Introduction
1. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Colonel Gounter’s Report, p.147
2. ‘S. Pepys to the Duke of York’ – Rawl. MSS. A.194, f.253
1: Civil Warrior
1. From John Aubrey’s Brief Lives
2. Quoted in Samuel Elliott Hoskins, Charles the Second in the Channel Islands, Vol. II, p.85
3. Quoted in DNB, ‘Edward Hyde’, by Paul Seaward
4. Diary of Samuel Pepys, 3 December 1665
5. Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, Vol. IV, pp.22–3
6. Quoted in Hoskins, Vol. I, p.85
7. Quoted in DNB, ‘Edward Hyde’, by Paul Seaward
8. The Memoirs of Ann, Lady Fanshawe, p.41
9. Quoted in Hoskins, Vol. I, p.98
10. Mary Anne E. Green (ed.), Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, pp.314–15, Richard Bentley, London, 1857
11. The Memoirs of Ann, Lady Fanshawe, pp.41–2
12. Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, Vol. IV, p.202
13. Original MS of Carte’s Life of James, Duke of Ormonde, Vol. III, 1647–63, p.181
14. Quoted in Hoskins, Vol. II, p.86
15. Quoted in ibid., p.43
16. John Evelyn’s diary, 15 July 1685
17. E.S. de Beer (ed.), The Diary of John Evelyn, Vol. II, pp.561–2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955
18. MacPherson, 1.76
19. John Evelyn’s diary, 15 July 1685
20. BL Add. MS 32690/9–10
21. Marie Catherine, Baronne d’Aulnay, Memoirs of the Court of England in 1675, quoted in Lord George Scott, Lucy Walter: Wife or Mistress, George Harrap & Co., London, 1947, pp.43–4
22. David Laing (ed.), The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, 3 vols, Edinburgh, 1842, Vol. III, p.88
23. Sir Robert Long, State Papers, Vol. II, p.416, The Hague, 24 September 1648
24. Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, Vol. III, p.388
25. Clarendon’s State Papers, Vol. II, p.237
2: Royal Prey
1. The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, Vol. II, p.213
2. Serault, Oraison Funèbre de Henriette Marie, Paris, 1670, quoted in Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, p.7
3. Henrietta Maria to Charles I, Harl. MS 7379, folio 35, 3/13 September 1643
4. Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, p.294
5. Ibid., p.357
6. Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, Vol. IV, p.126, James Miller, New York, 1843
7. Clarendon, quoted in Julia Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.116, Seeley & Co. Ltd, London, 1901
8. Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, Vol. III, p.495
9. Turner, p.15
10. Quoted in DNB, ‘Princess Elizabeth’, by Gordon Goodwin, revised by Sean Kelsey
11. ‘The Autobiography of Anne Murray, Lady Halkett’, p.20, Gettysburg College, 2006 (online)
12. Ibid., p.21
13. Ibid., p.22
3: A Question of Conscience
1. Noble (ed.), Lives of the English Regicides, p.xxxiii
2. CSP dom. 1650, p.174
3. Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620–1660, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1961
4. Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, p.358
5. John Bruce (ed.), Charles I in 1646: Letters of King Charles the First to Queen Henrietta Maria, Camden Society, 1856
6. Charles I to Prince Charles, 17 May 1646
7. Charles I to Henrietta Maria, February 1645, King’s Cabinet Opened, p.7
8. Henrietta Maria to the Marquess of Newcastle, Harl. MS 7379, folio 152, Holograph
9. Henrietta Maria to Charles II, Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, p.352
10. Henrietta Maria to the Duke of Orléans, 1 January 1646, Archive des Affaires Étrangères
11. Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, pp.353–6
12. Charles I to Henrietta Maria, 7 November 1646
13. The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, Vol. III, p.53
14. Burnet, Vol. I, p.50
15. Charles I to Henrietta Maria, from Oxford, 3 March 1646
16. Ibid.
17. Original MS of Carte’s Life of James, Duke of Ormonde, Vol. III, 1647–63, p.75
4: The Crown, Without Glory
1. Edward J. Cowan, Montrose: For Covenant and King, 1977, quoted in Antonia Fraser, King Charles II, p.87, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1979
2. George F. Warner (ed.), The Nicholas Papers, Vol. I, p.160, Camden Society, 1886
3. John Byron to Ormonde, from Beauvais, 11 March 1650, MS Carte 213.2
4. Henry Seymour to Ormonde, from Beauvais, 16 March 1650, MS Carte 213.14
5. Diary of Alexander Jaffray, Provost of Aberdeen, p.32, Harvey & Darton, London, 1833
6. Thomason Tracts, E 601 {5}, The Man in the Moon, Issue 50, 10–26 April 1650, p.385
7. Richard Cavendish, ‘The Execution of Montrose’, History Today, Vol. 50, Issue 5, May 2000
8. A. Macdonald and J. Dennistoun (eds), Miscellany of the Maitland Club, Vol. II, Part 2, p.488, Edinburgh, 1840
9. Quoted in S.R. Gardiner, Charles II and Scotland, p.138
10. Scott, Exile, quoted in DNB, ‘Charles II’
11. Sir George Downing, A True Relation of the Progress of the Parliaments Forces in Scotland: Together with the King’s Wholly Abandoning Scotland, Thomason collection: printed by William Du-Gard, by the appointment of the Council of State, 1651
12. Bodleian Library, Tanner MSS, fol. 138
5: A Foreign Invasion
1. Downing, A True Relation of the Progress of the Parliaments Forces in Scotland
2. Old Parliamentary History of England, Vol. XIX, pp.68, 177, quoted in Blair Worden, God’s Instruments, p.51, Oxford, 2012
3. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {10}, The Diary, Issue 3, 6–13 October 1651, pp.18–19, published by Bernard Alsop
4. Thomason Tracts, E 640 {25}, True Informer, 20–28 August 1651, pp.4–5
5. E. Hockliffe (ed.), The Diary of the Rev. Ralph Josselin: 1616–1683, p.90, Camden Society, London, 1908
6. 2 September, from Whitehall, l.96, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651, p.490, London, 1877
7. Council of State to Lieut.-Col. Salmon, 4 September, Whitehall, in ibid.
8. 12 September, Senato, Secreta Dispacci, Francia. Venetian Archives: ‘Venice: September 1651’, in Allen B. Hinds (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Vol. XXVIII, 1647–1652, p.197, London, 1927
9. 15 September, Collegio, Secreta. Espozsizioni, Principi, in ibid.
10. The Nicholas Papers, Vol. 1, p.264
11. Ra. Parker to —, 8 September 1651, from Bruges, Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651
12. Matthew Sylvester (ed.), The Life of the Reverend Mr Richard Baxter, Part 1, p.68, London, 1696
13. Thomason Tracts, E 640 {25}, True Informer, 20–28 August 1651, p.5
14. Ibid.
15. Vol. XVI, September 1651, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651
16. John Milton, Eikonoklastes, in Complete Prose Works, Vol. III, p.568
17. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {2}, Weekly Intelligencer, Issue 35, 26 August–2 September 1651, p.268
18. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {9}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 70, 2–9 October 1651, p.1115
19. C.H. Simpkinson, Thomas Harrison, Regicide and Major-General, p.286, J.M. Dent, London, 1905
20. Downing, A True Relation of the Progress of the Parliaments Forces in Scotland
21. Ibid.
22. Thomason Tracts, E 640 {25}, True Informer, 20–28 August 1651, pp.7–8
6: The Battle of Worcester
1. Boscobel, from J. Hughes (ed.), The Boscobel Tracts, p.197
2. Relation of the Defeat of the King, 3 September, endorsed by Secretary Nicholas
3. Thomason Tracts, E 640 {25}, True Informer, 20–28 August 1651, p.7
4. Council of State to Colonels Duckenfield and Birch, 2 September, Whitehall, l.96, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651, p.480
5. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {20}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 67, 11–18 September 1651, p.1072
6. Relation of the Defeat of the King, 3 September, endorsed by Secretary Nicholas
7. Council of State to the Militia Commissioners for Co. York, 2 September, Whitehall, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, Vol. XVI, 1651
