Introduction
1 Leon Uris, Exodus, London: William Kimber & Co. 1959, p. 146.
2 Leon Uris, Exodus, p. 155.
3 Mavis M. Hill and L. Norman Williams, Auschwitz in England, London: Macgibbon and Kee, 1965, pp. 15–25.
4 Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, (Student Edition), London: Holmes and Meier, 1985, pp. 314–315.
5 Martin Gilbert, Holocaust Journey: Travelling in Search of the Past, London: Phoenix, 1998, p. 78.
6 Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, London: Penguin, 1994, p. 188.
7 Gilbert, pp. 77–78.
8 Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999, p. 221.
9 Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, translated by Raymond Rosenthal, New York: Summit Books, 1998, p. 11ff.
10 Richard Breitman, Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned. What the British and Americans Knew, London: Penguin, 1998, is judicious, even generous, yet ultimately damning on this question.
11 Louise London, Whitehall and the Jews, 1993–1948, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 242.
Chapter 1
1 Trial transcripts supplied courtesy of Harry Counsell & Company, Clifford’s Inn, London. Gray’s remarks occur on the transcript for January 11, 2000 (Day 1), page 2, lines 15–16; Irving v. Lipstadt, 1:2:15–16.
Chapter 2
1 Irving’s account can be found on his website at: http://www.fpp.co.uk/Online/98/10/RadDi141194.html
2 My notes of a telephone conversation with David Irving, June 1999.
3 Richard Evans, Expert Report, Part II, p. 157. (All pagination from expert reports refers not to internal page numbers, but to the page numbers given for the documents in MS Word, US letter-size pages, as read on-screen.)
4 Lance Morrow, “Just an Ordinary Man” (review of Hitler’s War), Time, May 2, 1977.
5 Back-cover blurb for Hitler’s War.
6 David Irving, Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich, reviewed by John Keegan in the Daily Telegraph (London), April 20, 1996.
7 Martin Broszat, “Hitler und die Genesis der Endlösung. Aus Anlass der Thesen von David Irving,” Vierteljahreshefte fuur Zeitgeschichte, 25 (1977), pp. 739–75, reprinted in Hermann Graml and Klaus-Dietmar Henke (eds.), Nach Hitler. Der schwierige Umgang mit unserer Geschichte. Beiträge von Martin Broszat (Munich, 1986), pp. 187–229.
8 Charles Sydnor, Jr., “The Selling of Adolf Hitler: David Irving’s Hitler’s War,” Central European History (June 1979).
9 Gitta Sereny and Lewis Chester, “The $1,000 Question,” Sunday Times (London), July 10, 1977.
10 David Irving, Hitler’s War, London: Papermac, 1977, p. xiii.
11 Norman Finkelstein and Ruth Birn, A Nation on Trial, New York: Owl Books, 1998, passim.
12 Neal Ascherson, “A Bucketful of Slime,” Observer, March 29, 1981.
13 Kai Bird, “The Secret Policemen’s Historian,” New Statesman, April 3, 1981, pp. 16–18.
14 David Irving, Torpedo Running, London: Focal Point, 1990; Christopher Hitchens, “Hitler’s Ghost,” Vanity Fair, June 1996, pp. 72–4.
15 Henry Porter, Lies, Damned Lies, London: Coronet, 1985, pp. 141–53. Porter’s account of Irving’s role and Dacre’s reservations is confirmed by “Irving’s Backing for Diaries Welcomed,” Times (London), May 3, 1983, and “New Slant on Hitler’s Diaries,” Daily Mail (London), May 3, 1983.
16 Hitchens, “Hitler’s Ghost.”
17 “David Irving’s Daughter is Killed in Fall,” Evening Standard (London), September 16, 1999; see also David Irving’s diary for September 14, 1999 on his website.
18 Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985 (student edition—abridged), p. 157.
19 “The Truth Shall Set You Free,” Dispatches, broadcast on Channel 4 (UK) on November 27, 1991. A slightly different translation (the speech was given in German) occurs in the transcript at 28: 190: 4–14.
