Section I

95 Minutes 58 Questions

    1. Directions

      Section I, Part A of this exam contains 55 multiple choice questions. The questions are organized into sets with corresponding historical sources. Each of the questions or incomplete statements is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Using both the provided source and your own historical knowledge, select the best answer choice.

      1. Questions 1–2 refer to the passage below.

      2. “The city lacks ostentatious palaces, temples, or monuments. There’s no obvious central seat of government or evidence of a king or queen. . . . Pottery and tools of copper and stone were standardized. Seals and weights suggest a system of tightly controlled trade.”

        “Mohenjo-daro,” from a National Geographic article by John Roach

      3. Which of the following is evidence of urban planning in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro?

        1. A grid-like city layout with uniform housing
        2. Pottery and decorative items
        3. A writing system using approximately 400 symbols
        4. Metal tools of bronze and copper

      4. Based on the cited text, what archaeological find would provide the most new information on the culture of Mohenjo-daro?

        1. A matching set of copper knives
        2. A well-preserved public street
        3. Part of the city drainage system
        4. The tomb of a city official

        1. Questions 3–6 refer to the following map.

        2. THE FERTILE CRESCENT

          A map of the fertile crescent. In the west is the Mediterranean sea, south of which is lower Egypt followed by Upper Egypt. On the eastern border of the sea is Phoenicia and Palestine, as well as the Sinai peninsula. West of Phoenicia is Assyria, followed by Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. West of this is Elam. North of the fertile crescent is Media and south is the Syrian desert, Arabia, the Arabian desert, and the Persian gulf in the south east.

        3. Which of the following was a motivation for the expansion of civilizations depicted on the map prior to 600 B.C.E.?

          1. A desire for direct access to the Indian Ocean trade networks
          2. The need for access to iron ore for use in agricultural and military technology
          3. To obtain colonies in keeping with their mercantilist economic theory
          4. To engage in missionary work

        4. What effect did the annual flooding of the Nile have on ancient Egypt?

          1. It frequently devastated the land around the river.
          2. It prevented the construction of permanent structures.
          3. It provided unusual agricultural advantages for the desert environment.
          4. It prevented river-bound trading vessels from voyaging during the flooding.

        5. The civilization depicted in the map provided a land connection between

          1. Africa and Europe
          2. Europe and Asia
          3. India and Asia
          4. Africa and the Middle East

        6. The Code of Hammurabi, developed in ancient Babylonia, was a result of

          1. increasing social complexity in settled societies
          2. the need for an agricultural almanac to better predict weather patterns
          3. information gathered during an urban census
          4. religious beliefs that were widely held at the time

          1. Questions 7–9 refer to the following excerpt.

          2. “When walking, don’t turn your head; when talking, don’t open your mouth wide; when sitting, don’t move your knees; when standing, don’t rustle your skirts; when happy, don’t exult with loud laughter; when angry, don’t raise your voice. The inner and outer quarters are distinct; the sexes should be segregated. Don’t peer over the outer wall or go beyond the outer courtyard. If you have to go outside, cover your face; if you peep outside, conceal yourself as much as possible. Do not be on familiar terms with men outside the family; have nothing to do with women of bad character. Establish your proper self so as to become a [true] human being.

            Your father‑in‑law and mother‑in‑law are the heads of your husband’s family. You must care for them as your own mother and father. Respectfully serve your father‑in‑law. Do not look at him directly [when he speaks to you], do not follow him around, and do not engage him in conversation. If he has an order for you, listen and obey.”

            Song Ruozhao, “Analects for Women,” circa 700 C.E. 