8. Council of State to Lieut. Gen. Monk [sic], 2 September 1651, in ibid.
9. Council of State to the Militia Commissioners of Co. Lancashire, 4 September, Whitehall, in ibid.
10. Relation of the Defeat of the King, 3 September, endorsed by Secretary Nicholas
11. General Massey’s Bartholomew Fairings for Colonel Poyntz and the London Reformadoes
12. ‘The Worcestershire Miscellany’ – supplement – The Boscobel Tracts, p.7
13. Thomas Carlyle (ed.), Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, Vol. II, first edition, Letter 123
14. Relation of the Defeat of the King, 3 September, endorsed by Secretary Nicholas
15. Ibid.
16. ‘The Account of Mr Hughes’, from ‘The Worcestershire Miscellany’, The Boscobel Tracts, p.8
7: The Hunt Begins
1. Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, p.373
2. The Nicholas Papers, Vol. I, p.274
3. Rev. J. Stanier Clarke, The Life of James the Second, King of England, Vol. I, p.52
4. Thomason Tracts, E 641{20}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 67, 11–18 September 1651, p.1067
5. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {9}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 70, 2–9 October 1651, pp.1114–15
6. The Nicholas Papers, Vol. I, p.267
7. 3 October, Senato, Secreta. Dispacci, Francia. Venetian Archives. ‘Venice: October 1651’, in Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Vol. XXVIII, 1647–1652, p.200
8. W.C. Abbott (ed.), Oliver Cromwell, Writings and Speeches, Vol. II, p.463
9. Ibid., p.335
10. Council of State to Lieut. Gen. Monk, Cols. Fitch, Fenwick, and Salmon, Sir Arthur Hesilrigge, the Lord Mayor, and Militia Commissioners of London, and the Militia Commissioners of Westminster, the Hamlets, Southwark, York, Derby, Notts, Leicester, and Herts, 4 September, Whitehall, l.96, p.503, Vol. XVI, September 1651, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651
11. Council of State to the Lord General, 4 September, from Whitehall, ibid., p.502
12. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {27}, Richard Collings (ed.), Weekly Intelligencer, 23–30 September 1651, p.306
13. C.H. Simpkinson, Thomas Harrison, Regicide and Major-General, p.101
14. Ibid., p.45
15. An Exact and Perfect Relation of Every Particular of the fight at Worcester and ordering the battle on both sides of the river of Severn, 5 September 1651, printed by Francis Leach, Worcester
8: Whiteladies
1. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {15}, The Declaration of Major General Massey upon his death bed at Leicester, p.3, printed in London, for George Wharton
2. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {6}, Richard Collings (ed.), Weekly Intelligencer, Issue 40, 30 September–7 October 1651, p.307, printed by F. Neile, in Aldergate-Street, London
3. Quoted in Los Angeles Herald, 9 July 1899
4. Boscobel, The Boscobel Tracts, p.213
5. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, p.88
6. Geoffrey Smith, Royalist Agents, Conspirators and Spies, Farnham, Ashgate, 2011
7. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Colonel Gounter’s Report, p.160
8. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, p.90
9: The London Road
1. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Father Huddleston’s account, p.102
2. Ibid., pp.102–3
3. Quoted in Los Angeles Herald, 9 July 1899
4. ‘Nicholas Owen’, in Charles Herbermann (ed.), Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1913
5. John Gerard, The Autobiography of an Elizabethan, 1951
6. BL, Stowe MS 168, fol. 364r, quoted in DNB, ‘Nicholas Owen’
10: Near Misses
1. Report of the Irish and Scottish Committee, 9 September, l. 22, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651, pp.37–8
2. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {15}, The Declaration of Major General Massey upon his death bed at Leicester, p.5
3. C.H. Simpkinson, Thomas Harrison, Regicide and Major-General, pp.132–3
4. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Father Huddleston’s account, p.105
11: Reunion
1. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Father Huddleston’s account, pp.112–13
2. Ibid., p.107
3. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Thomas Whitgreave, p.120
4. Boscobel, The Boscobel Tracts, p.239
5. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Father Huddleston’s account, pp.109–10
6. Ibid., p.112
12: Heading for the Coast
1. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {11}, Weekly Intelligencer, Issue 36, 2–9 September 1651, p.280
2. Ibid.
3. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {20}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 67, 11–18 September 1651, p.1064
4. Boscobel, The Boscobel Tracts, p.262
5. Laurence Echard, The History of England: From the Restoration of Charles the Second, to the Conclusion of the Reign of James the Second, and Establishment of King William and Queen Mary, Vol. III, p.18, Jacob Tonson, London, 1718
6. Quoted in Highways and Byways in Dorset, p.268, Macmillan & Co., 1935
7. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, The Alford Depositions, p.124
13: Processing the Prisoners
1. Council of State to Lord Chief Baron Wylde, 16 September, from Whitehall, l.96, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651, p.533
2. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {20}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 67, 11–18 September, p.1076
3. John Aubrey, Three Prose Works, p.349
4. The Memoirs of Ann, Lady Fanshawe, pp.78–81
5. Peter Draper, The House of Stanley, pp.203, 205, published by T. Hutton, Ormskirk, 1864
6. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {18}, Anon., ‘The Charges and Articles of High Treason against the Earl of Derby’, p.1, printed for George Horton, 1651
7. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {9}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 70, 2–9 October 1651, p.1115
8. Ibid.
9. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {15}, The Declaration of Major General Massey upon his death bed at Leicester, p.4
10. Relation of the Defeat of the King, 3 September, endorsed by Secretary Nicholas
11. Ibid.
12. An Exact and Perfect Relation of Every Particular of the fight at Worcester and ordering the battle on both sides of the river of Severn, p.5, printed by Francis Leach, 5 September 1651, from Worcester
13. Thomason Tracts, E 640 {20}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 67, p.1070
14. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {14}, Anon., Another Victory in Lancashire obtained against the Scots, pp.3–4, London
15. C.H. Simpkinson, Thomas Harrison, Regicide and Major-General, pp.128–31
16. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {5}, Diary, Issue 2, Monday, 29 September 1651, p.11, published by Bernard Alsop
17. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {17}, The Declaration of Duke Hamilton, pp.4–5, printed by Robert Wood, London, 1651
18. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {6}, p.309
19. Council of State to Sir Arthur Hesilrigge and the Militia Commissioners for the four Northern Counties, 16 September, Whitehall, l.96, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651, p.535
