Appendix

SOME ETYMOLOGICAL AIDS

Two Rules of Phonetic Change

Prefixes

Suffixes

SUPPLEMENTARY SYNTAX

SUMMARY OF FORMS

SOME ETYMOLOGICAL AIDS

TWO RULES OF PHONETIC CHANGE

“Phonetic” derives from Greek phōnē, sound, voice, speech (cp. phonograph, phonology, symphony, telephone). Consequently, phonetic change means a change which occurs in original speech sounds for one reason or another. Of the many instances of this in Latin, the following two rules of phonetic change are probably the most important ones for the beginner.

A. Vowel weakening usually occurs in the medial syllables of compounds according to the following outline.

1. before a single consonant and before ng.

    > ě before two consonants.

   cpiō, cptum: ac-cpiō, ac-cěptum

   fciō, fctum: per-fciō, per-fěctum

   fcilis: dif-fcilis

   cdō, cāsum: oc-cdō, oc-cāsum (Note that long ā does not change.)

   tngō, tctum: con-tngō, con-tctum

2. ě > before a single consonant.

   těneō: con-tneō (but contentum)

   prěmō: com-prmō (but compressum)

3. ae > ī.

   quaerō, quaesītum: re-quīrō, re-quīsītum

   laedō, laesum: col-līdō, col-līsum

   caedō, caesum: in-cīdō, in-cīsum; oc-cīdō, oc-cīsum

   aestimō: ex-īstimō

4. au > ū.

   claudō: in-clūdō, ex-clūdō

   causor: ex-cūsō

B. Assimilation of the final consonant of a prefix to the initial consonant of the base word commonly occurs.

ad-capiō > ac-cipiō	in-mortālis > im-mortālis
dis-facilis > dif-ficilis	in-ruō > ir-ruō

PREFIXES

Listed here are important prefixes helpful in the analysis of both Latin words and English derivatives. The Latin prefixes have passed over into English unchanged except where indicated. Incidentally, most Latin prefixes were also used by the Romans as prepositions; but the few labeled “inseparable” appear only as prefixes.

ā-, ab-, away, from.

   ā-vocō, call away (avocation)

   ā-vertō, turn away (avert)

   a-mittō, send away, let go, lose

   ab-sum, be away (absent)

   ab-eō, go away

   ab-dūcō, lead away (abduct)

ad- (by assimilation ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-), to, towards, in addition.

   ad-vocō, call to, call (advocate)

   ad-dūcō, lead to (adduce)

   ad-mittō, send to, admit

   ac-cēdō, go to, approach (accede)

   ac-cipiō (ad-capiō), get, accept

   ap-pōnō, put to (apposition)

   as-sentiō, feel towards, agree to, assent

ante-, before.

   ante-pōnō, put before, prefer

   ante-cēdō, go before, precede, excel (antecedent)

circum-, around.

   circum-dūcō, lead around

   circum-veniō, come around, surround (circumvent)

   circum-stō, stand around (circumstance)

com- (com = cum; also appears as con-, cor-, col-, co-), with, together; intensive force: completely, very, greatly, deeply, forcibly.

   con-vocō, call together (convoke)

   con-dūcō, lead together (conduct)

   com-pōnō, put together, compose (component)

   com-mittō, send together, bring together, entrust (commit)

   cōn-sentiō, feel together, agree (consent)

   cō-gō (co-agō), drive together, force (cogent)

   cōm-pleō, fill completely, fill up (complete)

   cōn-servō, save completely, preserve (conserve)

   con-cēdō, go completely, go away, yield, grant (concede)

   con-tendō, stretch greatly, strive, hurry (contend)

   col-laudō, praise greatly or highly

   cor-rōborō, strengthen greatly (corroborate)

contrā-, against, opposite. (Not common as a prefix in Latin but fairly common in English, especially in the form counter-.)

   contrā-dicō, speak against or opposite, oppose, rely (contradict)

   contrā-veniō (late Latin), come against, oppose (contravene)

dē-, down, away, aside, out, off; intensive force: utterly, completely.

   dē-dūcō, lead down or away, drawn down (deduce, deduct)

   dē-pōnō, put aside, lay aside, entrust (deponent, deposit)

   dē-mittō, send down, throw down, let fall (demit)

   dē-veniō, come from, arrive at, reach

   dē-vocō, call away or off

   dē-cēdō, go away (decease)

   dē-mēns, out of one’s mind, demented

   dē-certō, fight it out, fight to the finish

dis- (dif-, dī-; inseparable), apart, away, not.

   dis-pōnō, put apart in different places, arrange (disposition)

   dis-cēdō, go away, depart

   dī-mittō, send away in different directions, let go (dismiss)

   dif-ferō, dī-lātus, bear apart, scatter, put off, differ (different, dilate)

   dis-similis, not similar, unlike, dissimilar

   dif-ficilis, not easy, difficult

ē-, ex- (ef-), from out, forth; intensive force: exceedingly, up.

