Bibliography

Adams, B. (1974), Ancient Hierakonpolis. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

—— (1992), ‘Curator’s choice: A predynastic female figurine’. KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, 3(1), 12–13.

Aldred, C. (1971), Jewels of the Pharaohs. London: Thames and Hudson.

Allam, S. (1963), Beiträge zum Hathorkult (bis zum Ende des mittleren Reiches). Berlin: B. Hessling.

—— (1989), ‘Women as owners of immovables in pharaonic Egypt’, in Lesko, B. S. (ed.), Women’s Earliest Records From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia. Proceedings of the Conference on Women in the Ancient Near East. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, November 5–7, 1987. Atlanta: Scholars Press, pp. 123–35.

Allen, J. P. (1988), Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts. New Haven: Yale Egyptological Seminar Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Graduate School, Yale University.

Allen, T. D. (2000), ‘Problems in Egyptology: Ancient Egyptian kinship’. Journal of Black Studies, 31(2), 139–48.

—— (2008), The Ancient Egyptian Family: Kinship and Social Structure. New York: Routledge.

Andrews, C. and Faulkner, R. O. (1989), The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. London: British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum.

Arnold, D. (ed.) (1996), The Royal Women of Amarna. Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Arnold, F. (1996), ‘Settlement remains at Lisht-North’, in Bietak, M. (ed.), Haus und Palast im Alten Ägypten. Internationales Symposium 8. bis 11. April 1992 in Kairo. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 13–44.

Asher-Greve, J. M. and Sweeney, D. (2006), ‘On nakedness, nudity and gender in Egyptian and Mesopotamian art’, in Schroer, S. (ed.), Images and Gender. Contributions to the Hermeneutics of Reading Ancient Art. Fibourg: Academic Press, pp. 125–76.

Ashton, S. A. (2008), Cleopatra and Egypt. Oxford, Malden and Carlton: Blackwell.

Assmann, J. (1997), Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press.

—— (2001), The Search for God in Ancient Egypt. Trans. D. Lorton. Ithica and London: Cornell University Press.

Assmann, J. and Lorton, D. (2005), Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Ayad, M. F. (2003), The funerary texts of Amenirdis I: Analysis of their layout and purpose. PhD thesis, Department of Egyptology, Brown University.

—— (2009), God’s Wife, God’s Servant: The God’s Wife of Amun (c. 740– 525 BC). Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

Badawy, A. (1966), Architecture in Ancient Egypt and the Near East. Cambridge, Mass. and London: M.I.T. Press.

Bagnall, R. S. and Frier, B. W. (1994), The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Baines, J. (1991), ‘Society, Morality, and Religious Practice’, in Schafer, B. E. (ed.), Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths and Personal Practice. New York and London: Cornel Ithica, pp. 123–200.

—— (2001), Fecundity Figurines. Oxford: Griffith Institute.

Baines, J. and Malek, J. (1980), Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Phaidon.

Baker, B. J. (1997), ‘Contributions of biological anthropology to the understanding of ancient Egyptian and Nubian societies’, in Lustig, J. (ed.), Anthropology and Egyptology: A Developing Dialogue. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 106–16.

Barber, E. J. W. (1991), Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Barker, D. C. (1997), ‘The place of residence of the divorced wife in Roman Egypt’, in Kramer, B., Luppe, W., Maehler, H. and Poethke, G. (eds), Akten des 21. Internationalen Papyrologenkongresses, Berlin, 13–19.8.1995. Stuttgart and Leipzig: Teubner, pp. 59–66.

Baumgartel, E. J. (1947), The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

—— (1960), The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bednarski, A. (2000), ‘Hysteria revisited: Women’s public health in ancient Egypt’, in McDonald, A. and Riggs, C. (eds), Current Research in Egyptology 2000. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 11–17.

Berger, M. A. (1992), ‘Predynastic animal-headed boats from Hierakonpolis and southern Egypt’, in Friedman, R. and Adams, B. (eds), The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 107–20.

Bianchi, R. S. (2004), Daily Life of the Nubians. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Bierbrier, M. L. (1995), ‘How old was Hatshepsut?’. Göttinger Miszellen, 144, 15–19.

Billing, N. (2002), Nut: The Goddess of Life in Text and Iconography. Uppsala: Uppsala University.

Blackman, A. M. (1914), The Rock Tombs of Meir: The Tomb-Chapel of Ukhhotp’s Son Senbi. London: The Egypt Exploration Society.

—— (1921), ‘On the position of women in the ancient Egyptian hierachy’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 7, 8–30.

—— (1924), The Rock Tombs of Meir: The Tomb-Chapel of Pepi’onkh the Middle Son of Sebekhotpe and Pekhernefert (D, No. 2). London: The Egypt Exploration Society.

—— (1953), Rock Tombs of Meir. Part 5. The Tomb-Chapels A, no.1 (That of Ni’ankh-pepi the Black), A, no.2 (That of Pepi’onkh with the “Good Name” of Heny the Black), A, no.4 (That of Hepi the Black), D, no.1 (That of Pepi), and E, nos.1–4 (Those of Meniu, Nenki, Pep). London: The Egypt Exploration Society.

Bleeker, C. J. (1973), Hathor and Thoth. Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion. Leiden: Brill.

Bolger, D. L. (1992), ‘The archaeology of fertility and birth: A ritual deposit from Chalcolithic Cyprus’. Journal of Anthropological Research, 48(2), 145–64.

Booth, C. (2000), ‘Tattooing instruments in the Petrie Museum’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 87, 172–75.

Borghouts, J. F. (1971), The Magical Texts of Papyrus Leiden. Papyrus I.348. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden. Leiden: Brill.

Bösse-Griffiths, K. (1977), ‘A beset amulet from the Amarna period’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 63, 98–106.

Bourriau, J. (1988), Pharaohs and Mortals: Egyptian Art in the Middle Kingdom. (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bowen, G. E., Chandler, T., Hope, C. A. and Martin, D. (2006), ‘Reconstructing ancient Kellis Part II’. Buried History. The Journal of the Australian Institute of Archaeology, 42, 17–24.

Brunner, H. (1954), ‘Die theologische Bedeutung der Trunkenheit’, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 79, 81–3.

Brunner-Traut, E. (1955), ‘Die Wochenlaube’, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung, 3, 11–30.

—— (1956), ‘Atum als Bogenschütze’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 14, 20–8.

—— (1970), ‘Das Muttermilchkrüglein: Ammen mit Stillumhang und Mondamulett’. Die Welt des Orients, 6, 4–6.

—— (1986), ‘Wochenlaube’, in Helck, W., Otto, E. and Westendorf, W. (eds), Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol VI. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, pp. 1281–86.

—— (1996), ‘In women good and bad fortune are on earth’, in Capel, A.K. and Markoe, G.E. (eds), Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven. Women in Ancient Egypt. New York: Hudson Hills Press, pp. 25–46.

Bryan, B. M. (2000), ‘The Eighteenth Dynasty before the Amarna period’, in Shaw, I. (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 218–71.

—— (2005), ‘The temple of Mut. New evidence on Hatshepsut’s building activity’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 181–83.

—— (2006), ‘Administration in the reign of Thutmose III’, in Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D. (eds), Thutmose III. A New Biography. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 69–122.

