Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 33, 188, 190
Alamo, 184
alcohol use, 62
Allen, Eliza, 59
Allen, Joseph: biographical information, 275; education of slaves, 27; interview, 59–60; post-Civil War years, 51, 53; treatment of slaves, 21
Allen, Met, 60
Alpha Home for elderly African Americans, 153
Alsberg, Henry G., 5
Alvis, John, 161
American Negro Folktales (Dorson), 40, 196
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography (Rawick), 9
Anderson, Bill, 153
Anderson, W. H., 69, 302
Anton House Hotel, 221
Arkansas River, 92–93
Arnold, George W.: biographical information, 275; interview, 60–64; post-Civil War years, 50, 54; slave folklore, 36, 41
Arnold, Oliver P., 60
Ash, Charles, 64
Ash, Thomas, 46, 64, 113, 275
ash cake, 101
Atlantic Monthly, 11
The Atlantic (steamship), 87, 92
auctions. See slave trade
B. S. Rhea (steamship), 63
Bagby, Robert Bruce, 28, 83–84
Bailey, Richard, 170
Ballard, Aaron, 87–88
Ballard, Tom, 87–88
Band, George, 182–183
The Banjo (steamship), 91–92
baptism, 32, 232
Baptists: Edna Boysaw, 78; John W. Fields, 128; Nathan Jones, 163; Candies Richardson, 209; Moses Slaughter, 232; Barney Stone, 241; Alex Woodson, 271
barbecues, 42–43, 47, 142
Barber, Rosa, 27, 41, 42, 64–65, 275
Barnett, Judge, 125
Barnett, Lewis, 25, 65–66, 167, 275
Barton, Robert, 26, 29, 48, 66, 275
basket-making, 150
Bassett, Alice, 220, 223
Battle, Anthony, 26, 67, 203, 275
Battle of Fort Donelson, 135, 269
Battle of Fort Wagner, 232, 243
Battle of Millikins Bend, 243
Battle of Shiloh, 269
Beal, Barney, 40
Beamer, Rube, 184
Beatty, George, 40, 67–68, 275
Beaumont, John, 234
beauty shop, 136
Beckner, Lucien, 229
Beecher, Henry Ward, 178
beef shoots, 142
Bell, Charles, 237, 310
Bell, John, 22, 68, 108, 301
Bell, Samuel: biographical information, 275; contraband camps, 22, 51; interview, 68–69, 300–302; religion of slaves, 32, 34
Bellamy, Joseph, 203–204
Bellamy, Noah, 203
Bethany Park, 137
Bible: in education, 28; importance of to former slaves, 152, 231, 240–241; slaves forbidden to own, 209
Bidding, Elizabeth, 138
Bidding, John Henry, 138
The Big Gray Eagle (steamship), 87–88, 91
Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana (Woollen), 177
Black, G. E., 203
Black, Rube, 21, 211
Blakeley, Mittie, 22, 70, 275
Bland, Patsy Jane, 14–16, 18, 70–72, 276
Blassingame, John W., 3
bloodhounds, 191
Bloomington Daily Telephone, 75, 136
Bloomington Herald-Telephone, 172
Bloomington Star, 307
Bloomington Telephone, 267
boatmen’s songs, 41, 88
Boehne, John W., Sr., 84
Boehne Tuberculosis Hospital, 219
Bolden, Lizzie, 72–73, 276
Boone, Carl, 22, 33, 53, 73–74, 276
Boone, Miley (John), 73
Boone, Rachel, 73–74
Boone, Stephen, 73–74
Borland, Walter, 75–76, 276
Botkin, Benjamin A., 7–8, 35, 56
Boulton, Ben, 115, 303
Boulton, James, 115, 303
Bowman, Julia, 17, 55, 76, 276
Boxer Rebellion, 183
Boyce, Angie Moore, 52, 76–77, 276
Boyle, John, 71
Boysaw, Edna, 33, 52, 77–79
The Bracelet (steamship), 92
Bracey, Callie, 16, 17, 31, 79–80, 276
Bragg, Tolbert, 80–81, 252, 276
Branner, John, 253
Brazil Daily Times, 33, 77
Brazy, Harry, 236
Breeding, James, 76
Brown, Elmer, 185
Brown, George, 75–76
Brown, John, 48, 229–230
Brown, Sterling A., 5, 12
Brown, Tom, 184
Bryan, William Jennings, 84
Buckner, Dickie, 82
Buckner, Frank, 83
Buckner, George Washington, 81; biographical information, 276; cabin, 14; education, 28, 52–53; family, 82–83; gift slaves, 15–16; interviews, 80–86; recollections of the Civil War, 46; slave folklore, 40
Buckner, Stanton, 81, 83
buried treasure, 147
Burns, George Taylor: background, 86–89;
biographical information, 276; boatmen songs, 41; education of slaves, 27; indentured servitude of, 53–54; interview, 89–94; superstitions of rivermen, 36
Burns, Lucy, 86
Butler, Belle, 20–21, 27, 94–95, 276
Byington, Cardinal, 88
cabins, 14, 141–142, 171, 235, 254, 271. See also housing for slaves
Cade, John B., 4–5
Caldwell, Erskine, 12
camp meetings. See revivals
Canada, John, 237, 310
canals, 304
cane mills, 250
Carlisle, Billy, 239
Carpenter, Bat, 109
Carpenter, Isaac, 109
Carpenter, Leige, 109
Carpenter, Matilda, 109
carriage drivers, 259
Carter, Joseph William: biographical information, 276; folk healers, 39; interview, 95–98; military service of, 46–47; murder of slaves, 21
Cates, Lavina, 165
Cates, Thomas, 164–165
Catholicism, 33, 155, 219
Cave, ellen, 15, 16, 23–24, 98–100, 277
Cave, James, 99
Cave-In Rock, 89–90, 116, 305
charity, 79, 139–140
Chavious, Hillery, 25, 227–228
Cheatam, Harriet, 15, 32, 100–101, 277
Cheatham, Robert J.: background, 101–105; biographical information, 277; education of slaves, 29; interview, 105–107; poverty in post-Civil War years, 54; religion of slaves, 31, 32; runway slaves, 26; slave folklore, 36
children born into slavery, 43
children’s fict (folklore), 42
Childress, James: background and interview, 108; biographical information, 277; education of slaves, 28; post-Civil War years, 51–52; religion of slaves, 32; treatment of slaves, 22
Christmas season, 43, 176
churches: African Methodist Episcopal Church, 33, 188, 190; Baptist, 78, 128, 163, 232, 271; church attendance, 71, 73, 80; Colored Catholic Church, 33; Methodist Church, 220; Old McFarland Church, 302; organ music in, 307; slaves attending slaveholder’s church, 152 circuses, 170
