1. J. G. Ballard, Concrete Island (1974; London: Fourth Estate, 2014), 11.
2. Ibid., 13.
3. Ibid., 24.
4. Ibid., 25.
5. Ibid., 19.
6. Ibid., 20.
7. Ibid., 25.
8. Ibid., 39.
9. Ibid., 43.
10. Ibid., 49.
11. Achille Mbembe, “Necropolitics,” trans. Libby Meintjes, Public Culture 15, no. 1 (2003): 11–40.
12. Heathcote Williams, Autogeddon (New York: Arcade, 1991), 28.
13. Edward Humes, Door to Door: The Magnificent, Maddening, Mysterious World of Transportation (New York: HarperCollins, 2016), 91.
14. Ibid., 92.
15. World Health Organization, “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015,” http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/.
16. Marc Bekoff, “Animals and Cars: One Million Animals Are Killed on Our Roads Every Day,” Psychology Today, July 21, 2010, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/animal-emotions/201007/animals-and-cars-one-million-animals-are-killed-our-roads-every-day.
17. Michelle Nijhuis, “What Roads Have Wrought,” New Yorker, March 20, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/roads-habitat-fragmentation.
18. Ballard, Concrete Island, 65.
19. Lauren Berlant, Cruel Optimism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011).
20. Ballard, Concrete Island, 70.
21. “Converging evidence has revealed that growing up in the city doubles the risk of developing psychosis later in life. Studies have also begun to find that urban environments may heighten the risk of other mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.” Diana Kwon, “Does City Life Pose a Risk to Mental Health?,” Scientific American, May 20, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-city-life-pose-a-risk-to-mental-health/.
22. Stephanie Wakefield and Glenn Dyer, “Notes from the Anthropocene #2: Infrastructure,” Brooklyn Rail, March 5, 2015, http://brooklynrail.org/2015/03/field-notes/notes-from-the-anthropocene-2-infrastructure.
23. Franco “Bifo” Berardi, “Inside the Corpse of Abstraction (an Apotropaic Text),” in The Aesthetics of Necropolitics, ed. Natasha Lushetich (London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 2018), 92.
24. Henry Miller, Tropic of Capricorn (New York: Grove Press, 1994), 12.
25. Berardi, “Inside the Corpse of Abstraction,” 91–92.
26. Ibid., 93.
27. Mbembe, “Necropolitics,” 11.
28. Bernard Stiegler, Symbolic Misery, vol. 1: The Hyperindustrial Epoch, trans. Barnaby Norman (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2014), 47.
29. Rose George, Ninety Percent of Everything: Inside Shipping, the Invisible Industry That Puts Clothes on Your Back, Gas in Your Car, and Food on Your Plate (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2013), 3–4.
30. Quoted in Will Steffen, Wendy Broadgate, Lisa Deutsch, Owen Gaffney, and Cornelia Ludwig, “The Trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration,” Anthropocene Review 2, no. 1 (2015): 82.
31. Saskia Sassen, Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014), 2.
32. Berardi, “Inside the Corpse of Abstraction,” 82.
33. Charles Thorpe, Necroculture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 1.
34. J. G. Ballard, “A Handful of Dust,” Guardian, March 20, 2006, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/mar/20/architecture.communities.
35. Ibid.
36. Paul Virilio, Bunker Archeology (rpt., New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014), 18–19.
37. Ibid., 29.
38. Ibid., 19.
39. Paul Virilio, “The Suicidal State,” in The Virilio Reader, ed. James der Derian (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 33.
40. Ibid., 33.
41. Ibid., 34.
42. Ibid., 30.
43. Quoted in Virilio, “The Suicidal State,” 40.
44. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 230.
45. Eugene W. Holland, “Schizoanalysis, Nomadology, Fascism,” in Deleuze and Politics, ed. Ian Buchanan and Nicholas Thoburn (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), 79.
46. Ibid., 83.
47. Nicholas Michelsen, “Fascist Lines of the Tokkōtai,” in Deleuze and Fascism: Security, War, Aesthetics, ed. Brad Evans and Julian Reid (New York: Routledge, 2013), 162.
48. Ibid., 155.
49. Ibid., 170.
50. Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, ed. Mauro Bertani and Alessandro Fontana, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), 260.
51. The Deleuzoguattarian definition of fascism as a “war machine” in every niche of everyday life already applies to the spaces overrun by global capitalism, but conventional definitions of fascism might not designate certain contemporary nation-states as fascist.
52. Virilio, Bunker Archeology, 43.
53. Ibid., 46.
54. Paul Virilio and Sylvère Lotringer, Pure War, trans. Mark Polizzotti (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2008), 210. The text from which this quotation is derived was translated by Philip Beitchman.
55. Damian Carrington, “The Anthropocene Epoch: Scientists Declare Dawn of Human-Influenced Age,” Guardian, August 29, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/declare-anthropocene-epoch-experts-urge-geological-congress-human-impact-earth.
56. Alex Kirby, “Rise in Plunder of Earth’s Natural Resources,” Climate News Network, July 23, 2016, online:http://climatenewsnetwork.net/rise-in-plunder-of-earths-natural-resources/.
57. Adam Vaughn, “Human Impact Has Pushed Earth into the Anthropocene, Scientists Say,” Guardian, January 7, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/07/human-impact-has-pushed-earth-into-the-anthropocene-scientists-say.
58. Sam Wong, “Marks of the Anthropocene: 7 Signs We Have Made Our Own Epoch,” New Scientist, January 7, 2016, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28741-marks-of-the-anthropocene-7-signs-we-have-made-our-own-epoch/.
59. “An Improbable Global Shortage: Sand,” Economist, March 30, 2017, http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21719797-thanks-booming-construction-activity-asia-sand-high-demand; Vince Beiser, “The Deadly Global War for Sand,” Wired, March 26, 2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/03/illegal-sand-mining/; David Owen, “The World Is Running Out of Sand,” New Yorker, May 29, 2017, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/29/the-world-is-running-out-of-sand.
60. Adrian Forty, Concrete and Culture: A Material History (London: Reaktion Books, 2012), 9.
61. Ibid., 14.
62. Ibid., 287.
63. Ibid., 9.
64. Ibid., 40.
65. Ibid., 225.
66. Ibid., 232.
67. Ibid., 8.
68. Ibid., 147.
69. Ibid., 150.
70. Ibid., 167.
71. Ibid., 69.
72. Ibid., 70.
73. Ibid., 76.
74. Ibid., 62.
75. Mardges Bacon, “Le Corbusier and Postwar America: The TVA and Béton Brut,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 74, no. 1 (March 2015): 16.
76. Quoted in Bacon, “Le Corbusier and Postwar America,” 18.
77. Tim Culvahouse, “Introduction,” in The Tennessee Valley Authority: Design and Persuasion, ed. Tim Culvahouse (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), 19.
78. Bacon, “Le Corbusier and Postwar America,” 20.
79. Quoted in Bacon, “Le Corbusier and Postwar America,” 24.
80. Barnabas Calder, Raw Concrete: The Beauty of Brutalism (London: William Heinemann, 2016), 17.
81. Based on an estimate derived from the CIA Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2085.html, retrieved May 18, 2017.
82. Based on an estimate derived from the CIA Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2117.html, retrieved May 18, 2017.
83. Based on an estimate derived from the CIA Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html, retrieved May 18, 2017.
84. International Energy Agency, Global Land Transport Infrastructure Requirements (Paris: IEA, 2013), 6.
85. Harry Cockburn, “More Than 95% of Earth’s Population Breathing Dangerously Polluted Air, Finds Study,” Independent, April 17, 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/air-pollution-quality-cities-health-effects-institute-environment-poverty-who-a8308856.html.
86. Brian Larkin, “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure,” Annual Review of Anthropology 42 (2013): 327–343.
87. Elizabeth Colbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt, 2014).
88. Steve Connor, “Ocean Acidification Killed Off More Than 90 Per Cent of Marine Life 252 Million Years Ago, Scientists Believe,” Independent, April 9, 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/ocean-acidification-killed-off-more-than-90-per-cent-of-marine-life-252-million-years-ago-scientists-10165989.html.
89. Carl Zimmer, “Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says,” New York Times, January 15, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/science/earth/study-raises-alarm-for-health-of-ocean-life.html.
90. T. W. Crowther, H. B. Glick, K. R. Covey, C. Bettigole, D. S. Maynard, S. M. Thomas, J. R. Smith, G. Hintler, M. C. Duguid, G. Amatulli, M.-N. Tuanmu, W. Jetz, C. Salas, C. Stam, D. Piotto, R. Tavani, S. Green, G. Bruce, S. J. Williams, S. K. Wiser, M. O. Huber, G. M. Hengeveld, G.-J. Nabuurs, E. Tikhonova, P. Borchardt, C.-F. Li, L. W. Powrie, M. Fischer, A. Hemp, J. Homeier, P. Cho, A. C. Vibrans, P. M. Umunay, S. L. Piao, C. W. Rowe, M. S. Ashton, P. R. Crane, and M. A. Bradford, “Mapping Tree Density at a Global Scale,” Nature 525 (10 September 2015): 201–205.
91. Damian Carrington, “Earth Has Lost Half Its Wildlife in the Past 40 Years, says WWF,” Guardian, September 30, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/29/earth-lost-50-wildlife-in-40-years-wwf.
