John Locke argued that human beings have certain rights, such as the right to life, liberty and property. Thus, (C) is correct. Since governments exist in order to protect these rights, if they fail to do so, they can be overthrown and replaced. As John Locke argued for the separation of church and state, (A) is incorrect. He did not believe humans are born with innate knowledge of truths. Instead, Locke felt that humans learned by experience; (B) is incorrect. (D) refers to a government system of communism, which John Locke did not argue for.
During the Revolutionary War, American generals often employed the use of guerrilla warfare tactics, an unconventional military strategy. Therefore, (C) is correct. The Franco-American alliance did provide both moral and military support to the colonists; (A) is incorrect. The British army wasn’t large enough to occupy enough North American territory, giving Americans a “home field” advantage. Thus, (B) is also incorrect. American patriotism united colonists in the cause for freedom, making (D) incorrect.
The Seven Years’ War put Britain into massive debt. In order to pay off the debt, the English government imposed new taxes on its colonies. Additionally, Britain ended its policy of salutary neglect in favor of strict enforcement of parliamentary laws. Therefore, (A) is correct while (C) is incorrect. During the war, France lost North American territory, including Quebec, to the English; (B) is incorrect. Before the war, Native American tribes had good relations with French traders in the area. After the war, however, tensions between Native Americans and the English escalated, prompting conflicts such as Pontiac’s War. Thus, (D) is incorrect.
This Renaissance-style building, called the Rokumeikan or “Deer Cry Hall,” was built during the Meiji period and became a symbol of Japanese westernization, making (A) correct. The social and political changes during the Meiji period arose due to pressure on Japan to keep pace with Western influence and industrialization. European trading companies such as the British East India Company did not control any Japanese cities; therefore, (B) is incorrect. (C) is incorrect as the Tokugawa Shogunate used traditional Japanese architecture in constructing their palaces. The Showa era corresponds to the rule of Emperor Hirohito, who ruled from 1926 to 1989, which is long after the building pictured was built; therefore, (D) is incorrect.
Upon taking power, Emperor Meiji took an oath which declared, “We shall endeavour to raise the prestige and honor of our country by seeking knowledge throughout the world.” After opening to Western influence, Japan sent its leaders abroad to learn about modern advances in military and manufacturing technology, making (B) correct. (A), (C), and (D) were all events and developments that did indeed occur during the Meiji restoration, which is the same era as the building’s construction.
The 19th century saw contact and conflict between Western powers and East Asian empires which often turned violent, with the result of land ceded to Western powers, such as Britain. Emperor Meiji agreed to open trade not due to Commodore Perry’s diplomatic tactics, but rather, the desire to avoid being forced into a trade relationship with the United States or worse, becoming a colony. Therefore, (B) is correct, and (A) is incorrect. Prior to Commodore Perry’s arrival, Japan did not come into contact with or desire Western goods or technology, making (C) incorrect. (D) is incorrect as the shogun was overthrown in 1868 and replaced by the Emperor Meiji.
The Opium Wars most directly resulted in the weakening of Chinese sovereignty as it related to trade, as tariffs were removed and foreigners were granted special rights and privileges. Thus, (D) is correct. While the outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion resulted, in part, from the First Opium War, the rebellion was still ongoing when the Second Opium War broke out. Therefore, (A) is incorrect. The downfall of the shogunate and the restoration of the emperor describes the Meiji Restoration, which happened in Japan. Thus, (B) is incorrect. The Ottoman Empire adopted the French legal code and saw a soft takeover by the Young Turks; (C) is incorrect.
The Qing emperor declared that having a British diplomat come to his court to control trade with China would be unacceptable, or “contrary to all usage of my dynasty,” matching (C). He neither welcomed further foreign investment in his empire (A), nor stated that the British had any previous trading privileges that he would continue to uphold. The letter expressed polite gratitude to George III for sending an envoy so far, but did not reflect a submissive attitude. In fact, the closing statement encouraged George to embrace “perpetual submission to our Throne,” reflective of the emperor’s belief in China’s superiority, so (D) is incorrect.
The Qing dynasty wanted very little commercial or cultural exchange with the outside world in the eighteenth century, continuing the isolationist policy of the previous Ming dynasty and matching (B). Laissez-faire refers to totally unregulated trade, which does not fit with the emperor’s resistance to opening trade with the British Empire, seen in the letter, so (A) is incorrect. China would not become a communist country until the post-imperial period, in 1949, eliminating (C). China was still a feudal empire at the time of the letter, so (D) is incorrect.
The French Revolution saw the internal revolt against a monarchy, the establishment of a republic, and eventually a failure of the initial revolution and rollback of its ideas. The Revolution of 1911, also called the Xinhai Revolution, likewise saw its gains rolled back as violence soon broke out and China descended into warlordism and civil war. Therefore, (A) is correct. The Paris Commune was a revolutionary socialist government. While one of Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People was socialism, it was not as strident, and his revolution’s Republic of China was not crushed by a large native army. Thus, (B) is incorrect. Sun Yat-sen took over his home country rather than fighting for independence from it. Thus, (C) is incorrect. The Young Turks installed a puppet sultan to rule through, while Sun Yat-sen and his fellow revolutionaries overthrew their own monarchy and established a republic.