23. James Madison, in Hamilton, Madison, and Jay 1948 [1787–88], No. 55, p. 286. Benjamin Franklin, who said that “only a virtuous people are capable of freedom,” gives, in his autobiography, a specific list of the features that comprise virtue. Similarly, John Adams wrote: “Virtuous principles eschew prejudice and discrimination, confirming that ‘all men are created equal.’ Virtue encompasses characteristics of goodwill, patience, tolerance, kindness, respect, humility, gratitude, courage, honor, industry, honesty, chastity and fidelity” (Adams 1854, 9: 229). Each of these concepts would, in turn, require unpacking.

24. “It was society that Jefferson and Paine always celebrated. Society, wrote Paine in the opening paragraph of Common Sense, ‘promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections.’ Government acted only ‘negatively by restraining our vices.’ To Jefferson and Paine government was a plunderer. All the evils in society—inequalities, privileges, social distinctions, monopolies, even excessive wealth and property—came from connections to government. This is why Jefferson and his followers believed that the government that governed least was best” (Wood 2014). See also Smith 1997.

25. Recall, in this regard, the description in chap. 5 of the mayor of Sefrou, Morocco, who garnered great popularity and support for his efforts at running a highly transparent administration.

26. See for Iraq, Makiya 2005 (arguing against allowing regional autonomy, which will serve “the interest of every popular demagogue”).

27. Pratchett 2013.

28. Jay 1999, 25–26, referring to Horkheimer and Adorno 2007.

29. Harlan Lecture, Princeton University, March 3, 2011.