Notes

Abbreviations

BCA British Columbia Archives

HA Highland Archive

HBCA Hudson’s Bay Company Archives

LAC Library and Archives Canada

NA National Archives (UK)

NLS National Library of Scotland

NRS National Records of Scotland

NSA Nova Scotia Archives

OPR Old Parish Register

SCRO Staffordshire County Record Office

UEA University of Edinburgh Archives

1 ‘Inhuman treatment’
1.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821; HA Clyne OPR. Subsequent paragraphs in this opening section draw on the same sources.
2.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821.
3.	Scotland’s People Website: Death certificates of Gordon and Jessie Ross, 14 October 1868 and 16 October 1873; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Gower, 13 August 1821; A. S. Cowper, Gordon Ross, 1791–1868: SSPCK Schoolmaster and Disciple of Sandy Gair, Edinburgh, 1981, p. 1. Jessie Ross’s father was tacksman of Easter Brora.
4.	R. Gordon, A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland, Edinburgh, 1813, p. 198; J. M. Bulloch, The Gordons of Embo and Other Families of that Name in the County of Sutherland, Dingwall, 1907, pp. 9–11.
5.	NLS 313/3485: Lady Stafford to J. Gordon, 27 May 1809.
6.	NLS 313/1577: J. Gordon to W. Young, 6 March 1811; NLS 313/1577: J. Gordon to Lady Stafford, 26 March 1812; NLS 313/1128: W. Young to Lord Gower, 14 March and 11 April 1812.
7.	NLS 313/1577: Lord Stafford to A. Gordon, 21 August 1812.
8.	J. L. Anderson, The Story of the Commercial Bank during its Hundred Years: 1810 to 1910, Edinburgh, 1910, pp. 18, 90.
9.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 27 July 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 23 July 1819; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 2 August 1819.
10.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 14 February 1820; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 3 October 1820.
11.	J. Henderson, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Sutherland, London, 1812, p. 44.
12.	W. Ross, ‘Parish of Clyne’, Statistical Account of Scotland, 21 vols, Edinburgh, 1791–99, X, p. 327.
13.	Henderson, County of Sutherland, pp. 85–86; W. J. Watson, The History of the Celtic Placenames of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1926, pp. 273–74.
14.	SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 3 October 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 17 April, 13 June 1820.
15.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 13 February 1820.
16.	SCRO D/6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 3 October 1820.
17.	Henderson, County of Sutherland, p. 44; J. Loch, An Account of the Improvements on the Estates of the Marquis of Stafford, London, 1820, Appendix, p. 33. See also, E. MacKenzie (ed.), An Historical, Topographical and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland, 2 vols, Newcastle, 1825; M. Bangor-Jones, ‘Sheep Farming in Sutherland in the Eighteenth Century’, Agricultural History Review, 50, 2002.
18.	SCRO D/6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 3 October 1820.
19.	A. S. Cowper and I. Ross, The SSPCK and the Parish of Kildonan, Edinburgh, 1980, p. 2. The evolution of the SSPCK’s Strathbrora school can be followed in SSPCK records. See also, Cowper, Gordon Ross. The school’s reputed site, just above the Strathbrora road about a quarter of a mile short of the Allt a’ Mhuilin bridge, is shown on an Ordnance Survey map of 1879, when some at least of Gordon Ross’s pupils were still available to tell map-makers where his school was located.
20.	NRS GD95/2/13: Minutes of Directors, 1 April 1813.
21.	NLS 10853/276: J. Baillie and others to F. Suther, 27 April 1818; NLS 313/1573: Report of P. Sellar on the Sutherland Estate, 1811.
22.	NLS 10853/276: J. Baillie and others to F. Suther, 27 April 1818; NLS D593/K/1/3/9: J. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821; NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 19 August 1821.
23.	NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 19 August 1821.
24.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 18 April 1821; NRS GD95/2/14: Minutes of Directors, 10 February 1820.
25.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 14 January 1820.
26.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821.
27.	NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 19 August 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821.
28.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821.
29.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821; Inverness Journal, 29 June 1821.
30.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821.
31.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Stafford, 6 July 1821.
32.	NRS GD268/359: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 24 May 1821.
33.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 23 July 1821; NLS 313/1141: J. Loch to F. Suther, 28 July 1821; NLS 313/1141: J. Loch to F. Suther, 31 July 1821.
34.	NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 28 July 1821.
35.	NLS 313/1141: J. Loch to F. Suther, 28 July 1821.
36.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821; NRS JP32/7/4: List of Constables, August 1820.
37.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: A. Maconochie to J. Loch, 15 October 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 27 November 1816; NLS 313/1590: C. Ross to Lady Stafford, 24 December 1816.
38.	NLS 313/1141: Petition of Donald Bannerman, 19 March 1821.
39.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 2 September 1820.
40.	D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 6 April 1821; Inverness Journal, 28 September 1821.
41.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
42.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
43.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
44.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
45.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
46.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
47.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
48.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
49.	NLS, SP, 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 14 February 1820.
50.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
51.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
52.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 May 1821.
53.	NLS 313/1147: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 12 August 1821; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 17 August 1821.
54.	NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 17 August 1821; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 19 August 1821.
55.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to J. Loch, 22 August 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: J. Loch to G. Ross, 24 August 1821.
56.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
57.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. Ross to Lord Gower, 13 August 1821; NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
58.	NRS GD95/2/14–15: Minutes of Directors, 1 November 1821 and 12 May 1825; HA, OPR Loth, 23 July 1823.
2 ‘Tribes that never saw Europeans before’
1.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
2.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: D. MacKay to Lord Stafford, 10 July 1821; NLS 313/1015: Notes of Examination anent the Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821.
3.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: D. MacKay to Lord Stafford, 10 July 1821; HA OPR Clyne.
4.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: D. MacKay to Lord Stafford, 10 July 1821.
5.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 21 March 1821; NLS 313/1153 J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 28 July 1821.
6.	SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 3 October 1820; NLS 313/750: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 5 October 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 21 March 1821; NLS 313/1015: J. Loch to F. Suther, 22 March 1821; NLS 313/1153 J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 28 July 1821; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 17 August 1821.
7.	R. J. Adam (ed.), Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, I, p. 37: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 21 October 1810; NLS 313/750: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 5 October 1820.
8.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: D. MacKay to Lord Stafford, 10 July 1821.
9.	J. C. Jackson, ‘The Voyages of Mad Donald McKay and his Fight for the Fur Trade of the Canadian Northwest’ (unpublished biography), p. 23. Jackson’s biography (summarised in his entry for Donald MacKay in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online) is the fullest account of MacKay. See also, H. W. Duckworth, ‘The Madness of Donald MacKay: An Iron Man of the Fur Trade’, The Beaver, June–July 1988. MacKay’s contribution to the HBC’s late eighteenth-century push to the interior features in more general terms in, E. E. Rich, The History of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 2 vols, London, 1958–59.
10.	HBCA E/233/1: Narrative of Donald MacKay, n.d.
11.	Duckworth, ‘Donald MacKay’, p. 29. For an overview of the North West Company and its Highland dimension, see, J. Hunter, A Dance Called America: The Scottish Highlands, the United States and Canada, Edinburgh, 1994, pp. 49–71.
12.	Jackson, ‘Voyages’, p. 142.
13.	Jackson, ‘Voyages’, p. 194.
14.	Donald’s family circumstances are touched on in Jackson, ‘Voyages’. Further details were supplied to the author by Donald’s great-great-great-granddaughter, Marsha MacKay.
15.	MacKay’s letter to Selkirk is reproduced in T. Douglas, ‘Ossinoboia’ [1815], in J. M. Bumsted (ed.), The Collected Writings of Lord Selkirk, 1810–1820, Winnipeg, 1987, pp. 22–23.
16.	Anon., A Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries of North America, London, 1817, Appendix, p. 21: Affidavit of George Campbell, 19 August 1815.
3 ‘There should be blood’
1.	Duncan Thomson et al., Raeburn: The Art of Sir Henry Raeburn, 1756–1823, Edinburgh, 1997, p. 142; National Galleries of Scotland Online Collection: http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/simple-search/R/4399/artist-Name/Sir%20Henry%20Raeburn/recordId/5309. Also, Army List, London, 1812, p. 243.
2.	National Gallery at 150: http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/etours/national-gallery-at-150/1; Inverness Journal, 12 March 1830.
3.	Inverness Journal, 12 March 1830.
4.	NLS 313/1575: G. Clunes to Lady Stafford, 3 September 1811; NLS 313/1575: Lady Stafford to Duke of York, n.d.
5.	J. Loch, An Account of the Improvements on the Estates of the Marquis of Stafford, London, 1820, Appendix, p. 34; D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, pp. 151–52; J. M. Bulloch, The Families of Gordon of Invergordon, Newhall and Carrol, Dingwall, 1906, p. 110. The Staffords were well aware that William Clunes was ‘much connected’ with Joseph Gordon. See, SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 17 October 1819.
6.	That Joseph Gordon stayed occasionally at Crakaig can be deduced from some of his correspondence having emanated from there. See, e.g., SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: J. Gordon to J. Loch, 6 April 1818.
7.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 30 December 1812; NLS 313/1127: P. Sellar to Lord Gower, 21 March 1812.
8.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 30 December 1812; J. Henderson, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Caithness, London, 1815, p. 165; A. MacKay, Sketches of Sutherland Characters, Edinburgh, 1889, p. 188; A. MacKenzie, Historical, Topographical and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland, 2 vols, Newcastle, 1825, II, p. 247.
9.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of W. Clunes), 23 January 1813.
10.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 151.
11.	Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 151–52.
12.	CH2/1290/4: Dornoch Presbytery Minutes, 22 November 1814; HA D1249/4/2/1: A. Sage to D. Sage, 1 November 1819; Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 79–81.
13.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of R. MacKay), 26 January 1813.
14.	NRS, AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of W. Clunes), 23 January 1813.
15.	NRS, AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of W. Clunes), 23 January 1813.
16.	NRS RHP 11602: Plan of intended road, Kirk of Farr to Helmsdale, 1794; NLS 313/1575: Journal of proceedings to and from Strathnaver, 1810; A. Sage, ‘Parish of Kildonan’, Statistical Account of Scotland, III, p. 445.
17.	Sage, ‘Parish of Kildonan’, p. 449.
18.	Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 59, 70, 73; NRS RHP 11602: Plan of intended road, Kirk of Farr to Helmsdale, 1794.
19.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 75.
20.	NLS 313/1575: Journal of proceedings to and from Strathnaver, 1810; R.J. Adam, Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, I, p. 34: W. Young to Lord Gower, September 1810.
21.	J. Henderson, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Caithness, London, 1815, p. 145.
22.	T. Sellar, The Sutherland Evictions of 1814, London, 1883, p. 22: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 1 May 1820
23.	Sellar, Sutherland Evictions, p. 23: Sellar to Loch, 1 May 1820.
24.	S. W. Martins, ‘A Century of Farming on the Sutherland Estate, 1790–1890’, Review of Scottish Culture, X, 1996–97, p. 48.
25.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of W. Young and R. Reed), 21, 23 January 1813.
26.	NLS 313/1575: Journal of proceedings to and from Strathnaver, 1810. A total of 26 tenants were evicted to make way for Houston’s Suisgill farm. See, Henderson, County of Sutherland, p. 174.
27.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 7 May 1816; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 30 December 1812; NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of W. Young), 23 January 1813.
28.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of W. Clunes), 23 January 1813.
29.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of D. Gunn, A. Gunn and D. Polson), 18, 22 March 1813; HA OPR Kildonan.
30.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of G. MacDonald), 18 March 1813.
31.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 95; NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of J. Gordon), 23 March 1813.
32.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of A. Fraser, G. MacDonald, J. Gordon), 18, 22, 23 March 1813.
33.	NRS, AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of G. MacDonald, W. Sutherland), 26 January, 18 March 1813.