92. Ada Carr, “‘Pristine’ Landscapes No Longer Exist and Haven’t for Thousands of Years, Study Says,” Weather.com, June 7, 2016, https://weather.com/science/environment/news/pristine-nature-humans-global-biodiversity-landscape-ecosystems-earth#/!.
93. Joby Warrick and Chris Mooney, “Effects of Climate Change ‘Irreversible,’ U.N. Panel Warns in Report,” Washington Post, November 2, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/effects-of-climate-change-irreversible-un-panel-warns-in-report/2014/11/01/2d49aeec-6142-11e4-8b9e-2ccdac31a031_story.html; Jeremy Lovell, “Clean Energy Lags Put World on Pace for 6 Degrees Celsius of Global Warming,” Scientific American, April 26, 2012, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/clean-energy-lags-put-world-on-pace-for-6-degrees-celsius-of-global-warming/.
94. “Scientists Categorize Earth as a ‘Toxic Planet,’” Phys.Org, February 7, 2017, https://phys.org/news/2017-02-scientists-categorize-earth-toxic-planet.html.
95. Matthew Taylor, “Plastic Pollution Risks ‘Near Permanent Contamination of Natural Environment,’” Guardian, July 19, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/19/plastic-pollution-risks-near-permanent-contamination-of-natural-environment.
96. Carrington, “The Anthropocene Epoch.”
97. Stephen J. Davis and Robert H. Socolow, “Commitment Accounting of CO2 Emissions,” Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 8 (26 August 2014): 1–9.
98. Ian Johnston, “World Must Hit Zero Carbon Emissions ‘Well before 2040,’ Scientists Warn,” Independent, April 13, 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/world-zero-carbon-emissions-before-2040-two-decades-climate-change-global-warming-greenhouse-gases-a7682001.html.
99. Jonathan Watts, “We Have 12 Years to Limit Climate Change Catastrophe, Warns UN,” Guardian, October 8, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/08/global-warming-must-not-exceed-15c-warns-landmark-un-report.
100. Jeff McMahon, “Carbon Pollution Has Shoved the Climate Back at Least 12 Million Years, Harvard Scientist Says,” Forbes, January 14, 2018.
101. Robert Rapier, “World Sets Record for Fossil Fuel Consumption,” Forbes, June 8, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2016/06/08/world-sets-record-for-fossil-fuel-consumption/.
102. Brian Kahn, “We Just Breached the 410 PPM Threshold for CO2,” Scientific American, April 21, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/we-just-breached-the-410-ppm-threshold-for-co2/.
103. US Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Outlook 2016,” May 11, 2016, https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/coal.cfm.
104. Simon Pirani, Burning Up: A Global History of Fossil Fuel Consumption (London: Pluto Press, 2018), 54.
105. Ron Bousso, “Coal Comeback Spurs New Carbon Emissions Growth, Says BP,” Reuters, June 13, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-energy/coal-comeback-spurs-new-carbon-emissions-growth-says-bp-idUSKBN1J91TB.
106. Damian Carrington, “G20 Countries Triple Coal Power Subsidies despite Climate Crisis,” Guardian, June 25, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/25/g20-nations-triple-coal-power-subsidies-climate-crisis.
107. Jonathan Watts, “Destruction of Nature as Dangerous as Climate Change, Scientists Warn,” Guardian, March 23, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/23/destruction-of-nature-as-dangerous-as-climate-change-scientists-warn.
108. Helen Briggs, “Plant Extinction ‘Bad News for All Species,’” BBC News, June 11, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48584515.
109. John Abraham, “Methane Release from Melting Permafrost Could Trigger Dangerous Global Warming,” Guardian, October 15, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/oct/13/methane-release-from-melting-permafrost-could-trigger-dangerous-global-warming.
110. Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan, “6 New Mega-Airports That Will Compete for the Title of World’s Busiest,” Gizmodo, November 25, 2103, http://gizmodo.com/6-new-mega-airports-that-will-compete-for-the-worlds-b-1470892771.
111. Steven Mufson, “An Expanded Panama Canal Opens for Giant Ships,” Washington Post, June 26, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/an-expanded-panama-canal-opens-for-giant-ships/2016/06/26/11a93574-37d1-11e6-af02-1df55f0c77ff_story.html.
112. Rebecca Wright and Matt Rivers, “En Route from China, This Is the Biggest Container Ship Ever to Dock in the U.S.,” CNN Money, February 1, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/31/news/economy/china-container/.
113. John Vidal, “Health Risks of Shipping Pollution Have Been ‘Underestimated,’” Guardian, April 9, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/09/shipping-pollution.
114. Bill Gates, “Have You Hugged a Concrete Pillar Today?,” GatesNotes, June 12, 2014, https://www.gatesnotes.com/Books/Making-the-Modern-World.
115. OECD, Strategic Transport Infrastructure Needs to 2030 (Paris: OECD, 2012), 16.
116. Ibid.
117. “Building BRICs of Growth,” Economist, June 5, 2008, http://www.economist.com/node/11488749.
118. Wade Shepard, Ghost Cities of China: The Story of Cities without People in the World’s Most Populated Country (London: Zed Books, 2015), 5–6.
119. Ibid., 6.
120. Andrew Higgins, “An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, between Russia and China,” New York Times, July 16, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/asia/unfinished-bridge-russia-china-amur-river.html.
121. Michael S. Arnold, “China, Russia Plan $242 Billion Beijing-Moscow Rail Link,” Bloomberg, January 21, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/china-russia-plan-242-billion-rail-link-from-beijing-to-moscow.
122. China Daily, “Chinese Tech to Make Himalayan Train Possible,” China Daily, August 5, 2016, http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0805/c202936-9095559.html.
123. Peter Coy, “China Spends More on Infrastructure Than the U.S. and Europe Combined,” Bloomberg, June 15, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-15/china-spends-more-on-infrastructure-than-the-u-s-and-europe-combined.
124. Mark Magnier, “Beijing Spins a Web of Chinese Infrastructure,” Wall Street Journal, January 16, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-spins-a-web-of-chinese-infrastructure-1484560801.
125. Bruno Maçães, Belt and Road: A Chinese World Order (Haryana, India: Penguin Random House India, 2019), 8.
126. Tom Miller, China’s Asian Dream (London: Zed Books, 2017), 13.
127. Zhang Xingjian, “Belt and Road Boosts Chinese Culture Industry,” Telegraph, May 15, 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/world/china-watch/culture/chinese-culture-industry/.
128. New China TV, “Music Video: The Belt and Road, Sing Along 一带一路全球唱,” May 13, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98RNh7rwyf8.
129. Miller, China’s Asian Dream, 23.
130. Gal Luft, “China’s Infrastructure Play,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/china-s-infrastructure-play.
131. PRNewswire, “Facts and Figures: Belt and Road Initiative,” Yahoo! Finance, April 29, 2019, https://finance.yahoo.com/news/facts-figures-belt-road-initiative-074800605.html.
132. Giovanni Ortolani, “China’s Belt and Road Poised to Transform the Earth, but at What Cost?,” Mongabay, April 24, 2018, https://news.mongabay.com/2018/04/chinas-belt-and-road-poised-to-transform-the-earth-but-at-what-cost/.
133. Quoted in Michael Babad, “Exxon Mobil CEO: ‘What Good Is It to Save the Planet if Humanity Suffers?,’” Globe and Mail, May 30, 2013, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/top-business-stories/exxon-mobil-ceo-what-good-is-it-to-save-the-planet-if-humanity-suffers/article12258350/.
134. Ashley Halsey III, “U.S. Infrastructure Gets D+ in Annual Report,” Washington Post, March 19, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/us-infrastructure-gets-d-in-annual-report/2013/03/19/c48cb010-900b-11e2-9cfd-36d6c9b5d7ad_story.html.
135. Philip K. Howard, “How to Fix America’s Infrastructure,” Atlantic, December 28, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/how-to-fix-a-pothole-with-bipartisan-approval/421575/.
136. Susan Leigh Star, “The Ethnography of Infrastructure,” in Boundary Objects and Beyond: Working with Leigh Star, ed. Geoffrey C. Bowker, Stefan Timmermans, Adele E. Clarke, and Ellen Balka (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015), 476.
137. Ibid., 478.
138. Larkin, “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure,” 336.
139. Nikhil Anand, Hydraulic City: Water and the Infrastructures of Citizenship in Mumbai (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017), 13.
140. Ibid., 17.
141. Ibid., 244n39.
142. Keller Easterling, Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space (London: Verso, 2014), 11.
143. Nicole Starosielski, “‘Warning: Do Not Dig’: Negotiating the Visibility of Critical Infrastructures,” Journal of Visual Culture 11, no. 1 (2012): 41.
144. Ibid., 39.
145. Ibid., 40.
146. Penny Harvey, Casper Bruun Jensen, and Atsuro Morita, “Infrastructural Complications,” in Infrastructures and Social Complexity: A Companion, ed. Penny Harvey, Casper Bruun Jensen, and Atsuro Morita (New York: Routledge, 2016), 4.
147. Starosielski, “‘Warning: Do Not Dig,’” 40.
148. Harvey, Jensen, and Morita, “Infrastructural Complications,” 5.
149. Ibid., 12.
150. Ibid., 13.
151. Nicole Starosielski, The Undersea Network (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015), 23.
152. Ibid., 23.
153. Easterling, Extrastatecraft, 93.
154. Ned Rossiter, Software, Infrastructure, Labor: A Media Theory of Logistical Nightmares (New York: Routledge, 2017), 192.