   ē-dūcō, lead out (educe)

   ex-cēdō, go out, from, away; go beyond (exceed)

   ē-mittō, send out, forth (emit)

   ē-vocō, call out, forth (evoke)

   ex-pōnō, put out, set forth, explain (exponent, exposition)

   ē-veniō, come out, forth; turn out, happen (event)

   ef-ficiō, (ex-faciō), produce, accomplish, perform (efficient, effect)

   ex-pleō, fill up, complete

   ex-asperō, roughen exceedingly, irritate (exasperate)

in- (im-, il-, ir-; sometimes en- or em- in Eng.), in, into, on, upon, against. (Also see in- below.)

   in-vocō, call in, call upon (invoke)

   in-dūcō, lead in or into, introduce, impel (induce)

   im-mittō, send into, send against, let loose against

   im-pōnō, put in, lay upon (impose)

   in-veniō, come upon, find (invent)

   in-clūdō, shut in, shut (include, enclose)

   in-vādō, go into, move against (invade)

   ir-ruō, rush into or upon

   il-līdō (in-laedō), strike or dash against

   in-genium (in + gen-, from gignō, beget, give birth to), inborn nature, natural capacity, talent, character (engine, ingenious)

in- (im-, il-, ir-; inseparable prefix; cognate with Eng. un-), not, un-.

   in-certus, not certain, uncertain

   in-iūstus, not just, unjust (cp. injustice)

   īn-fīnītus, not limited, unlimited (infinite)

   īn-fīrmus, not firm, weak (infirm)

   im-mortālis, not mortal, deathless (immortal)

   il-litterātus, unlearned, ignorant (illiterate)

   ir-revocābilis, not-call-back-able, unalterable (irrevocable)

inter-, between, among.

   inter-veniō, come between; interrupt (intervene)

   inter-cēdō, go between (intercede)

   inter-mittō, place between, leave off (intermittent)

   inter-pōnō, put between, bring forward (interpose)

   inter-rēgnum, period between two reigns (interregnum)

   intrō-, within, in. (Also used as adv.)

   intrō-dūcō, lead in (introduce)

   intrō-mittō, send in

   intrō-spiciō, look within (introspect)

ob- (oc-, of-, op-), towards, to, opposite, against, over.

   ob-dūcō, lead toward or against

   ob-veniō, come opposite, meet

   oc-currō, run to meet, meet (occur)

   of-ferō, bear towards, furnish (offer)

   op-pōnō, put opposite, set against, oppose (opposition)

per- (pel-), through; intensive force: thoroughly, very, completely.

   per-dūcō, lead through or along

   per-veniō, come through to, arrive at, reach

   per-ferō, carry through, bear thoroughly, endure

   per-mittō, let go through, entrust, allow (permit)

   per-ficiō (-faciō), do thoroughly, accomplish, finish (perfect)

   per-facilis, very easy

   per-paucus, very small

   pel-lūcidus, shining through, transparent

post-, after.

   post-pōnō, put after, esteem less, disregard (postpone)

   post-ferō, put after, esteem less, disregard (postpone)

   post-scrībō, write after, add (postscript)

prae-, before, in front, forth; intensive force: very. (In Eng. also spelled pre-.)

   prae-moneō, warn before, forewarn (premonition)

   prae-cūdō, go before, excel (precede)

   prae-pōnō, put before, place in command of, prefer (preposition)

   prae-mittō, send before or forth, set before (premise)

   prae-scrībō, write before, order (prescribe, prescription)

   prae-ferō, bear before, set before, prefer

   prae-clārus, very noble, very famous, excellent

prō-, before, in front, forth, out, away, instead of, for. (Sometimes pur- in Eng.)