Buckley, T. and Gottlieb, A. (eds), (1988), Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation. Berkley: University of California Press.

Burgess, E. M. and Arkell, A. J. (1958), ‘The reconstruction of the Hathor bowl’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 44, 5–11.

Callender, V. G. (1994), ‘The nature of the Egyptian “harim”. Dynasties 1–20’. Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology, 5, 7–25.

—— (2002), ‘A contribution to the burial of women in the Old Kingdom’. Archiv Orientální, 70, 301–308.

—— (2006), ‘The iconography of the princess in the Old Kingdom’, in Bárta, M. (ed.), The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Prague, May 31st–June 4th, 2004. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, pp. 119–126.

Caminos, R. (1974), Late Egyptian Miscellanies. Oxford: Cumberledge.

Campbell, A. (1994), Men, Women and Aggression. New York: Basic Books.

Capel, A. K. (1996), ‘Relief of women and child between trees (Tomb of Mentuemhat)’, in Capel, A. K. and Markoe, G. E. (eds), Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven: Women in Ancient Egypt. New York: Hudson Hills Press, pp. 59–60.

—— (1996), ‘Occupations’, in Capel, A. K. and Markoe, G. E. (eds), Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven: Women in Ancient Egypt. New York: Hudson Hills Press, pp. 91–102.

Cherpion, N. (1995), ‘Sentiment Conjugal et Figuration à l’Ancien Empire’, in Kunst des Alten Reiches, Symposium in Deutschen Archäologischen Institut Kairo am 29. und 30. Oktober 1991, Mainz, 33–37.

Cooney, K. M. (2008), ‘The problem of female rebirth in New Kingdom Egypt: The fragmentation of the female individual in her funerary equipment’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 1–25.

Crabtree, P. (2006), ‘Women, gender and pastoralism’, in Nelson, S. M. (ed.), Handbook of Gender Archaeology. Lanham: AltaMira Press, pp. 571–92.

Daressy, G. (1893), ‘Notes et remarques’. Recueil de Travaux Rélatifs à la Philologie a l’Archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes, 14, 165–85.

Darnell, J. C. (1997), ‘The Apotropaic Goddess in the Eye’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 24, 35–48.

Daumas, F. (1968), ‘Les propylées du temple d’Hathor à Philae et le culte de la déesse’. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 95, 1–17.

David, R. (1986), The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. London and New York: Routledge.

Davies, N. de G. and Gardiner, A. H. (1948), Seven Private Tombs at Kurnah. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

—— (1953), The Temple of Hibis in El-Khargeh Oasis III: The Decoration. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Davies, V. (2004), ‘Hatshepsut’s use of Tuthmosis III in her program of legitimation’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 41, 55–66.

Davies, W. V. (2005), ‘Egypt and Nubia. Conflict with the Kingdom of Kush’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 49–59.

Davis, T. M., Naville, E. and Carter, H. (1906), The Tomb of Hatshopsitu. London: A. Constable.

De Buck, A. (1937), ‘The Judicial Papyrus of Turin’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 23, 152–64.

Derchain, P. (1969), ‘Snéfrou et les rameuses’. Revue d’Égyptologie, 21, 19–25.

—— (1975), ‘La perruque et le cristal’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 2, 55–74.

—— (1976), ‘Symbols and metaphors in literature and representations of private life’. Royal Anthropological Institute Newsletter, 15, 6–10.

Derry, D. E. (1935), ‘Note on five pelves of women of the Eleventh Dynasty in Egypt’. International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (BJOG), 42, 490–95.

—— (1942), ‘Methods practised at different periods – Middle Kingdom’, in Engelbach, R. and Derry D. E. ‘Mummification’. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte, 41, 233–65.

Desroches-Noblecourt, C. (1952), ‘Pots anthropomorphes et recettes magico– médicales dans l’Egypte Ancienne’. Revue d’Égyptologie, 9, 51–67.

—— (1953), ‘“Concubines du mort” et mères de famille au Moyen Empire. A propos d’une supplique pour une naissance’. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 53, 15–33.

Diamond, K.A. (2008), ‘dmD(y)t: The “bone collector’ ’’. Göttinger Miszellen, 218, 17–32.

Dodson, A. (2002), ‘The problem of Amenirdis II and heirs to the office of God’s Wife of Amun during the Twenty–Sixth Dynasty’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 88, 179–86.

Dodson, A. and Hilton, D. (2004), The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson.

Donohue, V.A. (1992) ‘The goddess of the Theban mountain’. Antiquity, 66, 871–75.

Dorman, P. F. (1988), The Monuments of Senenmut: Problems in Historical Methodology. London and New York: Kegan Paul International.

—— (1999), ‘Creation on the potter’s wheel at the eastern horizon of heaven’, in Teeter, E. and Larson, J. A. (eds), Gold of Praise. Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Edward F. Wente. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 83–99.

—— (2002), Faces in Clay: Technique, Imagery, and Allusion in a Corpus of Ceramic Sculpture from Ancient Egypt. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern.

—— (2005a), ‘Princess to queen to co-ruler’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 87–100.

—— (2005b), ‘The proscription of Hatshepsut’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 267–69.

—— (2006), ‘The early reign of Thutmose III: An unorthodox mantel of coregency’, in Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D. (eds), Thutmose III. A New Biography. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 39–68.

Dowson, T. A. (2008), ‘Queering sex and gender in ancient Egypt’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 27–46.

Doxey, D. (2001), ‘Priesthood’, in Redford, D. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dreyer, G., Hartung, U., Hikade, T., Köhler, E. C., Müller, V. and Pumpenmeier, F. (1998), ‘Umm-el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 9./10. Verbericht’. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 54, 77–167.

Dunham, D. and Museum of Fine Arts Boston (1937), Naga-ed-Dêr Stelae of the First Intermediate Period. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Duquesne, T. (2008), ‘Power on their own: Gender and social roles in provincial New Kingdom Egypt’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 47–63.

Eaton-Krauss, M. and Graefe, E. (1985), The Small Golden Shrine from the Tomb of Tutankhamun. Oxford: Griffith Institute.

Eaverly, A. A. (1999), ‘Color and gender in ancient painting: A pan-Mediterranean approach’, in Wicker, N. L. and Arnold, B. (eds), From the Ground Up: Beyond Gender Theory in Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Ebbell, B. (1936), The Papyrus Ebers. The Greatest Egyptian Medical Document. Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgaard.

Ehrenberg, M. (1989), Women in Prehistory. London: British Museum Press.

el-Sabbahy, A. F. (1999), ‘A funerary bed from the tomb of Sennedjem’. Discussions in Egyptology, 43, 13–18.

Ellis, C. (1992), ‘A statistical analysis of the protodynastic burials in the ‘Valley’ cemetery of Kafr Tarkhan’, in van den Brink, E. C. M. (eds), The Nile Delta in Transition: 4th–3rd Millennium B.C. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, pp. 241–58.

Engels, F. (1884), The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: International Publishers.

Eyre, C. J. (1987), ‘Work and the organisation of work in the Old Kingdom’, in Powell, M. A. (ed.), Labor in the Ancient Near East. New Haven: American Oriental Society, pp. 5–47.