Citizen National Bank, 300
Civil War: George Arnold’s recollections of, 61; battles of, 122, 135, 173, 207, 240, 243, 252, 269; causes of, 229–230; effect on South of, 96, 146, 157, 165, 193; end of, 250; Grand Army of the Republic, 121, 241, 268; military camps, 269; physicians in, 265; recollections of, 45–48, 83, 157, 167–168, 171, 207; Reconstruction, 120; referred to as the “Revolution War,” 228; slavery as central issue of, 301; slaves held after, 49, 52, 132, 157, 180, 208, 272; slaves’ support for Union, 200; soldiers stealing food from plantations, 143; spies during, 222. See also conscription; emancipation and Emancipation Proclamation; enlistment; military service of African Americans
Clark, George Rogers, 238, 311
Clark County Poor Farm, 239
Claven, Mary, 252
Clay, Henry, 180
Clemens, Susie, 198
Clements, Philip, 177
clothing for slaves: lack of shoes, 272; making, 250; Lulu Scott on, 226; Alex and Elizabeth Smith on, 235–236; varieties of, 17–18
Coffer, Jesse, 20–21, 94
Colbert, Sarah, 38, 109–110, 277
Collins, Amelia Ann, 204
Colored Catholic Church, 33
conjurers. See folklore; witches and witchcraft
Conover, E., 300
conscription, 46, 162, 201, 230, 249
contraband camps, 22, 51, 68–69, 301–302
conversion (religious), 32, 252. See also baptism; revivals
Cook, Bill, 143
Cook, George, 142
Cook, Iris, 16, 65, 167, 193, 310
Cook, John, 143
cooking, 15, 100–101, 252, 255. See also food
Cooper, Frank, 21, 23–24, 110–111, 277
Cooper, John, 32, 111–112, 277
Cooper, Mandy, 110
Cooper, Woodford, 111–112
cotton, 200
Cowherd, Bob, 113
Crane, Mary, 18, 19, 113–114, 277
Creel, Lauana, 101, 300, 303
Crimm, Parker, 163
Crockett, Davy, 40
Crosby, William, 261
Cross, Ben (Ben Boulton), 115, 303
Cross, Cornelius, 54, 114–116, 277, 303–305
Cross, Elmer, 305
Cross, Henrietta, 303, 305
Cuffie (character in Uncle Tom’s Cabin), 178
Cumberland Gap, 234
Cumberland River, 234
Cumberts, Sidney L., 301
Cunningham Memorial Library, 3–4, 9, 13
Daniels, Wilson H., 88, 90, 92
Danvis Folks (Robinson), 11
Daugherty, Ethel, 20, 23, 51, 116–117, 277
Daugherty, John, 17, 34, 118, 277
Daugherty, Lizzie, 118–119, 277
Davies, Honor Farmer, 104
Davis, Jefferson C., 48, 198, 229
Day, Oscar Evelyn, 272
Deaconness Annex, 305
Deam, Bell, 53, 165–166, 166–167, 280
Denny, Josephine, 251
depression (economic), 51, 54, 55
dialects, challenges regarding, 11–12
Dickens, Susan, 167
Dillard, Carolyn P., 5
diseases, 146–147, 231
Ditto, Charlton, 237–238, 310
Ditto, John, 237–238, 310, 311
“Dixie” (song) as model for boatmen’s songs, 88
Dixon, Archibald, 180, 246
Dixon, Benjamin, 180
Dixon, Minnie, 219
Dixon, Thomas. See Suggs, Thomas
Dodson, Estella R., 306, 307
Dood, Patrick, 226
Doolins, Carmuel, 98
Dorson, Richard M., 7, 56, 196
draft. See conscription
dreams, folk beliefs regarding, 37–38
Dunbar’s Hollow, 302
Duncan, Rachael, 32, 119–120, 277
Dunlap family, 66
Dunn, Isaac, 177–178
Dunn, Jacob P., 177
Dunn, Peter, 141, 177–178
Dunning, Alfred, 88
Dupee, D.W., 192
Durand (Durant), John J., 136, 306
Durr, John, 59
East, William C., 307
Eaton (Colonel), 69, 301–302
Eaton, Joe, 248–249
Eaton, Mary Emily. See Tate, Mary Emily (Mollie) Eaton
Eaton, Nancy, 248
eclipse, 142–143, 264
Eclipse (steamship), 87, 90
Edmunds, H. H., 33–34, 49–50, 120–121, 278
education for African Americans: Joseph Allen on, 59, 60; Robert Barton on, 66; Bible used in, 28; Patsy Jane Bland on, 71; Robert Cheatham on, 103–105; children of John Eubanks, 121; degrees, 260; John W. Fields on, 126; forbidden to slaves, 65, 95, 159, 170, 205–206, 234, 259, 265;
Oliver Nelson on, 197; schools, 68, 83–84, 132, 168, 182, 192, 199, 260, 265; self-education, 243; Jack Simms on, 228; slaves learning from whites, 158, 159–160, 167, 181, 232, 240–241; Mattie Brown Smith, 237; Barney Stone, 241; Adah Isabelle Suggs on, 245; Mollie Tate on, 251; George Thompson on, 256; various accounts of, 27–30. See also schools for African Americans
Eldorado (steamship), 63
ellen Gray (steamship), 92
ellison, Fox, 64–65
emancipation and Emancipation Proclamation: Joseph William Carter on, 98; ellen Cave on, 99; John W. Fields on, 128; freedom papers, 147–148, 244; Matthew Hume on, 51, 155; labor before and after, 171; Peter Neal on, 196; preachers’ sermons on, 187; Billy Slaughter on, 230; slaveholders’ reactions to, 146; slaves held after, 49, 52, 132, 157, 208, 272; slaves purchasing their freedom, 76–77, 109, 147–148, 152; slaves’ reactions to, 121, 151, 250; slaves remaining on plantations, 153–154, 196; as theme of sermons, 187; Thirteenth Amendment, 49, 180, 232; George Winlock on, 270. See also escaping slavery
Embassy (steamship), 93
Emergency Relief Appropriations Act, 5
enlistment: Francis Gammons on, 308; Moses Slaughter on, 233–234; slaves enlisting in armies, 46, 64, 216; Mattie Brown Smith on, 311; Union Army, 230, 232; George Winlock on, 268. See also conscription
entertainment for slaves, 254–255
epidemics, 146–147, 231
Ernest, Robert J., 268