   prō-vocō, call forth or out, challenge, excite (provoke)

   prō-videō, see ahead, foresee, care for (provide, provision, purvey)

   prō-dūcō, lead before or out, bring forth, prolong (produce)

   prō-cēdō, go forward, advance (proceed)

   prō-pōnō, put in front, set forth, declare (proponent, purpose)

   prō-mittō, send forth, assure (promise)

   prō-cōnsul, one who served in place of a consul (proconsul)

re- (red-; inseparable), back again.

   re-vocō, call back, recall (revoke)

   re-dūcō, lead back (reduce)

   re-cēdō, go back, retire (recede)

   re-pōnō, put back, replace, restore (repository)

   re-mittō, send back, give up (remit)

   red-dō, give back, restore, return

   red-eō, go back, return

sē- (inseparable), apart, aside, without.

   sē-dūcō, lead aside, separate (seduce)

   sē-cēdō, go apart, withdraw, retire (secede)

   sē-pōnō, put aside, select

   sē-moveō, move aside, separate

   sē-cūrus, without care, untroubled, serene (secure)

sub- (suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sur-, sus-), under, up (from beneath); rather, somewhat, a little, secretly.

   sub-dūcō, draw from under, withdraw secretly

   suc-cēdō, go under, go up, approach, prosper (succeed)

   sup-pōnō, put under; substitute (supposition, supposititious)

   sub-veniō, come under, help (subvene, subvention)

   sus-tineō (-teneō), hold up, support, endure (sustain)

super- (also sur- in Eng.), over, above.

   super-pōnō, place over or upon, set over (superposition)

   super-sedeō, sit above or upon, be superior to, be above, refrain from, desist (supersede)

   super-sum, be over and above, be left, survive

   superō, be above, surpass, conquer (insuperable)

   superbus, above others, haughty, proud (superb)

   super-vīvō, survive

   super-ficiēs, surface

trāns- (trā-), across, over.

   trāns-mittō, send across, cross over (transmit)

   trā-dūcō, lead across (traduce)

   trāns-eō, go across (transition)

   trā-dō, give over, surrender, hand down (tradition)

SUFFIXES

Of the very numerous Latin suffixes only a few of the more important ones are listed here with their English equivalents.

1. Suffix denoting the agent, the doer, the one who (-tor or -sor, m.; -tīx, f.).

-tor or -sor (cp. Eng. -er)

   victor (vincō, victum, conquer), úonqueror, victor

   scrīptor (scrībō, scrīptum, write), writer

   lēctor, lēctrīx (legō, lēctum, read), reader

   ōrātor (ōrō, ōratum, [speak], plead), speaker, orator

   repertor, repertrīx (reperiō, repertum, discover), discoverer

   auctor (augeō, auctum, increase), increaser, author

   līberātor (līberō, līberātum, free), liberator

   tōnsor (tondeō, tōnsum, shave, clip), barber

   amātor (amō, amātum, love), lover

These nouns have the same base as that of the perfect participle.

2. Suffixes denoting action or result of action (-or, -ium, -tiō).

-or (Eng. -or)

   amor (amō, love), love, amour

   timor (timeō, fear), fear

   dolor (doleō, suffer pain), pain, suffering, grief

   error (errō, go astray, err), error

   terror (terreō, frighten, terrify), fright, terror

-ium (Eng. -y; -ce when -ium is preceded by c or t)

   studium (studeō, be eager), eagerness, study

   colloquium (colloquor, talk with), talk, conference, colloquy

   imperium (imperō, command), command, power

   odium (ōdī, hate), hate

   aedificium (aedificō, build) building, edifice

   silentium (silēns, silentis, silent), silence

-tiō, -tiōnis, or -siō, -siōnis (Eng. -tion or -sion)

   admonitiō (admoneō, admonitum, admonish) admonition

   ratiō (reor, ratum, reckon, think), reckoning, plan, reason (ration)