          3. Which of the following reinforced traditional expectations of women’s roles in China?

            1. Chinese imperial expansion under Tang Empress Wu Zetian
            2. The proliferation of Buddhist convents in China
            3. The practice of foot binding during the Song dynasty
            4. Ban Zhao’s call for the education of Chinese girls

          4. Under the Tang and Song dynasties

            1. a revival of Confucian ideals occurred across many facets of society
            2. class relations became increasingly egalitarian
            3. the Confucian civil service system was discontinued
            4. technological and farming advances both stagnated and eventually declined

          5. Which of the following accurately describes foreign relations under the Tang and Song dynasties?

            1. China established long-term military and governing dominance over Vietnam.
            2. Japan avoided Chinese cultural influence, seeking to develop their own culture free from interference.
            3. The Song dynasty had by far the most powerful military in East Asia.
            4. New technological advancements facilitated the development of long-distance trade in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.

            1. Questions 10–12 refer to the passage below.

            2. “We must infer that all things are produced more plentifully and easily and of a better quality when one man does one thing which is natural to him and does it at the right time, and leaves other things.”  

              Plato, Republic Book II, circa 380 B.C.E. 

            3. Which of the following characteristics differs from those displayed by all classical civilizations?

              1. Social stratification
              2. Trade
              3. An organized bureaucracy
              4. Democratic institutions

            4. The government system that evolved in Rome after the Republic was

              1. a representative democracy
              2. a constitutional monarchy
              3. an autocratic empire
              4. a theocracy devoted to polythestic gods

            5. According to the excerpt, Plato is advocating a society in which

              1. workers control the means of production
              2. citizens do the work they are best suited for
              3. citizens change their jobs freely
              4. all citizens perform the same function

              1. Questions 13–14 refer to the passage below.

              2. “Thus the barbarians from beyond the seas, though their countries are truly distant, have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents.

                The Emperor, approving of their loyalty and sincerity, has ordered us [Zheng] He and others at the head of several tens of thousands of officers and flag-troops to ascend [use] more than one hundred large ships to go and confer presents on them in order to make manifest the transforming power of the [imperial] virtue and to treat distant people with kindness.”

                Zheng He, Temple inscription, Fujian province, 1431 C.E.

              3. Which of the following best explains why the Ming dynasty halted the voyages of Zheng He?

                1. The Chinese had a difficult time competing with European technology
                2. The Chinese had an unfavorable balance of trade
                3. The voyages were expensive and the world beyond China was deemed of little value
                4. Many of Zheng He's ships had been greatly damaged during his earlier expeditions

              4. Ming China’s withdrawal from ocean exploration most closely resembles

                1. the decline of the Russian navy after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991
                2. Germany’s liquidation of its African empire in 1918
                3. the Islamic pullback from its advances into France in the 700s
                4. the abandonment of the Viking settlements in North America around 1000  

                1. Questions 15–16 refer to the following map.

                2. A map of Bantu migrations. The Bantu homeland is located in modern day Nigeria and Cameroon. From there, they migrated south along the west coast, establishing a Bantu state called Kongo in modern Angola. The also migrated west to lake Victoria and then to the Indian Ocean. From lake Victoria, they also moved east to the Congo river, and south, establishing states in Zimbabwe and Natal in modern south Africa.

                3. All of the following contributed to the Bantu Migration except for

                  1. animal domestication
                  2. population pressure
                  3. use of iron tools
                  4. cultivation of the banana

                4. The impact of the Bantu Migration is most similar to which of the following?

                  1. The Polynesian Migrations
                  2. The Mongol conquest of Eurasia
                  3. The Indo-European Migrations (4000-1000 B.C.E.)
                  4. The African Diaspora

                6. Questions 17–19 refer to the following map.

                7. A map of the Ming and Qing dynasties of China from 16 44 to 17 60. The original Manchu territory was located just off the sea of Japan above the Korean peninsula. The expansion to 16 44 encompassed all of modern Manchuria. The expansion from 16 45 to 16 59 encompassed all the way down to modern Thailand and brought Beijing into the region. The expansion from 16 59 to 17 60 moved west, encompassing Mongolia, Sinklang, and Xinjiang. The Manchu vassal state included all surrounding regions, including Siam, Korea, and Japan.