155. Ibid., 193.
156. Ibid.
157. Stephanie LeMenager, Living Oil: Petroleum Culture in the American Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 67.
158. Christopher F. Jones, Routes of Power: Energy and Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 5.
159. Alberto Toscano and Jeff Kinkle, Cartographies of the Absolute (Winchester, UK: Zero Books, 2015), 8.
160. Gilles Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy, trans. Hugh Tomlinson (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 94.
161. Santiago Zabala, Why Only Art Can Save Us: Aesthetics and the Absence of Emergency (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 9.
162. For a comprehensive discussion of Deleuze and the anarchist tradition, see Deleuze and Anarchism, ed. Chantelle Gray van Heerden and Aragorn Eloff (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2019). In their introduction, van Heerden and Eloff describe the broad outline of how Deleuze and Guattari’s thought overlaps with anarchism: “both traditions (analyses, critique and practices) are anti-State, anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist and anti-essentialist. More importantly, both traditions imagine and work towards a reality outside of current political and economic configurations and beyond dogmatic image of thought. Both anarchism, and Deleuze and Guattari, oppose hierarchical relations and simultaneously encourage affirmative praxes that extend to all spheres of life: the social, the economic, the political, the educational, the existential and so on” (2–3).
163. Kristin Ross, The Emergence of Social Space: Rimbaud and the Paris Commune (London: Verso, 2008), 22.
164. Matthew Gandy, The Fabric of Space: Water, Modernity, and the Urban Imagination (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014), 37.
165. Anthony Gorman, “‘Diverse in Race, Religion and Nationality . . . but United in Aspirations of Civil Progress’: The Anarchist Movement in Egypt 1860–1940,” in Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940: The Praxis of National Liberation, Internationalism, and Social Revolution, ed. Steven Hirsch and Lucien van der Walt (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 3.
166. Amy E. Wendling, Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 66.
167. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Property Is Theft! A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology, ed. Iain McKay (Oakland: AK Press, 2011), 187.
168. Ibid.
169. Ibid., §1.
170. Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (1847), ch. 2b, Marxists Internet Archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/poverty-philosophy/ch02b.htm.
171. Proudhon, Property Is Theft!, 184.
172. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, The Philosophy of Poverty (1847), ch. 4, Marxists Internet Archive, http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/philosophy/index.htm.
173. Ibid.
174. Ibid.
175. Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 11.
176. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 3–4.
177. Jane Bennett, “The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout,” Public Culture 17, no. 3 (2005): 454.
178. Bernd Herzogenrath, “Nature|Geophilosophy|Machinics|Ecosophy,” in Deleuze/Guattari and Ecology, ed. Bernd Herzogenrath (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 4.
179. David Harvey, A Companion to Marx’s Capital (London: Verson, 2010), 195–196.
180. Arthur Bradley, Originary Technicity: The Theory of Technology from Marx to Derrida (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 24.
181. Ibid., 28; emphasis added.
182. Ibid., 30.
183. Ibid., 31.
184. Ibid., 14.
185. Carlo Pisacane, “On Revolution,” in Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, vol. 1, ed. Robert Graham (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2005), 68.
186. Carlo Cafiero, “Anarchy and Communism,” in Graham, Anarchism, vol. 1, 110.
187. Mikhail Bakunin, God and the State (New York: Dover, 1970), 60.
188. Peter Kropotkin, “Fields, Factories and Workshops,” in Graham, Anarchism, vol. 1, 117.
189. Peter Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops, ed. George Woodcock (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1994), 3.
190. Ibid., 46.
191. Ibid., 64.
192. Ibid., 66.
193. Ibid., 150.
194. George Woodcock, “Afterword to Chapter 3,” in Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops, 160.
195. Murray Bookchin, “Ecological Technology (1965),” in The Murray Bookchin Reader, ed. Janet Biehl (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1999), 26.
196. John Clark, The Anarchist Moment (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1984), 197.
197. Colin McFarlane, “The City as Assemblage: Dwelling and Urban Space,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 29 (2011): 650–651.
198. Ibid., 651.
199. Ibid., 653.
200. Ibid., 654.
201. Ibid.
1. Rhian Sasseen, “Inside Tennessee’s Disappearing Pearl Industry,” Al Jazeera America, June 29, 2014, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/6/29/inside-tennesseeasdisappearingpearlindustry.html.
2. Max Haiven, “The Dammed of the Earth: Reading the Mega-Dam for the Political Unconscious of Globalization,” in Thinking with Water, ed. Cecilia Chen, Janine MacLeod, and Astrida Neimanis (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013), 214.
3. Timothy Morton, The Ecological Thought (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), 17.
4. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 213.
5. David Bissell, “Micropolitics of Mobility: Public Transport Commuting and Everyday Encounters with Forces of Enablement and Constraint,” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 106 (2016): 397.
6. Ara Wilson, “The Infrastructure of Intimacy,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41, no. 2 (2016): 248.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 249.
9. Ibid., 252.
10. Ibid., 253.
11. Ibid., 257–258.
12. Matthew Gandy, The Fabric of Space: Water, Modernity, and the Urban Imagination (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014), 2.
13. Caroline Desbiens, Power from the North: Territory, Identity, and the Culture of Hydroelectricity in Quebec (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2013), 3.
14. Christopher Sneddon, Concrete Revolution: Large Dams, Cold War Geopolitics, and the US Bureau of Reclamation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 125.
15. For a sample of reviews and criticism, see A. M. Bailey and J. R. Llobera, “Karl A. Wittfogel and the Asiatic Mode of Production: A Reappraisal,” Sociological Review 27, no. 3 (1979): 541–559; Jeffrey M. Banister, “Are You Wittfogel or Against Him? Geophilosophy, Hydro-Sociality, and the State,” Geoforum 57 (2014): 205–214; William P. Mitchell, “The Hydraulic Hypothesis: A Reappraisal,” Current Anthropology 78, no. 1 (1973): 532–534; Robert C. Hunt, “Size and Structure of Authority in Canal Irrigation Systems,” Journal of Anthropological Research 44, no. 4 (1988): 335–355; Robert Peet, “Wittfogel on the Nature-Society Dialectic,” Political Geography Quarterly 7, no. 1 (1988): 81–83.
16. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study in Total Power (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), 18.
17. Ibid., 27.
18. Christine Bichsel, “Water and the (Infra-)Structure of Political Rule: A Synthesis,” Water Alternatives 9, no. 2 (2016): 356–372.
19. See, for example, Bichsel, “Water and the (Infra-)Structure of Political Rule”; J. Stephen Lansing, Priests and Programmers: Technologies of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); David Mosse, The Rule of Water: Statecraft, Ecology and Collective Action in South India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
20. Bichsel, “Water and the (Infra-)Structure of Political Rule,” 359.
21. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, 42–45.
22. Ibid., 42–43.
23. Ibid., 43.
24. Ibid.
25. Jeremy Allouche, “The Multi-Level Governance of Water and State-Building Processes: A Longue Durée Perspective,” in The Politics of Water: A Survey, ed. Kai Wegerich and Jeroen Warner (New York: Routledge, 2010), 53.
26. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 363.
27. John Protevi, “Geohistory and Hydro-Bio-Politics,” in Deleuze and History, ed. Jeffrey A. Bell and Claire Colebrook (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 94.
28. Thayer Scudder, The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs (London: Cromwell Press, 2005), 19.
29. Ibid., 20.
30. Ibid., 1.
31. Ibid., 3.
32. Sneddon, Concrete Revolution, 127.
33. “Yacyretá Dam,” International Rivers, accessed March 14, 2017, https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/yacyret%C3%A1-dam.
34. John Vidal, “Hydro Dam Boom Threatens Third of the World’s Freshwater Fish,” Guardian, January 8, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/08/hydro-dam-boom-threatens-third-of-worlds-freshwater-fish.
35. Michael Wines, “China Admits Problems with Three Gorges Dam,” New York Times, May 19, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/world/asia/20gorges.html.
36. Sneddon, Concrete Revolution, 137.
37. John Vidal, “Construction of World’s Largest Dam in DR Congo Could Begin within Months,” Guardian, May 28, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/28/construction-of-worlds-largest-dam-in-dr-congo-could-begin-within-months.
38. Sneddon, Concrete Revolution, 17.
39. Carl Kitchens, “The Role of Publicly Provided Electricity in Economic Development: The Experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1929–1955,” Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (June 2014): 393.
40. Scudder, Future of Large Dams, 21.
41. Ibid., 262.
42. Vine Deloria, Jr., “Foreword to Dammed Indians (1982),” in Dammed Indians Revisited: The Continuing History of the Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux (Pierre: South Dakota Historical Society Press, 2009), xv.
43. Kitchens, “The Role of Publicly Provided Electricity in Economic Development,” 390n1.
44. Christine Macy, “The Architect’s Office of the Tennessee Valley Authority,” in The Tennessee Valley Authority: Design and Persuasion, ed. Tim Culvahouse (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), 37–38.