escaping slavery: accounts of, 25–26, 103, 105–106; Lewis Barnett’s escape, 65; Samuel Bell on, 301; bloodhounds to track, 191; John Canada’s assistance with, 237–238; capturing escaped slaves, 258, 311; Robert Cheatham on, 105–106; forging passes, 103; Francis Gammons on, 308; Samantha Hough on, 152; Pete Johnson on, 159–160; Masons assisting, 263; America Morgan on, 191; Rudolph O’Hara on, 199; Nelson Polk on, 204–206; John Rudd on, 219; runaway slaves beaten, 258; Arthur Shaffer on, 228; slaves purchasing their freedom, 76–77, 109, 147–148, 152; Adah Isabelle Suggs on, 245–246; George Thomas on, 254; Henry Webb on, 263; Anderson Whitted on, 265–266; George Winlock on, 268. See also emancipation and Emancipation Proclamation; Underground Railroad
Eubanks, John, 46, 48, 121–125, 278
Evansville, Indiana, 61, 214, 303
Evansville Courier and Press, 108, 114–115, 161, 219, 268
Evansville Light Infantry, 199
“experience songs,” 169
Farley, F. E., 135
farm labor, 237
Farmer, Henry, 101, 102–103
Farmer, Mary, 101
Farmer, Sarah, 104
Fauntleroy, Emily, 233
Fauntleroy, Joseph, 232–233
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 5
Federal Writers’ Project (FWP), 3–6
Feltus, Paul, 307
Fields, John W., 125; background and interview, 125–128; biographical information, 278; education of slaves, 27; life as slave, 14; runway slaves, 26; separation from family, 19; slave folklore, 36, 41
Fields, Nathaniel, 310
Fifth Kentucky Cavalry, 183
First Baptist Church, 78
Fisher, Joe, 107
fishing, 303
floods, 162, 223, 225, 272
folklore: bad omens, 127; black cats, 161–162; George Washington Buckner on, 40, 82; buried treasure tale, 147; Robert Cheatham, 104–105; children’s fict, 42; conjurers, 133–134; of dreams, 37–38; John W. Fields on, 36, 41, 125–126; folk healers, 39; “folk-say, ” 8; folk songs of slaves, 41–42; folk tales, 186–187; George Fortman on, 133–134; “hant, ” 216; Betty Jones on, 161–162; Davy Jones, 92; on Abraham Lincoln, 210; The Magic and Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro (Puckett), 36; of preachers, 196–197; riverboat men, 36, 63, 89; “Rock Candy” (game), 42, 214–215; various accounts of, 35–44; voodoo, 97–98; will-o’-the-wisps, 39. See also ghosts and spirits; witches and witchcraft
food: advice on diet, 240; ash cake, 101; barbecues, 42–43, 47, 142; cooking, 100–101, 252, 255; eating conditions for slaves, 117; hardtack, 51, 265; at log rollings, 254; pickled beef, 51, 265; preparation and storage, 44, 239, 255; salt pork, 15; scarcity of, 15, 94, 149–150; slave diet, 209, 212, 224, 226, 258; on steamships, 231; tales about, 151
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 122
Fort Donelson, battle at, 135, 269
Fort Wagner, 232, 243
Fort Wayne Journal Gazette, 156
Fortman, George: biographical information, 278; funerals, 44; interview, 129–135; recollections of the Civil War, 45; slave auctions, 19; slave folklore, 36, 41
Fountain, Peter, 238, 311
Fowler, Alex, 53, 135, 278
Frank, Martin, 90
Frankfort Peace Commission, 180
Franklin Evening Star, 190, 255
Free, W.O., 75
Free Will Baptist Church, 163
Freedmen’s Aid Society, 69, 301–302
Freedmen’s Bureau, 28, 30
Freedmen’s School, 28, 30, 132
freedom granted to slaves. See emancipation and Emancipation Proclamation
freedom papers, 147–148, 244
Freeman, Martha, 59, 309
Freemasons, 241
Freemen’s Association, 83. See also Freedmen’s Bureau
French, Charles and Lydia, 176
From Sundown to Sunup: The Making of the Black Community (Rawick), 9
fugitive slaves. See escaping slavery; Underground Railroad
Fuller, Hattie, 306
Fuller, Levi, 136
Fuller, Mattie, 53, 136–137, 278
funerals, 44, 132–133, 139
Furgerson, Ashley, 256
Furgerson, Manfred, 255
Gable, Clark, 152
Gaines, Frances Foulkes, 77
Gammons, Francis: biographical information, 278; interview, 138, 308; recollections of the Civil War, 46; treatment of slaves, 22
Gammons, Wesley, 138, 308
Gardner, Jim, 96
Gardner, Malvina, 95
Gardner, Puss, 95, 96, 97
Garmon, Jane, 38, 110
Gary Post Tribune, 121, 123
genealogy, 56
The General Pike (steamship), 92
George, Eliza, 131
George, Ford, 129, 131
George, Patent, 130, 132
Georgia Railroad, 248
ghosts and spirits: George Washington Buckner on, 82; Rachael Duncan on, 119; H. H. Edmunds on, 120; John W Fields on, 125–126; Peter Gohagen on, 143; Samantha Hough on, 152–153; America Morgan on, 191; George Morrison on, 194; Amy Elizabeth Patterson on, 202; rivers and, 63; Elizabeth Russell on, 221; Lulu Scott on, 226–227; Katie Sutton on, 246–247; used as tool to frighten slaves, 120; various accounts of, 39; Alex Woodson on, 271–272. See also folklore
Gibson, John Henry, 53, 138–140, 278
Gibson, Lee, 138
gift slaves: George Washington Buckner on, 82; Mary Crane on, 113; John Eubanks on, 121–122; life of, 15, 19; Sarah Locke, 176; Americus Moore, 186; America Morgan, 190–191; William Quinn, 207–208; Moses Slaughter on, 233; Alex Woodson, 270
God Struck Me Dead: Religious Conversion Experiences and Autobiographies of Negro Ex-Slaves (Fisk University), 4, 9
Gohagen, Mary, 142
Gohagen, Peter: biographical information, 278; family of, 142; folk customs, 42; interview, 141–144
Gold Dust (steamship), 63–64
good luck charms, 37
Goodman, Humphrey, 88
Graham, Sidney, 52, 144, 260, 278