34.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 95.
35.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, p. 106: Report by Patrick Sellar concerning the state of the interest of landlord and tenant on the Sutherland Estate, March and April 1811.
36.	R. Mitchison, Agricultural Sir John: The Life of Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster, London, 1962.
37.	For Cleugh’s obituary, Inverness Journal, 3 July 1846.
38.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of A. Gordon), 21 March 1813.
39.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of G. Cleugh), 21 January 1813.
40.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of G. Cleugh), 21 January 1813.
41.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of R. Reed), 21 January 1813.
42.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of R. Reed), 21 January 1813.
43.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of J. Cleugh), 26 January 1813.
44.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of J. Cleugh), 26 January 1813.
45.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of G. Cleugh), 21 January 1813.
46.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of J. Hall and G. Cleugh), 21 January, 13 March 1813.
47.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of G. Cleugh), 21 January 1813.
48.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of G. Cleugh), 21 January 1813.
49.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of J. Armstrong and A. Fraser), 27 January, 22 March 1813.
50.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of A. Fraser and W. Clunes), 23 January, 22 March 1813.
4 ‘Open and determined resistance’
1.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of M. Short), 26 January 1813; NLS 313/1128: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 3 February, 1813; NLS 313/1128: W. Young to Lord Gower, 6 February 1813; R. J. Adam, Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, II, p. 181: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 13 February, 1813; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 7 May 1816.
2.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 26 January 1813; NLS 313/1128: W. Young to Lord Gower, 30 January 1813; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 7 May 1816.
3.	NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 11 February, 1813; NRS RH2/4/100: W. Young to the Inhabitants of Kildonan, n.d.; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 3 February 1813; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 8 February 1813.
4.	NRS RH2/4/100: W. Young to the Inhabitants of Kildonan, n.d.
5.	NRS SC9/7/64: Bond of caution for keeping the peace by tenants of the parish of Kildonan, 2 February, 1813; NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 11 February, 1813.
6.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 8 February 1813; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 7 May 1816.
7.	J. Henderson, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Sutherland, London, 1812, pp. 4–5.
8.	Henderson, County of Sutherland, p. 174.
9.	NLS 313/1580 W. Young to Lady Stafford, 3 February 1813; NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of D. Bannerman), 10 February 1813.
10.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (‘From the tenants of the Parish of Kildonan to Sheriff McKid’, 3 February 1813, as appended to Statement of D. Bannerman), 10 February 1813; NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of J. MacKay), 23 March 1813.
11.	NRS, AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of D. Bannerman), 10 February 1813. See also, NRS, AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Documents relating to the disturbances in Kildonan), 3, 5 February 1813; NRS SC9/7/64: Warrant of incarceration of John Bannerman, n.d.
12.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of J. MacKay, G. MacDonald, A. Gordon, J. Gordon and D. Bannerman), 10 February, 18, 22, 23 March 1813; NRS SC 9/7/64: Petition of John Bannerman, 5 February 1813.
13.	NLS 313/1128: W. Young to Lord Gower, 6 February 1813; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 177: P. Sellar to Lord Stafford, 4 February 1813.
14.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of D. Bannerman and D. Gunn), 10 February, 22 March 1813.
15.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of D. Bannerman), 10 February 1813.
16.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statements of D. Gunn, G. Sutherland, J. MacLeod, G. MacDonald and G. Ferguson), 17, 18, 22, 23 March 1813.
17.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, pp. 80–81: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 27 July 1808; NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of J. Duncan), 11 February 1813.
18.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Statement of R. Bruce), 13 March 1813; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 180: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 13 February 1813.
19.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Documents relating to proceedings at Golspie and statements of D. Polson, J. Sutherland and J. Duncan), 10–21 February, 13, 22 March 1813.
20.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Documents relating to proceedings at Golspie), 10–21 February 1813.
21.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, (Documents relating to proceedings at Golspie), 10–21 February 1813; NLS, SP 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 11 February 1813; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 181: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 13 February 1813.
22.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/2: J. Loch to W. Young, 15 February 1813.
23.	H. Cockburn, Life of Lord Jeffrey, 2 Vols., Edinburgh, 1852, I, p. 211; NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 15 February 1813; NRS RH2/4/100: A. Colquhoun to Lord Sidmouth, 19 February 1813. For Cranstoun’s earnings, NLS 313/1588: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 28 November 1816.
24.	M. Fry, The Dundas Despotism, Edinburgh, 1992, p. 294; NRS RH2/4/100: A. Colquhoun to Lord Sidmouth, 19 February 1813.
25.	NRS AD14/13/9: G. Cranstoun to A. Colquhoun, n.d.; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 12 and 13 March 1813.
26.	NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 15 February 1813; SCRO D593/K/1/5/2: J. Loch to G. Cranstoun, 18 February 1813.
27.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/1: W. Young to J. Loch, 7 and 21 February 1813; NRS RH2/4/100: W. Young to J. Cranstoun, 28 February 1813.
28.	NRS RH2/4/100: W. Young to J. Cranstoun, 28 February 1813.
29.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 186: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 14 March 1813.
30.	NRS AD14/13/9: Kildonan Precognitions, 1813 (Documents relating to developments at Helmsdale, 9 March 1813); SCRO D593/K/1/3/1: W. Young to J. Loch, 20 March 1813; LAC MG19-E1 14058–59: J. Armour to W. MacDonald, 27 February 1813; NLS 313/1581: Lord Selkirk to W. Munro, 27 March 1813.
31.	NA WO121/119: Discharge documents of William MacDonald, March–April, 1812.
32.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p185: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 4 March 1813; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to J. Loch, 13 March 1813; NA WO121/119: Discharge documents of William MacDonald, March–April, 1812.
33.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 12 March 1813. See also, M. Sutherland, A Fighting Clan: Sutherland OL cers, 1250–1850, London, 1996, pp. 180–81.
34.	Henderson, County of Sutherland, p. 50.
35.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 12 and 20 March, 1813; NLS 313/1126: J. Sutherland to Lady Stafford, 12 August 1813; NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to J. Sutherland, 10 August 1813.
36.	NLS 313/991: A. Sutherland to W. Ross, 20 July 1815. This was a letter sent by Alexander to one of his correspondents in Sutherland. Like many such letters, it found its way into the hands of Stafford family employees. Also, Sutherland, Fighting Clan, pp. 147–48.
37.	Gentleman’s Magazine, September 1834; NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 13 August 1815; The Star, 16 March 1813.
38.	The Star, 16 March 1813.
39.	NLS 313/1578: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 13 March 1813; NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 14 March 1813; SCRO D593/K/1/5/2: J. Loch to W. Young, 3 April 1813; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 193: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 15 April 1813.
40.	J. A. Paris, The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London, 1831, p. 222: H. Davy to J. G. Children, 21 August 1812; R. Holmes, The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science, London, 2009, pp. 235–304.
41.	NRS GD268/216/13: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 25 March 1813; NRS GD268/216/18: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, n.d. 1813.
42.	The Star, 24 March 1813.
43.	Holmes, Age of Wonder, p. 272; NLS 314/16: H. Davy, Sketches of the geology of the east coast of Sutherland, 1812; NRS GD268/216/13: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 25 March 1813.
44.	W. Cobbett, Tour in Scotland, London, 1833, p. 155.
45.	The Star, 5 April 1813.
46.	The Star, 5 April 1813.
47.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to J. Loch, 13 March 1813; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 188: J. Loch to W. Young, 16 March 1813; SCRO D593/K/1/5/2: J. Loch to W. Young.
48.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 187: G. Cranstoun to J. Loch, 12 March 1813.
49.	D. MacLeod, Gloomy Memories of the Highlands of Scotland, Glasgow, 1892, p. 7; N. M. Gunn, Butcher’s Broom, London, 1977, pp. 308–09.
50.	The Star, 22 March 1813; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 20 March 1813.
51.	LAC MG19-E1 14058–59: J. Armour to W. MacDonald, 27 February 1813.
52.	A. Allardyce (ed.), Letters to and from Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1888, II, pp. 76–77: Lady Stafford to C. K. Sharpe, 22 March 1813; Lady Stafford to C. K. Sharpe, 22 March 1813; SCRO D593/K/1/3/2: J. Loch to J. Ingles, 6 March 1813.
53.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/2: J. Loch to J. Ingles, 6 March 1813.
54.	The Star, 22 March 1813. Also, SCRO, SC, D593/K/1/3/2: J. Loch to G. Cranstoun, 6 March 1813.
55.	UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 23 January 1813. LAC MG19-E1 14101–02: A. MacDonald to Selkirk, 9 February 1813. For wider background to Selkirk’s proposed regiment, see, J. Bumsted, Lord Selkirk: A Life, East Lansing, 2009, pp. 200–33.
56.	LAC MG19-E1 14056–57: List of officers submitted to Lord Selkirk, 13 February 1813; UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 30 April 2013; Sel P 703–12: Selkirk to M. Macdonell, 30 June 1813.
57.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 15 April 1813; LAC MG19-E1 14043–44: H. Torrens to Selkirk, 14 April 1813; UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 8 May 1813.
5 ‘Damned Savages from Scotland’
1.	HBCA B42/a/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 5 April 1814.
2.	HBCA B42/b/69: Fort Churchill Correspondence Book, 5 April 1814.
3.	LAC MG19-E1 1107–16: A. McDonald to Selkirk, 22 May 1814; BCA A/B/20/C47E: Journal of Abel Edwards, 1 April 1814.
4.	D. Gunn, A History of Manitoba from the Earliest Settlements to 1835, Ottawa, 1880, p. 103.
5.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 6 April 1814.
6.	BCA A/B/20/C47E: Copy of Instructions to Mr McDonald, 25 March 1814; LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 7 April 1814.
7.	LAC MG19-E1 1107–16: A. McDonald to Selkirk, 22 May 1814.
8.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 13–14 April 1814; BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. McDonald to A. Edwards, 21 April 1814.
9.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 14 April 1814.
10.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 15 April 1814.
11.	J. M. Bumsted, Lord Selkirk: A Life, East Lansing, 2009, p. 45.
12.	W. Fraser, The Sutherland Book, 3 vols, Edinburgh, 1892, II, p. 320: W. Scott to Lady Stafford, 19 November 1811.
13.	T. Douglas (Earl of Selkirk), Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, London, 1805, pp. 119–20.
14.	J. P. Pritchett, The Red River Valley: A Regional Study, New Haven, 1942, p. 120: Selkirk to M. Macdonell, 12 June 1813. Pritchett drew on Selkirk family papers that were subsequently destroyed by fire.
15.	NLS 313/1581: Selkirk to Lord Stafford, 22 April 1813.
16.	Selkirk, Observations, pp. 198, 200; P. C. T. White (ed.), Lord Selkirk’s Diary, 1803–04: A Journal of his Travels, Toronto, 1958, p. 17.
17.	NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 15 April 2013.
18.	NRS GD268/216/18: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, n.d.; NLS 313/1581: Notes by Lady Stafford, 18 March, 13 April 1813; SP 313/1581; NLS 313/1581: Selkirk to Lord Stafford, 22 April 1813; NLS 313/1581: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 21, 23 May 1813.
19.	LAC MG19-E1 650–54: Selkirk to M. Macdonnell, 12 June 1813; R. G. MacBeth, The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life, Toronto, 1897, p. 18.
20.	NLS 313/1581: Selkirk to W. Munro, 27 March 1813; UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 12 June 1813; LAC MG19-E1 655–57: Selkirk to M. Macdonnell, 12 June 1813.
21.	A. Allardyce (ed.), Letters to and from Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1888, II, p. 85: Lord Gower to C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe, 12 July 1813.
22.	HBCA Biographical Sheets: Donald Gunn; Gunn, Manitoba, p. 91; HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 7–12 June 1813.