—— (1998), ‘The market women of pharaonic Egypt’, in Grimal, N. and Menu, P. (eds), Le Commerce en Égypte Anciene. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 173–92.

Faulkner, R. O. (1969), The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Faulkner, R. O. and Goelet, O. (1994), The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day. The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete Papyrus of Ani. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.

Faulkner, R. O., Simpson, W. K. and Wente, E. F. (1973), The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry. New Haven; London: Yale University Press.

Federn, W. (1960), ‘The “transformations” in the Coffin Texts: A new approach’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 19, 241–57.

Filer, J. M. (1992), ‘Head injuries in Egypt and Nubia: A comparison of skulls from Giza and Kerma’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 78, 281–85.

—— (1998), ‘Mother and baby burials’, in Eyre, C. J. (ed.), Proceeedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists. Cambridge, 309 September 1995. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, pp. 391–400.

Firth, C. M. (1927), ‘The Archaeological Survey of Nubia. Report for 1910–1911’. Cairo: Government Press.

Fischer, H. G. (1959), ‘An example of memphite influence in a Theban stela of the Eleventh Dynasty’. Artibus Asiae, 22/3, 240–52.

—— (1962), ‘The cult and nome of the goddess Bat’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 1, 7–23.

—— (1963), ‘Yellow skinned representations of men in the Old Kingdom’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 2, 17–24.

—— (1975), ‘Bat’, in Helck, W. and Otto, E. (eds), Lexikon der Ägyptologie. I Weisbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, pp. 630–32.

—— (1989), ‘Women in the Old Kingdom and Heracleopolitan Period’, in Lesko, B. S. (ed.), Women’s Earliest Records From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia. Proceedings of the Conference on Women in the Ancient Near East. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, November 5–7, 1987. Atlanta: Scholars Press, pp. 5–24.

—— (2000), Egyptian Women of the Old Kingdom and of the Herakleopolitan Period. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Ford, C. S. (1945), A Comparative Study of Human Reproduction. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.

Foster, J. L. (1974), Love Songs From the New Kingdom. Austin: University of Texas Press.

—— (1995), Hymns, Prayers, and Songs: An Anthology of Ancient Egyptian Lyric Poetry. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Foucault, M. (1978), The History of Sexuality. Volume I: An Introduction. New York: Pantheon.

Fox, M. V. (1985), The Song of Songs and the Ancient Egyptian Love Songs. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Frandsen, P. J. (2007), ‘The menstrual ‘taboo’ in ancient Egypt’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 81–105.

Frankfort, H., Buck, A. d. and Gunn, B. G. (1933), The Cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Friedman, F. A. (1994), ‘Aspects of domestic life and religion’, in Lesko, L. H. (ed.), Pharaoh’s Workers. The Villagers of Deir el Medina. New York: Cornell University Press.

Fuchs, G. (1989), ‘Rock engravings in the Wadi el-Barramiya, Eastern Desert of Egypt’. The African Archaeological Review, 7, 127–153.

Gaballa, G. A. (1977), The Memphite Tomb-Chapel of Mose. Warminster, Eng. and Forest Grove, Ore: Aris & Phillips.

Galvin, M. (1981), The Priestesses of Hathor in the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period, PhD thesis, Classical and Oriental Studies, Brandeis University, Michigan.

Gardiner, A. H. (1940), ‘Adoption extraordinary’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 26, 23–9.

—— (1947), Ancient Egyptian Onomastica. London: Oxford University Press.

—— (1961), Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction. Oxford: Clarenden Press.

Gasse, A. and Rondot, V. (2003), ‘The Egyptian conquest and administration of Nubia during the New Kingdom: The testimony of the Sehel rock-inscriptions’. Sudan and Nubia, 7, 40–46.

Gee, J. (2001), ‘Notes on Egyptian marriage. PBM 10416 reconsidered’. Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, 15, 17–25.

Gilchrist, R. (1999), Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past. London: Routledge.

Gillam, R. A. (1995), ‘Priestesses of Hathor: Their function, decline and disappearance’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 32, 211–37.

—— (2005), Performance and Drama in Ancient Egypt. London: Duckworth.

Gilroy, T. (2002), ‘Outlandish outlanders: Foreigners and caricature in Egyptian art’. Göttinger Miszellen, 191, 35–52.

Gitton, M. (1975), L’Éspouse du Dieu, Ahmes Néfertary: Documents sur sa Vie et Son Culte Posthume. Paris: Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon.

Goedicke, H. (1963), ‘Was magic used in the harem conspiracy against Ramesses II? (P. Rollin and P. Lee)’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 49, 71–92.

Goldberg, M. Y. (1998), ‘Deceptive dichotomy: Two case studies’, in Casey, M., Donlon, D., Hope, J. and Welfare, S. (eds), Redefining Archaeology: Feminist Perspectives. Proceedings of the Australian Women in Archaeology Conference. Canberra: ANH (Australian National University) Publications, pp. 107–13.

Goodison, L. and Morris, C. (1998), ‘Introduction. Exploring female divinity: From modern myths to ancient evidence’, in Goodison, L. and Morris, C. (eds), Ancient Goddesses. London: British Museum Press, pp. 6–21.

Graefe, E. (1979), ‘Wnh “Lösen”’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 7, 52–63.

—— (1981), Untersuchungen zur Verwaltung und Geschichte der Institution der Gottesgemahlin des Amun vom Beginn des neuen Reiches bis zur Spätzeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Graves-Brown, C. (2006), ‘Emergent flints’, in Szpakowska, K. (ed.), Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 47–62.

—— (2008), ‘Gender, sex and loss of innocence’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. i–xv.

Green, L. (1998), ‘Evidence for the position of women at Amarna’, in Eyre, C. J. (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3–9 September 1995. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, pp. 483–88.

Griffith, F. L. (1898), The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob (Principally of the Middle Kingdom). London: Bernard Quaritch.

Grunert, S. (2002), ‘Nicht nur sauber, sondern rein. Rituelle Reinigungsanweisungen aus dem Grab des Anchmahor in Saqqara’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 30, 137–51.

Habachi, L. (1957), ‘Two graffiti at Sehel from the reign of queen Hatshepsut’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 16, 88–104.

Hare, T. (1999), Remembering Osiris: Number, Gender, and the Word in Ancient Egyptian Representational Systems. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Haring, B. J. J. (1997), Divine Households Administrative and Economic Aspects of the New Kingdom Royal Memorial Temples in Western Thebes. Leiden: Nederlands Institut Voor Het Nabije Oosten.

Harrington, N. (2005), ‘From the cradle to the grave: Anthropoid busts and ancestor cults at Deir el-Medina’, in Piquette, K. and Love, S. (eds), Current Research in Egyptology 2003. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium University College London 2003. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Hartung, U. (1998), ‘Prädynastische Siegelabrollungen aus dem Friedhof U in Abydos. (Umm el-Qaab)’. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 54, 187–217.

Haslauer, E. (2001), ‘Harem’, in Redford, D. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 76–80.

Hassan, F. A. (1992), ‘Primeval goddess to divine king: The mythogenesis of power in the early Egyptian state’, in Friedman, R. and Adams, B. (eds), The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 307–22.