                8. Which of the following was not considered a Chinese tributary state?

                  1. Korea
                  2. Tibet
                  3. Vietnam
                  4. India

                9. Which of the following empires’ tribute systems is most comparable to China’s?

                  1. The Aztec Empire
                  2. The Roman Empire
                  3. Islamic Caliphate
                  4. None of the above

                10. Under Kublai Khan, the Mongols

                  1. made tribute payments to China
                  2. occupied China and made it a Mongol tributary
                  3. received tribute payments from China’s tributaries
                  4. relied on military strength rather than diplomacy

              1. Questions 20–23 refer to the following map.

              3. The forced migration of enslaved Africans to the Americas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries resulted in

                1. a higher ratio of women to men in Western Africa
                2. altered male-to-female ratios in Africa
                3. a decline in the slave trade to Western Asia and the Mediterranean
                4. lower agricultural yields in the Caribbean and Latin America

              4. Why was the Atlantic trade in slaves from central Africa so much greater than the traditional Asian and north African slave trades?

                1. The Atlantic trade supplied labor to new lands that were both available and suitable for plantation-style agriculture.
                2. Slave life expectancy was approximately three times longer under traditional labor conditions in the Old World.
                3. Sugar and cotton were discovered in the New World, leading to unprecedented demand for slave labor in the Americas.
                4. Africa experienced a population explosion after about 1550, increasing the supply of potential slaves to European and Asian markets alike.

              5. The greatest number of slaves shipped west went to Brazil because

                1. slavery there continued long after other American societies had abolished the institution
                2. North and Central America had relatively few slave-owning European colonies
                3. Portugal’s laws allowed slavery with no interference by royal or church authorities
                4. Brazil was the shortest sea voyage from west central Africa to a large area of cultivable land

              6. Was African slavery the only form of coerced labor in South America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

                1. No, indentured servitude was the most common form of labor.
                2. Yes, African slavery was the only form of forced labor.
                3. No, many natives were enslaved or otherwise coerced in the encomienda or similar systems.
                4. It was, until Spain abolished slavery early in the eighteenth century.

            1. Questions 24–27 refer to the passage below.

            2. “We stayed one night in this island [Mombasa], and then pursued our journey to Kulwa, which is a large town on the coast. The majority of its inhabitants are Zanj, jet-black in colour, and with tattoo marks on their faces. I was told by a merchant that the town of Sufala lies a fortnight's journey [south] from Kulwa and that gold dust is brought to Sufala from Yufi in the country of the Limis, which is a month's journey distant from it. Kulwa is a very fine and substantially built town, and all its buildings are of wood. Its inhabitants are constantly engaged in military expeditions, for their country is contiguous to the heathen Zanj.

              The sultan at the time of my visit was Abu'l-Muzaffar Hasan, who was noted for his gifts and generosity. He used to devote the fifth part of the booty made on his expeditions to pious and charitable purposes, as is prescribed in the Koran, and I have seen him give the clothes off his back to a mendicant who asked him for them. When this liberal and virtuous sultan died, he was succeeded by his brother Dawud, who was at the opposite pole from him in this respect. Whenever a petitioner came to him, he would say, "He who gave is dead, and left nothing behind him to be given." Visitors would stay at his court for months on end, and finally he would make them some small gift, so that at last people gave up going to his gate.”

              Ibn Battuta, during his visit to the port city Kilwa in Eastern Africa, circa 1330 C.E.

            3. According to the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following religions predominated in Eastern African cities such as Kilwa during the time period reflected in the passage?

              1. Oduduwa
              2. Christianity
              3. Islam
              4. Nyame

            4. The following developments within East African society are supported by the passage except for

              1. Islam spreading to African cities along trading networks
              2. ports in Eastern Africa prospering as the trade of items, such as gold, increased
              3. Arabic architecture integrating with indigenous East African culture
              4. Bantu society migrating to Eastern Africa, bringing novel technologies

            5. In the sixteenth century, why did the prosperous city described in the passage decline?

              1. The Swahili mixture of African and Arabian culture weakened the city’s cultural unity.
              2. Portuguese explorers demolished many buildings.
              3. Trade along the Indian Ocean routes diminished after the Silk Road was created.
              4. Natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions eradicated the city’s population.