45. Macy, “The Architect’s Office of the Tennessee Valley Authority,” 38.
46. Sneddon, Concrete Revolution, 5.
47. Kitchens, “Role of Publicly Provided Electricity in Economic Development,” 416.
48. Jennifer Bloomer, “Watauga,” in Culvahouse, The Tennessee Valley Authority, 131.
49. Sneddon, Concrete Revolution, 3.
50. Ibid., 5.
51. Ibid., 246.
52. Steven Heller, “TVA Graphics: A Language of Power,” in Culvahouse, The Tennessee Valley Authority, 105.
53. Ibid., 107n8.
54. Bloomer, “Watauga,” 130.
55. Barry M. Katz, “Ideology and Engineering in the Tennessee Valley,” in Culvahouse, The Tennessee Valley Authority, 85.
56. Colin Marshall, “Jean-Luc Godard’s Debut, Opération béton (1955)—a Construction Documentary,” Open Culture, June 28, 2013, http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/jean-luc_godards_debut_ioperation_betoni_1955_a_construction_documentary.html.
57. Pare Lorentz, “The Script of The River,” available at http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/FILM/lorentz/riverscript1.html.
58. Betsy McLane, “‘The River’ Runs through It: The Legacy of Pare Lorentz,” International Documentary Association, http://www.documentary.org/magazine/river-runs-through-it-legacy-pare-lorentz.
59. Gandy, The Fabric of Space, 3.
60. Fred Waage refers to the “environmental nostalgia” of “Tennessee Valley Authority novels,” but does not explore these novels in detail and does not articulate the essentially racialized character of the nostalgia. Fred Waage, “Pastoral Pushback in the Age of Automation: US 1950s Rustication Narratives,” Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism 20, no. 1 (2016): 82.
61. Arundhati Roy, The Cost of Living (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 9.
62. “Drowned Towns,” Library Booklists, http://librarybooklists.org/mybooklists/drownedtowns.htm.
63. Sophia Beal, Brazil under Construction: Fiction and Public Works (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 1.
64. Michael Rubenstein, Public Works: Infrastructure, Irish Modernism, and the Postcolonial (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2010), 1–2.
65. J. R. McNeill and Peter Engelke, The Great Acceleration: An Environmental History of the Anthropocene since 1945 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014), 33.
66. Jacques Leslie, Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment (New York: Picador, 2005), 4.
67. Roy, The Cost of Living, 14.
68. Beal, Brazil under Construction, 19.
69. Roy, The Cost of Living, 14.
70. Ibid., 9.
71. Ibid., 12.
72. Michael Rubenstein, Bruce Robbins, and Sophia Beal, “Infrastructuralism: An Introduction,” Modern Fiction Studies 61, no. 4 (Winter 2015): 575.
73. Bruce Robbins, “The Smell of Infrastructure: Notes toward an Archive,” boundary 2 34, no. 1 (2007): 26.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., 29.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid., 32.
80. Rubenstein, Robbins, and Beal, “Infrastructuralism: An Introduction,” 575.
81. Ibid., 576.
82. Ibid., 577.
83. Ibid., 578.
84. Ibid., 579.
85. Ibid., 582.
86. Ibid., 581.
88. Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (London: Verso, 2007).
89. Patricia Yaeger, “Introduction: Dreaming of Infrastructure,” PMLA 122, no. 1 (January 2007): 10.
90. Ibid., 15.
91. Ibid., 21.
92. Matthew Eatough, “Planning the Future: Scenario Planning, Infrastructural Time, and South African Fiction,” Modern Fiction Studies 61, no. 4 (Winter 2015): 693.
93. Joseph M. Flora and Lucinda H. MacKethan, eds., The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 893.
94. Bob H. Reinhardt, “Drowned Towns in the Cold War West: Small Communities and Federal Water Projects,” Western Historical Quarterly 42 (Summer 2011): 150.
95. Ibid., 150.
96. Mark Rifkin, Settler Common Sense: Queerness and Everyday Colonialism in the American Renaissance (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 10.
97. Ibid., 11.
98. Ibid., 13.
99. Ibid., 15.
100. Susan Castillo Street and Charles L. Crow, “Introduction: Down at the Crossroads,” in The Palgrave Handbook of the Southern Gothic, ed. Susan Castillo Street and Charles L. Crow (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 1.
101. Sarah Robertson, “Gothic Appalachia,” in Castillo Street and Crow, The Palgrave Handbook of the Southern Gothic, 118.
102. William Bradford Huie, Mud on the Stars (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1942), 5.
103. Ibid., 8.
104. Ibid., 32.
105. Ibid., 58.
106. Ibid., 61.
107. Ibid., 29.
108. Ibid., 30.
109. Ibid., 123.
110. Ibid., 124.
111. Ibid., 146.
112. Ibid., 192.
113. Ibid., 197.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid., 311.
116. Borden Deal, Dunbar’s Cove (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957), 1.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid., 2.
119. Robert F. Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York: Random House, 1978), 29.
120. Deal, Dunbar’s Cove, 392.
121. Ibid., 397.
122. Ibid., 431.
123. Ibid., 433.
124. Ibid., 27.
125. Ibid., 72.
126. Ibid., 36.
127. Ibid., 78.
128. David F. Noble, The Religion of Technology: The Divinity of Man and the Spirit of Invention (New York: Penguin Books, 1999).
129. Conrad Richter, The Waters of Kronos (1960; University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1988), 5.
130. Ibid., 104.
131. Ibid., 6–7.
132. Ibid., 7.
133. Ibid., 10.
134. Ibid., 103.
135. Ibid., 29.
136. Ibid., 41.
137. Ibid., 91.
138. Ibid., 15.
139. Ibid., 100.
140. Ibid., 172.
141. Edward Shapiro, “The Southern Agrarians and the Tennessee Valley Authority,” American Quarterly 22, no. 4 (Winter 1970): 792.
142. William Bedford Clark, The American Vision of Robert Penn Warren (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991), 123.
143. Robert Penn Warren, Flood: A Romance of Our Time (1963; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 3.
144. Ibid., 4.
145. Ibid., 38.
146. Ibid., 38.
147. Ibid., 48.
148. Ibid., 284.
149. Ibid., 41.
150. Ibid., 338.
151. Ibid., 195.
152. Ibid., 46.
153. Ibid., 113.
154. O Brother, Where Art Thou?, dir. Joel and Ethan Coen (2000; Burbank, CA: Touchstone Pictures, 2002), DVD.
155. Warren, Flood, 80.
156. Ibid., 100.
157. Ibid., 170.
158. Ibid., 128.
159. Ibid., 117.
160. Ibid., 439.
161. Ibid., 440.
162. Cormac McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 3.
163. Dianne C. Luce reminds readers of the political fallout from the TVA and other federal government initiatives: “East Tennesseans’ bewildered disaffection from the federal government over their eviction, combined with their longstanding bitterness against federal alcohol regulation and taxation and the cultural disruptions brought about by the federally mandated Tennessee Valley Authority, quietly echoes in Warn Pulliam’s comments to his friends that their region used to be ‘the North,’ and it underlies the attitudes promoting resistance to the new order in Ownby, Sylder, and finally John Wesley.” Dianne C. Luce, Reading the World: Cormac McCarthy’s Tennessee Period (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009), 14.
164. Lydia R. Cooper, “McCarthy, Tennessee, and the Southern Gothic,” in The Cambridge Companion to Cormac McCarthy, ed. Steven Frye (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 43.
165. Ibid.
166. McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper, 246.
167. Ibid.
168. Robert Brinkmeyer Jr., “A Long View of History: Cormac McCarthy’s Gothic Vision,” in Castillo Street and Crow, The Palgrave Handbook of the Southern Gothic, 175.
169. McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper, 10.
170. Ibid., 11.
171. Ibid.
172. Ibid., 12.
173. Ibid., 95.
174. Luce, Reading the World, 19.
175. Ibid., 20.
176. McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper, 31.
177. Luce, Reading the World, 1.
178. McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper, 51.
179. Ibid., 52.
180. Ibid., 144.
181. Luce, Reading the World, 6.
182. McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper, 63.
183. Ibid., 62.
184. Ibid., 72.
185. Ibid., 140.
186. Ibid., 144.
187. Ibid., 59–60.
188. Ibid., 222.
189. Ibid., 74.
190. Ibid., 88.
191. Ibid., 81.
192. Rifkin, Settler Common Sense, xvii.
193. James Dickey, Deliverance (New York: Bantam Dell, 1970), 3–4.
194. Anothony Harkins, Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 206.
195. Dickey, Deliverance, 38.
196. Ibid., 39.
197. Ibid., 42.
198. Ibid., 43.
199. Ibid., 28.
200. Ibid., 73.
201. Ibid., 111.
202. Ibid., 147.
203. Ibid., 173.
204. Ibid., 245.
205. Ibid., 265.
206. Ibid., 123.
207. Ibid., 129.
208. Ibid., 275.
209. Robertson, “Gothic Appalachia,” 118.
210. Dickey, Deliverance, 23.
211. Ron Rash, One Foot in Eden (New York: Picador, 2002), 4.
212. Ibid., 11.
213. Ibid., 10.
214. Ibid., 214.
215. Ibid., 168–169.
216. Ibid., 183.
217. Ibid., 184.
218. Ibid., 190.
219. Ibid., 51.
220. Ibid., 57.
221. J. Douglas Allen-Taylor, Sugaree Rising (San Francisco: Freedom Voices, 2012), 25.
222. Ibid., 92.
223. Ibid., 26–27.
224. Ibid., 32.
225. Ibid., 33.
226. Ibid., 45.
227. Ibid., 62.
228. Ibid., 71.
229. Ibid., 82.
230. Ibid., 86.
231. Ibid., 149.
232. Kali Akuno, “Until We Win: Black Labor and Liberation in the Disposable Era,” in Why Don’t the Poor Rise Up? Organizing the Twenty-First Century Resistance, ed. Michael Truscello and Ajamu Nangwaya (Chico, CA: AK Press, 2017), 62.