—— (1998), ‘The earliest goddeses of Egypt: Divine mothers and cosmic bodies’, in Goodison, L. and Morris, C. (eds), Ancient Goddesses. London: British Museum Press, pp. 98–112.

Hassan, F. A. and Smith, S. J. (2002), ‘Soul birds and heavenly cows: Transforming gender in Predynastic Egypt’, in Nelson, S. M. and Rosen-Ayalon, M. (eds), In Pursuit of Gender. Worldwide Archaeological Approaches. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, pp. 43–65.

Hawass, Z. (1995), ‘The programs of the royal funerary complexes of the Fourth Dynasty’, in O’Connor, D. and Silverman, D. P. (eds), Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden, New York and Köln: Brill, pp. 221–62.

Hayes, W. C. (1953), The Sceptre of Egypt. A Background for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume I. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Hendrickx, S. (2002), ‘Bovines in Egyptian Predynastic and Early Dynastic iconography: Ecological change and food security in Africa’s later Prehistory’, in Hassan, F. A. (ed.), Droughts, Food and Culture. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 275–318.

—— (2005), ‘The earliest example of Pharaonic iconograph’. Nekhen News, 17, 14–15.

Hickman, H. (1956), ‘La danse aux miroirs: Essai de reconstitution d’une danse pharaonique de l’ancien empire’. Bulletin de l’Institut d’Égypte, 37, 151–90.

Hornung, E. (1963), Das Amduat. Die Schrift des Verborgenen Raumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

—— (1982), Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and the Many. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

—— (1999), Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Trans. D. Lorton. Ithica and London: Cornell University Press.

Ikram, S. and Dodson, A. (1998), The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. London: Thames and Hudson.

Janák, J. and Navrátilová, H. (2008), ‘People vs. P. Turin 5501’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 63–70.

Janssen, J. J. (1975), Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period: An Economic Study of the Village of Necropolis Workmen at Thebes. Leiden: Brill.

—— (1980), ‘Absence from work by the necropolis workmen of Thebes’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 8, 127–52.

—— (1988), ‘Marriage problems and public reactions’, in Baines, J. (ed.), Pyramid Studies and Other Essays Presented to I.E.S. Edwards. London: Egypt Exploration Society, pp. 134–37.

Janssen, R. (2006), ‘The old women of Deir el-Medina’. Buried History. The Journal of the Australian Institute of Archaeology, 42, 3–10.

Janssen, R. and Janssen, J. J. (1990), Growing Up in Ancient Egypt. London: Rubicon.

Johnson, J. H. (1999), ‘Speculations on Middle Kingdom marriage’, in Leahy, A. and Tait, J. (eds), Studies in Honour of H.S. Smith. London: Egypt Exploration Society, pp. 169–72.

—— (2003), ‘Sex and marriage in ancient Egypt’, in Grimal, N., Kamel, A. and May-Sheikholeslami, C. (eds), Hommages à Fayza Haikal. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 149–59.

Jonckheere, F. (1954), ‘Eunuchs in Pharonic Egypt’. Revue d’Histoire des Science, 7(2), 139–55.

Junker, H. (1941), Gîza 5. Die Mastaba des Snb (Seneb) und die Umliegenden Gräber. Vienna and Leipzig: Hölder-Pichler Tempsky.

Kadish, G. E. (1969), ‘Eunuchs in ancient Egypt?’, in Kadish, G. E. (ed.), Studies in Honor of J.A. Wilson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 55–62.

Kanawati, N. (2001), ‘A female guard buried in the Teti cemetery’. Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology, 12, 65–70.

Karl, D. (2000), ‘Funktion und Bedeutung einer ‘weisen Frau’ im alten Ägypten’. Studien zur Altägyptische Kultur, 28, 131–60.

Katary, S. L. D. (1999), ‘Land tenure in the New Kingdom: The role of women, smallholders and the military’, in Bowman, A. K. and Rogan, E. (eds), Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 61–82.

Keimer, L. (1948), Remarques Sur le Tatouage Dans l’Egypte Ancienne. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

—— (1949), Quelques Détails Oubliés ou Inconnus Sur la Vie et les Publications de Certains Voyageurs Européens Venus en Égypte Pendant les Derniers Siècles. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

Kemp, B. J. (1978), ‘The harim-palace at Medinet el-Ghurab’. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 105, 122–33.

—— (1979), ‘Wall paintings from the Workmen’s Village at el-’Amarna’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 65, 47–53.

Kinney, L. (2008), Dance, Dancers and the Performance Cohort in the Old Kingdom. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Kiple, F. (1992), ‘Infant mortality’, in Kiple, F. (ed.), The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 224–330.

Koltsida, A. (2006), ‘Birth-bed, sitting place, erotic corner or domestic altar? A study of the so-called “elevated bed” in Deir el-Medina houses’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 35, 165–73.

—— (2007), Social Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Domestic Architecture. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Kozloff, A. P. and Bryan, B. (1982), Egypt’s Dazzling Sun. Amenhotep III and his World. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art.

Küllmer, H. (2007), Marktfrauen, Priesterinnen und, Edle des Königs’ Untersuchung über die Position von Frauen in der sozialen Hierarchie des Alten Ägypten bis zum Ende der 1. Zwischenzeit. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Hamburg.

Kuper, A. (1982), Wives for Cattle. Bridewealth and Marriage in Southern Africa. London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Laboury, D. (2006), ‘Royal portrait and ideology: Evolution and significance of the statuary of Thutmose III’, in Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D. (eds), Thutmose III. A New Biography. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 260–91.

Landgráfová, R. (2008), ‘Breaches of cooperative rules: Metaphors and parody in ancient Egyptian love songs’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 71–82.

Lankester, F. (2007), ‘Rock art in Egypt’s eastern desert’, in Griffin, K. (ed.), Current Research in Egyptology VIII. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Synposium Swansea University. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 97–101.

Lansing, A. and Hayes, W. C. (1937), ‘The Museums excavations at Thebes’. Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 32, 4–39.

Leclant, J. (1961), ‘Sur un contrepoids de Menat au nom de Taharqa: Allaiment et ‘apparition’ royale’. Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Bibliothèque d’Étude, 32, 251–84.

Lesko, B. S. (1987), The Remarkable Women of Ancient Egypt. Providence: BC Scribe Publications.

—— (1989), ‘Comment at end of day 1’, in Lesko, B. S. (ed.), Women’s Earliest Records From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia. Proceedings of the Conference on Women in the Ancient Near East. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, November 5–7, 1987. Atlanta: Scholars Press, p. 98.

—— (1991), ‘Women’s monumental mark on ancient Egypt’. The Biblical Archaeologist, 54, 4–15.

—— (1999a), The Great Goddesses of Egypt. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

—— (1999b), ‘“Listening” to the ancient Egyptian woman: Letters, testimonials, and other expressions of self’, in Teeter, E. and Larson, J. A. (eds), Gold of Praise. Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Edward F. Wente. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 246–53.

—— (2002), Women and Religion in Ancient Egypt. Available at http://www.stoa.org. Accessed 2007.

Lewis, I. M. (1989), Ecstatic Religion. A Study Of Shamanism and Spirit Possession. London and New York: Routledge.

Lichtheim, M. (1973), Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press.

—— (1976), Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. 2. The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Press.

