, 242
Maldonado, Lorenzo Ferrer, 55
malnutrition, 396
Mangaq, 385–86
maps
Bylot-Baffin maps, 21–22, 75
Dease expedition, 144
Erebus and Terror locations, 391
Franklin expeditions, 112
Hearne expeditions, 50
Inuit, 133–34
King William Island, 391
Munk expedition, 26
Northwest Passage, 38, 170
Rae expeditions, 206, 254
Schwatka expedition, 348
Second Grinnell Expedition, 236
Marble Island, 38–39, 40
Markham, Clements, 384
Marten Lake, 108
Mary, Queen, 356
Matanuska River, 56
Matheson Island (Matheson Point), 267
Matonabbee, 41–42, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 52, 54, 94, 345, 412
Matty Island, 268
Maud, 384
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 199
McClintock, Leopold, 292, 297
1848 J. C. Ross expedition, 296
1857–59 expedition, 296–305, 311–12, 393–94, 398
claims for fate of Franklin, 306–7, 308–13, 314, 334, 357, 394
claims for Franklin’s discovery of Northwest Passage, 320–21, 368
honours and memorials, 313, 314, 357
Kellett expedition, 296
and navigation of Northwest Passage, 298
McClintock Channel, 225
McClintock’s Cairn, 300
McClure, Robert John Le Mesurier, 229–30, 412
1850–53 expedition, 220, 229, 230–34, 270, 283
claim to discovery of Northwest Passage, 231, 233–34, 284–87, 290
McClure Strait, 85, 231, 232, 234
McDermott, James, 10
McDonald, Alexander, 155–57, 158, 159
McGoogan, Ken, 2–4, 3, 403–5, 404, 407, 409, 410, 411–12
McLennan, Murdoch, 259
McTavish, George Simpson, 257
Medina, Pedro de, 128
Melbourne (Australia), 168, 363
Melbourne Island, 150
Melms, Frank, 344, 345
Melville, Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount, 78
Melville Bay, 73, 200, 201, 252, 299, 370
Melville Island, 85–86, 231, 232, 233
Melville Peninsula, 190
Memoirs of Hans Hendrik, the Arctic Traveller (Hendrik), 237–38, 337
Mercy Bay, 231–33, 234
Merqusaq, 382–84
Mersuk, 244, 339
Meta Incognita, 12
meteorites, 75, 370, 377
meteorological observatories, 187, 210–11
Methye Portage, 114
Métis, 95, 109, 111, 140, 141, 153–54, 186
Michel, 104, 105–6
Middle East, 165
Middle Ice, 300, 379
and climate change, 370
Kane in, 200, 299
McClintock in, 299
Parry at, 82–83, 200
Miertsching, Johann, 230, 231
migration
of birds, 25
of Greenland Inuit, 382–83
Mills, William James, 233, 306
Minik (Minik Wallace), 371–74, 373, 378, 412
Crocker Land Expedition, 374, 376
in Greenland, 377
in New Hampshire, 377
mirages, 77, 376
mirror, 24
Mississippi River, 59
Mistegan, Thomas, 259, 260, 262, 266, 267, 268, 270, 405, 412
discovery of Northwest Passage, 269
Montagu, John, 168–69
Monticello, 328
Montreal, 56, 58, 113, 152, 184, 208
Montreal canoes, 113
Montreal Island, 146, 149, 272, 302, 311
Moodie, J. D., 366
Moose Factory, 148, 152, 183, 184, 185, 209
Morgan, Thomas, 234
Morning Advertiser, 314
Mount McKinley, 378
Mount Wellington, 168
Muir, Tom, 408
Munk, Jens, 14, 23–31, 396, 411
Munro, 256
Muscovy Company, 10, 12, 21
muskox, 191
mutiny
against Hudson, 14, 16, 18–21, 22
against Kane, 237
Nansen, Fridtjof, 362, 363, 364, 381
Napoleonic Wars, 64
Nares, George, 341
Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea (Franklin), 109
Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea (Rae), 186–87, 191
Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition Made by Charles F. Hall (Hall), 330–33, 334