23.	NLS 313/1129: W. MacKenzie to Lady Sutherland, 13 July 1813; Gunn, Manitoba, p. 94.
24.	HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 21–28 June 1813; Gunn, Manitoba, pp. 91–92; A. McDonald, Reply to the Letter Lately Addressed to the Earl of Selkirk by the Rev. John Strachan, Montreal, 1816, p. 21.
25.	UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 9 July, 4 August 1812. Archibald McDonald’s background is explored in J. Hunter, Glencoe and the Indians, Edinburgh, 1996, pp. 44–71.
26.	Gunn, Manitoba, pp. 94–95; HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 30 July–6 August 1813.
27.	HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 27 July–19 August 1813.
28.	Gunn, Manitoba, p. 96.
29.	HBCA B42/a/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 18–19 August 1813; HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 22–25 August 1813; HBCA B42/a/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 20–30 August 1813.
30.	Memories of Kate MacPherson are preserved in W. J. Healy, Women of Red River, Winnipeg, 1923, pp. 53–55.
31.	D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, pp. 130–31.
32.	Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 130–31; NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24 May 1816.
33.	LAC MG19-E1 875–78: W. Auld to W. Hillier, 25 September 1813.
34.	HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 23–24 August 1813; LAC MG19-E1 822–24: M. Macdonell to Selkirk, 7 September 1813; HBCA B42/1/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 9 September 1813; LAC MG19-E1 875–78: W. Auld to W. Hillier, 25 September 1813; LAC MG19-E1 886–97: O. Keveny to M. Macdonell, 26 September 1813.
35.	LAC MG19-E1 1572–75: R. Semple to Selkirk, 22 June 1815; LAC MG19-E1 1831–39: P. Fidler to R. Semple, 27 December 1815.
36.	HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 12 September 1813.
37.	HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 15–17 September 1813; HBCA B42/a/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 17 September 1813; UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 16 November 1813; BCA A/B/20/C47E: Journal of Abel Edwards, 19–20 September 1813.
38.	HBCA C.1/778: Prince of Wales log, 20 September-24 November 1813; UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 16 November 1813.
39.	LAC MG19-E1 843–64: W. Auld to A. Wedderburn, 16 September 1813.
40.	K. Fenyó, Contempt, Sympathy and Romance: Lowland Perceptions of the Highlands and the Clearances during the Famine Years, 1845–1855, East Linton, 2000, pp. 30, 51, 62–63.
41.	LAC MG19-E1 843–64: W. Auld to A. Wedderburn, 16 September 1813; LAC MG19-E1 875–78: W. Auld to W. Hillier, 25 September 1813; LAC MG19-E1 836–42: R. Noss to W. Auld, 26 September 1813; BCA A/B/20/C47E: Journal of Abel Edwards, 27 September, 12 October 1813.
6 ‘When among wolves, howl!’
1.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 6 April 1814; L. E. Brandson, Churchill Hudson Bay: A Guide to Natural and Cultural Heritage, Churchill, 2012, pp. 86–87; J. W. Tyrrell, Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada, Toronto, 1897, p. 223.
2.	HBCA B42/a/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 21 September 1813; BCA A/B/20/C47E: Journal of Abel Edwards, 21–23 September 1813; Tyrrell, Across the Sub-Arctics, p. 210.
3.	BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to M. Macdonell, 12 January 1814; BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. McDonald to A. Edwards, 28 September 1813; BCA A/B/20/C47E: Journal of Abel Edwards, 17 October 1813; LAC MG19-E1 836–42: R. Noss to W. Auld, 26 September 1813; LAC MG19-E1 1091–1107: A. McDonald to Selkirk, 22 May 1814.
4.	A. and B. MacIver, Churchill on Hudson Bay, Churchill, 2006, p. 149; D. Gunn, A History of Manitoba from the Earliest Settlements to 1835, Ottawa, 1880, p. 100.
5.	BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to M. Macdonell, 12 January 1814; BCA A/B/20/C47E: Circular to the Emigrants at Churchill Creek, 12 February 1814.
6.	BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to W. Auld, 14 December 1813.
7.	MacIver, Churchill, p. 150.
8.	LAC MG19-E1 13384: Examination of Betty MacKay, December 1814.
9.	LAC MG19-E1 1091–1107: A. McDonald to Selkirk, 22 May 1814; Gunn, Manitoba, pp. 101–02; J. P. Pritchett, The Red River Valley, New Haven, 1942, p. 125; BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to M. Macdonell, 12 January 1814.
10.	HBCA B42/a/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 25 December 1813; BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to Macdonell, 12 January 1814; Gunn, Manitoba, p. 100.
11.	HBCA B42/a/140: Fort Churchill Post Journal, 24 November 1813; BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to W. Auld, 21 December 1813; LAC MG19-E1 1262–66: W. Auld to M. Macdonell, 13 March 1814; LAC MG19-E1 1091–1107: A. McDonald to Selkirk, 22 May 1814.
12.	BCA A/B/20/C47E: Journal of Abel Edwards, 25 December 1813; BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to M. Macdonell, 12 January 1814; BCA A/B/20/C47E: W. Auld to A. Edwards, 7 February 1814; BCA A/B/20/C47E: A. Edwards to J. Charles, 30 March 1814;
13.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 18–20 April 1814.
14.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 20–21 May 1814.
15.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 23 May, 5 June 1814.
16.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 11 June 1814. See also, HBCA: Biographical Sheets.
17.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 12, 20 22 June 1814.
18.	LAC MG19-E1 1170–75: A. McDonald to Selkirk, 24 July 1814.
19.	J. Diefenbaker, One Canada: Memoirs, Toronto, 1973, pp. 4–5; Gunn, Manitoba, 115.
20.	Gunn, Manitoba, pp. 105–06.
21.	LAC MG19-E1 1215–26: M. Macdonell to Selkirk, 9 September 1814; LAC MG19-E1 1170–75: A. McDonald to Selkirk, 24 July 1814.
22.	LAC MG19-E1 18178–242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 29–30 June 1814.
23.	LAC MG19-E1 1654: R. Semple to C. Robertson, 5 September 1815; J. Strachan, A Letter to Lord Selkirk on his Settlement at the Red River, London, 1816, pp. 64–65.
24.	A. Amos, Report of Trials in the Courts of Canada relative to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk’s Settlement on the Red River, London, 1820, pp. 366, 378, 382–83.
25.	Strachan, Letter to Lord Selkirk, pp. 64–66.
26.	LAC MG19-E1 650–54: Selkirk to M. Macdonell, 12 June 1813.
27.	LAC MG19-E1 18243–18370: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 2 February, 4 March 1815; Strachan, Letter to Lord Selkirk, p. 65.
28.	C. N. Bell, The Selkirk Settlement and the Settlers, Winnipeg, 1887, p. 12.
29.	A. McDonald, Narrative Respecting the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk’s Settlement on Red River, London, 1816, p. 6.
30.	LAC MG19-E1 1740–43: D. Cameron to H. MacEachen, 10 January 1815.
31.	Amos, Report of Trials, p. 366. See also, W. Coltman, Statement and Report Relative to the Disturbances in the Indian Territories of British North America, London, 1818, pp. 167–68.
32.	Coltman, Statement and Report, pp. 169–72; LAC MG19-E1 18243–18370: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 14 June 1815.
33.	LAC MG19-E1 1542–46: List of families and servants carried off from Red River Settlement by the North West Company, 18 June 1815; LAC MG19-E1 18178–18242: Journal of Archibald McDonald, 11, 23 August 1814.
34.	LAC MG19-E1 1542–46: List of families and servants carried off from Red River Settlement by the North West Company, 18 June 1815; W. J. Healy, Women of Red River, Winnipeg, 1923, p. 63. See also, L. Tegelberg, ‘Catherine Sutherland of Point Douglas: Woman of Heart and Head’, Mantitoba Pageant, Autumn 1975.
35.	P. C. Newman, Caesars of the Wilderness: The Story of the Hudson’s Bay Company, New York, 1988, p. 109.
36.	LAC MG19-E1 20250–52: C. Robertson to Selkirk, 5 October 1815.
37.	LAC MG19-E1 1744–45: D. Cameron to H. MacEachen and D. Livingston, 10 March 1815; LAC MG19-E1 1547–56: J. Pritchard to Selkirk, 20 June 1815; LAC MG19-E1 20250–52: C. Robertson to Selkirk, 5 October 1815.
38.	Timespan Letters to Sutherland Family: W. MacPherson to J. and C. MacPherson, 7 July 1815.
39.	LAC MG19-E1 22036–37: Selkirk to A. Matheson, 7 March 1815; LAC MG19-E1 20140–42: A. Matheson to Selkirk, 27 March 1815; LAC MG19-E1 1658–61: List of passengers landed at York Factory, 26 August 1815; UEA La.II.202: Selkirk to A. MacDonald, 26 February 1814.
40.	LAC MG19-E1 20140–42: A. Matheson to Selkirk, 27 March 1815; LAC MG19-E1 1528: W. Sutherland and others to J. McDonald, 9 May 1815; LAC MG19-E1 20057: Selkirk to M. Macdonell, 19 May 1815; A. Ross, The Red River Settlement: Its Rise, Progress and Present State, London, 1856, pp. 30–31; D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, p. 96.
41.	LAC MG19-E1 18545–49: Report from R. Semple, 17 June 1815; Sel P 1661–66: Statement re voyage out, 7 September 1815.
42.	LAC MG19-E1 1661–66: Statement re voyage out, 7 September 1815.
43.	LAC MG19-E1 1661–66: Statement re voyage out, 7 September 1815.
44.	LAC MG19-E1 20227–29: A. Macdonell to Selkirk, 5 September 1815; Sel P 1661–80: R. Semple to Selkirk, 5 September 1815; Sel P 1658–61: List of passengers landed at York Factory, 26 August 1815.
45.	LAC MG19-E1 20227–29: A. Macdonell to Selkirk, 5 September 1815; Sel P 1661–80: R. Semple to Selkirk, 5 September 1815.
46.	LAC MG19-E1 2718–34: R. Semple to Selkirk, 20 December 1815.
47.	LAC MG19-E1 2718–34: R. Semple to Selkirk, 20 December 1815.
48.	LAC MG19-E1 2718–34: R. Semple to Selkirk, 20 December 1815.
49.	LAC MG19-E1 2718–34: R. Semple to Selkirk, 20 December 1815.
7 ‘A most destructive and murderous fire’
1.	R. H. Burgoyne, Historical Records of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, London, 1883, pp. 45–51.
2.	R. J. Adam, Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, II, pp. 4–7: C. Mackenzie to Lady Sutherland, 14, 23 September, 1 October 1799.
3.	Report of Commissioners of Inquiry into the Condition of the Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, Evidence, p. 2509; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 3 February 1813.
4.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, p. 2510; SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: W. Young to J. Loch, 8 December 1815. Also, Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, Introduction, xxvi–xxviii.
5.	D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, p. 101. Also, P. Groves, History of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, Edinburgh, 1895, pp. 3–4.
6.	NRS RH2/8/99: Sutherland Highlanders Descriptive Roll Book, 1799–1831.
7.	P. Henry, Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington, New York, 1888, p. 18; D. Stewart, Sketches of the Character, Manners and Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1822, II, p. 280; A. E. J. Cavendish, An Rèisimeid Chataich: The 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, London, 1928, pp. 13, 15, 20, 26; H. Miller, Sutherland as it Was and Is, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 42.
8.	Cavendish, Rèisimeid Chataich, p. 30.
9.	Cavendish, Rèisimeid Chataich, pp. 28–32.
10.	Cavendish, Rèisimeid Chataich, p. 44.
11.	Cavendish, Rèisimeid Chataich, p. 47.
12.	There are various estimates of the 93rd’s New Orleans casualties. One of the more detailed contemporary accounts puts the total at 536. See, W. James, A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences in the Late War between Great Britain and the United States of America, 2 vols, London, 1818, II, p. 555.