233. Allen-Taylor, Sugaree Rising, 225.
234. Ibid., 338.
235. D. H. Alderman and R. N. Brown, “When a New Deal Is Actually an Old Deal: The Role of TVA in Engineering a Jim Crow Racialized Landscape,” in Engineering Earth, ed. Stanley D. Brunn (New York: Springer, 2011), 1902.
236. Nancy L. Grant, TVA and Black Americans: Planning for the Status Quo (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), xxiii.
237. Ibid., xvi.
238. Quoted in Alderman and Brown, “When a New Deal Is Actually an Old Deal,” 1909.
239. Nick Estes, Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance (London: Verso, 2019), 134.
240. Ibid., 140.
241. Ibid., 146.
242. Ibid., 255.
243. Alderman and Brown, “When a New Deal Is Actually an Old Deal,” 1903.
244. Will Braun, “Canada’s Coming $50-Billion Hydro Boom Brings Environmental Perils, Too,” THIS, September 7, 2011, https://this.org/2011/09/07/hydro-boom/.
245. CBC News, “NB Power’s Mactaquac Project Creates Many Social Impacts,” CBC News (September 22, 2015), http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/nb-power-mactaquac-dam-replacement-1.3238242.
246. Riel Nason, The Town That Drowned (Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions, 2011), 13.
247. Ibid., 35.
248. Ibid., 46.
249. Ibid., 15.
250. Ibid., 61.
251. Ibid., 62.
252. Ibid., 67.
253. Ibid., 63.
254. Ibid., 19.
255. Ibid., 85.
256. Ibid., 215.
257. Ibid., 214.
258. Ibid., 213.
259. Ibid., 68.
260. Ibid., 207.
261. Ibid., 197; italics mine.
262. Ibid., 20.
263. Ibid., 270.
264. Ibid., 240.
265. Ibid., 124.
266. Ibid., 140.
267. Michael V. Smith, Progress (Toronto: Cormorant Books, 2011), 6.
268. Brian Larkin, “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure,” Annual Review of Anthropology 42 (2013): 336.
269. Ibid., 10–11.
270. Ibid., 11.
271. Ibid., 12.
272. Ibid.
273. Ibid., 5.
274. Ibid., 4.
275. Ibid., 25.
276. Ibid., 151.
277. Ibid.
278. Ibid., 207.
279. Ibid., 208.
280. Ibid., 236.
281. Ibid., 45.
282. Ibid., 207.
283. Ibid., 258.
284. Ibid., 260.
285. Wilson, “The Infrastructure of Intimacy.”
286. Aaron Shephard, When Is a Man (Victoria, BC: Brindle and Glass, 2014), 80.
287. Ibid., 108–109.
288. Ibid., 15.
289. Ibid., 235.
290. Ibid., 19.
291. Ibid., 230.
292. Ibid., 176–177.
293. Ibid., 235.
294. Ibid., 139.
295. Ibid., 98.
296. Ibid., 109.
297. Ibid., 38.
298. Ibid., 177.
299. Ibid., 279.
300. Timothy Morton, Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2103), 115.
301. Johanna Skibsrud, The Sentimentalists (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2010), 87.
302. Ibid., 9.
303. Ibid., 10.
304. Ibid., 102.
305. Ibid., 103.
306. Catherine Driscoll, “The Little Girl,” in Deleuze and Guattari: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers, ed. Gary Genosko (New York: Routledge, 2001), 1466.
307. Wilson, “The Infrastructure of Intimacy,” 274.
308. Skibsrud, The Sentimentalists, 24.
309. Ibid., 49.
310. Ibid., 93–94.
311. Ibid., 89.
312. Ibid., 18.
313. Anne Michaels, The Winter Vault (New York: Vintage International, 2009), 310.
314. Ibid., 176.
315. Sean Robertson, extending Foucault’s claim that “genocide is indeed the dream of modern powers,” astutely observes: “given the effortlessness of extinction and that the distinctly modern characteristic of (disciplinary) power is its ability to cultivate life by barely touching bodies, it would therefore seem that extinction is the dream of modern powers: a victimless genocide emblematic of ‘making live and letting die.’” Sean Robertson, “Extinction Is the Dream of Modern Powers: Bearing Witness to the Return to Life of the Sinixt Peoples?,” Antipode 46, no. 3 (2014): 786.
316. Michaels, The Winter Vault, 312.
317. Ibid., 15.
318. Ibid., 248.
319. Ibid., 118.
320. Ibid., 60.
321. Ibid., 153.
322. Ibid., 134–135.
323. Ibid., 233.
324. Ibid., 134.
325. Ibid.
326. Thomas King, Green Grass, Running Water (1993; Toronto: HarperPerennial, 2007), 1.
327. James H. Cox, “‘All This Water Imagery Must Mean Something’: Thomas King’s Revisions of Narratives of Domination and Conquest in Green Grass, Running Water,” American Indian Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2000): 220.
328. King, Green Grass, Running Water, 110.
329. “Duplessis” is likely a reference to the provincial government of Maurice Duplessis (1936–1939, 1944–1959), associated with both political corruption and the electrification of rural Quebec.
330. King, Green Grass, Running Water, 111.
331. Ibid., 267.
332. Ibid., 117.
333. Ibid., 260.
334. Praba Pilar and Alex Wilson, “Idle No More: Grounding the Corrientes of Hemispheric Resistencia,” in Truscello and Nangwaya, Why Don’t the Poor Rise Up?, 34.
335. King, Green Grass, Running Water, 414.
336. Ibid., 415.
337. Rifkin, Settler Common Sense, 191.
338. Ibid., 192.
339. Paul Virilio, The Original Accident (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007), 3.
340. Ibid., 10.
341. Damian Paletta, “Islamic State Uses Syria’s Biggest Dam as Refuge and Potential Weapon,” Wall Street Journal, January 20, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-uses-syrias-biggest-dam-as-rampart-and-potential-weapon-1453333531.
342. Patrick Martin, “Fearing a Flood,” Globe and Mail, April 11, 2016, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/mosul-dam-could-breach-any-minute-as-kill-as-many-as-15-millioniraqis/article29569107/.
343. Ping Zhu, “Destruction, Moral Nihilism and the Poetics of Debris in Jia Zhangke’s Still Life,” Visual Anthropology 24, no. 4 (2011): 321.
344. Larkin, “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure.”
345. Wade Shepard, Ghost Cities of China: The Story of Cities without People in the World’s Most Populated Country (London: Zed Books, 2015), 16.
346. Ibid., 15.
347. Zhu, “Destruction, Moral Nihilism and the Poetics of Debris,” 323.
348. Ibid., 321.
349. Franco “Bifo” Berardi, “Inside the Corpse of Abstraction (an Apotropaic Text),” in The Aesthetics of Necropolitics, ed. Natasha Lushetich (London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 2018), 82–83.
350. Cecília Mello, “If These Walls Could Speak: From Slowness to Stillness in the Cinema of Jia Zhangke,” in Slow Cinema, ed. Tiago de Luca and Nuno Barradas Jorge (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2016), 138.
351. Cutler Cleveland, “China’s Monster Three Gorges Dam Is About to Slow the Rotation of the Earth,” Business Insider, June 18, 2010, http://www.businessinsider.com/chinas-three-gorges-dam-really-will-slow-the-earths-rotation-2010-6.
352. Saadia M. Pekkanen, “For Asia and the World, the Time to Invest in Outer Space Infrastructure Is Now,” Forbes, November 30, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/saadiampekkanen/2016/11/30/for-asia-and-the-world-the-time-to-invest-in-outer-space-infrastructure-is-now/#1364f2db3e8d.
353. Ian Sample, “Protect Solar System from Mining ‘Gold Rush,’ Say Scientists,” Guardian, May 12, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/may/12/protect-solar-system-space-mining-gold-rush-say-scientists.
354. Christa Marshall, “Toxic Mercury Pollution May Rise with Arctic Meltdown,” Scientific American, January 16, 2014, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/toxic-mercury-pollution-may-rise-with-arctic-meltdown/.
355. Rachel Nuwer, “Trillions of Tiny Plastic Pieces Reside in Arctic Ice,” Scientific American, August 19, 2014, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trillions-of-tiny-plastic-pieces-reside-in-arctic-ice/.
356. Rachel W. Obbard, Saeed Sadri, Ying Qi Wong, Alexandra A. Khitun, Ian Baker, and Richard C. Thompson, “Global Warming Releases Microplastic Legacy Frozen in Arctic Sea Ice,” Earth’s Future 2 (2014): 320.
1. Jeremy Packer, Mobility without Mayhem: Cars, Safety, and Citizenship (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), 81.
2. Ibid., 3.
3. Ibid., 109–110.
4. Ibid., 186.
5. Ibid., 140.
6. Toby Miller, Technologies of Truth: Cultural Citizenship and the Popular Media (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 13.