grain mills, 254
Grand Army of the Republic, 121, 241, 268
Grand Hotel, 166
Grandy, Charles, 11
Grant, Buck, 241
Grant, John, 241
Grant, Ulysses S., 100, 123, 183, 268
graveyards, 44, 189
Gray, Edmund, 94
Gray Eagle (steamship), 219
Greater Indianapolis (Dunn), 177
Green, Ms. L., 144–145, 278
Green River, 83
Greencastle Banner, 67, 203
Greene, Jacob, 97
Gregory’s Landing, 86
Grieg, Billy, 136
Grigsby, Horace, 238, 311
guerrilla soldiers, 268
Guiding Star (steamship), 219
Guwn, Betty, 46, 51, 145–146, 278
Hammonds, Richard, 80
Hammonds family, 80
Hampton, Mary Jane, 206
Hampton, Noah, 206
Hanna, Agnes M., 177
hardtack, 51, 265
Hargill, Gus, 211
Harmony, Indiana, 78
Harrell, Josie, 40, 146–147, 278
Harris, Greene, 97
Harris, Joel Chandler, 11, 12
Harris, Maston, 26, 147–148, 279
Harrison, William Henry, 265
Harvey, Nealy, 148, 279
Hawk, John, 129–130
Hawk, Rachael, 129–130
Hayden, Jesse, 181
Hays, Mary, 256
Henley, Martin, 100
Henry Ward Beecher: An American Portrait (Hibben), 177 Henson, Josiah, 179
Herrington, Harriet, 224
hexes, 37, 187, 246–247. See also folklore
Hibben, Paxton, 177
Hickory Quakers, 264–265
Hicks, Josephine: biographical information, 279; interview, 148–149; jobs of slaves, 16; treatment of slaves, 22
Hicks, Solomon: biographical information, 279; interview, 149–151; payment of slaves, 17; post-Civil War years, 51; separation of slave families, 18; slave folklore, 36 Hill, David, 125, 127
Hillman Rolling Mills, 131
History of Randolph County 174–175
history of slaves, 35–44
Hobson, E. H., 48, 269
Hockaday, Mrs., 30, 32, 50–51, 151–152, 279
Hoggard, David, 11
Holland, Zella Kinser, 136
Hood, John Bell, 233
Hope Field, Arkansas, 223
horse trading, 271
horseshoes, 127
Hotchkiss, Bill, 163
Hotchkiss, Eliza, 163
Hough, Samantha, 37, 152–153, 279
housing for slaves: construction of, 171, 235, 250–251, 254, 258; descriptions of, 212, 271; Hattie Fuller on, 306; Peter Gohagen’s cabin, 141–142; Betty Guwn on, 145–146; living conditions of slaves, 14; Alex Woodson on, 271
Howard, Beverly, 153
Howard, Chelton, 153
Howard, Jim, 116, 304
Howard, Robert, 153, 279
Howland, Sarah, 309
Hume, Matthew, 17, 33, 51, 153–155, 279
Hunter, Alex, 203
Hunter, Lillian, 40, 156, 279
Hunter, Morton, 136
hunting, 164–165, 230, 303
Huntington, Albert, 66
Hurston, Zora Neale, 12
Hutchings, Dan, 166
Hutchinson, Dick, 75
Igleheart, Levi, 262–263
Illinois Central Railroad Company, 135
indentured servitude: freed slaves entering into, 50, 90, 104; lawsuit regarding, 262; terms of, 262
Indian Territory, 303
Indiana (steamship), 122 Indiana: A Guide to the Hoosier State (WPA), 4
Indiana Eclectic Medical College, 28, 84
Indiana Federal Writers’ Project, 3–4
Indiana State Journal, 178
Indiana State Normal School, 28, 84
Indiana University, 199
Indianapolis Recorder, 139, 140, 210, 213
Indianapolis Star, 42, 139, 183, 210
Indianapolis Times, 177, 213
Indians. See Native Americans
Interchange (steamship), 92
International Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.E), 241, 243
interracial marriage, 117, 147
interviewing techniques, 6–7
Irish, George, 97
iron industry, 131
jack-o’-lanterns, 39, 215
Jackson, Andrew, 40, 86
Jackson, Henrietta, 15, 18–19, 54–55, 156–157, 279
Jackson, Levy, 156
Jacobs, Henry Clay, 136
jailbreaks, 311
James, Jourdain, 262
January, Tom, 88, 116, 304
Jean, Garret, 188
Jenkins, Emma, 119
Jenkins, Mattie: biographical information, 279; interview, 157; post-Civil War years, 49, 52; roles of slaves, 16; treatment of slaves, 21
John Brown’s Raid, 48, 229–230
Johnson, Albert, 28, 84
Johnson, Charles S., 4
Johnson, Green, 152
Johnson, Lizzie, 27, 29, 158–159, 279
Johnson, Pete, 26, 30, 52, 159–160, 279
Johnstone, J. E., 233
jokes and pranks, 169–170, 186–187
Jones, Ben Franklin, 162
Jones, Elizabeth (Bettie), 22–23, 36, 55, 160–162, 280
Jones, Ira, 22, 45, 47, 162–163, 280
Jones, John R., 161
Jones, Lark, 38–39
Jones, Nathan, 23, 163–164, 280
Jones, Willis, 23, 164
Joyce, Doyle, 307
The Kate Sarchet (steamship), 92
Kates, Ralph, 36, 53, 164–165, 280
Keephart, Jacob, 175–176
Keigwin, James, 231
Kelley, Alexander, 53, 165–166, 166–167, 280
Kelley, Bell Deam, 53, 165–166, 166–167, 280
Kelley, Margaret, 165–166
Kelly, Robin D. G., 13
Kentucky, 3, 49
Kettering, William, 71
Kezziah (slave), 102
kidnapping freed slaves, 107
King, Henry, 76–77
King, Margaret Breeding, 76–77
King Philip’s War, 115, 304
Kirby House Hotel, 166
Knapp, Marie, 78
Knights of Pythias, 241, 243
Knowles, Merton, 40, 42, 184
Ku Klux Klan: abduction of African Americans, 220–221, 222; George Taylor Burns on, 87; Sarah Colbert on, 111; Sidney Graham on, 144; harassment of former slaves, 23–24; Sarah Locke on, 176; murder of African Americans, 182–183, 186; Mrs. Preston on, 206–207; retribution against freed slaves, 52; John Rudd on, 219
labor tensions, 52, 78–79
Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery (Botkin), 8, 35, 40
Lee, Edward, 168
Lee, Elvira: biographical information, 280; education of slaves, 29; interview, 167–170; recollections of the Civil War, 47; religious service of, 33; slave folklore, 40, 41–42, 65
Lee, Robert E., 46, 122, 233
Lee, Stephen, 146–147
Leich, Charles, 300