13.	B. E. Hill, Recollections of an Artillery Officer, 2 vols, London, 1836, II, 14–15.
14.	A. MacKay, Sketches of Sutherland Characters, Edinburgh, 1889, p. 161.
15.	G. R. Gleig, The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, London, 1827, p. 182.
16.	Cavendish, Rèisimeid Chataich, p. 47.
17.	Gleig, Campaigns, p. 191.
18.	Gleig, Campaigns, p. 186.
8 ‘He would be a very cruel man who would not mourn for the people’
1.	NLS 313/1127: A. Sutherland to Lord Gower, 14 August 1809; R. J. Adam, Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, II, p. 92: Lady Stafford to Lord Gower, 13 July 1809; NLS 313/990: Census of the inhabitants of Culmaily, April 1810; J. Henderson, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Sutherland, London, 1812, p. 121.
2.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 226: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 18 July 1814; P. Sellar, ‘Farm Reports: County of Sutherland: Strathnaver, Morvich and Culmaily Farms’, in J. F. Burke (ed.), British Husbandry Exhibiting the Farm Practice in Various Parts of the United Kingdom, London, 1834, p. 69.
3.	Henderson, County of Sutherland, pp. 150–51.
4.	Henderson, County of Sutherland, pp. 150–51; Sellar, ‘Farm Reports’, p. 68.
5.	Sellar, ‘Farm Reports’, p. 68.
6.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, pp. 144–45: Lands on the Estate of Sutherland set at Golspie Inn, 15 December 1813; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, pp. 204–05: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 19 December 1813; D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, p. 154.
7.	R. Gordon, A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland, Edinburgh, 1813, p. 11; Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, p. 1616.
8.	Henderson, County of Sutherland, pp. 24–26; Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, pp. 16–17: Report on the present state of possessions in Strathnaver, 1810.
9.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, pp. 23–24: Report on the present state of possessions in Strathnaver, 1810.
10.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 238: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 18 February 1815.
11.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 238: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 18 February 1815.
12.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of D. MacKenzie), 22 May 1815; NLS 313/1581: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 3, 19 December 1813.
13.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/1: W. Young to J. Loch, 22 October 1813; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 239: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 18 February 1815.
14.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 239: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 18 February 1815; P. Robertson, Report of the Trial of Patrick Sellar, Edinburgh, 1816, pp. 42–43.
15.	NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 27 January 1814; SCRO D593/K/1/3/2: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 3 March 1814.
16.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, p. 22: Report on the present state of possessions in Strathnaver, 1810; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of W. Gordon and J. MacKay), 22 May 1815; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of P. Sellar), 31 May 1815.
17.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of J. MacKay and J. Gordon) 23 May 1815.
18.	Robertson, Trial, p. 39.
19.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of D. MacKenzie), 22 May 1815.
20.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: P. Sellar to J. Loch. 28 June 1815; NRS SC9/7/63: Summons of removing [against] tenants in the parishes of Lairg, Dornoch, Rogart, Golspie, Clyne and Kildonan, 26 February 1813. The Sutherland Sheriff Court eviction notice quoted here was issued a year prior to the one Sellar obtained in 1814. However, the wording of all such notices was standard.
21.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: P. Sellar to J. Loch 28 June 1815; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of J. MacKay), 25 May 1815.
22.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: P. Sellar to J. Loch 28 June 1815.
23.	Robertson, Trial, p.27; Sellar, ‘Farm Reports’, p. 77; NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 12 August 1815.
24.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of J. MacKay and H. Grant), 22 May 1815.
25.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of H. Grant), 22 May 1815.
26.	Robertson, Trial, p. 7; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of D. MacKay), 22 May 1815.
27.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of B. MacKay), 22 May 1815.
28.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of A. Manson and G. Ross), 23 May 1815.
29.	Aberdeen Journal, 25 July 1883.
30.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, pp. 1617–18.
31.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, pp. 1616–17.
9 ‘A combination among the better sort’
1.	R. Bell, A Treatise on Leases, Edinburgh, 1820, pp. 473–77.
2.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of J. Gordon and A. Manson), 23 May 1815.
3.	NLS SP 313/748: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 3 July 1814.
4.	J. Mitchell, Reminiscences of My Life in the Highlands, 2 vols, London, 1883, II, p. 95; NLS 313/750: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 24 September 1820.
5.	NLS 313/991: Heads of the complaints against Mr Sellar, July 1814.
6.	Bell, Treatise on Leases, p. 474. See also, W. Ross, A Discourse Upon the Removing of Tenants, Edinburgh, 1782.
7.	NLS 313/754: Lady Stafford to Lord Gower, 20 July 1811; NLS 313/748: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 20 July 1814.
8.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Lady Stafford’s answer to a petition presented by tenants removed from Mr Sellar’s farm, 22 July 1814.
9.	NLS 313/991: G. M. Grant, Observations on an excursion into the interior of the Sutherland Estate, 1816; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, 23 May 1815 (Statement of G. Ross); Military Register, 8 May 1816. For Traill, see, J. T. Calder, Sketch of the Civil and Traditional History of Caithness, Glasgow, 1861, pp. 214–18.
10.	NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 27 July 1814.
11.	NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 27 July 1814.
12.	K. Fidler, The Desperate Journey, Edinburgh, 2002, pp. 7–9.
13.	NRS JP32/5/21: Petition against mussel depredators, 1814; NRS JP32/5/21: Petition of P. Sellar against A. Campbell, 1814; NRS JP32/5/22: Claim of P. Sellar against sundry tenants, 2 April 1815; NLS 313/991: Report concerning the natural woods on the Sutherland Estate, 1815.
14.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 16 October 1815; R. J. Adam, Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, I, p. 42: Minute of agreement with W. Young and P. Sellar, 1811.
15.	See J. Hunter, On the Other Side of Sorrow: Nature and People in the Scottish Highlands, Edinburgh, 1995, pp. 62–66. Also J. Hunter, The Making of the Crofting Community, Edinburgh, 1976, pp. 156–60.
16.	NRS JP32/5/21: Complaint against poachers, 1814.
17.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, pp. 133–34: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 11 December 1810; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 206: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 10 January 1814; NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 10 January 1814.
18.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/1: W. Young to J. Loch, 5 December 1813.
19.	NRS JP32/71: Accounts and notes, 16 November 1814.
20.	NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 10 January 1814; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 206: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 10 January 1814.
21.	NLS 313/1129: G. Cranstoun to W. MacKenzie, 17 September 1813.
22.	NLS 313/1127: P. Sellar to Lord Gower, 19 March 1811; NLS 313/1581: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 17 October 1813.
23.	NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 31 January 1814; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 207: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 2 February 1814.
24.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, pp. 207–08: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 2 February 1814.
25.	T. Sellar, The Sutherland Evictions of 1814, London, 1883: P. Sellar, Statement in answer to certain misrepresentations, December 1825; NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 7 April 1814. Also, Robertson, Trial, p. 25.
26.	NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 13 August 1815.
27.	NLS 313/1016: A. Sutherland to J. Bethune, 30 June 1815; Military Register, 7 February 1816; G. C. Cameron, The Scots Kirk in London, Oxford, 1979, pp. 104–06. Also E. Richards, ‘The Military Register and the Pursuit of Patrick Sellar’, Scottish Economic and Social History, 16, 1996.
28.	Military Register, 5 April 1815.
29.	Military Register, 28 June 1815.
30.	NLS 313/1127: P. Sellar to Lord Gower, 15 April 1815.
31.	NLS 313/1127: P. Sellar to Lord Gower, 15 April 1815.
32.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of J. Munro), 24 May 1815; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Petition sent to Earl Gower by the tenants of Mr Sellar’s farm, 1815.
33.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Lord Gower to J. Munro, 8 February 1815.
34.	NLS 313/1128: W. Young to Lord Gower, 16 February 1815; SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: W. Young to J. Loch, 15 June 1815.
35.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: W. Young to J. Loch, 15 June 1815; NLS 313/991: G. M. Grant, Observations on an excursion into the interior of the Sutherland Estate, 1816.
36.	NLS 313/1586: Grant (Young’s clerk) to W. Young, 27 March 1815.
37.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: G. Cranstoun to J. Munro, 31 March 1815.
38.	NLS 313/1586: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 15 February 1815; NLS 313/991: P. Sellar to G. Cranstoun, 24 March 1815.
39.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: J. Munro to A. Clephane, 2 May 1815.
40.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: R. McKid to G. Cranstoun, 8 May 1815; NRS CS232/S/23/2: G. Cranstoun to R. McKid, 13 May 1815.
41.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: G. Cranstoun to R. McKid, 13 May 1815.
42.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar to A. Colquhoun, 24 May 1815.
43.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar to A. Colquhoun, 24 May 1815.
44.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar to A. Colquhoun, 24 May 1815.
45.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of J. Munro, J. Campbell, M. MacKay, W. MacKay and J. MacKay), 22–24 May 1815.
46.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of H. MacBeath and G. Ross), 23 May 1815.
47.	Robertson, Trial, p. 33.
48.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of D. MacKenzie), 22 May 1815.
49.	D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, p. 155; NLS 313/1586: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 15 July 1815.
50.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of T. Gordon), 25 May 1815.
51.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of T. Gordon), 25 May 1815.
52.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of T. Gordon), 25 May 1815; NLS 313/991: P. Sellar to A. Colquhoun, 24 May 1815.
53.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: R. Gordon to W. Munro, 12 February 1816; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 238: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 18 February 1815.
54.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of W. Chisholm), 25 May 1815.
55.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of W. Chisholm and H. MacKay), 25 May 1815.
56.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of W. Chisholm and H. MacKay), 23 May 1815.
57.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of W. Chisholm, D. MacKay, W. MacLeod, J. MacKay and K. Murray), 23, 29 May 1815.
58.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of D. MacKay), 23 May 1815.
59.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of W. Chisholm, H. MacKay and D. MacKay), 23 May 1815.
60.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of W. Chisholm, H. MacKay and D. MacKay), 23 May 1815.
61.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of T. Gordon), 25 May 1815.
62.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: P. Sellar to R. McKid, 27 May 1815; NRS CS232/S/23/2: G. Cranstoun to R. McKid, 13 May 1815.
63.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: P. Sellar to A. Colquhoun, 29 May 1815.
64.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statements of K. Murray, A. MacKenzie, J. Fraser and A. Sutherland), 29 May 1815.
65.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 21–24: R. McKid to Lord Stafford, 30 May 1815.
66.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 21–24: R. McKid to Lord Stafford, 30 May 1815.
67.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Summons of wrongous imprisonment, 27 June 1816.
68.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Summons of wrongous imprisonment, 27 June 1816; HA BD/1/14/1–3: Dornoch Jail Book, 31 May 1815.
69.	HA BD/1/14/1–3: Dornoch Jail Book, 31 May–2 June 1815; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of P. Sellar), 31 May 1815.
70.	Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, pp. 241–42: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 31 May 1815.
71.	NLS 313/1584: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 31 May 1815; SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to W. Young, 9 June 1815.
72.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to W. Adam, 10 June 1815.
73.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to W. Adam, 10 June 1815.
74.	NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 4, 15 August 1815; NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 5 June 1815; NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 3 June 1815.
75.	NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 9 June 1815.
76.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 25 June 1815.
77.	Military Register, 14, 21 June 1815.
78.	Military Register, 9 August 1815.
79.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to W. Adam, 21 May 1816; Observer, 18 June 1815; Morning Chronicle, 19 June 1815.
80.	NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 5 June 1815; HA BD/1/14/1–3: Dornoch Jail Book, 6, 7 June 1815; SCRO D593/P/18/2: Lady Stafford to Lord Sidmouth, 24 August 1815.
81.	SCRO D593/P/18/2/2: Lord Sidmouth to Lady Stafford, 11 September 1815; NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 17 August 1815.
82.	NLS 313/1588: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 8 April 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 18 March 1817.
