Preface

Avery Royce Wolfe was born into a middle-class business family on April 30, 1888. He lived in Buffalo, New York, and after his sophomore year at Lafayette College in June 1917, he enlisted as a private in the American Auxiliary Field Service.

In June 1917, 19-year-old Royce Wolfe set out on his “great adventure.” He sailed on the French liner Touraine from New York City to Bordeaux, and then traveled by train to Paris. He was assigned as an ambulance driver in the American Field Service. He served with the French and then the American Army until his discharge in May 1919.

The American Field Service (AFS) was a volunteer service founded in 1915 by A. Piatt Andrew, an American who wanted to help the French war effort. Under his leadership the organization grew rapidly, often attracting recruits on American college campuses, young men who could establish their “unquestioned loyalty to the allied cause, ” and who were looking for adventure. Because of the organization’s partiality, it was not affiliated with the American Red Cross, which was neutral. Approximately 2,500 volunteers joined the AFS, many long before their country entered the war. One hundred and fifty-one of them lost their lives.

Wolfe entered war service with a number of old friends. Early in his correspondence, he takes pains to explain that he would not go into detail about the actual fighting he witnessed. Rather, he would supply a human narrative of life near the front, in exquisite and often surprising detail, depicting the mortal peril facing ambulance drivers as they toiled in the midst of battle to remove wounded men from the field of fire. The testimonials are accompanied by numerous photographs, most of them his own. Several campaigns are shown in the author’s own skillfully drawn maps.

Wolfe’s initial idealistic exuberance matured into a sober but unwavering conviction of the rightness of the Allied cause. Later in the war, his passionate hatred of the “Boche” moderated to allow a grudging admiration for German engineering and efficiency, but then the experience of conflict brought him to the realization that enemy and ally share a common humanity.

Wolfe spent his entire war service in the center of the Allied front, within miles of the Verdun sector. He won the coveted French Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the final, desperate Ludendorff offensive of June 1918. Here is a curious gap in this otherwise frequent correspondence; in a letter of early July he apologizes for his neglect, saying only that he had been “very busy.”

Wolfe’s accounts are competent, detached, and almost clinical—at times poetic and descriptive, and at others more telling in what he doesn’t say. His impressions of the soldiers and civilians he meets in foreign parts are an insight into the social and cultural norms of his time. There are touches of dry humor in the poignant homesickness of a young man far from home, pledged to serve for the remainder of the dreadful conflict.

Although the First World War, or Great War, had begun on June 28, 1914, America did not declare war until April 6, 1917, and significant numbers of American troops did not arrive until the summer of 1918. American troops fought in 13 major operations during 200 days of combat, but military tactics had failed to keep pace with military technology, which resulted in a stalemate for much of the war, with enormous casualties sustained on all sides for very little gain. Proportionately more soldiers died of battle wounds than in any war of the previous century. Six men were wounded, taken prisoner, or reported missing for every one killed in battle, but pneumonia still caused more fatalities than combat wounds. In 19 months of campaigning, the American Army suffered 50,000 battle fatalities, 206,000 wounded, and 67,500 deaths due to disease.¹ Five percent of the population living in the U.S. during the First World War served in the armed forces in some way, compared with nearly 12 percent during the Civil War. Two out of every three American soldiers saw action in battle.

The war saw the frightening advent of poison gas as a “weapon of mass destruction,” though ironically, the toxic mustard and chlorine gasses were relatively humane weapons. Only 200 men died on the battlefield as a result of acute exposure to poison gas, with 2,200 succumbing in field hospitals, these out of 70,000 total gas casualties among American troops.² Wolfe relates that some soldiers deliberately exposed themselves in order to obtain a respite from the battlefield. The vast preponderance of victims experienced acute pulmonary symptoms, and a minority went on to develop severe and disabling chronic lung disease. However, the tactical effect on unprotected battlefield troops was devastating, and in 1918, 20–30 percent of all casualties were due to exposure to toxic gases.

Twenty-four million men were registered for induction into the armed forces by the Selective Service Law of May 19, 1917, their ages ranging from 18 to 45. One in eight, or 2,800,000, were inducted, and in the course of America’s 19 months of involvement in the war, 2,086,000 Americans were sent overseas, of whom 1,390,000 fought in France.

The division was the main fighting unit of the war and consisted, on average, of 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Forty-two American divisions were trained and sent to fight overseas, the majority arriving during the last six months of the war and eventually exceeding the British Expeditionary Force in size. Depot Brigades numbering about 10,000 personnel were organized as training and sorting units to process the new men and materials. One in four servicemen was a member of the Services of Supply.

America’s involvement in the First World War cost nearly $22,000,000,000, almost as much as it had cost to run the nation between the years 1791 to 1914. This did not include the $10,000,000,000 loaned to the Allies. Two-thirds of the cost of the American war effort went to fund the Army, with expenditures escalating from $2,000,000 per day for the first three months, to $22,000,000 per day for the next year, and finally $44,000,000 per day for the final 10 months. The war cost the Allies and Central Powers an estimated $186,000,000,000, two-thirds of which was expended by the Allied forces, primarily Germany, Great Britain, France, the United States of America, and Austria/Hungary. One-fifth of the cost to the Allied forces was borne by the Americans.

American high explosives and powder were the primary weapons of the Allied war effort for the duration of the conflict. Two million artillery rounds and 3,500,000,000 small arms rounds, of which 1,800,000,000 were shipped overseas, were manufactured for use in the war. Ten thousand tons of gas was produced by the U.S. for the Allies, and by America’s entry into the war in 1917, 600,000 Springfield rifles had been manufactured. This was not nearly enough to meet the needs of the Allied and American troops, so the majority of infantrymen were issued the British-designed Enfield rifle, also produced in the U.S. Before the armistice of November 11, 1918, 40,000 trucks were manufactured and shipped to France from the U.S., and 7,500,000 tons of supplies were manufactured in and shipped from the U.S. to France to maintain the war effort.