   ōrātiō (ōrō, ōrātum, [speak], plead), oration

   nātiō (nāscor, nātum, be born), birth, nation

   occāsiō (occidō, occāsum, fall down) a befalling, occasion, opportunity

3. Suffixes denoting quality, state, or condition (-ia, -tia, -tās, -tūdō).

-ia (Eng. -y)

   miseria (miser, miserable), misery

   īnsānia (īnsānus, insane), insanity

   victōria (victor, victor), victory

   invidia (invidus, envious), envy

   iniūria (iniūrus, wrong, unjust), injustice, injury

-tia (Eng. -ce)

   amīcitia (amīcus, friendly), friendship

   sapientia (sapiēns, wise), wisdom, sapience

   scientia (sciēns, knowing), knowledge, science

   iūstitia (iūstus, just), justice

   dīligentia (dīligēns, diligent), diligence

-tās, -tātis (Eng. -ty)

   lībertās (liber, free), freedom, liberty

   vēritās (vērus, true), truth, verity

   paupertās (pauper, poor), poverty

   cupiditās (cupidus, desirous, greedy), greed, cupidity

   gravitās (gravis, heavy, grave), weight, seriousness, gravity

   celeritās (celer, swift), swiftness, celerity

-tūdō, -tūdinis (Eng. -tude)

   multitūdō (multus, much, many), multitude

   magnitūdō (magnus, large, great), magnitude

   pulchritūdō (pulcher, beautiful), beauty, pulchritude

   sōlitūdō (sōlus, alone), solitude

   sollicitūdō (sollicitus, agitated, solicitous), solicitude

4. Adjectival suffix meaning full of (-ōsus).

-ōsus, -ōsa, -ōsum (Eng. -ous or -ose)

   studiōsus (studium, zeal), full of zeal, eager (studious)

   imperiōsus (imperium, command), full of command, imperious

   perīculōsus (perīculum, danger), full of danger, dangerous

   vitiōsus (vitium, fault, vice), faulty, vicious

   verbōsus (verbum, word), wordy, verbose

5. Adjectival suffix meaning able to be, worthy to be; sometimes able to (-bilis).

-bilis, -bile (Eng. -able, -ible, -ble)

   laudābilis (laudō, praise), worthy to be praised, laudable

   amābilis (amō, love), worthy to be loved, lovable, amiable

   incrēdibilis (crēdō, believe), not worthy to be believed, incredible

   mōbilis (moveō, move), able to be moved, movable, mobile

   inexpugnābilis (expugnō, conquer), unconquerable

   stabilis (stō, stand), able to stand, stable

6. Adjectival suffixes denoting pertaining to (-ālis or -āris, -ānus, -icus).

-ālis, -āle, or -āris, -āre (Eng. -al or -ar)

   mortālis (mors, death), pertaining to death, mortal

   vītālis (vīta, life), pertaining to life, vital

   fātālis (fātum, fate), fatal

   populāris (populus, people), popular

   vulgāris (vulgus, the common people), common, vulgar

-ānus, -āna, -ānum (Eng. -an or -ane)

   Rōmānus (Rōma, Rome), pertaining to Rome, Roman

   hūmānus (homō, man), pertaining to man, human, humane

   urbānus (urbs, city), urban, urbane

   mundānus (mundus, world), worldly, mundane

-icus, -ica, -icum (Eng. -ic)

   domesticus (domus, house), pertaining to the house, domestic

   pūblicus (populus, people), pertaining to the people, public

   rūsticus (rūs, country), rustic

   cīvicus (cīvis, citizen), civic

   classicus (classis, class), pertaining to the classes, of the highest class; classic

SUPPLEMENTARY SYNTAX

The following constructions are listed for the benefit of students who plan to continue their study of Latin beyond the introductory year. A number of these constructions have already been encountered here and there in the 40 formal chapters of this book. However, although often these can be easily translated without benefit of syntactical labels, it seems wise to catalog them here along with the more difficult items.

GENITIVE OF MATERIAL

The genitive may indicate the material of which a thing is made.

pōculum aurī, a goblet of gold

Numerus hostium crēscit, the number of the enemy is increasing.

Mōns aquae secūtus est et tempestās trēs nāvēs cīnxit aggere harēnae, a mountain of water followed and the storm surrounded three ships with a mound of sand.

OBJECTIVE GENITIVE

The objective genitive depends on a noun of verbal meaning and is used as the object of the verbal idea. It is sometimes translated by for.

amor laudis, love of praise (= amat laudem, he loves praise.)

cupiditās pecūniae, greed for money (= cupit pecūniam, he longs for money.)

metus mortis, fear of death (= metuit mortem, he fears death.)

spēs salūtis, hope for safety (= spērat salūtem, he hopes for safety.)

Fēmina erat dux factī, a woman was the leader of the enterprise (= dūxit factum.)

laudātor temporis āctī, a praiser of the past (= laudat tempus āctum.)