—— (1980), Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. 3. Berkley: University of California Press.

Lilyquist, C. (1979), Ancient Egyptian Mirrors from Earliest Times Through the Middle Kingdom. Berlin: Münchner Ägyptologische Studien.

—— (2003), The Tomb of the Three Foreign Wives of Tuthmosis III. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

—— (2005), ‘Egypt and the Near East. Evidence of contact in the material record’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 60–74.

—— (2008), ‘Ramesside vessels from Sinai’, in D’Auria, S. H. (ed.), Servant of Mut. Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini. Leiden: Brill, pp. 155–65.

Lords, K. (2008), The Importance of Gender Studies for Predynastic Egypt: A Case Study of Cemetery N7000 at Naga-ed-Deir. Available at http://repositories.cdlib.org. Accessed 2008.

Lorenze, M. (2009), ‘Women and their employment’, in Teeter, E. and Johnson, J. H. (eds), The Life of Meresamun. A Temple Singer in Ancient Egypt. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 98–104.

Lorton, D. (1974), ‘Review of Elfrieda Reiser, Der königliche Harim im Alten Ägypten und seine Verwaltung’. Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt, 11, 98–101.

—— (1977), ‘The treatment of criminals in ancient Egypt’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 20(1), 2–64.

Lovell, N. C. and Whyte, I. (1999), ‘Patterns of dental enamel defects at ancient Mendes, Egypt’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 110(1), 69–80.

Mace, A. C. and Winlock, H. E. (1916), The Tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Manniche, L. (1987). Sexual Life in Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge.

—— (1991), Music and Musicians in Ancient Egypt. London: Opus Publishing Limited.

—— (1999), Sacred Luxuries: Fragrance, Aromatherapy, and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt. New York: Cornell University Press.

Masali, M. (1973), ‘Body size and proportions as revealed by bone measurements and their meaning in environmental adaptation’, in Brothwell, D. R. and Chiarelli, B. A. (eds), Population Biology of the Ancient Egyptians. New York: Academic Press.

Masali, M. and Chiarelli, B. (1972), ‘Demographic data on the remains of ancient Egyptians’. Journal of Human Evolution, 1, 164–69.

Mathieu, B. (1996), La Poésie Amoureuse de l’ Égypte Ancienne: Recherches Sur un Genre Litteraire au Nouvel Empire. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

McCarthy, H. L. (2002), ‘The Osiris Nefertari: A case study of decorum, gender and regeneration’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 39, 173–95.

—— (2008), ‘Rules of decorum and expressions of gender fluidity in Tawosret’s tomb’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 83–113.

McDowell, A. G. (1992), ‘Agricultural activity by the workmen of Deir el-Medina’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 78, 195–206.

—— (1995), ‘Patterns of instruction in the New Kingdom’, in Eyre, C. J. (ed.), Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists. Cambridge, 3–9th September 1995. Abstracts of Papers. Oxford: Oxbow Books for International Association of Egyptologists, pp. 123.

—— (1999), Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mead, M. (1950), Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World. London: Gollancz.

Meier, S. A. (2000), ‘Diplomacy and international marriages’, in Cohen, R. and Westbrook, R. (eds), Amarna Diplomacy. The Beginnings of International Relations. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University, pp. 165–73.

Mertz, B. (1952), Certain Titles of the Egyptian Queens and their Bearing on the Hereditary Right to the Throne. Unpublished PhD thesis, Chicago: University of Chicago.

Meskell, L. (1999), Archaeologies of Social Life. Oxford: Blackwell.

—— (2000), ‘Re-em(bed)ding sex: Domesticity, sexuality, and ritual in New Kingdom Egypt’, in Schmidt, R.A. and Voss, B.L. (eds), Archaeologies of Sexuality. London and New York: Routledge.

—— (2002), Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Meskell, L. and Joyce, R. A. (2003), Embodied Lives: Figuring Ancient Maya and Egyptian Experience. London: Routledge.

Mifflin, M. (1997), Bodies of Subversion: A Secret History of Women and Tattoo. New York: Juno Books.

Montserrat, D. (1996), Sex and Society in Graeco–Roman Egypt. London: Kegan Paul.

—— (2000), Akhenaten. History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt. London and New York: Routledge.

Morris, E. F. (2007), ‘Sacred and obscene laughter in “The Contendings of Horus and Seth”, in Egyptian inversions of everyday life, and in the context of cultic competition’, in Schneider, T. and Szpakowska, K. (eds), Egyptian Stories. A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. Lloyd on the Occasion of his Retirement. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 197–224.

Morrow, M. and Morrow, M. (2002), Desert Rats. Rock Art Topographical Survey in Egypt’s Eastern Desert. London: Bloomsbury Summer School.

Moussa, A. M. and Altenmüller, H. (1971), The Tomb of Nefer and Ka-hay. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.

Naguib, S.-A. (1990), Le Clergé Féminin d’Amon Thébain à la 21e Dynastie. Louvain: Peeters.

Naville, E. (1907), The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir El-Bahari I. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

—— (1910), The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir El-Bahari II. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

—— (1913), The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir El-Bahari III. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Naydler, J. (2005), Shamanic Wisdom in the Pyramid Texts. The Mystical Tradition of Ancient Egypt. Rochester: Inner traditions.

Nelson, S. M. (1998), ‘Gender hierarchy and the queens of Silla’, in Hays-Gilpin, K. and Whitley, D. S. (eds), Reader in Gender Archaeology. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 319–35.

Niwinski, A. (1989), Studies On The Illustrated Theban Funerary Papyri of the 11th and 10th Centuries B.C. Fribourg: Biblical Institute of the University of Fribourg Switzerland.

Nord, D. (1975), ‘Der königliche Harim im alten Ägypten und seine Verwaltung, by Elfreide Reisner’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 34, 142–45.

—— (1981), ‘The term Xnr: “Harem” or “musical performers?”’, in Simpson, W. K. and Davis, W. (eds), Studies in Honor of Dows Dunham. Studies in Ancient Egypt and the Sudan. Boston: Museum of Fine Art Boston, pp. 137–45.

Nunn, J. F. (1996), Ancient Egyptian Medicine. London: British Museum Press.

O’Connor, D. (1999), ‘The Dendereh chapel of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep: A new perspective’, in Leahy, A. and Tait, J. (eds), Studies in Ancient Egypt in Honor of HS Smith. London: Egypt Exploration Society, pp. 215–20.

—— (2006), ‘Thutmose III: An enigmatic pharaoh’, in Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D. (eds), Thutmose III. A New Biography. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 1–38.

Omlin, J. A. (1973), Der Papyrus 55001 und Seine Satirisch-Erotischen Zeichnungen und Inschriften. Turin: Edizioni d’arte Fratelli Pozzo. Onstine, S. L. (2005), The Role of the Chantress (šm ‘yt) in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Parkinson, R. B. (1995), ‘“Homosexual desire” desire in Middle Kingdom literature’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 81, 57–76.

—— (1999), Cracking Codes. The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment. London: British Museum Press.

—— (2002), Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt. A Dark Side to Perfection. London and New York: Continuum.

—— (2008), ‘“Boasting about hardness”: Constructions of Middle Kingdom masculinity’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 115–42.