Lennox, Adeline Rose: biographical information, 280; education of, 27; interview, 170–172; labor of slaves, 16; log houses, 14; post-Civil War years, 50, 55; recollections of the Civil War, 47; religion of slaves, 34; separation from family, 18
Lennox, George, 171
Lewis, Steve, 154
Lewis, Thomas: biographical information, 280; interview, 172–174; post-Civil War years, 52; recollections of the Civil War, 47–48; slave folklore, 39
Liberia, 84–86
Library of Congress, 9, 13
Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe (Stowe), 177
Lincoln, Abraham: assassination of, 270; Robert Barton on, 66; George Washington Buckner on, 86; cabin of, 271; Robert Cheatham on, 103; enlistment of slaves, 233; folklore regarding, 42, 210; Matthew Hume on, 155; Parthenia Rollins on, 213–214; Elizabeth Russell on, 220–222; Billy Slaughter on, 230
Linzy, Levi, 21, 174–175, 280
living conditions of slaves, 14–15, 245
Locke, Sarah H., 16, 280; Christmas season, 43; education of slaves, 29–30; interview, 175–176; treatment of slaves, 19
Locklear, Arthur, 158
Lockyear Business College, 129
log cabins, 14, 171, 235, 254
log rollings, 254
Lomax, John, 6, 12, 35
Louisville Times, 197
Love, Maria, 16, 54, 176–177, 280
The Lue Evans (steamship), 92
Lulu Scott, 226–227
Lynch, Gray, 165
Lynch, Larkin, 165
Madison Courier, 67–68, 195
The Magic and Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro (Puckett), 36
magic and spells, 37, 187, 246–247
Magill, John H., 235
Magruder, Louisa, 178
Magruder, Thomas, 177–179, 281
Magruder family, 177
mail delivery, 259
marriage between relatives, 117
The Masonic Gem (steamship), 92
Masons: assisting runaway slaves, 25, 263;
Samuel Bell, 69, 302; Barney Stone, 243
Mayer, Chancy, 20, 94
McClain, Bill, 246
McClain, Harriott, 245
McClain, Hettie, 49, 179–180, 281
McClain, Hulda, 179
McClain, Jackson, 244
McClain, Jerome, 246
McClain, John, 92
McClain, Louisa, 244
McClain, Milton, 246
McClain, William, 179–180
McFarland, Green, 69
McFarland, Jim, 109
McFarland Baptist Church, 232
McGlason, Lorenzo, 135
McGlason, W.G., 135
McKees Rocks, 91
McKinley, Robert: biographical information, 281; education of slaves, 29; gift slaves, 15; interview, 181; slave folklore, 39; slave trade, 23; treatment of slaves, 21–22
McMurry, Robert, 224
McQuirk, Rhoder, 218
medicine, 38–39, 97–98, 103
mediums, 40. See also folklore; witches and witchcraft
Mering, Melvin, 146
Merrill, Sarah Emery: on Lewis Barnett, 65–66; runway slaves, 25; slave folklore, 40, 41–42; as source on Elvira Lee, 167
The Messenger (steamship), 92
Methodist Episcopal Church, 33, 188, 190
midwives, 189
military camps, 269
military service of African Americans: Joseph Allen on, 59; Joseph William Carter, 46–47, 98; Robert Cheatham on, 105; Mary Crane on, 114; John Eubanks on, 124–125; Francis Gammons on, 138; Levi Linzy on, 175; Richard Miller on, 182–183; James W. O’Hara, 199; Moses Slaughter on, 233–234; slaves enlisting in armies, 64, 216; slaves given freedom for serving, 46, 134; Mattie Brown Smith on, 238; Barney Stone on, 241, 243; George Winlock on, 268. See also Civil War; conscription; enlistment
Miller, Bob, 185
Miller, George M., 183
Miller, Mary, 268
Miller, Mattie, 198
Miller, Richard, 52, 181–183, 281
Millikins Bend, 243
Million, Celia, 60
mine laborers, 52, 78–79
ministers and preachers: H. H. Edmunds, 33–34; on emancipation, 187; folklore on, 196–197; ; Solomon Hicks on, 150; Dick Hutchinson, 75; Henry Clay Moorman, 188–190; Barney Stone, 241–244; Reverend Wamble, 257–260
miscarriage caused by whipping, 257
mistrust of African Americans in the North, 151
Mitchell, David, 149
Mitchell High School, 199
mixed race slaves, 105, 117, 156, 202
Monroe, Roy, 146
Monroe, Woodford, 111–112
Monrovia, Liberia, 84–86
Moore, Americus, 186
Moore, Belby, 211
Moore, Ben, 40, 184–185, 281
Moore, Henry, 20, 217, 218
Moore, Jane, 218
Moore, John: biographical information, 281; education of, 30; interview, 186–188; religion of slaves, 32; slave folklore, 38, 40
Moore, Shell, 218
Moorman, Dorah, 188
Moorman, H. G., Jr., 190
Moorman, Henry Clay: biographical information, 281; folk customs, 42; graveyards on plantations, 44; interview, 188–190; labor of slaves, 16; post-Civil War years, 53; recollections of the Civil War, 45; religious service of, 33; slave folklore, 36; slave weddings, 43
Moorman, James, 188
Moorman, Lulu Carter, 190
Morgan, America, 30, 39, 190–192, 281
Morgan, Charles, 71, 157
Morgan, John Hunt, 48, 99, 122, 269
Mormonism, 117
Morning Star (steamship), 219
Morrison, George: background and interview, 192–194; biographical information, 281; “patty roll” term, 229; recollections of the Civil War, 47; runway slaves, 25; slave folklore, 39–40; square dances, 43
Morton, Lula B., 201–202
Morton, Stokes, 202
Mosley, Joseph, 18, 54, 194–195, 281
Mosley, Tim, 194–195
Mossy Creek, Tennessee, 252
mulatto slaves, 105, 117, 156, 202
Mulligan, Jack, 197
murder: of George Band’s wife, 182; of Garret Jean, 188; of Klan Members, 183; Thomas Lewis on, 174; Parthenia Rollins on, 212–214; slaves whipped to death, 21, 96, 186, 191
Murphy, Malinda, 267
Murry, Fred, 256