DATIVE OF PURPOSE

The dative may express the purpose for which a person or thing serves. A dative of reference (Ch. 38) often appears in conjunction with the dative of purpose, and this combination is called the “double dative” construction.

Petītiō mea tibi (dat. of ref.) summae cūrae (dat. of purp.) est, my candidacy is (for) the greatest concern to you.

Ea rēs mihi (ref.) summae voluptātī (purp.) erat, that matter was for the greatest pleasure to me = gave me the greatest pleasure.

Illī nōbīs (ref.) auxiliō (purp.) vēnērunt, they came as an aid to us.

Hōs librōs dōnō (purp.) mīsit, he sent these books as a gift.

Hoc mē iuvat et mihi (ref.) mellī (purp.) est, this gratifies me and is (as) honey to me.

Optant locum tēctō (purp.), they desire a place for a roof (building).

DATIVE OF POSSESSION

The dative can be used with sum to express the idea of possession.

Liber est mihi, a book is to me = I have a book.

(Contrast: liber est meus, the book is mine.)

Illī maior turba clientium est, that man has a greater throng of retainers.

Sunt tibi animus et mōrēs, you have a soul and character.

Haec eīs semper erunt, they will always have these things.

Prūdentia est illī puellae, that girl has prudence.

Ō virgō, nōn tibi est vultus mortālis, O maiden, you do not have the face of a mortal.

Sī umquam mihi fīlius erit…, if I ever have a son….

ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION

The ablative may be used to tell in what specific respect a verb or an adjective holds true.

Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt, these all differ from one another in language, customs, and laws.

Illī virtūte omnibus (dat.) praestābant, those men used to excel all in courage.

Id genus erat intractābile bellō, that race was unmanageable in war.

Quis est praestantior aut nōbilitāte aut probitāte aut studiō optimārum artium?

Who is more outstanding in nobility or integrity or the pursuit of the finest arts?

Ager bene cultus est ūber ūsū et ōrnātus speciē, a field well cultivated is rich in usefulness and beautiful in appearance.

Asia omnibus terrīs (dat.) antecellit ūbertāte agrōrum et varietāte frūctuum et multitūdine eārum quae exportantur, Asia excels all lands in richness of fields and variety of fruits and large number of those things which are exported.

ABLATIVE OF CAUSE

The ablative can be used to indicate a cause or reason.

Miser timōre dēlīrat, the wretched man is insane with fear.

Corpora eōrum metū dēbilia sunt, their bodies are weak from fear.

Aper dentibus timētur, the boar is feared because of his teeth.

Nihil arduum mortālibus est; caelum ipsum stultitiā petimus, nothing is (too) arduous for mortals; we seek the sky itself in our folly.

Odiō tyrannī in exsilium fūgit, because of his hatred of the tyrant he fled into exile.

Bonī amōre virtūtis peccāre ōdērunt, good men because of their love of virtue hate to sin.

ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE

With comparatives and adverbs suggesting comparison the ablative can be used to indicate the degree of difference in the comparison.

Tantō melius, the better by so much = so much the better.

Senex nōn facit ea quae iuvenis, at multō maiōra et meliōra facit, an old man does not do the things which a young man does, but he does much greater and better things ( greater by much).

Multō ācrius iam vigilābō, I shall now watch much more keenly.

Rōmam paucīs post diēbus vēnistī, you came to Rome a few days afterwards (afterwards by a few days).

Aberat ab eā urbe tribus mīlibus passuum, he was three miles from that city (was away by three miles).

Bonae Athēnae paulō plūs artis adiēcērunt, good Athens added a little more skill (more by a little).

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

In indirect discourse, subordinate clauses regularly have verbs in the subjunctive mood, even though they had the indicative in the direct form.

OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE

The complementary infinitive has no subject accusative (see Ch. 6). However, when an infinitive with subject accusative is used as the object of a verb, it is called an objective infinitive.

Volunt venīre, they wish to come. (compl. inf.)

Iussit eōs venīre, he ordered them to come. (obj. inf.)

Nōn possum loquī, I cannot speak. (compl. inf.)

Nōn patitur mē loquī, he does not permit me to speak. (obj. inf.)

Nōn audet īre, he does not dare to go. (compl. inf.)

Coēgērunt eum īre, they forced him to go. (obj. inf.)