83.	NLS 313/1133: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 14 August 1815; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to W. Adam, 21 May 1816.
84.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Summons of wrongous imprisonment, 27 June 1816; Military Register, 14 June 1815, 8 May 1816.
85.	NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 5, 10, 13 August 1815; NLS 313/1015: J. Loch to F. Suther, 21 January 1820.
86.	NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lord Stafford, 12 July 1815; NLS 313/1579: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 25 July 1815.
87.	NLS 313/1586: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 3 July 1815.
88.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 21 July 1815.
89.	NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 9 August 1815.
90.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 25 July 1815.
91.	R. H. Burgoyne, Historical Records of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, London, 1883, pp. 45–51; NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 14, 18 August 1815; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, pp. 162–63: Lady Stafford’s answer to the petition of the Strathnaver people, 16 August 1815.
92.	Extracts from Munro’s letter to Cranstoun were published in the Military Register of 29 November 1815.
93.	Extracts from Campbell’s letter to MacKenzie were published in the Military Register of 28 February. Campbell wrote to Sellar in similar terms on the same day, 25 December 1815.
94.	NLS 313/1588: J. A. Campbell to P. Sellar, 25 December 1815; NLS 313/1588: P. Sellar to D. MacKenzie, 16 January 1816.
95.	Military Register, 28 February 1816; Robertson, Trial, pp. 35–36; NLS 313/1588: P. Sellar, 24 December 1815.
96.	NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 14, 21 August 1815.
97.	NLS D593/K/1/3/3: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 25 July 1815; NLS 313/1016: A. Sutherland to D. MacKenzie, 16 June 1815; NLS 313/991: A. Sutherland to W. Ross, 20 July 1815.
98.	NLS 313/1016: A. Sutherland to D. MacKenzie, 16 June 1815 (together with attached note).
99.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: D. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 25 August 1815.
100.	NLS 313/1588: P. Sellar to D. MacKenzie, 24 December 1815.
101.	NLS 313/1588: D. MacKenzie to P. Sellar, 12 January 1816.
102.	For a more sympathetic interpretation of David MacKenzie’s behaviour, D. Paton, ‘“Brought to a Wilderness”: The Rev David MacKenzie of Farr and the Sutherland Clearances’, Northern Scotland, 13, 1993. Paton does not seem to have been aware of MacKenzie’s January 1816 letter to Sellar.
10 ‘To find out and punish the leaders of the people’
1.	Caledonian Mercury, 2 May 1816.
2.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: G. McP. Grant to J. Loch, 6 April 1816; NLS 313/1587: G. McP. Grant to Lady Stafford, 27 April 1816.
3.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Strathnaver Precognitions, (Statement of D. MacKenzie), 22 May 1815.
4.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 21 April 1816.
5.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 3 October 1815.
6.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to W. Young, 29 November 1815; R. J. Adam, Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, II, p. 270: J. Loch to W. Young, 18 December 1815.
7.	P. Robertson, Report of the Trial of Patrick Sellar, Edinburgh, 1816, p. 67; H. Cockburn, Memorials of His Time, Edinburgh, 1856, p. 299.
8.	NLS 313/1589: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 24 April 1816.
9.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 64–65.
10.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 5–13.
11.	Robertson, Trial, p. 9.
12.	Robertson, Trial, p. 10.
13.	NLS 313/1588: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 22 March 1816.
14.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 15–17.
15.	Robertson, Trial, p. 19.
16.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 25–26; Adam, Sutherland Estate, II, p. 243: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 7 June 1815.
17.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 21–24.
18.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/3: P. Sellar to J. Loch 14 September 1815; SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 26 October 1815; SCSCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to G. MacP Grant, 3 February 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 8 April 1816; NLS 313/1588: P. Sellar to Lord Stafford, 24 April 1816.
19.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 15–16, 26.
20.	Robertson, Trial, p. 20.
21.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 21 April 1816.
22.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 31, 36–37.
23.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 36–37.
24.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 37–38.
25.	Scots Magazine, May 1816, p. 393; Military Register, 3 July 1816; Robertson, Trial, p. 38.
26.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 38–40.
27.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 41–53.
28.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 54–57.
29.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 57–58.
30.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 59–62.
31.	Robertson, Trial, p. 64.
32.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 64–65.
33.	Robertson, Trial, pp. 65–66.
34.	NLS 313/1588: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 4 May 1816; Robertson, Trial, p. 66.
35.	Robertson, Trial, p. 67.
36.	Robertson, Trial, p. 67.
37.	NLS 313/1587: G. MacP. Grant to Lady Stafford, 27 April 1816; SP 313/1588: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 24 April 1816.
38.	D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, p. 198.
39.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 7 May 1816.
40.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 29 April 1816.
41.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 7 May 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 23 May 1816.
42.	D. R. Fisher, ‘Sutherland, 1790–1820’, ‘George Macpherson Grant, 1790–1820’, ‘George Macpherson Grant, 1820–32’, in The History of Parliament: http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/.
43.	NLS 313/991: G. M. Grant, Observations on an excursion into the interior of the Sutherland Estate, 1816.
44.	NLS 313/1580: J. Loch, Memorandum, 19 August 1816.
45.	NLS 313/991: G. M. Grant, Observations on an excursion into the interior of the Sutherland Estate, 1816; Military Register, 22 May, 3 July, 10 July 1816.
46.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: W. Young to J. Loch, 15 May 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: G. M. Grant to J. Loch, 16 May 1816.
47.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: P. Sellar to W. Young, 7 May 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to W. Adam, 21 May 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 25 May 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 12 June 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 2 June 1816.
48.	NLS 313/1591: Note of farms out of lease at Whitsunday 1818.
49.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: W. Sutherland to Lady Stafford, 8 March 1817.
50.	NLS 313/1591: M. Sutherland to Lady Stafford, 4 September 1817.
51.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: J. Sutherland to Lady Stafford, 24 April 1817; SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: J. Sutherland to Lady Stafford, 17 October 1817.
52.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: J. Sutherland to Lady Stafford, 24 April 1817; NLS 313/1591: J. Sutherland to Lord and Lady Stafford, 4 September 1817.
53.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: W. Sutherland to Lady Stafford, 8 March 1817.
54.	NLS 313/1591: Lady Stafford to J. Sutherland, 27 September 1817.
55.	Inverness Courier, 24 September 1834.
56.	NLS 313/1587: G. M. Grant to Lady Stafford, 27 April 1816; NLS 313/1588: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 26 April 1816; NLS 313/1588: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 4 May 1816.
57.	NLS 313/1589: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 12 May 1816.
58.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: Summons of wrongous imprisonment, oppression and damages, Sellar against McKid, 27 June 1816.
59.	NLS 313/1015: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 1 May 1816; NRS CS232/S/23/2: Defences for Robert McKid, 4 February 1817.
60.	NRS CS232/S/23/2: R. McKid to P. Sellar, 22 September 1816.
61.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 23 September 1817; NRS SC9/1/3: Dornoch Sheriff Court, Minutes, 29 November 1816; NLS 313/1587: G. Dempster to Lady Stafford, 3 December 1816. For a summary of McKid’s subsequent career, see E. Richards, Patrick Sellar and the Highland Clearances, Edinburgh, 1999, pp. 211–12.
62.	NLS 313/755: Lady Stafford to Lord Gower, 27 June 1816.
63.	For details of the McKinlay trial, see G. W. T. Omond, The Lord Advocates of Scotland, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1883, II, pp. 244–46; Cockburn, Memorials, pp. 329–37; P. B. Ellis and S. Mac a’ Ghobhainn, The Scottish Insurrection of 1820, London, 1989, pp. 110–11; B. P. Lenman, Integration and Enlightenment: Scotland, 1747–1832, Edinburgh, 1981, p. 152.
64.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to A. Maconochie, 25 August 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: A. Maconochie to J. Loch, 31 August 1816.
65.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to A. Maconochie, 12 September 1816.
66.	NLS 313/1587: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 20 September 1816.
67.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to A. Maconochie, 12 September 1816.
68.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 27 November 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: A. Maconochie to J. Loch, 15 October 1816.
11 ‘Aborigines of Britain’
1.	NLS 313/749: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 14 August 1815.
2.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to F. Suther, 30 August 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to G. M. Grant, 31 May 1816.
3.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: G. M. Grant to J. Loch, 10 June 1816; NLS 313/1587: G. M. Grant to Lady Stafford, 28 August 1816.
4.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/4: J. Loch to W. Young, 29 November 1815; NLS D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to G. M. Grant, 31 May 1816.
5.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: W. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 19 October 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 23 October 1816.
6.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to G. M. Grant, 31 May 1816.
7.	R. J. Adam, Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1972, I, pp. 191–95: J. Loch, Memorandum respecting the management of the Estate of Sutherland, 18 August 1816.
8.	J. Loch, An Account of the Improvements on the Estates of the Marquis of Stafford, London, 1820, p. 66; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: F. Suther to J. Loch, 6 September 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 13 May 1817.
9.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 5 July 1816.
10.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24, 31 May 1816.
11.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24, 31 May 1816.
12.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24, 31 May 1816.
13.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24, 31 May 1816.
14.	A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 2 vols, Hartford, 1811, I, p. 4.
15.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24, 31 May 1816. Sellar is here quoting from Volume I, Chapter I of the Wealth of Nations.
16.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to G. M. Grant, 8 June 1816.
17.	NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24, 31 May 1816; D. Stewart, Sketches of the Character, Manners and Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1822, II, pp. 289–90.
18.	D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, p. 131.
19.	A. Cunningham (ed.), The Works of Robert Burns, London, 1840, p. 665: R. Burns to J. Tennant, 22 December 1788.
20.	J. MacCulloch, The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland, 4 vols, London, 1824, IV, p. 372. See also, Report to the Lords Commissioner of the Treasury by the Chairman of the Board of Excise in Scotland respecting Distillery Laws, London, 1822, p. 2.
21.	NRS JP32/2/1: Sutherland Justices of the Peace, Minutes, 6 March 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: J. Loch to F. Suther, 30 December 1817; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 17 July 1819.
22.	J. Mitchell, Reminiscences of My Life in the Highlands, 2 vols, London, 1883, II, pp. 60–61.
23.	D. Stewart, ‘Observations on the Origins and Cause of Smuggling in the Highlands of Scotland’, Quarterly Review of Agriculture, I, 1828, p. 360.
24.	Keir Strickland: Personal communication to the author, 20 August 2014; Mitchell, Reminiscences, II, p. 61.
25.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/2: J. Loch to W. Young, 3 April 1813; NLS 313/1580: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 6 February 1813; NLS 313/991: P. Sellar, Note concerning Sutherland, 24, 31 May 1816.
26.	Keir Strickland: Personal communication to the author, 20 August 2014.
27.	H. Miller, Sutherland As It Was and Is, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 16; H. Miller, My Schools and Schoolmasters, Edinburgh, 1854, p. 91.
28.	T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation, 1700–2007, London, 2006, pp. 340–41.
29.	Miller, Schools and Schoolmasters, p. 91.
30.	The account of longhouse construction given here comes from a wide variety of sources. Contemporary descriptions can be found in, for example, J. Henderson’s General View of the Agriculture of the County of Sutherland, London, 1812. A more modern analysis, based on archaeological inquiry, is available in H. Fairhurst, ‘Rossal: A Deserted Township in Strathnaver’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries in Scotland, 100, 1967. The average floor area of new built homes in Britain in 2009 was 818 square feet – equivalent to that of longish longhouse.
31.	There is a growing literature on the Tambora eruption and its consequences. Two recent accounts are W. K. Klingaman and N. P. Klingaman, The Year Without A Summer: 1816 and the Volcano that Darkened the World, New York, 2013; G. D. Wood, Tambora: The Eruption that Changed the World, Princeton, 2014. This and the subsequent paragraph draw heavily on those books. See also, J. D. Post, The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World, Baltimore, 1977.