music: church organ, 307; fiddlers, 167; George Morrison on, 194; square dances, 43, 192–193, 255; steamships, 61. See also songs
Native Americans: abduction of slaves, 95–96, 222–223; attacks on riverboats, 90–91; Six Nations, 91; as slaves, 115–116, 129–130
Neal, Henry, 49, 195–196, 281
Neal, John F., 244
Neal, Peter, 49, 195
Nelson, Oliver, 29, 41, 196–197, 281
New Orleans, Louisiana, 89, 146
New South (steamship), 116
Newland, Willie, 302
Newsom, Richard, 14, 240
Ninth Cavalry, 183
Nixon, Hazel, 177
Noble, Noah, 177
Noble, Thomas, 177
North, William, 253
Nowland, John H.B., 177
Observer and Reporter (Lexington), 180
Odd Fellows, 241, 243
O’Donnell, Sallie, 197
O’Donnell, Sarah, 33, 48, 197–198, 282
Odum, Howard, 12
O’Hara, Cynthia, 55, 199
O’Hara, James W, 199
O’Hara, Louisa, 199
O’Hara, Rudolph D., 26, 53, 80, 198–199, 282
Ohio River: George Beatty on, 67–68; George Taylor Burns on, 88, 89–90; piracy, 89, 116, 305
old age pensions. See pensions
“Old Dan Tucker” (song), 43, 192
Old McFarland Church, 302
Oliver, Lee, 139
oral history of slaves, 35–44
Ottensteen, Charles H., 234
“Out of the Mouths of Ex-Slaves” (Cade), 4–5
overseers, 155, 196
Page, Thomas Nelson, 12
Parish, George, 256
Parke, J. G., 233
Parker, Arnold, 181
Parker, Jane Alice, 181
Parker, Peeler, 260
Parrott, Amos, 199
Parrott, Richard, 199
Parrott, Sarah, 50, 55, 201
Parrott, W. F., 45–46, 53, 199–201, 282
parties, 189, 216
Parvine family, 246
Patent, George, 132
patrollers (paddle rollers): background of term, 229; Sarah Colbert on, 111; Henry Clay Moorman on, 189; Spear Pitman on, 204; Candies Richardson on, 209; George Thompson on, 256; treatment of slaves, 23–24. See also Ku Klux Klan
Patterson, Amy Elizabeth, 18, 40, 201–203, 282
Patterson, Haywood, 174, 309
Peck, Mat, 250
Pegg, Christopher, 88
pensions: of Robert Cheatham, 104; of Mattie Fuller, 136–137; of Adeline Rose Lennox, 171–172; of Joseph Mosley, 194; of Nettie Pompey, 206; of Joe Robinson, 211; of John Rudd, 219; of Alex and Elizabeth Smith, 236; various accounts of, 54; of Alex Woodson, 270; of Samuel Watson, 263
Perry, Mrs. William D., 72
Peterkin, Julia, 12
Phant, Sarah, 111–112
physicians during Civil War, 265
pickled beef, 51
picnics, 216
Pierce, Andy, 136
Pillow, Jasper, 93
Pillow, Seely, 93
piracy, 89–90, 116, 305
Pitman, Spear: biographical information, 282; interview, 203–204; Ku Klux Klan, 23–24; sources of material on, 67; treatment of slaves, 20, 21
Plaster, Carter, 224
play parties, 254–255
politics: in Liberia, 84–86; voting, 259
Polk, Armstead, 177
Polk, Elmira, 16, 177
Polk, J. B., 25, 27, 53, 204
Polk, Nelson, 32, 51, 204–206, 282
Pompey, Nettie, 54, 206, 282
Portland Daily Sun, 252
poverty, 54, 144–145, 239. See also pensions
powder mills, 261
Powell, Caroline, 163
The Prairie Rose (steamship), 92
pranks and jokes, 169–170, 186–187
preachers. See ministers and preachers
Preston, Mrs., 206–207, 282
Price, William Allen, 262
Pritchett, Anna, 7, 38
protests, 259
Quaker Normal School, 265
Quakers, 264–265
Queen, Teena, 219
Quinn, William M.: biographical information, 282; gift slaves, 15; interview, 207–208; payment of slaves, 17; post-Civil War years, 50; runway slaves, 25
R. C. Gray (steamship), 234
rabbit’s feet, 37
Ramblet, Andy, 79
Rave, Herman, 197
Rawick, George P., 8–9, 13, 56
Ray, Wright, 68
Reconstruction, 120
Red-Headed Jesse, 116, 304
Reddick, Lawrence D., 5
Reitz, Clem, 268
Reitz, John, 268
relief stations, 51, 151
religion: angels, 168–169; baptism, 32, 112, 232; Baptists, 78, 128, 163, 209, 232, 241, 271; biblical stance on slavery, 118; camp meetings, 119–120; Catholicism, 33, 155, 219; conversion, 32, 252; emancipation as theme of sermons, 187; freedom of slaves, 103; Hickory Quakers, 264–265; importance of to slaves, 34, 111–112, 150, 219, 226; importance of Bible, 152, 231, 240–241; in Liberia, 85; Methodists, 33, 188, 190, 220; missionaries, 129–130; Mormonism, 117; prayer, 31–32, 100–101, 169, 187, 209; religious service of African Americans, 77–78; revivals, 32, 69, 119–120, 252, 264, 271, 302; songs, 136–137, 168–169; spirituals, 120. See also churches; ministers and preachers
Remembering Slavery (Kelley), 13
revivals: Samuel Bell on, 69, 302; Rachael Duncan on, 119–120; Mollie Tate on, 252; various accounts of, 32; Nancy Whallen on, 264; Alex Woodson on, 271
Revolutionary War, 199, 311–312
Reynolds, Betsy, 309
Richardson, Candies: biographical information, 282; children’s ficts, 42; clothing for slaves, 17; food for slaves, 15; interview, 208–211; plantation life, 14; post-Civil War years, 51; recollections of the Civil War, 47; religion of slaves, 31, 33
riverboats. See steamships
Roberts Settlement, 4
Robinson, Joe, 21, 30, 54, 211, 282
Robinson, Rowland E., 11
Robinson, Tom, 157
“Rock Candy” (folk game), 42, 214–215
Rockville Republican, 67, 203
Rogers, Rice, 211
Rogers, Rosaline: biographical information, 282; cabin of slaves, 14; education of slaves, 28; interview, 211–212; post-Civil War years, 50; religion of slaves, 31; shoes for slaves, 18
Rollins, Parthenia, 20, 212–214, 283
Rolliver H. Cook (steamship), 63
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 86
Roosevelt, Theodore, 59, 123, 183
Rose, Henry, 18, 170, 171