Nasmyth, Alexander, 68, 69, 80
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 63–64
nature, 406
Navarana, 383
Navy Board Inlet, 138
Nazareth, 165
Neatby, Leslie H., 13, 241, 321–22
Nebraska, 344
Nelson, Horatio, 323
Nelson River, 92
Neptune, 155
Nessark, 248, 249
Netsilik Eskimos (Rasmussen), 385–88
Netsilik Inuit, 366
Neumayer, Georg von, 363–64, 365
Newfoundland, 341
Newman, Peter C., 5
Newton, Cpt., 67, 69
New York City, 15, 111, 122, 197–98, 208, 235, 344
meteorites in, 75, 370, 377
Minik in, 371–74, 377
Tookoolito and Ebierbing in, 38
New York Herald, 344, 349–50
New York World, 372
Nibitabo, 191
Nile River, 165
Ninoo, Ookijoxy, 328
Nobile, Umberto, 369
Noble, Matthew, 319, 355, 356
Nome (Alaska), 369, 385
Norberg, Peter, 388
Norman, Robert, 128–29
Northern Indians, 33
northern lights. See aurora borealis
Northern stores, 405
north magnetic pole, 15, 160
1825–26 Franklin expedition, 111
and 1829-33 John Ross expedition, 135, 138, 361
search for, 361, 363–64, 365
shifting of, 90, 127–28, 130, 131, 135, 365
North Pole
airship flight over, 369
Hudson and, 15
routes to, 21, 245
as route to Northwest Passage, 64
search for, 337, 340, 374–76, 378
North Pole River, 258
North Somerset Island, 226
North Star, 127
North Star, 201
North Star Bay, 374
Northumberland House, 299
North Water, 200
North West Company, 56, 57
and 1819–21 Franklin expedition, 93, 94
and Hudson’s Bay Company, 90–91, 100, 141
Northwest Passage, 292, 321–22
claims to discovery of, 231, 233–34, 284–87, 298–99, 306, 320–22, 393, 408–10
climate change and, 407
discovery of, 268–69
histories of, 4–5
maps, 38, 170
multiple passage theory, 285–86
navigation of, 361, 363, 368–69, 385, 407
rewards for discovery of, 64, 84–85, 171, 233, 284, 286–87
search for, 9–10, 15, 23, 214
search for river route, 56, 59
search for western entrance, 55–56
walking of, 284–87
Northwind, USCGC, 234
Norton, Mary, 52, 412
Norton, Moses, 43–44
Norway, 389
Norway House, 122, 141–42
Novum Mare Christian, 25
Nuk-kee-che-uk, 333
observatories
magnetic, 85, 131, 184, 300–301, 361, 364–65
meteorological, 187, 210–11
Obstruction Rapids, 103
Ogle Point, 146, 148, 149, 272
Ohlsen, Christian, 241, 245
oil tankers, 407
Ojibway, 6, 32
Ommanney, Erasmus, 202
Omond (Hudson’s Bay Company), 256
Oo-na-lee, 301–2
Ootjoolik, 349, 399
Oot-loo-lik, 301–2, 332
Open Polar Sea, 14, 195, 199, 203, 205, 235, 245
Orkney Islands, 52, 208, 214, 408
Inuit sighted in, 66–67
Rae in, 182, 186, 208, 257
Oslo (Christiania), 362, 363, 381
Ouligbuck, Donald, 255
Ouligbuck, William, 147, 255, 256, 257, 412
1825–26 Franklin expeditions, 110, 113, 114, 116, 121, 147
1846–47 Rae expedition, 186, 187
Dease expedition, 148, 151
in Hudson’s Bay Company, 147
Ouligbuck, William, Jr., 264, 405, 412
1846–47 Rae expedition, 186, 255, 277
1853–54 Rae expedition, 255–57, 258, 262–63, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 279, 393
1878–80 Schwatka expedition, 345, 347
character, 186
discovery of Northwest Passage, 269
Ow-wer, 336
Pacific Ocean, 9, 10, 55, 56, 59, 230, 298
pack ice, 63–64, 200, 225, 231, 362, 368
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 313
Parker Bay, 226, 227
Parks Canada, 307
Victoria Strait Expedition (2014), 225, 322, 390, 400–401
Parry, (William) Edward, 83