Peet, T. E. (1977), The Great Tomb-Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty. Hildesheim: Olms.

Pestman, P. W. (1961), Marriage and Matrimonial Property in Ancient Egypt. Leiden: Brill.

Peterson, J. D. (2006), ‘Gender and early farming societies’, in Nelson, S. M. (ed.), Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. Lanham: AltaMiraPress, pp. 537–70.

Petrie, W. M. F. (1953), Ceremonial Slate Palettes and Corpus of Proto-Dynastic Pottery. London: British School of Egyptian Archaeology.

Petrie, W. M. F., Griffith, F. L. and Newberry, P. E. (1890), Kahun, Gurob and Hawara. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.

Petrie, W. M. F. and Quibell, J. E. (1896), Naqada and Ballas: 1895. London: B. Quaritch.

Petrie, W. M. F., Griffith, F. L. and Egypt Exploration Fund. (1901) The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Petrie, W. M. F., Wainwright, G. A. and Gardiner, A. H. (1913), Tarkhan I and Memphis V. London: School of Archaeology in Egypt.

Pflüger, K. (1947), ‘The private funerary stelae of the Middle Kingdom and their importance for the study of ancient Egyptian history’. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 67(2), 127–35.

Pilgrim, C. v. (1996), Untersuchungen in der Stadt des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern.

Pinch, G. (1983), ‘Childbirth and female figurines at Deir el-Medina and el-Amarna’. Orientalia, 52, 404–14.

—— (1993), Votive Offerings to Hathor. Oxford: Griffith Institute.

—— (1994), Magic in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press.

Podzorski, P. V. (1993), ‘The correlation of skeletal remains and burial goods: an example from Naga-ed-dêr N7000’, in Davies, W. V. and Walker, R. (eds), Biological Anthropology and the Study of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press, pp. 119–129.

Poon, K. W. C. and Quickenden, T. I. (2006), ‘A review of tattooing in ancient Egypt’. The Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology, 17, 123–36.

Pyburn, K. A. (2004), ‘Rethinking complex society’, in Pyburn, K. A. (ed.), Ungendering Civilization. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–46.

Quack, J. F. (2006), ‘Fragmente des Mundöffnungsrituals aus Tebtynis’, in Ryholt, K. (ed.), The Carlsberg Papyri 7. Hieratic Texts from the Collection. Copenhagen: CNI Publications, pp. 69–150.

Quibell, J. E. and Hayter, A. G. K. (1927), Excavations at Saqqara: Teti Pyramid, North Side. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

Quirke, S. (1992), Ancient Egyptian Religion. London: British Museum Press.

—— Quirke, S. (2007), ‘Women of Lahun (Egypt 1800 BC)’, in Hamilton, S., Whitehouse, R. D. and Wright, K. I. (eds), Archaeology and Women. Ancient and Modern Issues. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, pp. 246–62.

Raue, D., Pilgrim, C. v., Bommas, M., Cortopassi, R., Driesch, A. v. d., Keller, D., Hikade, T., Kopp, P., Peters, Y., Pilgrim, B. v., Schaten, S., Schmidt-Schultze, T., Schultze, M. and Seidlemayer, S. J. (2004), Report on the 33rd Season of Excavation and Restoration on the Island of Elephantine. Available at http://www.dainst.org. Accessed 2009.

Redford, D. (1967), History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Redford, S. (2002), The Harem Conspiracy. The Murder of Ramesses III. Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press.

Redford, S. and Redford, D. B. (1989), ‘Graffiti and Petroglyphs Old and New from the Eastern Desert’. Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt, 26, 3–49.

Reeder, G. (2008), ‘Queer Egyptologies of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 143–55.

Reilly, J. (1997), ‘Naked and limbless. Learning about the feminine body in ancient Athens’, in Koloski-Ostrow, A. O. and Lyons, C. L. (eds), Women, Sexuality and Gender in Classical Art and Archaeology. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 154–73.

Reiser, E. (1972), Der Königliche Harim im Alten Ägypten und Seine Verwaltung. Vienna: Verlag Notring.

Reisner, G. A. and Joint Egyptian Expedition of Harvard University and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1931), Mycerinus: The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Rice, D. S. (1958), ‘A drawing of the Fatimid Period’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 21, 31–9.

Richards, J. (2005), Society and Death in Ancient Egypt. Mortuary Landscapes of the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Riggs, C. (2005), The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rikala, M. (2008), ‘Sacred marriage in the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt: Circumstantial evidence for a ritual interpretation’, in Nissinen, M. and Uro, R. (eds), Sacred Marriages. The Divine-Human Sexual Metaphor from Sumer to Early Christianity. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, pp. 115–44.

Ritner, R. K. (1984), ‘A uterine amulet in the Oriental Institute’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43, 209–21.

—— (1993), The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

—— (2001), ‘Magic in everyday life’, in Redford, D. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 329–333.

—— (2006), ‘“And each staff transformed into a snake”: the serpent wand in ancient Egypt’, in Szpakowska, K. (ed.), Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 205–25.

—— (2008), ‘Household religion in ancient Egypt’, in Bodel, J. and Olyan, S. M. (eds), Household and Family Religion in Antiquity. The Ancient World: Comparative Histories. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 171–96.

Roberts, A. (1995), Hathor Rising. Totnes: NorthGate.

—— (2000), My Heart, My Mother: Death and Rebirth in Ancient Egypt. Rottingdean: NorthGate.

Robins, G. (1983), ‘A critical examination of the theory of the right to the throne of ancient Egypt passed through the female line in the 18th Dynasty’. Göttinger Miszellen, 62, 67–77.

—— (1988), ‘Ancient Egyptian sexuality’. Discussions in Egyptology, 11, 61–72.

—— (1989), ‘Some images of women in New Kingdom art and literature’, in Lesko, B. S. (ed.), Women’s Earliest Records From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia. Proceedings of the Conference on Women in the Ancient Near East. Brown university, providence, Rhode island, November 5–7, 1987. Atlanta: Scholars Press, pp. 105–116.

—— (1993), Women in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press.

—— (1994), ‘Some principals of compositional dominance and gender hierarchy in Egyptian art’. Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt, 31, 33–40.

—— (1996), ‘Dress, undress, and the representation of fertility and potency in New Kingdom Egyptian art’, in Kampen, N. B. (ed.), Sexuality in Ancient Art. Near East, Egypt, Greece and Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–40.

—— (1999), ‘Hair and the construction of identity in ancient Egypt c.1480–1350 B.C.’ Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 36, 55–69.

—— (2002), ‘Problems concerning queens and queenship in Eighteenth Dynasty Egypt’. NIN Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity, 3, 25–31.

—— (2008), ‘Male bodies and the construction of masculinity in New Kingdom Egyptian art’, in D’Auria, S. H. (ed.), Servant of Mut. Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini. Leiden: Brill, pp. 208–15.

Roehrig, C. H. (1990), The 18th Dynasty Titles Royal Nurse (mn ‘t nswt), Royal Tutor (mn‘ nswt), and Foster Brother/Sister of the Lord of the Two Lands (sn/snt mn‘nb tзwy), PhD thesis, University of California at Berkley.