32.	See, inter alia, P. Webb, ‘Emergency relief during Europe’s famine of 1817 anticipated crisis response mechanisms of today’, Journal of Nutrition, 132, 2002.
33.	Wood, Tambora, pp. 171–98; M. W. Flinn, ‘The Poor Employment Act of 1817’, Economic History Review, 14, 1961, pp. 82–92; J. R. Lee, Climate Change and Armed Conflict: Hot and Cold Wars, Oxford, 2009, pp. 49–50; A. Dawson, So Foul and Fair a Day: A History of Scotland’s Weather and Climate, Edinburgh, 2009, p. 157; G. W. T. Omond, The Lord Advocates of Scotland, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1883, II, 232; Scots Magazine, August 1816, pp. 633–34; Caledonian Mercury, 12 August, 19 September 1816; H. Cockburn, Memorials of His Time, Edinburgh, 1856, p. 306.
34.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: G. M. Grant to Lady Stafford, 19 November 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 16 November 1816.
35.	NLS 313/991: G. M. Grant, Observations on an excursion into the interior of the Sutherland Estate, 1816; Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, pp. 191–95: J. Loch, Memorandum respecting the management of the Estate of Sutherland, 18 August 1816.
36.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 12; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 5 November 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 16 December 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: J. Loch to K. MacKay, 5 April 1817.
37.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 82.
38.	NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 17 February 1819; HA CH2/508/2: Tongue Presbytery Minutes, 19 October 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: G. M. Grant to J. Loch, 14 July 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 25 September 1818.
39.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 27 November 1816; Loch, Account of Improvements, pp. 82–85.
40.	SCRO D593/L/2/1: J. Loch, Memorandum Book, 26 September 1818.
41.	NLS 313/1589: G. Reed to Lady Stafford, 29 August 1816.
42.	Inverness Journal, 16 April 1819, 9 August 1821.
43.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 16 October 1817; SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: J. MacKay to J. Loch, 10 October 1817; Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 206–07; Loch, Account of Improvements, pp. 85–86.
44.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: A. Marshall to J. Loch, 27 December 1817; SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch to A. Marshall, 2 January 1818.
45.	SCRO D593/L/21: J. Loch, Memorandum Book, 19 August 1818.
46.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 21 October 1817; NLS 313/1591: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 3 November 1817.
47.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 86; SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch to H. Morton, 1 May 1818.
48.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: F. Suther to J. Loch, 30 April 1818.
49.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 89; SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch to F. Suther, 17 June 1818.
50.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 25 October 1816.
51.	NLS 313/1578: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 21 August 1815.
52.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: Lady Stafford to D. MacKenzie, 16 May 1816.
53.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: Lady Stafford to A. Sage, 16 May 1816.
54.	D. MacLeod, Gloomy Memories in the Highlands of Scotland, Glasgow, 1892, pp. i, 1, 46, 49–51; HA OPR, Farr, 20 January 1818; J. Prebble, The Highland Clearances, Harmondsworth, 1969, p. 71. (The ‘Preface’ to the 1892 edition of Gloomy Memories, cited here, was written by Fionn, the pen-name of Henry Whyte, then a leading figure in pro-Gaelic and pro-land reform circles. Its accuracy as to MacLeod’s family history is borne out by the Farr parish register entry recording MacLeod’s marriage.)
55.	MacLeod, Gloomy Memories, pp. xv–xvi.
56.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 54.
57.	HA D1249/4/2/1: A. Sage to D. Sage, 1 November 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 17 November 1819.
58.	MacLeod, Gloomy Memories, pp. 21–22. For an extended defence of clerical attitudes to clearance, see, D. Paton, The Clergy and the Clearances: The Church and the Highland Crisis, 1790–1850, Edinburgh, 2006.
59.	HA CH2/1290/4: Presbytery of Dornoch, Minutes, 24 August 1813; HA CH2/1290/4: Presbytery of Dornoch, Minutes, 24 August 1813; NLS 313/1578: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 15 October 1813.
60.	MacLeod, Gloomy Memories, p. 54.
61.	MacLeod, Gloomy Memories, p. 54; Sage, Memorabilia, p. 211. A degree of inference is involved here. MacLeod’s father-in-law was certainly Charles Gordon. Sage refers to Charles Gordon, Rivigill, without making a link to MacLeod. Evicted tenants from Rivigill were sent to Skail where Jane Gordon, MacLeod’s wife, lived before her marriage.
62.	MacLeod, Gloomy Memories, p. 18.
63.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: J. Loch to D. MacKenzie, 17 February 1818.
64.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: D. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 19 March 1818.
65.	Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 181, 208.
66.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch to J. MacKay, 30 January 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: F. Suther to J. Loch, 23 April 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 8 May 1817; SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 24 August 1817. Sellar, in 1816, had dealings with a Charles Gordon, a Langdale subtenant. See, Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, p. 189: Report concerning woods on the Sutherland Estate, 27 July 1816.
67.	NLS 313/1588: P. Sellar to Lady Stafford, 14 September 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 15 May 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/5: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 23 October 1816; SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 13 May 1817.
68.	SCRO D593/L/2/1: J. Loch, Memo Book, copy advertisement, n.d.; J. Loch, Account of Improvements, Appendices, p. 106.
69.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: F. Suther to J. Loch, 6 March 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch to P. Sellar, 5 October 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch to F. Suther. 1 December 1818.
70.	Scots Magazine, June 1816, pp. 427–28; SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 13 October 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: F. Suther to J. Loch, 22 November 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: J. Loch to F. Suther, 21 December 1818.
71.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: P. Sellar to J. Loch 12 December 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: G. M. Grant to J. Loch, 14 July 1818; Paton, ‘Brought to a Wilderness’, pp. 95–96.
72.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: D. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 19 March 1818.
73.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch to D. MacKenzie, 30 March 1818.
12 ‘The year of the burnings’
1.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: J. Loch to A. Marshall, 2 October 1817; D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, p. 197.
2.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 198.
3.	Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 215–16.
4.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 216; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: J. MacKay to J. Loch, 12 June 1819.
5.	Sage, Memorabilia, p.216; Inverness Journal, 20 December 1822.
6.	A. MacKay, The Book of MacKay, Edinburgh, 1906, pp. 242–69 (especially p. 264); Sage, Memorabilia, p.203.
7.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 203.
8.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 216.
9.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 215.
10.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/7: J. Loch, Circular to Ministers, 19 November 1818.
11.	J. Loch, An Account of the Improvements on the Estates of the Marquis of Stafford, London, 1820, p. 89; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 19 March, 1, 29 April 1819.
12.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 29 April 1819.
13.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: J. Loch to J. MacKay, 27 March 1817.
14.	NRS JP32/7/3: JP Minutes, 6 October 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 26 May 1819; Military Register, 11 August 1819.
15.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 12 May 1819.
16.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 26 May 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 3 June 1819.
17.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 5 June 1819.
18.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: J. MacKay to J. Loch, 7 May 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 12 May 1819.
19.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to J. MacKay, 15 May 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to K. MacKay 8 June 1819.
20.	NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 27 May 1819.
21.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 218.
22.	Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 217–18; NLS 313/1015: Note of Removals on the Estate of Sutherland in May 1819.
23.	Sage, Memorabilia, pp. 216–17. For an account of wives and womenfolk’s role in the army of this era, see, R. Holmes, Redcoat: The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket, London, 2001, pp. 292–306.
24.	Sage, Memorabilia, p. 217.
25.	Report of the Royal Commission (Highlands and Islands), 2 vols, London, 1895, I, p. 583; C. I. Maclean, The Highlands, London, 1959, p. 32.
26.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 29 May 1819.
27.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: Tenants removed at Whitsun 1819 (enclosed with F. Suther to J. Loch, 3 February 1820); Report of Commissioners of Inquiry into the Condition of the Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, 5 vols, London, 1884, Evidence, IV, p. 3221.
28.	Military Register, 28 July, 11 August 1819; Observer, 2 August 1819.
29.	Observer, 2 August 1819.
30.	Times, 14 July 1819.
31.	A. Allardyce (ed.), Letters To and From Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1888, II, p. 206: Lady Stafford to Sharpe, 25 July 1819.
32.	NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 18 July 1819.
33.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: J. Loch to W. Rae, 18 July 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: J. Loch to A. Brown, 15 July 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: W. MacKenzie to J. Loch 20, 29 June 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: J. Loch to F. Suther 27 January 1820; Scotsman, 13 August 1819.
34.	Morning Chronicle and Times, 19 July 1819; Caledonian Mercury, 28 August 1819.
35.	NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 18 July 1819.
36.	T. H. Ford. ‘Political Coverage in The Times, 1811–41: The Role of Barnes and Brougham’, Historical Research, 85, 1986, p. 95; Morning Chronicle, 15 March 1820. See also, D. Hudson, Thomas Barnes of The Times, Cambridge, 1943.
37.	HA CH2/350/1: Tarbat Kirk Session Minutes, 28 June, 6, 25 July 1803.
38.	HA CH2/350/1: Tarbat Kirk Session Minutes, 22 August 1803, 1, 15 May 1809; HA Fearn Old Parish Registers, 1810–19.
39.	NLS 313/1575: P. Sellar, Memorandum as to Morvich, 10 September 1810; NLS 313/1574: W. Young to Lady Stafford, 5 May 1811; NLS 313/1128: W. Young to Lord Gower, 26 April 1812; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 11 June 1819.
40.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 25 June 1819; Inverness Journal, 4 June 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 December 1819; T. Dudgeon, A Nine Years Residence in the States of New York and Pennsylvania, Edinburgh, 1841, p. 47.
41.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 December 1819.
42.	Inverness Journal, 18 June 1819; Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1819.
43.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 24 July 1819; Inverness Journal, 23 July 1819; Military Register, 4 August 1819.
44.	Loch, Account of Improvements, pp. 10–11. Also, SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 24 July 1819.
45.	Inverness Journal, 19 November 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: K. MacKay to J. Loch, 20 December 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 24 July 1819; NLS 313/991: A. Sutherland to W. Ross, 20 July 1815; Military Register, 11 August 1819; R. W. and J. Munro, Tain Through the Centuries, Edinburgh, 2005, p. 108.
46.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 22 June 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to W. MacKenzie, 17 November 1819.
47.	Appeal on Behalf of the Royal Tain Academy and Report of Its Funds, London, 1819, pp. 19–25; Dudgeon, Nine Years Residence, p. 4; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 25 November 1820; J. M. Bulloch, The Families of Gordon of Invergordon, Newhall and Carrol, Dingwall, 1906, p. 108. See also, B. B. King, Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India, Los Angeles, 1976.
48.	R. M. Cowan, The Newspaper in Scotland: A Study of its First Expansion, 1815–1860, Glasgow, 1946, pp. 41–42; NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 30 November 1819.
49.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 57; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to H. Brougham, 27 December 1819; NLS 313/1015: J. Loch to F. Suther, 21 January 1820. Early twentieth-century land raids are explored in J. Hunter, The Making of the Crofting Community, Edinburgh, 1976, pp. 184–206.
50.	Loch, Account of Improvements, pp. 57–58; NLS 313/1015: J. Loch to F. Suther, 21 January 1820; NLS 313/1119: J. Loch to F. Suther, 25, 30 November 1819; A. MacKay, Sketches of Sutherland Characters, Edinburgh, 1889, p. 159.
51.	E. Richards, A History of the Highland Clearances: Emigration, Protest, Reasons, London, 1885, p. 311; Inverness Journal, 19 November 1819; Morning Chronicle, 11 December 1819.
52.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to J. MacKay, 17 November 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to K. MacKay, 14 December 1819.
53.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 17 November 1819.
54.	Morning Chronicle, 11 December 1819.
55.	Hansard, House of Commons, 9 December 1819.
56.	NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 10 December 1819; NLS 313/1016: Copy of Dudgeon letter to an unidentified recipient, 18 December 1819; Dudgeon, Nine Years Residence, p. 4; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: W. Wilberforce to J. Loch, 28 December 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 31 December 1819. See also, W. Hague, William Wilberforce: The Life of the Great Anti-Slave Trade Campaigner, London, 2007.