1818 John Ross expedition, 66, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77–79, 131–32, 200
1819 expedition, 79, 80, 81, 82–87, 89, 132, 200
1821–23 expedition, 132
1824–25 expedition, 132
and 1845–47 Franklin expedition, 172, 174
in Arctic histories, 6
Parry, Richard, 340
Parry Channel, 268, 321, 368
Parry’s Rock, 232
Pearce, S., 185
Peary, Robert E., 384
1905–6 expedition, 374
1908–9 expedition, 375–76
and the Cape York meteorites, 75, 370, 377
and Crocker Land, 374, 376–77
and Inuit, 370–71, 372–74, 378
monument to, 370
Peary Land, 384
Peel Sound, 268, 300, 364, 393
Pelly Bay, 261–62, 263, 270, 271, 385
pemmican, 91, 216, 261
Penetanguishene, 113
Penny, William, 155–57, 158–59
1851–51 expedition, 201, 203
claim to reward for fate of Franklin, 288
People of the Polar North (Rasmussen), 384
Permanent Court of International Justice, 389
Peter, Aaju, 2
Peterson, Carl, 299
Philadelphia, 194
Pillage Point, 120, 121
Pittsburg (NH), 377
Piugaattoq, 376
Pizarro, Francisco, 406
Plover, HMS, 192
Poctes Bay, 146, 269
Point Barrow, 143–45, 230
Point de la Guiche, 267, 268, 269–70
Point Franklin, 225
Point Lockyer, 218
Point Separation, 116
Point Turnagain, 102, 145, 146, 148, 165, 222
Point Victory. See Victory Point
polar bears, 16, 25, 30–31, 240, 347, 396–97
Polaris, 127, 340–41
1871–72 expedition, 337–41
pole star, 127
Pollux, 142, 149
Pond, Peter, 57
Pond Inlet, 382
Porden, Eleanor, 113, 115
portages, 58, 60, 97, 101, 221
Port Epworth, 148
Port Leopold, 230
Potter, Russell, 408
prayer books, 305
Pricket, Abacuk, 16, 18, 20, 21
Prince Albert, 203
Prince Albert Sound, 220, 229
Prince of Wales, 90
Prince of Wales Fort, 41, 53
building and destruction of, 26, 32, 35, 37–38, 52
Hearne at, 43, 44, 51, 54
sketches of, 53, 54
Prince of Wales Heritage Centre, 365
Prince of Wales Strait, 229, 231, 234
Prince Regent Inlet
John and J. C. Ross in, 122, 132, 133, 136–37, 138
McClintock in, 300
Parry in, 83–84, 132
Proven (Greenland), 338
Puhtoorak, 349–51, 399, 400
Punch magazine, 177
Punna (Punny), 330, 338, 342
Qaanaaq (Thule), 377
Qablut, 385
Qaqortingneq, 386–88
Qavdlunârsiorfik, 388
Qimisuk, 155
Qisuk, 371–72, 374, 377
Qitlaq, 383
Queen Maud Gulf, 150
Queenston Heights, 111–12
Qeqertarsuaq. See Godhavn (Qeqertarsuaq)
Race to the Polar Sea (McGoogan), 4
Rae, John, 188, 210, 217, 264, 309
1846–47 expedition, 182, 184–86, 186–90, 191, 206
1848 Rae-Richardson expedition, 192, 208–10, 254
1849 expedition, 211–13
1851 expedition, 214–15, 216–28, 254
1853–54 expedition, 154, 253, 255–57, 258–74, 277–78, 310, 321, 393, 399
and Anderson expedition, 287
discovery of fate of Franklin, 288–90, 307, 309–13, 314, 315, 393, 397, 398
discovery of Northwest Passage, 5, 268–69, 356, 368, 408–10
with Hudson’s Bay Company, 182–84, 185, 190, 207–8, 212–13
and the Inuit, 6, 393, 406–7
and Lady Franklin, 279–80, 288–90
map of travels, 254
and McClintock, 298, 309–13
on McClure’s Northwest Passage claim, 287
memorials to, 4, 403–4, 405, 407–8, 409, 410–11
and indigenous peoples, 183–84, 187, 190, 262–66
other expedition plans, 288–89
recognitions and rewards, 257, 288–90, 408–11, 412
report on Franklin expedition, 277–78, 279–80, 281–83, 307, 308, 314, 343
scientific observation by, 184, 187, 210–11
statues and memorials, 183
travel methods, 190, 215–16, 260–61
Rae Strait