20 Irving v. Lipstadt, 14: 97: 17–26.
21 Marianne MacDonald, “The Nature of the Beast,” Independent on Sunday Magazine, April 6, 1997, pp. 4–7.
22 See Irving’s website, which offers a list.
23 Roger Eatwell, Expert Report, “David Irving and Right-Wing Extremism,” p. 30. Though Eatwell never testified at the trial, his report was submitted to the court. It was also posted on Irving’s website.
24 Lord Weidenfeld to David Irving, June 16, 1977.
25 Ernst Zündel to David Irving, May 21, 1986; Irving’s Further Discovery, quoted in Robert Jan van Pelt, Expert Report, Chapter 9, p. 11.
26 Ernst Zündel to David Irving, November 9, 1987; Irving’s Further Discovery, cited in van Pelt, Expert Report, Chapter 9, p. 13.
27 Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, London: Penguin, 1994, p. 162.
28 Ibid., pp. 164–5.
29 Richard Evans, Expert Report, Part I, p. 76.
30 David Irving, speech at Chelsea Town Hall, November 1991.
31 Robert Harris, Selling Hitler, London: Arrow Books, 1996, p. 189.
32 Gordon Craig, “The Devil in the Details,” New York Review of Books, September 19, 1996, pp. 8-14.
Chapter 3
1 Art Spiegelman, Maus: A Survivor’s Tale, New York: Pantheon Books, 1986, p. 12.
2 Deborah Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust 1933–1945, New York: The Free Press, 1986, pp. 254, 256.
3 Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999, pp. 64–5.
4 Ibid., pp. 38, 41.
5 Tony Kushner, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, p. 125.
6 Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, pp. 86–7, 94.
7 Kushner, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, p. 138.
8 Elena Lappin, “The Man With Two Heads,” Granta, 66 (1999), pp. 11–13. See also Martin Arnold, “In Fact, It’s Fiction,” New York Times, November 12, 1998.
9 Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, pp. 128–36.
10 Raul Hilberg, The Politics of Memory, Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1996, pp. 107–8, 117, 124.
11 Ibid., pp. 125–7.
12 Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, pp. 135–6.
13 Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, New York: 1963, p. 125.
14 Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, p. 136.
15 Arno Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, London: Verso, 1988, pp. 16–18.
16 Ibid., p. 113.
17 Ibid., pp. 234–75.
18 Daniel Goldhagen, “False Witness,” New Republic, April 17, 1989, pp. 39–44.
19 Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, p. 92.
20 Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, London: Little, Brown, 1996, pp. 200, 290.
21 Hilberg, The Politics of Memory, p. 25.
22 Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, p. 314, n. 36.
23 Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, pp. viii–x.
24 Roland Barthes, Mythologies, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1957, pp. 229, 239.
25 Deborah Lipstadt to Yehuda Bauer, August 15, 1984.
26 Deborah Lipstadt to Adam Bellow, September 3, 1991.
Chapter 4
1 Michael Rubinstein, Wicked, Wicked Libels, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972, p. 124.
2 Anthony Julius, T.S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 1.
3 Gabriel Josipovici, “Sheeny Among Nightingales?,” Jewish Chronicle, October 6, 1995, p. 28, argued in precisely those terms, presumably by way of showing himself to be a Jew impervious to such petty slights.
4 Gitta Sereny, “Spin Time for Hitler,” Observer Review, April 21, 1996, p. 1.
5 Robert Harris, Selling Hitler, London: Arrow Books, 1996, pp. 118–36.
6 Eberhard Jaeckel, “Noch einmal: Irving, Hitler und der Judenmord,” in Peter Marthesheimer and Ivo Frenze (eds.), Im Kreuzfeuer: Der Fernsehfilm Holocaust. Eine Nation is betroffen, Frankfurt: 1979, pp. 163–6.
7 Michael Zander, Cases and Materials on the English Legal System, London: Butterworth, 1999, p. 64.
8 Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999, p. 201.
9 Irving, “Reply to Second Defendant,” n.d. [from Irving’s website].
Chapter 5
1 John Munkman, The Technique of Advocacy, London: Butterworth, 1991, pp. 50, 60.
2 Christopher Browning, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 26–32. Browning cites Götz Aly as attributing a “relatively diminished role . . . to Hitler in the decision-making process.” This of course is not the same as arguing that Hitler knew nothing about the Final Solution.