—— (1996), ‘Women’s work: Some occupations of nonroyal women as depicted in ancient Egyptian art’, in Capel, A. K. and Markoe, G. E. (eds), Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven. Women in Ancient Egypt. New York: Hudson Hills Press, pp. 13–24.

—— (2005a), ‘The two tombs of Hatshepsut’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 184–89.

—— (2005b), ‘Figure vases’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 233–41.

Romano, J. F. (1989), The Bes-Image in Pharaonic Egypt, PhD thesis, Michigan: Ann Arbor, pp. 2 v. in 3, (xiii, 879 leaves).

—— (1996), ‘Statuette of princess Sobek-nakht nursing a prince’, in Capel, A. K. and Markoe, G., E. (eds), Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven. Women in Ancient Egypt. New York: Hudson Hills Press, pp. 60–1.

Romer, J. (1982), Romer’s Egypt: A New Light on the Civilization of Ancient Egypt. London: Michael Joseph Ltd.

Rose, J. C. (2006), ‘Paleopathology of commoners at Tell Amarna, Egypt, Akhenaten’s capital city’. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101 (Suppl. II), 73–76.

Roth, A. M. (1991), Egyptian Phyles in the Old Kingdom: The Evolution of a System of Social Organization. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

—— (1992), ‘The PSš–KF and the “Opening of the Mouth” Ceremony: A ritual of birth and rebirth’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 78, 113–47.

—— (1993), ‘Fingers, stars, and the “Opening of the Mouth”: The nature and function of the ntrwj–blades’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 79, 57–79.

—— (1999a), ‘The absent spouse: Patterns and taboos in Egyptian tomb decoration’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 36, 37–53.

—— (1999b), ‘The Ahhotep coffins: The archaeology of an Egyptological reconstruction’, in Teeter, E. and Larson, J. A. (eds), Gold of Praise. Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Edward F. Wente. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 361–77.

—— (2000), ‘Father earth, mother sky: Ancient Egyptian beliefs about conception and fertility’, in Rautman, A. E. (ed.), Reading the Body: Representations and Remains in the Archaeological Record. Philadelphia: University of Pensylvania Press, pp. 187–201.

—— (2005), ‘Models of authority. Hatshepsut’s predecessors in power’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 9–22.

—— (2007a), ‘Gender roles in ancient Egypt’, in Snell, D. C. (ed.), A Companion to the Ancient Near East. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 227–34.

—— (2007b), ‘Royal women and the exercise of power in the ancient Near East’, in Snell, D. C. (ed.), A Companion to the Ancient Near East. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 235–44.

Roth, A. M. and Roehrig, C. (2002), ‘Magical bricks and the bricks of birth’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 88, 121–39.

Routledge, C. (2001), Ancient Egyptian Ritual Practice: Ir-t and nt- ’. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto.

—— (2008), ‘Did women “do things” in ancient Egypt (c. 2600–1050 BCE)?’, in Graves-Brown, C. (ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 157–77.

Rowlandson, J. (ed.) (1998), Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Russmann, E. R. (2005), ‘Art in transition. The rise of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the emergence of the Thutmoside style in sculpture and relief’, in Roehrig, C. H. (ed.), Hatshepsut from Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 23–48.

Sabbahy, L. K. (1997), ‘The titulary of the harem of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep, Once again’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 34, 163–66.

Sauneron, S. (1962), Les Fêtes Religieuses d’Esna aux Derniers Siècles du Paganisme. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

—— (1982), Le Temple d’Esna VIII. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Savage, S. H. (2000), ‘The status of women in predynastic Egypt as revealed through mortuary analysis’, in Rautman, A. E. (ed.), Reading the Body: Representaions and Remains in the Archaeological Record. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania State, pp. 77–92.

Sayed, R. el- (1982), La Déesse Neith de Saïs. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

Scharff, A. (1929), Die Altertümer der Vor– und Frühzeit Ägyptens. Vol. 1. Berlin: Karl Curtius.

Schneider, T. (2007), ‘Contextualising the Tale of the Herdsman’, in Schneider, T. and Szpakowska, K. (eds), Egyptian Stories: A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. Lloyd on the Occasion of his Retirement. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 309–18.

Schulman, A., R. (1979), ‘Diplomatic marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 38, 177–93.

Schultz, R. and Seidal, M. (2005), Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. Cologne: Konemann.

Scott, E. (1999), The Archaeology of Infancy and Infant Death. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Sethe, K. (1926), Die Ächtung Feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf Altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des Mittleren Reiches. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften.

—— (1933), Urkunden des Alten Reiches. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

Shaw, I. (2000), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sheridan, J. A. (1998), ‘Not at a loss for words: the economic power of literate women in late antique Egypt’. Transactions of the American Philological Association, 128, 189–203.

Sherratt, A. (1981), ‘Plough and pastrolism: Aspects of the secondary products revolution’, in Hodder, I., Isaac, G. and Hammond, N. (eds), Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261–305.

—— (1983), ‘The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World’. World Archaeology, 15.1, 90–104.

Simpson, W. K. (1972), The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions and Poetry. New Haven: Yale University Press.

—— (1974), ‘Polygamy in Egypt in the Middle Kingdom’. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 60, 100–105.

—— (1977), ‘Amor dei: Mtr mrr rmt m tA wA (Sh. Sai. 147–148) and the Embrace’, in Assmann, J., Feucht, E. and Grieshammer, R. (eds), Fragen an die Altägyptische Literatur: Studien zum Gedenken an Eberhard Otto. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 493–98.

Smith, H. S. (1992), ‘The making of Egypt: A review of the influence of Susa and Sumer on Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th millennium B.C.’, in Friedman, R. and Adams, B. (eds), The Followers of Horus. Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman 1944–1990. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Spence, K. (1999), ‘The North Palace at Amarna’, Egyptian Archaeology, 15, 14–16.

—— (2007), ‘Court and palace in ancient Egypt: The Amarna period and later Eighteenth Dynasty’, in Spawthorpe, A. J. S. (ed.), The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–328.

Steindorff, G. (1946), ‘The magical knives of ancient Egypt’. Journal of the Walters Art Gallery, 9, 41–51, 106–107.

Strouhal, E. and Callender, G. (1992), ‘A profile of Queen Mutnodjemet’. Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology, 3, 67–73.

Strouhal, E. and Forman, W. (1992), Life in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sweeney, D. (1993), ‘Women’s correspondence from Deir el-Medineh’, in Zaccone, G. M. and di Nero, T. R. (eds), Sesto Congresso Internazionale di Egittologia: Atti, II. Turin: Comitato Organizzativo del Congresso.

—— (2001), ‘Walking alone forever, following you. Gender and mourners laments from ancient Egypt’. NIN Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity, 2, 27–48.

—— (2004), ‘Forever young? The representation of older and ageing women in ancient Egyptian art’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 41, 67–84.

—— (2006), ‘Women growing older in Deir el-Medina’, in Dorn, A. and Hofmann, T. (eds), Living and Writing in el-Medine. Socio-historical embodiement of Deir el-Medine Texts. Basel: Schwabe, pp. 135–53.

—— (2008), ‘Gender and requests in New Kingdom literature’, in Graves-Brown, C. A. (eds), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don Your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 191–214.