7. Ibid.
8. Katie Mills, The Road Story and the Rebel: Moving through Film, Fiction, and Television (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006), 3.
9. Ibid., 12.
10. Ibid., 26.
11. John Urry, “The ‘System’ of Automobility,” Theory, Culture and Society 21, nos. 4/5 (2004): 26.
12. Ibid., 27.
13. Ibid, 28; italics in original.
14. Cotton Seiler, Republic of Drivers: A Cultural History of Automobility in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 66.
15. Ibid., 6.
16. Ibid., 104; italics in original.
17. Devin Orgeron, Road Movies: From Muybridge and Méliès to Lynch and Kiarostami (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 104.
18. Penny Harvey and Hannah Knox, Roads: An Anthropology of Infrastructure and Expertise (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015), 7.
19. Seiler, Republic of Drivers, 146.
20. David Laderman, Driving Visions: Exploring the Road Movie (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 4–5.
21. Ibid., 17.
22. Ibid., 38; italics in original.
23. Ewa Mazierska and Laura Rascaroli, Crossing New Europe: Postmodern Travel and the European Road Movie (London: Wallflower Press, 2006), 5.
24. Alexander R. Galloway, Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), 142; italics in original.
25. Seiler, Republic of Drivers, 3.
26. Steven Cohan and Ina Rae Hark, “Introduction,” in The Road Movie Book, ed. Steven Cohan and Ina Rae Hark (Routledge: New York, 1997), 1.
27. Laderman, Driving Visions, 19–20; italics in original.
28. Ibid., 37.
29. Orgeron, Road Movies, 2; italics in original.
30. Ibid., 31.
31. Laderman, Driving Visions, 42.
32. Orgeron, Road Movies, 4; italics in original.
33. Michael Atkinson, “Crossing the Frontiers,” Sight and Sound 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 16.
34. Stuart C. Aitken and Christopher Lee Lukinbeal, “Disassociated Masculinities and Geographies on the Road,” in Cohan and Hark, The Road Movie Book, 358.
35. Christopher Morris, “The Reflexivity of the Road Film,” Film Criticism 28, no. 1 (Fall 2003): 26.
36. Ibid., 25.
37. Ibid., 26.
38. Ibid., 27.
39. Corey K. Creekmur, “On the Run and on the Road: Fame and the Outlaw Couple in American Cinema,” in Cohan and Hark, The Road Movie Book, 91.
40. Galloway, Protocol, 8.
41. Ibid., 7.
42. Ibid., 241.
43. Ibid., 38. Ginger Strand takes issue with this historical interpretation of the highway. Strand argues that President Eisenhower wanted the highways to be a form of economic stimulus, and the military angle was largely an afterthought. See Ginger Strand, Killer on the Road: Violence and the American Interstate (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012), 4.
44. Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York: Penguin, 1997), 107.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., 90.
47. James J. Flink, The Automobile Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988), 371.
48. Ibid., 5.
49. Seiler, Republic of Drivers, 36.
50. Flink, The Automobile Age, 158.
51. Ibid., 359.
52. Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, 2nd ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 18.
53. Morris Dickstein, “Depression Culture: The Dream of Mobility,” in Radical Revisions: Rereading 1930s Culture, ed. Bill Mullen and Sherry Linkon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 232.
54. Ibid., 237.
55. Ibid., 238.
56. Ibid., 239.
57. Francis MacDonnell, “‘The Emerald City Was the New Deal’: E. Y. Harburg and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,” Journal of American Culture 13 (Winter 1990): 71–72.
58. Ibid., 75.
59. Aitken and Lukinbeal, “Disassociated Masculinities,” 353.
60. Ibid., 353.
61. Pamela Robertson, “Home and Away: Friends of Dorothy on the Road in Oz,” in Cohan and Hark, The Road Movie Book, 271.
62. Salman Rushdie, The Wizard of Oz (London: British Film Institute, 1992), 23; italics in original.
63. Edward Dimendberg, “The Will to Motorization: Cinema, Highways, and Modernity,” October 73 (Summer 1995), 92.
64. Ibid., 93.
65. Laderman, Driving Visions, 4–5.
66. Ibid., 8.
67. Rushdie, The Wizard of Oz, 50.
68. Richard T. T. Forman, Daniel Sperling, John A. Bissonette, Anthony P. Clevenger, Carol D. Cutshall, Virginia H. Dale, Lenore Fahrig, Robert France, Charles R. Goldman, Kevin Heanue, Julia A. Jones, Frederick J. Swanson, Thomas Turrentine, and Thomas C. Winter, Road Ecology: Science and Solutions (Washington: Island Press, 2003), 27.
69. Flink, The Automobile Age, 359.
70. Atkinson, “Crossing the Frontiers,” 14.
71. Ibid., 17.
72. Alan E. Pisarski, “Commuting in America,” Issues in Science and Technology Online (Winter 2007), http://www.issues.org/23.2/realnumbers.html, downloaded July 23, 2009.
73. Atkinson, “Crossing the Frontiers,” 17.
74. Quoted in Chris Rodley, Lynch on Lynch, 2nd ed. (London: Faber and Faber, 2005), 194.
75. Galloway, Protocol, 241.
76. Janet Abbate, “Cold War and White Heat: The Origins and Meanings of Packet Switching,” in The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd ed., ed. Donald McKenzie and Janet Wajcman (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999), 353.
77. W. Edward Steinmueller, “The U.S. Software Industry: An Analysis and Interpretive History,” in The International Computer Software Industry: A Comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure, ed. D. C. Mowery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 34.
78. Timothy Corrigan, A Cinema without Walls (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 146.
79. Orgeron, Road Movies, 125.
80. Anne Cranny-Francis, “Moving The Matrix: Kinesic Excess and Postindustrial Being,” in The Matrix Trilogy: Cyberpunk Reloaded, ed. Stacy Gillis (London: Wallflower Press, 2005), 101.
81. Ibid., 111.
82. Ibid., 112.
83. Peter Fischer, Tobias Greitemeyer, Thomas Morton, Andreas Kastenmüller, Tom Postmes, Dieter Frey, Jörg Kubitzki, and Jörg Odenwälder, “The Racing-Game Effect: Why Do Video Racing Games Increase Risk-Taking Inclinations?,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35, no. 10 (2009): 1397.
84. Ibid., 1396.
85. Packer, Mobility without Mayhem, 185–186.
86. Strand, Killer on the Road, 98.
87. Robert D. Bullard, “The Anatomy of Transportation Racism,” in Highway Robbery: Transportation Racism and New Routes to Equity, ed. Robert D. Bullard, Glenn S. Johnson, and Angel O. Torres (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2004), 20.
88. Jason Henderson, “Secessionist Automobility: Racism, Anti-Urbanism, and the Politics of Automobility in Atlanta, Georgia,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30, no. 2 (June 2006): 294.
89. Ibid.
90. Jason Henderson describes the “inevitability hypothesis” (ibid., 295): “Broadly, automobility is cast as a natural result of the free market and technology, and although there are many unfortunate side effects, people ‘naturally’ want to drive and will continue to choose to drive regardless of public policies targeted to reduce driving. . . . This idea of a love affair [with automobility] arises in part from the claim that the automobile is a logical expression of values like individualism, freedom and democracy. But this contradicts the reality that automobility derives from a system calculated to coerce individuals into driving, that subordinates all other modes of transport and ways of dwelling, that requires enormous state subsidy and regimentation of urban space for maximum throughput and speed, and requires a centralized state-backed oligopoly of oil, highway, automotive manufacturing and real estate control over transportation policy.”
91. N. D. B. Connolly, A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 1.
92. Ibid., 2.
93. Ibid., 3.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid., 137.
96. Laderman, Driving Visions, 112.
97. Matthew W. Hughey, “Cinethetic Racism: White Redemption and Black Stereotypes in ‘Magical Negro’ Films,” Social Problems 56, no. 3 (2009): 543–577.
98. Laderman, Driving Visions, 111.
99. The Fast and the Furious franchise is the most explicit celebration of American muscle cars in popular film, and as early as 2003 the Wall Street Journal reported on the renewed popularity of the cars made famous by road movies of the 1960s and 1970s. See Collin Levey, “The Return of the American Muscle Car,” Wall Street Journal, April 23, 2003, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB105105944544199400.
101. Jon Stratton, “What Made Mad Max Popular? The Mythology of a Conservative Fantasy,” Art and Text 9 (Autumn 1983): 42.
102. Delia Falconer, “‘We Don’t Need to Know the Way Home’: The Disappearance of the Road in the Mad Max Trilogy,” in Cohan and Hark, The Road Movie Book, 249.
103. Ibid., 249, 250.
104. Paul N. Edwards, “Infrastructure and Modernity: Force, Time, and Social Organization in the History of Sociotechnical Systems,” in Modernity and Technology, ed. Thomas J. Misa, Philip Brey, and Andrew Feenberg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), 196.
105. Marc Abélès, The Politics of Survival (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 13.
106. Ibid., 9.
107. Ibid., 10.
108. Ibid., 16.
109. Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, This Accident of Being Lost (Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2017), 63.
110. Deena Rymhs, Roads, Mobility, and Violence in Indigenous Literature and Art from North America (New York: Routledge, 2019), 71.
111. Simpson, This Accident of Being Lost, 63.
112. Rymhs, Roads, Mobility, and Violence, 74.
113. Ibid., 75.
114. Ursula K. Le Guin, “Direction of the Road,” in The Wind’s Twelve Quarters (New York: Harper Perennial, 2004), 268–269.