3 Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Assassins of Memory, New York: Columbia University Press, 1992, pp. xi–xii, 31–9, 50–1, 91.
4 Richard J. Golsan, “Introduction” to Alain Finkielkraut, The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, pp. xxii–xxiii.
5 Gitta Sereny, “Let History Judge,” New Statesman, September 11, 1981, p. 12.
6 Christopher Hitchens, “The Chorus and Cassandra,” Grand Street, Autumn 1985, reprinted in Prepared for the Worst, New York: Hill and Wang, 1988, pp. 59–77.
7 Vidal-Naquet, Assassins of Memory, pp. vi, ix-x.
8 Ibid., pp. 58–9.
9 Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, London: Penguin, 1994, pp. 220–1.
10 Vidal-Naquet, Assassins of Memory, p. 122.
11 Gitta Sereny, “Spin Time for Hitler,” Observer Review, April 21, 1996, p. 1.
12 Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, p. 180n.
13 John Keegan, The Second World War, London: Pimlico, 1989, pp. 238–9.
14 Browning, Nazi Policy, pp. 118–20, for example, details the role of General Max von Schenckendorff, commander of the rear Army Area Center, in ordering the slaughter of the Jewish population of Brest-Litovsk, which was carried out in part by the men of Infantry Division 162.
15 Keegan, The Second World War, p. 502.
16 Tony Kushner, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, p. 12; see also Raul Hilberg, The Politics of Memory, Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1996, pp. 70–1.
17 Gerald Reitlinger, The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–45, London: Valentine, Mitchell and Co., 1953, pp. 406–7 and 531, cited in Kushner, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, pp. 3, 12.
Chapter 6
1 Robert Jan van Pelt and Debórah Dwork, Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 1996, passim.
2 Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, London: Little, Brown, 1996, p. 425.
3 Jean-Claude Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gaschambers, New York: The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989.
Chapter 7
1 Arno Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, London: Verso, 1988, pp. 363, 365. In another passage ignored by his critics—and by Irving—Mayer said “It must be emphasized strongly that such defects are altogether insufficient to put in question the use of gas chambers in the mass murder of Jews at Auschwitz” (p. 363).
2 Pierre Vidal-Naquet and Limor Yigal, Holocaust Denial in France, Tel Aviv: The Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism, n.d., pp. 3–4.
3 Arthur A. Cohen, The Tremendum: A Theological Interpretation of the Holocaust, New York: Crossroads, 1981, pp. 1 ff.
4 W.H. Lawrence, “50,000 Kiev Jews Reported Killed,” New York Times, November 29, 1943, p. 3. Cited in Robert Jan van Pelt, Expert Report.
5 Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979, pp. 166 ff.
6 Richard Breitman, Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned. What the British and Americans Knew, London: Penguin, 1998, pp. 145–50, 180.
7 Tony Kushner, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, pp. 139–41.
8 Breitman, Official Secrets, p. 10.
9 Ibid., pp. 113–21.
10 Thies Christophersen, Auschwitz: A Personal Account, Introduction by Manfred Roeder, revised edition, Reedy: Liberty Bell Publications, 1979, pp. 15 ff.
11 Wilhelm Stäglich, The Auschwitz Myth: A Judge Looks at the Evidence, Torrance, CA: Institute for Historical Review, 1986, p. 47.
12 William C. Lindsey,“Zyklon B, Auschwitz, and the Trial of Dr. Bruno Tesch, Journal of Historical Review, 4 (1984), pp. 287 ff.
Chapter 8
1 Bryan Cheyette, Constructions of “the Jew” in English Literature and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 16.
2 Anthony Julius, T.S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 12.
3 Deborah Lipstadt, “Benefits of Belonging,” Hadassah Magazine, June/July 1993, pp. 14–17.
4 Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
5 Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, London: Little, Brown, 1996, p. 416.
6 Ibid., p. 48.
7 Ibid., p. 521, n. 81.
8 Raul Hilberg, “Le Phénomène Goldhagen,” Les Temps Modernes, 592 (February–March 1997), pp. 1–10; Hilberg’s English text was reprinted in “The Goldhagen Phenomenon,” Critical Inquiry, 23 (Spring–Summer 1997), pp. 721–7.