57.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: H. Brougham to J. Loch, 27 December 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: J. Loch to H. Brougham, 27 December 1819.
58.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: H. Brougham to J. Loch, 30 December 1819.
59.	A. Aspinall, D. C. Charles and A. Smith (eds), English Historical Documents, 1783–1832, London, 1996, p. 337.
60.	Inverness Journal, 24 December 1819.
61.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: W. MacKenzie to F. Suther, 27 December 1819.
62.	NRS JP32/7/3: F. Suther to W. Taylor, 1 January 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 15 January 1820.
63.	Inverness Journal, 28 January 1820.
64.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 2 January 1820.
65.	NRS JP32/2/1: Justices of the Peace, Minutes, 4 January 1820; NRS JP32/7/3: F. Suther to W. Taylor, 1 January 1820.
66.	NRS JP32/7/3: Proclamation for dispersing persons assembled in Golspie, 4 January 1820; Military Register, 19 January 1820; Morning Chronicle, 20 January 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 9, 14 January 1820.
67.	Inverness Courier, 27 January 1820; NLS 313/1140: J. Loch to F. Suther, 12 January 1820.
68.	Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820.
13 ‘Law is one thing and humanity may be another’
1.	NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 30 November 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to F. Suther, 6 December 1819; 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 5 November 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 29 April 1820.
2.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 15 January 1820.
3.	HA D538/A/8/1: P. Brown to K. MacKenzie, 20 February 1820.
4.	Morning Chronicle, 15 March 1820; HA D538/A/8/1: J. MacKenzie to K. MacKenzie, 4 February 1820; HA D538/A/8/1: Case for Munro of Novar, Culrain Removings, 1820; NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820.
5.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820.
6.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statements of J. Stewart and A. Ross), 15 February 1820.
7.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820.
8.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820.
9.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820.
10.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statements of J. Stewart and W. Munro), 15 February 1820.
11.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statements of J. Stewart and A. Ross), 15 February 1820.
12.	HA D538/A/1: J. MacKenzie to K. MacKenzie, 4 February 1820; NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statements of A. Ross, J. Stewart and W. Munro), 15 February 1820.
13.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 11 April 1821.
14.	HA D538/A/8/1: J. MacKenzie to K. MacKenzie, 4 February 1820.
15.	HA D538/A/8/1: H. Munro to K. MacKenzie, 15 February 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 5 March 1820; Glasgow Herald, 24 March 1820; Inverness Courier, 30 March 1820; HA D538/A/8/1: J. MacKenzie to K. MacKenzie, 4 February 1820; Inverness Journal, 7 July 1820; NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820.
16.	HA D538/A/8/1: J. MacKenzie to K. MacKenzie, 18 February 1820; HA D538/A/8/1: D. MacLeod to J. MacKenzie, 11 February 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: W. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 30 March 1820; Inverness Courier, 30 March 1820.
17.	HA D538/A/8/1: J. MacKenzie to K. MacKenzie, 18 February 1820; Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod; NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions, (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820; NRS AD14/20/263: D. MacLeod to H. Warrender, 17 February 1820.
18.	HA D538/A/8/2: J. MacKenzie to W. MacKenzie, 5 April 1821.
19.	HA D538/A/8/1: D. MacLeod to W. Rae, 2 March 1820; Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod.
20.	HA D538/A/8/1: D. MacLeod to W. Rae, 2 March 1820; Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod
21.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 5 March 1820; HA D538/A/8/1: D. MacLeod to W. Rae, 2 March 1820; Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod; Caledonian Mercury, 6 March 1820.
22.	HA D538/A/8/1: D. MacLeod to W. Rae, 2 March 1820; Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 5 March 1820.
23.	Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod.
24.	Inverness Journal, 17 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod.
25.	HA D538/A/8/1: D. MacLeod to W. Rae, 2 March 1820.
26.	Morning Chronicle, 15 March 1820.
27.	E. Richards, ‘The Social and Electoral Influence of the Trentham Interest, 1800–1860’, Midland History, 3, 1975, pp. 132, 137; Times, 13 March 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/5/9: J. Loch to F. Suther, 20 March 1820.
28.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to H. Brougham, 25 December 1820; NLS 313/1140: J. Loch to F. Suther, 17 March 1820.
29.	NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions (Note by W. Rae on precognition sleeve), 24 March 1820; NLS 313/1140: J. Loch to F. Suther, 1 April 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/5/9: J. Loch to C. Ross, 1 April 1820.
30.	Inverness Journal, 31 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod; Inverness Journal, 24 March 1820: Letter from A. MacBean.
31.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 15 June 1820.
32.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 19 March 1820.
33.	NLS 313/1140: J. Loch to F. Suther, 17 March 1820; Inverness Journal, 31 March 1820: Letter from D. MacLeod; NRS AD14/20/263: Culrain Precognitions (Statement of J. Stewart), 15 February 1820.
34.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 19 March 1820.
35.	NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 30 November 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/5/9: J. Loch to F. Suther, 20, 23 March 1820.
36.	NLS 313/1015: Note of Removals on the Estate of Sutherland, 1819 and 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to Lady Stafford, 27 May 1820; NLS 313/1140: J. Loch to F. Suther, 6 June 1820.
14 ‘To seek shelter in some more propitious quarter of the world’
1.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 19 March 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 22 June 1819; NLS 313/1015: Kildonan Removals, June 1819.
2.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 23 June 1819; SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 26 September 1820.
3.	D. Sage, Memorabilia Domestica, Wick, 1899, pp. 221–22, 306.
4.	M. MacDonell, The Emigrant Experience: Songs of Highland Emigrants in North America, Toronto, 1982, pp. 136–37.
5.	Personal communication from Glen Matheson, 23 February 2015; J. Hunter, Scottish Exodus: Travels Among a Worldwide Clan, Edinburgh, 2005, pp. 138–39.
6.	NSA RG 20 Series A: Petition from R. Baillie and others, 6 October 1814.
7.	NSA RG 20 Series A: Petition from R. Baillie and others, 6 October 1814.
8.	The Baillie–MacPherson connection with Strathbrora has been established by Glen Matheson’s extensive research, drawing on Clyne’s parish registers and other data in Scotland as well as on documentary sources and family traditions in Nova Scotia.
9.	G. Patterson, A History of the County of Pictou, Montreal, 1877, pp. 277–78.
10.	Patterson, County of Pictou, pp. 277–78; L. H. Campey, After the Hector: The Scottish Pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, Toronto, 2003, pp. 134–35; Personal communication from Glen Matheson, 23 February 2015; G. R. Sutherland, The Rise and Decline of the Community of Earltown, Truro, 1980, pp. 4–18.
11.	J. M. MacKenzie with N. R. Dalziel, The Scots in South Africa: Ethnicity, Gender and Race, Manchester, 2007, p. 41; L. M. Thompson, A History of South Africa, pp. 54–55; A. E. J. Cavendish, An Rèisimeid Chataich: The 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, London, 1928, p. 35.
12.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: A. Gordon to Lady Stafford, 22 April, 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: F. Suther to J. Loch, 24 April 1818; SCRO D593/L/2/1: Memo Book of J. Loch, 26 September 1818; SCRO D593/K/1/3/6: F. Suther to J. Loch, 22 November 1818; A. S. Gordon, A Sutherland Trail: A History of the Gordons of Dallagan, Griamachary and Drumearn, London, 2005, pp. 84–86.
13.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 26 May 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 13 June 1820.
14.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 26 May 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to Lady Stafford, 8, 20 May 1820.
15.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/4: P. Sellar to J. Loch, 16, 20 October 1816.
16.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/5: W. Allan to F. Suther, 7 November 1817; SCRO D593/K/1/5/6: J. Loch to W. Allan, 7 November 1817.
17.	M. Harper, Adventurers and Exiles: The Great Scottish Exodus, London, 2003, p. 46; D. Campbell and R. A. MacLean, Beyond the Atlantic Roar: A Study of the Nova Scotia Scots, Toronto, 1975, p. 46.
18.	C. T. Campbell, British South Africa, London, 1897, p. 31; MacKenzie with Dalzeil, Scots in South Africa, pp. 49–51; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to F. Suther, 9 October 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 12 October 1819.
19.	Inverness Journal, 1 December 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: G. Gordon to J. Gordon, 25 May 1820.
20.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: G. Gordon to J. Gordon, 25 May 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: W. MacKenzie to Lady Stafford, 18, 20 November 1820.
21.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: Lady Stafford to J. Loch, 22 October 1819; NLS 313/1140: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 30 November 1820; Inverness Journal, 20 April 1821.
22.	NRS GD268/50: Lord Stafford to J. Loch, 2 December 1820.
23.	NLS 313/1015: Printed circular from Joseph Gordon, 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 2 May 1821.
24.	Inverness Journal, 29 June 1821, 12 July 1822.
25.	NLS 313/1015: Notes of examination anent Strathbrora Removings, 13 August 1821; personal communications from Glen Matheson, 23–27 February 2015.
26.	W. Glyndwr (ed.), Hudson’s Bay Miscellany, 1670–1870, Winnipeg, 1975, p. 234; HBCA Biographical Sheets. William MacKay’s career, meriting more detailed treatment than it gets here, is summarised in ‘Red River Ancestry’ at http://www.redriverancestry.ca/McKAY-WILLIAM-1795.php.
27.	Eastern Chronicle, 9 July 1885. This from an obituary of Donald MacKay Junior supplied by Marsha MacKay.
28.	H. H. Bruce, History of Barney’s River: Early Days in East Pictou, Pictou, 2013, p. 12 p. 13; HBCA E/233/1: Narrative of Donald MacKay, n.d.
29.	NLS 313/2149–55: List of small rents supposed irrecoverable at 1st August 1825; NLS 313/1141: J. Loch to F. Suther, 31 July 1821: NLS 313/750; Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 5 October 1820.
30.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: J. Loch to W. Young, 25 December 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 18 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 May 1821.
31.	NLS 313/1139: W. Young to J. Loch, 18 August 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/3/7: F. Suther to J. Loch, 16 December 1819; NLS 313/1139: J. Loch to F. Suther, 22 December 1819; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to W. Young, 25 December 1819; NLS 313/1140: W. Young to J. Loch, 1 January 1820.
32.	Bruce, Barney’s River, p. 9.
33.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/9: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 22 June 1820.
34.	NRS AD14/21/93: Gruids Precognition, (Statement of D. Bannerman), 10 April 1821.
35.	NRS AD14/21/93: Gruids Precognition, (Statements of D. Bannerman and A. Ross), 10–11 April 1821.
36.	NRS AD14/21/93: Gruids Precognition, (Statements of D. Bannerman, A. Ross and A. MacKenzie), 10–11 April 1821.
37.	NRS AD14/21/93: Gruids Precognition, (Statement of D. Bannerman), 10 April 1821.
38.	NRS AD14/21/93: Gruids Precognition (Statement of D. Bannerman), 10 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 6 April 1820; J. Loch, An Account of the Improvements on the Estates of the Marquis of Stafford, London, 1820, pp. 111–12.
39.	NLS 313/750: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 20 September 1820; D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 20 April 1821.
40.	SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 30 September 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch 17 April 1821.
41.	NRS JP32/73/3: JPs Court Minutes, 8 August 1820; NRS JP32/2/1: JPs Court Minutes, 8, 19 August, 6 October 1820.
42.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 20 August 1820.
43.	NLS 313/1140: F. Suther to J. Loch, 12 January 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/5/9: J. Loch to F. Suther, 12 January 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 14 February 1820; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 3 October 1820.
44.	NLS 313/1120: J. Loch to F. Suther, 12 January 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/5/9: J. Loch to W. Young, 14 January 1820; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to F. Suther, 3 October 1820.