Rose, Katie: biographical information, 283; interview, 214–217; recollections of the Civil War, 45; slave folklore, 39, 41–42
Rose, Patrick, 214
Rose, Ruben, 170
The Rose Douglas (steamship), 92
roustabouts, 61, 63, 89, 91, 134–135
Rudd, Clark, 190
Rudd, John: biographical information, 283; interview, 217–219; Ku Klux Klan, 23–24; post-Civil War years, 53, 54; religion of slaves, 33; separation of slave families, 18; treatment of slaves, 20
Rudd, Liza, 217
Rudd, Manda and Jordan, 190
“Run Nigger Run” (folk song), 185
runaway slaves. See escaping slavery
Russell, Elizabeth: biographical information, 283; children’s ficts, 42; interview, 219–223; recollections of the Civil War, 45; slave folklore, 39
salt pork, 15
Samples, Zeke, 113
Samuels, Amanda Elizabeth (Lizzie), 20, 41, 223–224, 283
Savage, John, 203
Sawyer, Ben, 214
Scarber, Mary Elizabeth, 22, 53, 224–225, 283
Schaffer, Arthur, 25
Scherer, Anton, 177
Scholarly Press, 9
schools for African Americans: George Beatty on, 68; George Washington Buckner on, 83–85; country schools, 182; establishment of, 192, 259–260; Freedmen’s Bureau schools, 28, 30, 132; Quaker Normal School, 265; teachers, 168, 199
Scott, Jake, 208
Scott, Jim, 208, 209
Scott, John, 158
Scott, Lulu: biographical information, 283; education of slaves, 29; interview, 225–227; post-Civil War years, 53; slave folklore, 36–37, 39
Scott, Sadie, 98
Scott, Will, 158
Second Baptist Church of Lafayette, Indiana, 128
Settle, Ophelia, 4
sexual exploitation of slaves, 26, 245
Shaffer, Arthur, 227–228, 283
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 122
shipyards, 230
shoes, 17–18, 272
Shop Notes, 266
Showers Brothers, 266
Shular, Andrew, 241
Shular, Liza, 241
Simms, Benjamin, 217
Simms, Jack, 28, 228, 283
Sims, John, 62–63
Sister Ridley, 40, 168
Six Nations, 91
Skelton, Robert, 183
Sketches of Prominent Citizens of 1876 (Nowland), 177
Slaughter, Billy: biographical information, 283; interview, 229–231; post-Civil War years, 54; recollections of the Civil War, 46, 48; religion of slaves, 34
Slaughter, G. H., 233
Slaughter, Moses: biographical information, 283; education of slaves, 29; interview, 231–234; post-Civil War years, 53; recollections of the Civil War, 46, 47; religion of slaves, 33
Slave Narrative Project, 6, 35
slave trade: auctions, 19, 23, 66, 117, 129, 146, 182, 242, 304; Robert Cheatham on, 102; Sarah Colbert on, 111; Mary Crane on, 113; families separated by, 18–19, 165–166, 202, 217; Solomon Hicks on, 150; Joseph Mosley on, 194–195; Amy Elizabeth Patterson on, 202; raising slaves for sale, 42, 161; sending slaves south, 155; slave traders, 23; slaveholders selling their own children, 99; Barney Stone on, 242; Anderson Whitted on, 266
Sloss, Bertha, 121
Slye, Elizabeth (Liza), 88
Smiley, Joe, 59, 60
Smiley, Mrs. Robert, 284
Smith, Alex: biographical information, 283; interview, 235–237; poverty in post-Civil War years, 54; treatment of slaves, 20
Smith, Ben, 200
Smith, D. B., 95
Smith, Delia, 98
Smith, Elizabeth (Betty), 50, 54, 235–237
Smith, Harry, 89–90
Smith, Mattie Brown, 25, 237–239, 283, 310–312
Smith, Mrs. Robert, 22, 239
Smith, Sarah, 200
Smith, Susan: biographical information, 284; education of slaves, 28; interview, 239; post-Civil War years, 54; religion of slaves, 31; treatment of slaves, 20
Smith, Sylvester: biographical information, 284; food for slaves, 15; interview, 240; Newsom farm, 14; post-Civil War years, 49; recollections of the Civil War, 47
Smith, Virginia, 234
Smiths Landing, 135
Snyder, George, 217
Snyder, Henry, 217, 218
soldiers: attitudes toward slaves, 173; guerrillas, 268; Mrs. Preston on, 207; slaves’ fears of, 188–189; slaves’ support for Union, 200; song of, 224; use of plantations by, 171; Alfred (Pete) Wilson on, 267. See also Civil War; conscription; enlistment
songs: “Dixie, ” 88, 134; “experience songs, ” 169; “Hear the Trumpet Sound, ” 134–135; hymns, 150; jubilee songs, 71; lullabies, 247–248; “Old Dan Tucker, ” 43, 192; at play parties, 254–255; “Run Nigger Run, ” 185; soldier’s song, 224; spirituals, 120, 136–137, 307; “Swing Low Sweet Chariot” 32, 108; topics of slave songs, 168–169; “Turkey in the Straw, ” 194; “The Whistling Coon, ” 134–135
South Bend (steamship), 92
South Bend Tribune, 235
Southern Indiana Gas and Electric Company, 114–115, 303
Sporree, John, 219
spying during Civil War, 173, 222
square dances, 43, 192–193, 255
St. Marys (town), 91
Starks, Hester, 238–239, 312
steamships: The Atlantic, 87, 92; B. S. Rhea, 63; The Banjo, 91–92; The Big Gray Eagle, 87–88, 91; The Bracelet, 92; Eclipse, 87, 90; Eldorado, 63; Ellen Gray, 92; Embassy, 93; The General Pike, 92; Gold Dust, 63–64; Gray Eagle, 219; Guiding Star, 219; Indiana, 122; Interchange, 92; The Kate Sarchet, 92; The Lue Evans, 92; The Masonic Gem, 92; The Messenger, 92; Morning Star, 219; New South, 116; The Prairie Rose, 92; R. C. Gray, 234; Rolliver H. Cook, 63; The Rose Douglas, 92; South Bend, 92; The Sultana, 93; Tempest, 92; The Union, 92; George Taylor Burns on, 87–88; folklore of riverboat men, 36, 63, 89; food on, 231; music on, 61; roustabouts on, 63; Billy Slaughter on, 230
Sterrett (slaveholder), 270–271
Steward, Johnny, 170