2014 Parks Canada expedition, 322
Amundsen in, 5, 289, 364, 368
discovery of, 5, 368
Hall at, 330
J. C. Ross at, 146
McClintock and, 298, 302
McGoogan at, 3, 403, 405, 407, 410–12
Rae and, 5, 289, 368, 407, 410
as route through Northwest Passage, 321–22, 356, 368
Thomas Simpson and, 150, 153, 154
Rainbow, 164
rapids, 58, 148, 212
Rasmussen, Knud, 374, 379–81, 382
Danish Literary Expedition (1902–4), 381–84
death of, 389
Fifth Thule Expedition (1921–24), 380, 384–88, 395, 398
Inuit ethnography, 33, 380, 381–86
other Thule expeditions, 384, 389
Rasmussen museum, 379, 380
rations, 97, 191, 212, 233
Rattler, 177
Ravenscraig, 341
records achieved
overland, 227, 342, 344, 384
by sea, 150, 151, 235, 339
Red Eric, 245, 246, 248
Red River Settlement, 90, 91, 139, 142, 153, 184, 185
Reindeer Sound, 24
Reliance, 117, 118
Rensselaer Bay, 3, 235
Repulse Bay, 86, 100, 188
Hall in, 328–29, 330
Rae at, 182, 187, 190, 191, 222, 257, 258–59, 262, 271, 277, 310
as route to Northwest Passage, 182, 187
Rescue, 197, 202
rescue buttons, 230
Resolute, HMS, 233, 294–95
Return Reef, 120, 121, 143
Rich, Edwin Gile, 337
Richardson, John, 123, 257
1819–21 Franklin expedition, 97, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108–9, 353
1825–26 Franklin expeditions, 111, 113–14, 116–17, 121, 122, 143, 145
and 1845–47 Franklin expedition, 174
1848 Rae-Richardson expedition, 181–82, 192, 208, 209–11
attitudes toward Inuit, 308
and fate of Franklin expedition, 280, 308
and Northwest Passage claims, 122, 287, 320
on Ouligbuck, 147
Richardson Bay, 216–18, 220
Rink, Henry, 238
River Disappointment, 59
River Nile, 165
Rivers, George, 183–84
Rivière-à-Jean, 123
Robertson, Colin, 141
Robinson Falls, 91–92
Rocky Mountains, 59
Roget, Peter Mark, 297
Roosevelt, 375
Ross, James Clark, 133
1818 John Ross expedition, 78–79, 86, 370
1829–33 John Ross expedition, 128, 132–33, 134, 134–36, 137–38, 146, 165, 189, 268–69, 361
and 1845–47 Franklin expedition, 162, 171–72, 172–73
1848 expedition, 192, 230, 296
Antarctic expeditions, 172, 175
in Arctic histories, 6
and fate of Franklin expedition, 280
and north magnetic pole, 135, 138, 361
Parry expeditions, 132
search for, 122, 146
Ross, Sir John, 65–66, 76, 134
1818 expedition, 65–66, 69–73, 74, 75–79
1829–33 expedition, 132–33, 136–38, 269
1850 expedition, 201, 203
and Bylot-Baffin maps, 21–22
and Sakeouse, 67, 69
search for, 122
Rowley, Susan, 110
Royal Arctic Theatre, 86
Royal Geographical Society, 174, 293, 384
Founder’s Gold Medal, 257, 314
Royal Navy, 2, 43, 66, 131, 132, 176, 229, 286, 296. See also British Admiralty
acknowledgement of fate of Franklin, 397
on expeditions, 64–65, 90, 99, 101, 111, 116, 279
Franklin and, 88, 93, 121, 163, 176, 280
Royal Society, 109, 160, 293
Rozell, Ned, 365
Ruby, Robert, 10–11
Russia, 56
Arctic territory, 111, 120
Crimean War, 286, 288, 291
Inuit in, 380, 385
Northeast Passage, 15, 64, 160, 171, 369
Sabine, Edward, 78, 85–86, 131–32, 160–61, 162, 173, 313
Sakeouse, John (Hans Zachaeus), 66, 67–69, 68, 70–71, 72, 73–74, 74–75, 79–81, 412
Salt Lake City, 334
Sanderson’s Hope, 13, 253
San Francisco, 334, 377
San Francisco Examiner, 372–74
Sarpsborg (Norway), 362
Saskatchewan River, 92, 113
Sault Ste. Marie, 184
Savannah, 197
Schimnowski, Adrian, 392
Schwatka, Frederick, 343–44, 346