45.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 10 April 1820; NLS 313/1147: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 3 May 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: F. Suther to J. Loch, 14 January 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 21 March 1821.
46.	NLS 313/1575: View of farms on the Estate of Sutherland, 1810; NLS 313/1015: J. Loch to F. Suther, 22 March 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: G. M. Grant to J. Loch, 25 March 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 30 March 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/5/8: J. Loch to W. Rae, 6 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 April 1821.
47.	SCRO D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 21 March 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 6 April 1821.
48.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 March 1821.
49.	NLS 313/750: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 20 September 1820; SCRO D593/K/1/5/9: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 3 October 1820.
50.	NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 1 April 1821; NLS 313/1147: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 17 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/5/10: J. Loch to W. MacKenzie, 21, 23 March 1821.
51.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 March 1821.
52.	NLS 313/1147: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 25 April 1821.
53.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: W. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 1 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: C. Ross to Solicitor General, 11 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 11 April 1821.
54.	NLS 313/1147: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 25 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: W. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 31 March 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/10: J. Loch to F. Suther, 4 April 1821.
55.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 11, 27 April 1821.
56.	NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 30 March 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: W. MacKenzie to J. Loch, 31 March 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 11 April 1821; Inverness Journal, 20 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: C. Ross to J. Wedderburn, 11 April 1821.
57.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 9 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: C. Ross to J. Wedderburn, 11 April 1821.
58.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: C. Ross to J. Wedderburn, 11 April 1821; Inverness Journal, 20 April 1821.
59.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 13 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: C. Ross to J. Wedderburn, 15 April 1821.
60.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: C. Ross to J. Wedderburn, 15 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 15, 17 April 1821.
61.	NRS JC11/63: North Circuit Minute Book, 21 April 1821; Inverness Journal, 20 April, 4 May 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 28 April 1821; HA BD1/14/1: Dornoch Jail Record of Prisoners, 6 April, 3 May 1821.
62.	NRS JC11/63: North Circuit Minute Book, 21 April 1821; NLS 313/1147: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 25 April 1821; SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 27 April 1821.
63.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: D. MacKay to Lord Stafford, 10 July 1821; M. McLean, The People of Glengarry: Highlanders in Transition, 1745–1820, Montreal, 1991, pp. 9–10.
64.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 17, 27 April, 27 May 1821; NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lady Stafford, 28 July 1821.
65.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/9: F. Suther to J. Loch, 4 June 1821.
66.	NLS 313/1153: J. Loch to Lord Stafford, 17 June 313/1153.
15 ‘Indelible characters on the surface of the soil’
1.	C. N. Bell, The Selkirk Settlement and the Settlers, Winnipeg, 1887, p. 35.
2.	Bell, Selkirk Settlement, p. 37; HA OPR, Kildonan, 1792–1801; HBCA C.1/778: Log of Prince of Wales, 19 June 1813; LAC MG19-E1 1658–61: List of Passengers Landed at York Factory, 26 August 1815. In the Kildonan OPR, Donald Murray’s mother’s name is given as Isobel; in the 1815 passenger list as Elizabeth. But the two sources are clearly referring to the same Suisgill family.
3.	Bell, Selkirk Settlement, p. 38.
4.	Bell, Selkirk Settlement, pp. 37–39. Selkirk’s movements during this period are examined in, Bumsted, Lord Selkirk, pp. 277–358.
5.	Bell, Selkirk Settlement, p. 37.
6.	Bell, Selkirk Settlement, pp.37–39; LAC Mg19-E1 8218–64: G. Simpson to A. Colvile, 31 May 1824.
7.	A. Ross, The Red River Settlement: Its Rise, Progress and Present State, London, 1856, p. 207.
8.	Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Condition of the Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1884, pp. 1616–18.
9.	Crofters and Cottars, p. 1615.
10.	T. M. Devine, The Great Highland Famine, Edinburgh, 1988, pp. 46, 89, 92.
11.	A. Tindley, The Sutherland Estate, 1850–1920: Aristocratic Decline, Estate Management and Land Reform, Edinburgh, 2010, p. 67. Angus Sutherland’s career can be followed in, A. G. Newby, Ireland, Radicalism and the Scottish Highlands, Edinburgh, 2007.
12.	Highland News, 22 June 1889.
13.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, pp. 2431, 2440; HA OPR, Kildonan, 1790–1800.
14.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, p. 1645; Crofters and Cottars, Report, p. 2.
15.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, p. 1657; Glasgow Herald, 26 July 1883.
16.	Crofters and Cottars, Report, pp. 10–11.
17.	Crofters and Cottars, Report, p. 16.
18.	SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 17, 18, 26 September, 3 October 1820.
19.	SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 19 September, 4, 5 October 1820.
20.	J. Loch, An Account of the Improvements on the Estates of the Marquis of Stafford, London, 1820, pp. vi, 6–7, 9, 12, 50–53, 73, 90, 100, 108.
21.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 119.
22.	SCRO D593/K/1/3/8: H. Brougham to J. Loch, 12 August 1820; J. I. Robertson, The First Highlander: Major-General David Stewart of Garth, East Linton, 1988, pp. 98–99.
23.	J. Thomson, The Value and Importance of the Scottish Fisheries, London, 1849, pp. 19–20; SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 21 September 1820.
24.	SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 21 September 1820.
25.	SCRO D6579/9: Lady Stafford to Lord Stafford, 21 September 1820.
26.	Loch, Account of Improvements, pp. 5–6.
27.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 6.
28.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. xiii.
29.	D. Stewart, Sketches of the Character, Manners and Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, 2 vols, Edinburgh, 1822, I, pp. 230–31.
30.	Stewart, Sketches, I, pp. 161–70.
31.	B. Botfield, Journal of a Tour Through the Highlands, Norton Hall, 1830, pp. 152–53.
32.	A. MacRae, Kinlochbervie: Being the Story of a Remote Highland Parish and its People, Tongue, 1932, p. 51. For a wider analysis of the role of the Free Church, see, A. W. MacColl, Land, Faith and the Crofting Community: Christianity and Social Criticism in the Highlands of Scotland, 1843–1893, Edinburgh, 2006.
33.	Second Report from the Select Committee on Sites for Churches (Scotland), London, 1847, p. 117.
34.	H. Miller, Sutherland As It Was and Is, Edinburgh, 1843, pp. 10–11.
35.	Miller, Sutherland As It Was, p. 11.
36.	Miller, Sutherland As It Was, p. 9; D. MacLeod, in the Highlands of Scotland, Glasgow, 1892, p. 71.
37.	H. B. Stowe, Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands, 2 vols, London, 1854, pp. 301–13.
38.	MacLeod, Gloomy Memories, 76, 91, 108.
39.	K. Marx, ‘The Duchess of Sutherland and Slavery’, in J. Ledbetter (ed.), Karl Marx: Dispatches for the New York Tribune, London, 2007, pp. 113–19.
40.	K. Marx, Capital, 3 vols, New York, 1906, I, pp. 788–805; M. Mignet (ed.), Political Economy and the Philosophy of Government: A Series of Essays Selected from the Works of M. de Sismondi, London, 1847, pp. 183–89.
41.	A. R. Wallace, Land Nationalisation: Its Necessity and Its Aims, London, 1906, p. 181.
42.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, pp. 1650–51.
43.	I. C. Smith, Consider the Lilies, Oxford, 1970, p. 144.
44.	A. M. Sinclair, Comhchruinneachadh Ghlinn-a-Bhàird: The Glenbard Collection of Gaelic Poetry, Charlottetown, 1890, pp. 200–03; D. Meek, Tuath is Tighearna: Tenants and Landlords, Edinburgh, 1995, pp. 54–56, 190–91.
45.	I. C. Smith, Collected Poems, Manchester, 1992, p. 52; I. Grimble, The Trial of Patrick Sellar, Edinburgh, 1993, pp. 159–60; J. MacInnes, ‘A Gaelic Song of the Sutherland Clearances’, Scottish Studies, 8, 1964, pp. 158–60.
46.	Meek, Tuath is Tighearna, p. 18.
47.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, p. 3179; T. Sellar, The Sutherland Evictions of 1814: Former and Recent Statements Respecting Them Examined, London, 1883, p. iii. See also, D. Richardson, The Curse on Patrick Sellar, Stockbridge, 1999.
48.	J. Hunter, ‘Sheep and Deer: Highland Sheep Farming, 1850–1900’, Northern Scotland, 2. 1975, p. 202; Crofters and Cottars, Report, p. 315.
49.	Loch, Account of Improvements, p. 145; R. D. G. Clarke, Two Hundred Years of Farming in Sutherland: The Story of My Family, Stornoway, 2014, pp. 188–91; Hunter, ‘Sheep and Deer’, pp. 202–06. See also, W. Orr, Deer Forests, Landlords and Crofters: The Western Highlands in Victorian and Edwardian Times, Edinburgh, 1982.
50.	Sellar, Sutherland Evictions, pp. 39–60.
51.	MacLeod, Gloomy Memories, p. 9.
52.	N. M. Gunn, Butcher’s Broom, London, 1977, pp. 358–60.
53.	N. M. Gunn, The Silver Darlings, London, 1969, p. 12.
54.	F. H. Hart and J. B. Pick, Neil M. Gunn: A Highland Life, London, 1981, p. 103; N. M. Gunn, ‘Caithness and Sutherland’, in A. McCleery (ed.), Landscapes and Light: Essays by Neil M. Gunn, Aberdeen, 1987, p. 32.
55.	C. I. Maclean, The Highlands, London, 1959, pp. 163, 167.
56.	Maclean, Highlands, p. 173; Dennis MacLeod in correspondence and conversation with the author.
57.	Programme notes for the unveiling of Gerald Laing’s sculpture by Scotland’s First Minister, Alex Salmond, 23 July 2007.
58.	M. Laurence, The Diviners, Toronto, 1993, p. 58.
59.	Laurence, Diviners, pp. 59–61.
60.	Crofters and Cottars, Evidence, pp. 2507–10.
61.	NRS RH/1/2/827: Napier to J. MacKay, 2 November 1889. For background to this exchange, see, I. Grimble, ‘The Sutherland Story: Fact and Fiction’, in, M. I. Mackay (ed.), Sar Ghaideal: Essays in Memory of Ruaraidh Mackay, Inverness, n.d., pp. 44–45.
62.	NRS RH/1/2/827: Napier to J. MacKay, 2 November 1889.
63.	Royal Commission (Highlands and Islands), 1895, Report, p. v.
64.	Tindley, Sutherland Estate, pp. 120–25.
65.	Congested Districts Board, Fourth Report, 1902, p. x; NRS AF42/750: Application for No 5 Syre from D. J. MacKay, 29 January 1901; D. MacLeod, ‘Hughina Celebrates Her 100th Year’, Am Bratach, June 2012. The late Hughina MacKellar, whose hundredth birthday this article reported, was Donald John MacKay’s daughter.
66.	Congested Districts Board, Fourth Report, 1902, p. x; Adam, Sutherland Estate, I, p. 22: Report on the present state of possessions in Strathnaver, 1810.
67.	HA OPR, Farr. Additional family information supplied by Rosa Sutherland, one of Barbara MacKay’s great-granddaughters.
68.	Hansard, House of Commons, 1 April 1971; HIDB, Strath of Kildonan: Proposals for Development, Inverness, 1970, pp. 10, 29–30; J. Grassie, Highland Experiment, Aberdeen, 1983, pp. 69–81.
69.	Royal Commission (Highlands and Islands), 1895, Evidence, pp. 615, 623–34.
Appendix
1.	NRS GD95/2/15: Minutes of Directors, 2 February 1826; NRS GD95/9/4: Reports of Visits to the Schools of the Society, 1827. Some further details are available in A. S. Cowper, Gordon Ross, 1791–1868: SSPCK Schoolmaster and Disciple of Sandy Gair, Edinburgh, 1981.