115. Ibid., 270.
116. Ibid., 272.
117. Ibid., 272–273.
118. Ibid., 273.
119. Ibid., 274.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
1. Tom Dickinson, “Fossil Subsidies Hit a Staggering $5.7 Trillion in 2017,” Energy Mix, May 9, 2019, https://theenergymix.com/2019/05/09/fossil-subsidies-hit-a-staggering-5-7-trillion-in-2017/.
2. James Ellsmoor, “United States Spend Ten Times More on Fossil Fuel Subsidies Than on Education,” Forbes, June 15, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesellsmoor/2019/06/15/united-states-spend-ten-times-more-on-fossil-fuel-subsidies-than-education/#68e8c5c44473.
3. Patrick Galey, “$5-tn Fuel Exploration Plans ‘Incompatible’ with Climate Goals,” Phys.org, April 23, 2019, https://phys.org/news/2019-04-tn-fuel-exploration-incompatible-climate.html.
4. Oliver Milman, “North American Drilling Boom Threatens Big Blow to Climate Efforts, Study Finds,” Guardian, April 25, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/25/us-oil-gas-boom-climate-change-report.
5. Adrian Forty, Concrete and Culture: A Material History (London: Reaktion Books, 2012), 11.
6. Warren Cariou and Jon Gordon, “Petrography, the Tar Sands Paradise, and the Medium of Modernity,” Goose 14, no. 2 (March 2016).
7. Troy Vettese, “At All Costs,” Jacobin, July 13, 2016, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/07/alberta-wildfire-tar-sands-petroleum-energy-oil-crisis/.
8. Ibid.
9. Cariou and Gordon, “Petrography,” 2.
10. Ibid., 9.
11. Ibid., 6.
12. Ibid., 13.
13. Ibid., 17.
14. Allan Stoekl, Bataille’s Peak: Energy, Religion, and Postsustainability (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 196.
15. See, for example, Ross Barrett and Daniel Worden, eds., Oil Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014); Dominic Boyer, “Energopower: An Introduction,” Anthropological Quarterly 87, no. 2 (Spring 2014): 309–333; Stephanie LeMenager, Living Oil: Petroleum Culture in the American Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); Imre Szeman, “Conclusion: On Energopolitics,” Anthropological Quarterly 87, no. 2 (Spring 2014): 453–464; Imre Szeman, “Crude Aesthetics: The Politics of Oil Documentaries,” Journal of American Studies 46, no. 2 (May 2012): 423–439; Imre Szeman, “System Failure: Oil, Futurity and the Anticipation of Disaster,” South Atlantic Quarterly 106, no. 4 (2007): 805–823.
16. Ross Barrett and Daniel Worden, “Introduction,” in Barrett and Worden, Oil Culture, xxvi.
17. Christopher F. Jones, “Petromyopia: Oil and the Energy Humanities,” Humanities 5, no. 36 (2016): 1.
18. Ibid., 6.
19. Gastón R. Gordillo, Rubble: The Afterlife of Destruction (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014), 2.
20. Ibid., 10.
21. Ibid., 11.
22. Roy Scranton, “Learning How to Die in the Anthropocene,” New York Times, November 10, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/learning-how-to-die-in-the-anthropocene.
23. Gordillo, Rubble, 264.
24. Ibid.
25. John Rohrbach, “Introduction,” in Reframing the New Topographics, ed. Greg Foster-Rice and John Rohrbach (Chicago: Center for American Places at Columbia College, 2010), xiv.
26. Finis Dunaway, “Beyond Wilderness: Robert Adams, New Topographics, and the Aesthetics of Ecological Citizenship,” in Foster-Rice and Rohrbach, Reframing the New Topographics, 42.
27. Ibid., 27.
28. Greg Foster-Rice, “‘Systems Everywhere’: New Topographics and the Art of the 1970s,” in Foster-Rice and Rohrbach, Reframing the New Topographics, 53.
29. Britt Salvesen, “‘Real Estate Opportunities’: Commercial Photography as Conceptual Source in New Topographics,” in Foster-Rice and Rohrbach, Reframing the New Topographics, 81.
30. Kim Sichel, “Deadpan Geometries: Mapping, Aerial Photography, and the American Landscape,” in Foster-Rice and Rohrbach, Reframing the New Topographics, 87.
31. Ibid., 94.
32. Nadia Bozak, “Manufactured Landscapes,” Film Quarterly 62, no. 2 (Winter 2008/2009): 68.
33. Jonathan Bordo, “The Wasteland—an Essay on Manufactured Landscapes,” Material Culture Review 63 (Spring 2006): 94.
34. Ibid., 91.
35. Yves Abrioux, “Intensive Landscaping,” in Deleuze/Guattari and Ecology, ed. Bernd Herzogenrath (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 264.
36. Ibid.
37. Edward Burtynsky, “Thoughts on Oil,” CBC, August 11, 2012, http://www.cbc.ca/nl/features/burtynskyoil/thoughts_on_oil.html.
38. Alain Nadai and Dan van der Horst, “Introduction: Landscapes of Energies,” Landscape Research 35, no. 2 (2010): 144.
39. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 492.
40. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 39.
41. Jane Bennett, “The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout,” Public Culture 17, no. 3 (2005): 457.
42. Ibid., 454.
43. Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin, Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition (New York: Routledge, 2001), 73.
44. Ibid., 74.
45. Ibid., 77.
46. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 385–386.
47. Scott, Seeing Like a State, 18.
48. Mark Halsey, “Deleuze/Guattari and the Ada Tree,” Rhizomes 15 (Winter 2007). July 25, 2012, http://www.rhizomes.net/issue15/halsey/index.html, para. 12.
49. Scott, Seeing Like a State, 36.
50. Ibid., 47.
51. Ibid., 18.
52. Ibid., 57.
53. Ibid., 56–57.
54. Edward Burtynsky, Oil (London: Steidl, 2011).
55. Scott, Seeing Like a State, 46.
56. Graeme Macdonald, “Containing Oil: The Pipeline in Petroculture,” in Petrocultures: Oil, Politics, Culture, ed. Sheena Wilson, Adam Carlson, and Imre Szeman (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017), 39.
57. Leslie Young, “Crude Awakening: 37 Years of Oil Spills in Alberta,” Global News, May 22, 2013, http://globalnews.ca/news/571494/introduction-37-years-of-oil-spills-in-alberta/.
58. Kelly Cryderman, “Estimated Cleanup Costs for Alberta’s Mines Jumps to $23.2-Billion,” Globe and Mail, May 5, 2017, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/estimated-cleanup-costs-for-albertas-mines-jumps-to-232-billion/article34912511/.
59. Natural Resources Defense Council, “Tar Sands / Oil Sands Tailings Ponds Leak 70,000 Barrels Per Day, Could Cost Alberta Tax Payers $44.5 Billion to Clean Up,” Energy Mix, June 27, 2017, http://theenergymix.com/2017/06/27/tar-sandsoil-sands-tailings-ponds-leak-70000-barrels-per-day-could-cost-alberta-taxpayers-44-5-billion-to-clean-up/.
60. James Wilt, “No Sure Plans, Funding for $51 Billion Cleanup and Rehabilitation of Oilsands Tailings Ponds,” Desmog Canada, June 28, 2017, https://www.desmog.ca/2017/06/28/no-sure-plans-funding-51-billion-cleanup-and-rehabilitation-oilsands-tailings-ponds.
61. Emma McIntosh, “How Long Could It Take to Clean Up Alberta’s Oil Patch? 2,800 Years, Alberta Energy Regulator Official Warns,” Star, June 3, 2019, https://www.thestar.com/calgary/2019/06/03/how-long-could-it-take-to-clean-up-albertas-oilpatch-2800-years-alberta-energy-regulator-official-warns.html.
62. Government of Alberta, “Pipelines,” Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development, March 3, 2012, http://environment.alberta.ca/02260.html.
63. Stephanie LeMenager, “The Aesthetics of Petroleum, after Oil!,” American Literary History 24, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 60.
64. Macdonald, “Containing Oil,” 55.
65. Jones, “Petromyopia,” 144.
66. Ann Laura Stoler, “Introduction,” in Imperial Debris: On Ruins and Ruination, ed. Ann Laura Stoler (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013), 7.
67. Ibid., 9.
68. Ibid., 10.
69. Halsey, “Deleuze/Guattari and the Ada Tree,” para. 1.
70. Brian Hayes, Infrastructure: A Field Guide to the Industrial Landscape (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 162.
71. Burtynsky, “Thoughts on Oil.”
72. For example, Colin McFarlane, “Assemblage and Critical Urban Praxis: Part One,” City 15, no. 2 (2011): 204–224; Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus.
73. Jane Bennett, “The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout,” 463.
74. Ibid., 457.
75. Ibid., 454.
76. Ibid., 463.
77. Dara O’Rourke and Sarah Connolly, “Just Oil? The Distribution of Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Production and Consumption,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003): 594.
78. Ibid., 603.
79. Ibid., 594.
80. Ibid., 598.
81. Ibid., 602.
82. Quoted in Colin Marshall, “‘A Radical Alternative’: How One Man Changed the Perception of Los Angeles,” Guardian, August 24, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/24/radical-alternative-reyner-banham-man-changed-perception-los-angeles.