1878–80 expedition, 342, 343, 344–45, 347–49, 348, 351, 395, 398, 400
scientific method, 129
Scotland, 78, 132, 407–8. See also Orkney Islands
Inuit in, 66–67, 69, 157–58
Scots
in Arctic expeditions, 92, 95, 111, 116, 186
in fur trade and whaling, 58, 159, 364
Scott, Sir George Gilbert, 355
Scott, J., 185
Scott, Robert Falcon, 365–66, 366–67
Scranton, Roy, 406
Scroggs, John, 38–39, 40
scurvy, 17, 27, 30, 136, 138, 182, 233, 235–37, 244, 395
Sea Adventurer. See Clipper Adventurer (Sea Adventurer)
seals, 98, 191
Second Grinnell Expedition, 235–53, 236
Second Thule Expedition, 384
Seeuteetuar, 332
See-u-ti-chu, 263, 266, 343
Selkirk settlers, 90, 91
Seventh Thule Expedition, 389
Seven Years’ War, 43
Shakespeare, William, 177
Shanghu, 244
Shetland, 78
Shishak, 187
shoes, 102
Siberia, 380, 385
Siglit Inuit, 117–20, 121
Simpson, Alexander, 152
Simpson, Sir George
and 1819–21 Franklin expedition, 92–93, 96
on Dease, 116
and Dease expedition, 139, 140–42, 151
and indigenous people, 140
and Rae, 184, 190, 208, 213
reputation in fur trade, 139
and Thomas Simpson expedition, 153, 154
Simpson, Thomas, 139–40, 140
1839 expedition, 153–54, 269, 302
Dease expedition, 139, 141–45, 146–47, 148–50, 151, 152, 154, 182, 228
death of, 153–54
and indigenous people, 140, 154
Simpson, William, 232
Simpson Lake, 265
Simpson Strait, 149, 150, 171, 223, 302, 321, 346
Sioux, 344
Sir Thomas Rowe’s Welcome, 86
Sisimiut (Holsteinborg), 327
Sitka (Alas.), 334
Sixth Thule Expedition, 389
Slave River, 142
Slavey, 33
sledge, record set by, 342, 344
smallpox, 140
Smith Sound, 21, 75, 235, 238, 242, 299, 339, 381, 383
snow blindness, 189, 218, 246, 261
snowshoes, 44, 108, 227
solar wind, 365
Somerset House, 136, 138
Somerset Island, 132, 226, 230
South Pole, 365–66, 366–67
Spencer, John, 209
Spilsby (Lincolnshire), 322, 354
sponsorship, 63
Spufford, Francis, 285, 288
Staffe, Philip, 17, 20
Stanley, Arthur, 355, 357
Stanley, Edward, Lord, 169, 173
Stanley Island, 267
Stanmore (England), 164
starvation, 106, 110, 147, 232, 271, 285, 310, 397
Starvation Cove
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 265, 349, 395, 398
Rasmussen at, 395, 398
Schwatka at, 347–49, 398
Steele, Peter, 90
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 190, 353
Stern, Harry, 63
St. Germain, Pierre, 97, 98–99, 100–101, 102–3
Strait of the Fury and Hecla. See Fury and Hecla Strait
Straits of Anián, 38
St. Roch, 234, 368
Stromness, 95, 182, 183, 190, 257, 408
Stuart, William, 35, 37
subscription funding, 297
Suersaq. See Hendrik, Hans Christian
Susitna River, 56
Swampy Cree, 32–33
Sydney (Australia), 168
Tasmania. See also Van Diemen’s Land
Franklin memorial in, 323, 354
Tattannoeuck (Augustus), 119, 122–23, 412
1819–21 Franklin expedition, 96, 97, 104, 110
1825–26 Franklin expedition, 110, 113, 114–15, 117, 118, 119–20, 121, 145, 147
Taylor, Zachary, 195, 196
Teekeeta, 336
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 355
Tenudiakbeek (bay), 155, 158–59, 383
Terreganoeuck, 97–98
terrella, 129–30
Terror, HMS, 175, 176, 197, 223, 304, 305, 320
abandonment of, 394
discovery of, 347, 387, 390–92, 391
Inuit stories of, 386–87, 399, 401
Terror Bay
1845–47 Franklin expedition, 265, 305, 331, 349, 385–86
HMS Terror in, 392
Schwatka at, 346, 347–49
Tetqatsaq, 385