SUMMARY OF FORMS

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Regular
longus, -a, -um (long)	longior, -ius	longissimus, -a, -um
fortis, -e (brave)	fortior, -ius	fortissimus, -a, -um
fēlīx, gen. fēlīcis, (happy)	fēlīcior, -ius	fēlīcissimus, -a, -um
sapiēns, gen. sapientis (wise)	sapientior, -ius	sapientissimus, -a, -um
facilis, -e (easy)	facilior, -ius	facillimus, -a, -um
līber, -era, -erum (free)	līberior, -ius	līberrimus, -a, -um
pulcher, -chra, -chrum (beautiful)	pulchrior, -ius	pulcherrimus, -a, -um
ācer, ācris, ācre (keen)	ācrior, -ius	ācerrimus, -a, -um
Irregular
bonus, -a, -um (good)	melior, -ius	optimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um (large)	maior, -ius	maximus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um (bad)	peior, -ius	pessimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um (much)	-, plūs	plūrimus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um (small)	minor, minus	minimus, -a, -um
(prae, prō)	prior, -ius (former)	prīmus, -a, -um
superus, -a, -um (that above)	superior, -ius	summus (suprēmus), -a, -um

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Regular
longē (far)	longius	longissimē
fortiter (bravely)	fortius	fortissimē
fēlīciter (happily)	fēlīcius	fēlīcissimē
sapienter (wisely)	sapientius	sapientissimē
facile (easily)	facilius	facillimē
līberē (freely)	līberius	līberrimē
pulchrē (beautifully)	pulchrius	pulcherrimē
ācriter (keenly)	ācrius	ācerrimē
Irregular
bene (well)	melius	optimē
magnopere (greatly)	magis	maximē
male (badly)	peius	pessimē
multum (much)	plūs	plūrimum
parum (little)	minus	minimē
(prae, prō)	prius (before)	prīmum; prīmō
diū (a long time)	diūtius	diūtissimē

NUMERALS

Cardinals	Ordinals	Roman Numerals
1. ūnus, -a, -um	prīmus, -a, -um	I
2. duo, duae, duo	secundus, alter	II
3. trēs, tria	tertius	III
4. quattuor	quārtus	IIII; IV
5. quīnque	quīntus	V
6. sex	sextus	VI
7. septem	septimus	VII
8. octō	octāvus	VIII
9. novem	nōnus	VIIII; IX
10. decem	decimus	X
11. ūndecim	ūndecimus	XI
12. duodecim	duodecimus	XII
13. tredecim	tertius decimus	XIII
14. quattuordecim	quārtus decimus	XIIII; XIV
15. quīndecim	quīntus decimus	XV
16. sēdecim	sextus decimus	XVI
17. septendecim	septimus decimus	XVII
18. duodēvīgintī	duodēvīcēsimus	XVIII
19. ūndēvigintī	ūndēvīcēsimus	XVIIII; XIX
20. vīgintī	vīcēsimus	XX
21. vīgintī ūnus, ūnus et vīgintī	vīcēsimus prīmus	XXI
30. trīgintā	trīcēsimus	XXX
40. quadrāgintā	quadrāgēsimus	XXXX, XL
50. quīnquāgintā	quīnquāgēsimus	L
60. sexāgintā	sexāgēsimus	LX
70. septuāgintā	septuāgēsimus	LXX
80. octōgintā	octōgēsimus	LXXX
90. nōnāgintā	nōnāgēsimus	LXXXX; XC
100. centum	centēsimus	C
101. centum ūnus	centēsimus prīmus	CI
200. ducentī, -ae, -a	duocentēsimus	CC
300. trecentī	trecentēsimus	CCC
400. quadringentī	quadringentēsimus	CCCC
500. quīngentī	quīngentēsimus	D
600. sescentī	sescentēsimus	DC
700. septingentī	septingentēsimus	DCC
800. octingentī	octingentēsimus	DCCC
900. nōngentī	nōngentēsimus	DCCCC
1000. mīlle	mīllēsimus	M
2000. duo mīlia	bis mīllēsimus	MM

Declension of Numerals

For the declension of ūnus see Ch. 9 or sōlus above.

For duo, trēs, and mīlle see Ch. 15.

The forms from trecentī through nōngentī are declined in the plural like ducentī, -ae, -a.

The ordinals are declined like prīmus, -a, -um.

The other forms are indeclinable.

Present Imperative Passive

In classical Latin, passive form imperatives are found chiefly in deponent verbs (for forms, see Ch. 34).