20. Council of State to Luke Robinson, Col. Lascelles, and George Eure, 16 September, from Whitehall, l.96, ibid.
21. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {14}, Anon., Another Victory in Lancashire obtained against the Scots, pp.1–3
14: Touching Distance
1. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, The Alford Depositions, pp.135–6
2. Ibid., pp.125–6
3. Ibid., pp.128–9
4. Ibid., p.130
5. Treves, Highways and Byways in Dorset
15: Still Searching for a Ship
1. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Original Notes from Colonel Phillips, p.139
2. Ibid., pp.139–40
3. Thomason Tracts, E 641 {27}, Richard Collings (ed.), Weekly Intelligencer, 23–30 September 1651, pp.304–5
4. Ibid., pp.307–8
5. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {8}, A Perfect Account of the Daily Intelligence, Issue 39, 1–8 October 1651, p.312, published by Bernard Alsop
6. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Colonel Gounter’s Report, p.149
7. Ibid., p.150
8. Ibid., p.151
16: Surprise Ending
1. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Colonel Gounter’s Report, p.142
2. Ibid., p.159
3. Ibid, pp.159–60
4. Pepys’s diary, 23 May 1660
17: Reaction
1. Clarke, The Life of James the Second, Vol. I, p.52
2. Ibid.
3. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, p.97
4. The Nicholas Papers, Vol. 1, p.279
5. Memoirs of the Cardinal de Retz, p.234, London, 1723, printed for J. Brotherton at the Bible, in Cornhill
6. Ibid.
7. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {20}, Diary, Issue 4, p.32, published by Bernard Alsop – article of Saturday, 18 October, in 13–20 October 1651 edition
8. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {24}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 72, 16–23 October 1651, p.1148
9. Thomason Tracts, E 643 {21}, Weekly Intelligencer, Issue 41, 14–21 October 1651, p.322
10. Council of State to Colonel Danvers, Governor of Stafford, l.96, in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Interregnum, 1651, p.580
11. Council of State’s Proceedings, 27 October 1651
12. Genesis 25: 20–22
13. Richard Ollard, The Escape of Charles II After the Battle of Worcester, p.31, Dorset Press, 1966
14. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, p.97
15. C.H. Firth (ed.), Scotland and the Commonwealth, p.206, University Press, Edinburgh, 1895
16. Joseph Mayer (ed.), Inedited Letters of Cromwell, Colonel Jones, Bradshaw and other regicides, p.12, T. Brakell, Liverpool, 1861
17. The Diary of the Rev. Ralph Josselin: 1616–1683, p.96
18. Hyde to Charles II, 10 November [31 October?] 1651, Bodleian, 583
19. Hyde to Nicholas, 21 November [11 November?] 1651, Bodleian, 590
20. William Hingston to Robert Jordan, 16 December 1651, The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Portland Preserved at Welbeck Abbey, Vol. II, p.31, London, HM Stationery Office, London, 1893
21. Letter from the Earl of Loudon to Charles II, received 19 September 1653, quoted in Firth (ed.), Scotland and the Commonwealth, p.206
22. Clarke, The Life of James the Second, Vol. I, p.492
23. Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials, Vol. II, p.649, 1732
24. Clarendon State Papers, 3.359, quoted in DNB, ‘Edward Hyde’
18: Rewards
1. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Colonel Gounter’s Report
2. Quoted in Geoffrey Smith, The Cavaliers in Exile: 1640–1660, p.107, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003
3. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 5 September 1660
4. Charles II’s Escape from Worcester, Father Huddleston’s account, p.112
5. John Evelyn’s diary, 21 December 1651
6. Quoted in F.E. Sawyer, ‘Captain Nicholas Tettersell and the Escape of Charles II’, Sussex Archeological Collections, Vol. XXXII, p.104
7. Thomason Tracts, E 641{20}, John Hall (ed.), Mercurius Politicus, Issue 67, 11–18 September 1651, p.1075
8. William Hingston to Robert Jordan, 16 December 1651, The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Portland Preserved at Welbeck Abbey, Vol. II, p.30
9. Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston, 1663, p.8
10. DNB, ‘Frances Stuart’, by Stuart Handley
11. Quoted in ibid.
12. T.H. Lister, The Life and Administration of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 3 vols, 1837–38, Vol. III, pp.202–3, quoted in DNB, ‘Edward Hyde’, by Paul Seaward
19: Redemption
1. Quoted in Raymond Crawfurd, The Last Days of Charles II, p.80, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909
3. Ibid.
3. Quoted in ibid., p.81