Stewart, Mary Ann, 29, 240–241, 284
Stewart, William, 241
still houses, 250
Stiltz, Bill, 60
Stone, Barney: biographical information, 284; education of slaves, 29; interview, 241–244; recollections of the Civil War, 47; religious service of, 33; treatment of slaves, 23
Stone, Lemuel, 241
Stone, Steve, 208
Stonestreet, Mary, 244, 284
storage media for interviews, 6–7
stoves, 255, 268
Stowe, Charles Edward, 177
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 177–179
Stranz, Allan, 177
Street, John, 201–202
Street, Louisa, 201
Stringer, Jane, 191
Strope, Albert, 170
Stubblefield, Elizabeth, 236
Stubblefield, Peter, 236
Stubblefield, Robert, 20
Sturgeon, E. T., 90
Suckow, Ruth, 12
Suggs, Adah Isabelle: biographical information, 284; education of slaves, 29; escaping slavery, 26; interview, 244–246; slave folklore, 37, 41; as source on Hettie McClain and Thomas Suggs, 179
Suggs, Thomas, 179, 180, 246
suicide, 218
Sullivan, William G., 177
The Sultana (steamship), 93
superstition. See folklore
Sutton, Katie, 37, 246–248, 284
“Swing Low Sweet Chariot, ” 32, 108
Tandy, Opal L., 140
Tate, Bill, 80, 249
Tate, Dave, 45, 249
Tate, Mary Emily (Mollie) Eaton: arrival in Portland, 253; biographical information, 284; clothing for slaves, 17; food of slaves, 15; interview, 248–252; recollections of the Civil War, 45, 47; religious conversion of, 32
Tate, Preston: background on, 248–249; biographical information, 284; clothing for slaves, 17; interview, 252–253; post-Civil War years, 53; recollections of the Civil War, 48
Taylor, Ben, 88
Taylor, Green, 87
Taylor, Priscilla, 175
Taylor, William A., 175
Taylor Barracks, 230
teachers, 168, 199. See also schools for African Americans
Tempest (steamship), 92
Terre Haute Tribune, 70, 240
Thatcher, Reiny, 168–169
Thirteenth Amendment, 49, 180, 232
Thomas, Donald, 74
Thomas, Epsey, 175
Thomas, George, 16, 229, 253–255, 284
Thomas, Jim, 254
Thompson, Daniel, 74
Thompson, Ed, 255
Thompson, George, 28, 49, 255–256, 284
Thompson, Nancy, 175, 197
Thompson, P. M. B., 309
Thompson, William, 175, 197
Throm, Edward L., 139
Tippecanoe County Historical Society, 125
tobacco, 71, 154
Toney, Francis, 138
torture of slaves, 203–204
trains, 172–173
Trice, Dutch, 225
Tucker, Charlotte, 210
Tucker, Silas, 186
Tuttle, William W, 59, 308
Twyman, Joel W, 76
Tyler, Velsie, 65, 152, 167
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 177–179
Underground Railroad: Robert Barton on, 66; Anthony Battle’s description of, 26, 67; Walter Borland on, 75; Robert Cheatham on, 105; Thomas Magruder on, 179; Mattie Brown Smith on, 310–312
The Union (steamship), 92
Unwritten History of Slavery: Autobiographical Account of Negro Ex-Slaves (Fisk University), 4, 9
U.S. Quartermaster Depot, 231
Van Cleve, Kay, 74
Van Meter, Beulah, 192
Vanderburgh County Courthouse, 165
Varnell, David, 134
voodoo, 97–98. See also folklore
Votaw, Jonas, 80
voting, 259
Wabash and Erie Canal, 114–115, 116, 304
Wade, Joe, 21, 256, 284
Wagner Post, 268
wainwrights, 258–259
Walker, C. J., 214
Walker, Henry, 300
Walker, James, 300, 302
Walker, Nelson, 119
Wamble, Reverend: biographical information, 285; education of slaves, 29; interview, 257–260; owners of, 14; treatment of slaves, 20, 22
Wamoick, Alexander, 165
Washington, George, 312
Watkins, Hettie, 144, 260
Watkins, Louis: biographical information, 285; education of slaves, 29; interview, 260–261; post-Civil War years, 49; religion of slaves, 31; source of information on, 144
Watkins, Samuel, 50
Watson, Andrew P., 4
Watson, Samuel, 54, 261–263, 285
Watson, Thomas, 262
weather, 227
Webb, Henry, 25, 263, 285
weddings: Patsy Jane Bland on, 71–72; George Washington Buckner on, 82; John Moore on, 186; Henry Clay Moorman on, 43, 189. See also gift slaves
Weil, Aaron, 300
Weil, Jesse, 300
Westbrook family, 257
wet nurses, 16, 202
Whallen, Nancy, 32, 47, 263–264, 285
Whicker, J. W, 184
whipping of slaves. See accounts under individual interviews
“The Whistling Coon” (song), 134–135
Whitted, Anderson, 264; biographical information, 285; education of slaves, 28; interview, 264–266; post-Civil War years, 51, 53; recollections of the Civil War, 46
will-o’-the-wisps, 39
Williams, Ike, 163
Williams, Tom, 270
Williams, Wattie, 113
Wilson, Alfred (Pete), 266–267, 285
Wilson, James, 134
Wilson, Johnny, 70
Wilson, Pete, 53, 312
Wilson, Woodrow, 53, 84–85
Winlock, Adam, 268
Winlock, George, 48, 267–270, 285
witches and witchcraft: Joseph William Carter on, 97; Sarah Colbert on, 109–110; George Fortman on, 133–134; Jane Garmon (witch), 38; John Moore on, 187. See also folklore
wood yards, 92
Woodford, Charles, 237, 310, 311
Woodruff, Justice, 310
Woodson, Alex: biographical information, 285; folk customs, 42–43; interview, 270–272; post-Civil War years, 54; recollections of the Civil War, 45, 48; work bees, 44
Woollen, William Wesley, 177
Wooten, Jesse, 166
work bees, 44
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 3, 5, 30
Wright, Thomas, 88
Writers’ Unit of the Library of Congress Project, 7
yellow fever, 231
Yetman, Norman R., 8–9
Yoe, John, 251
Young, Anthony, 17, 49, 272–273, 285
Young, Cassie, 136
Young, Dave, 225
Young, Mary, 273