Russia’s rapid industrialization in the last decade of the nineteenth century resulted in poor living conditions for the working class. This led to the organization of new socialist parties, such as the Marxist Social Democratic Party and the Social Revolutionaries. In January of 1905, socialist protesters, led by the priest Georgy Gapon, marched to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg; (B) is correct. (A) and (D) are incorrect because the Tanzimat reform movement was a reformation period of the Ottoman Empire, and the Self-Strengthening Movement was a series of reforms during the Qing dynasty in China, both occurring in the nineteenth century. Although witnesses to the demonstration in the passage described the protestors as being “not our people,” the protestors were socialist and not anti-nationalist, making (C) incorrect.
The Russian Revolution of 1905 directly ignited strikes and uprisings throughout the nation, but it also more generally spurred Russian revolutionary efforts to continue. Thus, (D) is correct. After the Revolution of 1905, the tsar did form the Duma in 1906; however, this legislative assembly disbanded during the later Revolution of 1917, making (A) incorrect. (B) is incorrect because tsarist rule continued in Russia until the Revolution of 1917, culminating in the execution of the tsar and his family in 1918. (C) is incorrect because socialism continued to grow as the primary revolutionary movement in Russia after 1905.
Gender equality became a key principle of communist social organization after the Chinese Cultural Revolution; (D) is correct. Women were often depicted in masculine clothing, with short hair and severe features, performing traditional male work. (A) is incorrect because the image was directed at Chinese youth, not Taiwanese dissidents. While Mao did transplant urban youth to rural areas in the “Down to the Countryside” movement, it is not depicted in this image; (B) is incorrect. Mao did not actively wish to imitate Russia's approach to communism, making (C) incorrect.
(A) is correct because the Cultural Revolution sought to destroy anything that could undermine communist ideals, which in Mao’s view included art and literature from previous periods in Chinese history. (B) describes the aims of the Great Leap Forward, which achieved limited success; therefore, it is incorrect. The Cultural Revolution sought to eliminate political dissent and restore power to Mao and his allies, making (C) incorrect. The Cultural Revolution aimed to eliminate what were known as the “Four Olds”—old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas—not restore them; therefore, (D) is incorrect.
The United Nations was formed in 1945 as a result of World War II, making (D) correct. Fifty-one countries started the international organization, which was committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress. The Korean War began in 1950, after the United Nations had been well established, making (A) incorrect. The Cold War refers to the tension between the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and satellite nations) and the Western Bloc (the United States and its Western European allies), and lasted approximately from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; (B) is incorrect. The international organization founded after World War I to promote peace was called the League of Nations, making (C) incorrect.
The League of Nations, the organization preceding the United Nations, was doomed to fail when the United States and Soviet Union, two of the most powerful countries at the time, refused to join; (A) is correct. (B) is incorrect because, while the Great Depression did negatively affect the global economy, the League of Nations was not involved in international commerce enough to be affected. The League of Nations had no force, making it powerless in military conflicts; (C) is incorrect. The global spread of communism did not become a significant issue until after World War II, when the League of Nations was replaced by the United Nations; therefore (D) is also incorrect.
While the charter does generally reference economic relations between countries, international trade is not an explicit purpose of the UN itself; therefore, (C) is correct. The UN charter outlines its mission of promoting personal freedoms in the form of human rights, (A), preventing military aggression through diplomacy, (B), and increasing “friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and the self determination of peoples” (D).
In 1960, most Latin American countries had some form of dictatorship, and democracy, where it existed, was not complete or fully expressed. By 2000, almost all countries in the Western Hemisphere, with the notable exceptions of Cuba and Haiti, had a functioning democracy, making (D) correct. Cuba was the only Latin American country at this time to adopt a communist government, so (A) is incorrect. The majority of Latin American military dictatorships were overthrown in this period, making (B) incorrect. Most European colonial control in Latin America ended in the early 1800s; (C) is incorrect.
The socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front, with members known as Sandinistas, ruled Nicaragua after deposing Somoza in 1979, matching (C). At this time Fidel Castro ran the communist nation of Cuba, and Honduras and Guatemala were subject to numerous government upheavals, eliminating (A), (B), and (D).
After establishing a communist regime in Cuba, Fidel Castro developed a diplomatic relationship with the Soviet Union, receiving financial and military support; (A) is correct. Neither Brazil nor Spain provided significant support to Cuba during this period, eliminating (B) and (D). During the height of the Cold War in the second half of the twentieth century, the United States opposed Cuban and Soviet efforts to aid socialist and communist uprisings in Latin America; (C) is incorrect.