9 David Irving, Action Report, 17 (July 20, 2000), p. 16.
10 Richard Evans, In Defence of History, London: Granta, 1997, pp. 76, 101.
11 Ibid., pp. 223, 249.
12 Ibid., p. 125
Chapter 9
1 Martin Gilbert, Holocaust Journey: Travelling in Search of the Past, London: Phoenix, 1998, pp. 391–2. At the trial Longerich quoted the first and third paragraphs which I have given in his translation, but only portions of the second, which I have therefore quoted in full from Gilbert’s translation. The speech itself goes on for another paragraph and a half.
Chapter 10
1 “ADL Settles a Class-Action Suit,” Forward, October 1, 1999.
2 David Hooper, Reputations Under Fire: Winners and Losers in the Libel Business, London: Little, Brown, 2000, p. 350.
3 Robert Harris, “Foreword,” to Ian Mitchell, The Cost of a Reputation, Edinburgh: Canongate, 1998, p. ii.
Chapter 11
1 John Keegan, “The Trial of David Irving—and My Part in His Downfall,” Daily Telegraph, April 12, 2000.
Chapter 12
1 “De Sophisticis Elenchis,” transl. W.A. Pickard-Cambridge, in Richard McKeon, The Basic Works of Aristotle, New York: Random House, 1941, pp. 208–12.
2 J.W. Cohoon, ed. and transl., Dio Chrysostom: Discourses I, London: William Heinemann, 1932, p. 475.
3 Ibid., p. 541.
4 Richard Evans, In Defence of History, London: Granta, 1997, p. 241.
5 Alain Finkielkraut, The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, p. xxii.
6 Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, London: Penguin, 1994, pp. 19–20.
7 Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999, pp. 71–2.
8 Ibid., p. 154; see also Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, New York: Knopf, 1983, p. 304.
9 Uri Bialer, Between East and West, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 180–1.
10 I.F. Stone, Underground to Palestine, New York: Pantheon, 1978, and This is Israel, New York: Boni and Gaer, 1948, passim. See also Paul Milkman, PM: A New Deal in Journalism, New Brunswick: Rutgers, 1997.
11 Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, p. 149.
12 Ibid., pp. 156, 168–9.
13 Ibid., pp. 330–1, n. 107, citing Lipstadt, “Holocaust-Denial and the Compelling Force of Reason,” Patterns of Prejudice, 26: 1/2 (1992), pp. 72–3.
14 Hilberg, “Le Phénomène Goldhagen,” Les Temps Modernes, 592 (February–March 1997), pp. 1–10.
15 Elena Lappin, “The Man With Two Heads,” Granta, 66 (1999), pp. 11–13.
16 T.S. Eliot, After Strange Gods, London: Faber and Faber, 1934.
17 Tzvetan Todorov, Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps, London: Phoenix, 2000, pp. 82–4.
18 Hannah Arendt, in Ron H. Feldman (ed.), The Jew as Pariah, New York, 1978, p. 141, cited in Norman Finkelstein and Ruth Birn, A Nation on Trial, New York: Owl Books, 1998, p. 93, n. 87.
19 Audrey Gillan, “What’s the Story?,” London Review of Books, 21: 11 (May 27, 1999).
20 James Dalrymple, “The Curse of Revisionism,” Independent, January 29, 2000.
21 Raul Hilberg, The Politics of Memory, Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1996, pp. 23–4.
22 Christopher Hitchens, “Hitler’s Ghost,” Vanity Fair, June 1996.
23 “Myth, Memory and History,” in M.I. Finley, The Use and Abuse of History, London: Pimlico, 2000, pp. 14–15.
24 “Archaeology and History,” in M.I. Finley, The Use and Abuse of History, London: Pimlico, 2000, p. 92.
25 Richard Evans, In Defence of History, London: Granta, 1997, p. 93.
26 Todorov, Facing the Extreme, pp. 62, 96–7.
27 Leon Weiseltier, “After Memory,” New Republic, May 3, 1993, pp. 16–26.
Afterword
1 Arthur C. Danto, “Gettysburg,” Grand Street VI:3, Spring 1987, pp. 98–116.