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 177, 297
Thanadelthur, 35–37, 36, 38, 412
Thank God Harbour, 339
Third Thule Expedition, 384
Thomas and Anne, 67, 69
Thompson, David, 58
Thule people, 9
Thule Station, 374, 384
Tigress, 341
Times, The, 356
tin canisters, 203, 204, 205, 395
Titanic, 379
Todd Islets, 330, 395
Tookoolito (Hannah), 159, 326, 331, 342, 412
1864–69 Hall expedition, 325–27, 328, 329–30, 333, 398, 399
1871–72 Polaris expedition, 338, 340, 341
in New York City, 328
Toronto, 112–13, 131, 160, 184
Torrington, John, 203
tourism, 405–7
Trafalgar Square, 323
Treleaven, Cameron, 404, 405
Trent, HMS, 66
TrichAnalytics Inc., 396
trichinosis, 30–31, 396
tripe de roche, 102
tuberculosis, 371, 396
Tukelieta (Little Butterfly), 328
Tulugaq, 345–47, 351
Tyrrell, Joseph B., 53–54
Tyson, George, 339, 340, 341
Uisaakassak, 371
umiaks, 143
Ungava, 148
Unicorn, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29
Union, 116
Union Jack, 175–76
United States Coast Survey, 195, 196
United States Grinnell Expeditions in Search of John Franklin. See under Kane, Elisha Kent
University of Toronto, 184
Upernavik, 13, 252, 338, 341
Kane expedition, 237, 244, 245, 252, 253
Upper Fort Garry, 139, 140
Uqsuqtuuq. See Gjoa Haven
U.S. Army, 343
U.S. Navy, 195–96
Uummannaq, 374, 384
Vagrant Viking (Freuchen), 384
Van Diemen’s Land, 167–69, 172. See also Tasmania
Van Loon, Hendrik, 279
Vicar of Wakefield (Goldsmith), 305
Victoria, Queen, 152, 297–98, 313, 326
Victoria Island, 150, 211, 215, 218, 223–27, 227–28, 231
Victoria Land, 226
Victoria Strait
1845–47 Franklin Expedition, 277, 286, 299
McClintock at, 300
passage through, 225, 269, 322
Victoria Strait Expedition, 225, 322, 390, 400–401
Victory, 132–33, 135, 136
Victory Point, 134, 306
Victory Point record, 303, 304–5, 306, 315, 333, 393, 394, 398
Vikings, 9
Voyage of Discovery, A (Ross), 79
voyageurs, 59, 113, 208
on 1819–21 Franklin expedition, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 111
in fur trade, 58
Wager Bay, 165
Walker, 195
Wallace, James, 66
Wallace, Minik. See Minik (Minik Wallace)
Wallace, William, 372
walrus, 34, 243
Washington Bay, 336
Waterloo Place, 323, 354
Wellington Channel, 84, 202, 203, 205, 304
Wentzel, Willard Ferdinand, 93, 95, 100
West, John, 110
Western Cree, 32
West Indies, 13, 177
Westminster Abbey, 324, 355–56, 357, 408, 409, 410
whale meat, 39
whales, 199, 200
whaling, 38, 64, 71, 155, 159, 366
wife stealing, 33
Wiik, Gustav, 365
wilderness, 406
Wildman, John R., 133
William IV, 138, 166, 167
Willis, W. H., 281
Wilmot and Crampton Bay, 302, 349, 350–51, 388, 399, 400
Wilson, Edward, 16
Wilson, George, 116
Windsor Castle, 326
Winter Harbour, 84, 85–86, 232, 233
Winter Lake, 94–95
Wollaston Land, 211, 214, 218, 219–20
Wollaston Peninsula, 218, 219
Wood, Sir Charles, 295
Woodman, David C., 314, 332, 343, 398–99
wrestling, 46–47
Wrigley, Jennifer, 410
Writing Arctic Disaster (Craciun), 1, 322
Wrottesley, John, 2nd Baron, 293
Yellowknife, 365
Yellowknife-Dene, 33, 94
and Franklin expeditions, 93, 94–95, 97, 100–101, 107–9, 111, 114
Yellowknife River, 97
York (Ont.), 112–13
York Factory, 35, 90–91, 96, 121–22, 153, 181, 185, 186, 190, 207, 255
York Fort, 35, 37, 51, 54
Young, Allen, 297
Young, Delbert, 30
Yukon, 120
Yup’ik, 33
zinc deficiency, 396