83. Dennis Romero, “6 of the 7 Worst Stretches of Freeway are in L.A., but Chicago Makes the 405 Look Speedy,” LA Weekly, November 24, 2015, http://www.laweekly.com/news/6-of-the-7-worst-stretches-of-freeway-are-in-la-but-chicago-makes-the-405-look-speedy-6308826.
84. Jeff Wattenhofer, “LA’s 101 Freeway Is America’s ‘Highway from Hell,’” Curbed LA, July 28, 2016, https://la.curbed.com/2016/7/28/12305964/101-freeway-los-angeles-worst-day-commute.
85. Tony Barboza and Jon Schleuss, “L.A. Keeps Building Near Freeways, Even Though Living There Makes People Sick,” Los Angeles Times, March 2, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-freeway-pollution/.
86. Patrick Joyce and Tony Bennett, “Material Powers: Introduction,” in Material Powers: Cultural Studies, History and the Material Turn, ed. Tony Bennett and Patrick Joyce (New York: Routledge, 2010), 10.
87. Ibid., 5.
88. Mitch Epstein, “Afterword,” in American Power, ed. Susan Bell and Ryan Spencer (Göttingen: Steidl, 2009), n.pag.
89. Ibid.
90. Szeman, “System Failure,” 806.
91. Jones, “Petromyopia,” 5.
92. Timothy Morton, The Ecological Thought (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), 17.
93. Ibid., 100.
94. Ibid., 130.
95. Timothy Morton, Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 6.
96. Ibid., 1.
97. Ibid., 17.
98. Morton, The Ecological Thought, 7.
99. Morton, Ecology without Nature, 186.
100. Ibid., 187.
101. Ibid., 186.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid., 188.
104. Ibid., 15.
105. Ibid., 130.
106. Rob Nixon, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
107. Stephanie LeMenager, “Petro-Melancholia: The BP Blowout and the Arts of Grief,” Qui Parle 19, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 2011): 26.
108. Ibid.
109. Union of Concerned Scientists, “Coal Power: Air Pollution,” UCSUSA.org, http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/coal-and-other-fossil-fuels/coal-air-pollution#.WYjwBemQzIU.
110. LeMenager, “Petro-Melancholia,” 27.
111. Ibid.
112. Casey Ryan Kelly, “The Toxic Screen: Visions of Petrochemical America in HBO’s True Detective (2014),” Communication, Culture and Critique 10, no. 1 (2016): 6.
113. Ibid., 2.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid., 12.
116. Lee Edelman, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004): 2.
117. Ibid., 11.
118. Ibid., 4.
119. Ibid., 30–31.
120. Ibid., 30.
121. Ibid., 31.
122. Jean-Luc Nancy, After Fukushima: The Equivalence of Catastrophes, trans. Charlotte Mandell (Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press, 2014), 34.
123. Gene Maddaus, “The Corrupt Town in True Detective Is Vernon, and Vernon Couldn’t Be Happier,” LA Weekly, June 22, 2015, http://www.laweekly.com/news/the-corrupt-town-in-true-detective-is-based-on-vernon-and-vernon-couldnt-be-happier-5709057.
124. Caroline Golum, “Los Angeles Eats Itself: ‘Infrastructure Noir’ and the Revisionist History of the San Fernando Valley,” Bright Wall Dark Room 10 (March 2014), http://brightwalldarkroom.com/issue-10-1/2016/3/29/los-angeles-eats-itself-infrastructure-noir-and-the-revisionist-history-of-the-san-fernando-valley. Golum coins the term “infrastructure noir” and makes a clever connection between Chinatown and Who Framed Roger Rabbit?: “Why would anyone want to frame America’s ’toon heartthrob for the gruesome murder of a prominent human? Like any great film noir, all is revealed: Marvin Acme’s Toontown—a technicolor ghetto—is primed to be replaced by a freeway. Who Framed Roger Rabbit? shares a common—if apocryphal—history with its cinematic predecessor. Originally conceived as a triptych, writer Robert Towne had planned two sequels to Chinatown, each centered around the large-scale corruption of a city utility. The first, The Two Jakes, was such a notorious flop that it effectively eliminated any interest in the saga’s final installation: a fictionalized account of the dismantling of Los Angeles’ Pacific Electric Railway trolley system, and its subsequent replacement with the I-110, L.A.’s first freeway.”
125. Patrick Hayden, “Gilles Deleuze and Naturalism: A Convergence with Ecological Theory and Politics,” in An [Un]Likely Alliance: Thinking Environment[s] with Deleuze/Guattari, ed. Bernd Herzogenrath (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008), 29.
126. Dianne Chisholm, “Rhizome, Ecology, Geophilosophy (a Map to This Issue),” Rhizomes 15 (Winter 2007), July 24, 2012, http://www.rhizomes.net/issue15/chisholm.html. Para. 1.
127. Bernd Herzogenrath, “Introduction,” in Herzogenrath, An [Un]Likely Alliance, 4.
128. Hayden, “Gilles Deleuze and Naturalism,” 31.
129. Ibid., 34.
130. Ibid., 35.
131. Ibid., 24.
132. Steven Best, “Rethinking Revolution: Total Liberation, Alliance Politics, and a Prolegomena to Resistance Movements in the Twenty-First Century,” in Contemporary Anarchist Studies: An Introductory Anthology of Anarchy in the Academy, ed. Randall Amster, Abraham DeLeon, Luis A. Fernandez, Anthony J. Nocella III, and Deric Shannon (New York: Routledge, 2009), 190.
133. Hayden, “Gilles Deleuze and Naturalism,” 34.
134. Ibid., 35.
135. Molly Scott Cato and Jean Hillier, “How Could We Study Climate-Related Social Innovation? Applying Deleuzean Philosophy to the Transition Towns,” Environmental Politics 19, no. 6 (2010): 880.
136. Bernd Herzogenrath, “Nature|Geophilosophy|Machinics|Ecosophy,” in Herzogenrath, Deleuze/Guattari and Ecology, 4.
137. Ibid., 5.
138. Ibid., 10.
139. Halsey, “Deleuze/Guattari and the Ada Tree,” 40.
140. Ibid., 45.
141. Ibid., 51.
142. Sandra Laville and Matthew Taylor, “A Million Bottles a Minute: World’s Plastic Binge ‘as Dangerous as Climate Change,’” Guardian, June 28, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/28/a-million-a-minute-worlds-plastic-bottle-binge-as-dangerous-as-climate-change.
143. Tatiana Schlossberg, “Trillions of Plastic Bits, Swept Up by Current, Are Littering Arctic Waters,” New York Times, April 19, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/climate/arctic-plastics-pollution.html.
144. Graeme Wearden, “More Plastic Than Fish in the Sea by 2050, Says Ellen MacArthur,” Guardian, January 19, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/19/more-plastic-than-fish-in-the-sea-by-2050-warns-ellen-macarthur.
145. Pierre-Louis Caron, “These Scientists Say It’s Too Late to Rid the World’s Oceans of Plastic,” Vice News, March 4, 2016, https://news.vice.com/article/these-scientists-say-its-too-late-to-rid-the-worlds-oceans-of-plastic.
146. Eric Oudenot, Philip Whittaker, and Martha Vasquez, “The North Sea’s $100 Billion Decommissioning Challenge,” Boston Consulting Group, March 30, 2017, https://www.bcg.com/en-ca/publications/2017/energy-environment-north-sea-decommissioning-challenge.aspx.
147. Stoekl, Bataille’s Peak, 199.
148. Ibid., 203.
149. Ibid.
150. Timothy Morton, Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013), 1. I am not importing the entirety of Morton’s argument concerning hyperobjects and object-oriented ontology. My primary interest in the term hyperobjects is how it describes objects of massive scale and distribution.
151. Marxist geographer David Harvey has argued in favor of command-and-control hierarchies for the operation of some technosocial systems: “There are many aspects of contemporary life that are now organized in what you might call ‘tightly-coupled systems’ where you need command and control structures. I wouldn’t want my anarchist friends to be in charge of a nuclear power station when the light started blinking red and yellow and all that kind of stuff” (as quoted in https://libcom.org/library/i-wouldnt-want-my-anarchist-friends-be-charge-nuclear-power-station-david-harvey-anarchi). Harvey is incorrect for several reasons. First, as noted by the anonymous author of the article at libcom, command and control structures have been primarily responsible for the most notable nuclear reactor meltdowns. Second, there is no reason why an anarchist “assembly” would have to be called in the middle of a crisis situation at a reactor; most safety regulations are automated, and the workers, not the management, handle most of the duties related to safety. Third, anarchists are generally not opposed to expertise (though they are almost universally opposed to nuclear power). As Bakunin famously said, “In the matter of boots, I refer to the authority of the bootmaker; concerning houses, canals, or railroads, I consult that of the architect or engineer. For such or such special knowledge I apply to such or such a savant. But I allow neither the bootmaker nor the architect nor the savant to impose his authority upon me. I listen to them freely and with all the respect merited by their intelligence, their character, their knowledge, reserving always my incontestable right of criticism and censure. I do not content myself with consulting authority in any special branch; I consult several; I compare their opinions and choose that which seems to me the soundest” (as quoted in http://www.panarchy.org/bakunin/authority.1871.html). Harvey’s portrait of incapable anarchists convening in an inefficient manner to solve a serious crisis at a nuclear power plant is therefore misguided.