Szpakowska, K. (2003), Behind Closed Eyes: Dreams and Nightmares in Ancient Egypt. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.

—— (2007), ‘Flesh for fantasy. Reflections of women in two ancient Egyptian dream manuals’, in Schneider, T. and Szpakowska, K. (eds), Egyptian Stories. A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. Lloyd on the Occasion of his Retirement. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 393–404.

—— (2008), Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Recreating Lahun. Oxford: Blackwell.

Taylor, J. H. (2001), Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London: Published for the Trustees of The British Museum by the British Museum Press.

Teeter, E. (1999), ‘Celibacy and adoption among god’s wives of Amun and singers in the temple of Amun: A re-examination of the evidence’, in Teeter, E. and Larson, J. A. (eds), Gold of Praise. Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Edward F. Wente. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 405–14.

Teeter, E. and Johnson, J. H. (eds) (2009), The Life of Meresamun. A Temple Singer in Ancient Egypt. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

Thomas, A. P. (1981), Gurob: A New Kingdom Town. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.

Tobin, V. (1986), ‘Myth symbolism in the Amarna System’. Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, 16(1), 5–18.

Toivari–Viitala (2001), Women at Deir el-Medina. A Study of the Status and Roles of the Female Inhabitants in the Workmen’s Community During the Ramesside Period. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten.

Tosi, M. and Roccati, A. (1972), Stele e altre epigrafi di Deir el Medina. N.50001–N. 50262. Torino: Edizioni d’Arte Fratelli Pozzo.

Troy, L. (1984), ‘Good and bad women. Maxim 18/284–288 of the Instructions of Ptahhotep’. Göttinger Miszellen, 80, 77–81.

—— (1986), Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.

—— (1997), ‘Mut enthroned’, in van Dijk, J. (ed.), Essays on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Herman te Velde. Groningen: Styx Publications, pp. 301–15.

—— (2002), ‘The ancient Egyptian queenship as an icon of the state’. NIN Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity, 3, 1–24.

Tyldesley, J. (1994), Daughter of Isis. Women of Ancient Egypt. London: Penguin.

Tylor, J. J., Griffith, F. L. and Clarke, S. (1895), The Tomb of Paheri. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Ucko, P. J. (1968), Anthropomorphic Figurines of Predynastic Egypt and Neolithic Crete with Comparative Material from the Prehistoric Near East and Mainland Greece. London: A. Szmidla.

Vandier d’Abbadie, J. (1938), ‘Une fresque civile de Deir el Médineh’. Revue d’Egyptologie, 3, 27–35.

Vogelsang-Eastwood, G. (1993), Pharaonic Egyptian Clothing. Leiden and New York: Brill.

—— (2000), ‘Textiles’, in Nicholson, P. T. and Shaw, I. (eds), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 268–98.

—— (2001), ‘Weaving, looms and textiles’, in Redford, D. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 4 Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 488–92.

Walsem, R. v. (1997), The Coffin of Djedmontuiufankh in the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten.

Ward, W. A. (1972), ‘A unique beset figurine’. Orientalia, 41, 149–59.

—— (1983), ‘Reflections on some Egyptian terms presumed to mean “harem, harem-women, concubine”’. Berytus, 31, 67–74.

—— (1984), ‘The case of Mrs. Tchat and her sons at Beni Hasan’ Göttinger Miszellen, 71, 51–59.

—— (1986), Essays on Feminine Titles of the Middle Kingdom and Related Subjects. Beirut: American University of Beirut.

—— (1989), ‘Non-Royal Women and their occupations in the Middle Kingdom’, in Lesko, B. S. (ed.), Women’s Earliest Records From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia. Proceedings of the Conference on Women in the Ancient Near East. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, November 5–7, 1987. Atlanta: Scholars Press, pp. 33–43.

—— (1995), The Egyptian Economy and Non-royal Women: Their Status in Public Life. Lecture, Brown University, 21 June, 1995, Available at http://www.stoa.org. Accessed 2008.

Wegner, J. (2002), ‘A decorated birth-brick from South Abydos’. Egyptian Archaeology, 3–4.

Wengrow, D. (2001), ‘Rethinking “cattle cults” in Early Egypt: Towards a Prehistoric perspective on the Narmer Palette’. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 11(1), 91–104.

—— (2006), The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wente, E. F. (1969), ‘Hathor at the Jubilee’, in Kadish, J. E. (ed.), Studies in Honor of John A Wilson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 83–91.

—— (1982), ‘Mysticism in Pharaonic Egypt?’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 41, 161–179.

—— (1984), ‘Some graffiti from the reign of Hatshepsut’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43(1), 47–54.

—— (1990), Letters from Ancient Egypt. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Westendorf, W. (1967), ‘Bemerkungen zur “Kammer der Wiedergeburt” im Tutanchamungrab’. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 94, 139–150.

—— (1977), ‘Götter, androgyne’, in Helk, W. (ed.), Lexikon der Ägyptologie. II Weisbaden: Harassowitz, pp. 634–35.

Whale, S. (1989), The Family in the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Sydney: The Australian Centre for Egyptology.

Wildung, D. (2001), ‘Nofretes Neues Gesicht’. Amun–Magazin für die Freunde der Ägyptischen Museen, 3/11, 6–9.

Wilfong, T. G. (1999), ‘Menstrual synchrony and the “place of women” in ancient Egypt’, in Teeter, E. and Larson, J. A. (eds), Gold of Praise. Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Edward F. Wente. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 419–34.

—— (2002), ‘“Friendship and physical desire”: The discourse of female homoeroticism in fifth century CE Egypt’, in Rabinowitz, N. S. and Auanger, L. (eds), Among Women: From the Homosocial to the Homoerotic in the Ancient World. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 304–29.

Wilkinson, A. (1971), Ancient Egyptian Jewellery. London: Methuen.

Wilkinson, T. A. H. (1999), Early Dynastic Egypt. London and New York: Routledge.

Willems, H. (1983), ‘A description of Egyptian kinship terminology of the Middle Kingdom c.2000–1650 B.C.’ Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land–en Volkenkunde, 139, 152–68.

Williams, B. (1988), Decorated Pottery and the Art of Naqada III, A Documentary Essay. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag.

Winlock, H. E. (1923), ‘The Museum’s excavations at Thebes’. Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 20, 11–39.

—— (1942), Excavations at Deir el Bahri, 1911–1931. New York: Macmillan. Wrobel, G. D. (2004), ‘The benefits of an archaeology of gender for predynastic Egypt’, in Pyburn, K. A. (ed.), Ungendering Civilization. New York and London: Routledge, pp. 156–78.

Xekalaki, G. (2007), ‘The procession of royal daughters in Medinet Habu and their ritualistic role: origins and evolution’, in Goyon, J. C. and Cardin, C. (eds), The Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists Grenoble, 6–12 September 2004. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 1959–966.

Yamazaki, N. (2003), Zaubersprüche für Mutter und Kind: Papyrus Berlin 3027. Berlin: Achet Verlag.

Zandee, J. (1992), ‘The birth-giving creator god in ancient Egypt’, in Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), Studies In Pharaonic Religion and Society. London: Egypt Exploration Society, pp. 169–85.

Zeuner, F. (1963), A History of Domesticated Animals. London: Hutchinson.