            6. Which of the following is true of trade in the Indian Ocean during the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?

              1. Europeans played a dominant role in the Indian Ocean.
              2. Due to nomadic invasions, economic activity slowed considerably.
              3. Chinese merchants were the only major participants in the trade.
              4. Trade flourished with a mix of East African, South Asian, and Middle Eastern merchants.

          1. Questions 28–30 refer to the passage below.

          2. “Weapons and armor are a country’s tools of violence. A warlike country, however huge and safe it may be, will end up declining and endangering its populace. Military force cannot be entirely eliminated nor used all the time. Teach people military arts when they are free from farming in order to equip them with a sense of military decorum and morale. Remember how Gou Jian, who paid respect to the fighting spirit of frogs, was able to achieve his supremacy, but Xu Yan, who disregarded military forces, lost his state. Why? Because Gou’s troops were inspired and Xu was unprepared. Confucius said, ‘Not teaching people how to fight is the same as discarding them.’ Hence military might serves to benefit the realm. This is the gist of the art of war. . . .

            Music should be played when a victory is gained; ritual should be established when the country is at peace. The ritual and music to be promulgated are rooted in Confucianism. Nothing is better than literature to spread manners and guide customs; nothing is better than schooling to propagate regulations and educate people. The Way is spread through culture; fame is gained through learning. Without visiting a deep ravine, one cannot understand how deep the earth is; without learning the arts, one cannot realize the source of wisdom. Just as the bamboos of the state of Wu cannot be made into arrows without feathers, so a clever man will not achieve any success without accumulating learning. Therefore, study halls and ritual halls should be built, books of various schools of thought should be widely read, and the six arts [propriety, music, archery, charioteering, writing, and mathematics] should be carefully studied.”

            Excerpt from Emperor Taizong’s Effective Government, 648 C.E. 

          3. The following developments during the Tang dynasty contributed to the ideals outlined in the passage except for 

            1. the origin of gunpowder
            2. the invention of printing
            3. the revival of trade
            4. the creation of steel

          4. Which of the following was a consequence of the ideals outlined in the passage?

            1. The establishment of the scholar-gentry social class
            2. The development of Confucianism
            3. The construction of the Great Wall of China
            4. The popularization of the Mandate of Heaven

          5. Which of the following places or empires had road systems similar to the Incan Empire and Tang dynasty?

            1. Athens and Sparta
            2. Moscow and Kiev
            3. Rome and Persia
            4. Egypt and Babylon

        1. Questions 31–33 refer to the following image.

        2. A photograph of the Mayan Dresden codex, which shows numerous tiny pictures organized like letters.

          Mayan Dresden Codex, circa 1250 C.E.

        3. The image most clearly reflects which aspect of Mayan civilization?

          1. The complex system of hieroglyphics
          2. The belief in the creator god Itzamna
          3. The Mayan rulers’ declarations of divine authority
          4. The solar calendar

        4. Which of the following is the most likely reason that Mayan civilization declined?

          1. The weak military leadership of Hernán Cortés
          2. Diseases imported from Europe
          3. Natural disasters such as a volcanic eruption
          4. Deforestation

        5. Between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E., European interest in establishing colonies among the Aztec civilization was primarily motivated by

          1. the need to escape the harsh European climate
          2. its ability to spread democratic beliefs to a new poplutaions
          3. the opportunity to make a large profit from cash crops
          4. the ease of travel to the Americas

      1. Questions 34–36 refer to the passage below.

      2. “When the Spanish crown entered into an alliance with France in 1795, it set off a series of developments that opened up economic and political distance between the Iberian countries and their American colonies. By siding with France, Spain pitted itself against England, the dominant sea power of the period.”

        “History of Latin America,” Encyclopaedia Britannica

      3. Dominant power in Latin America during the late 1700s and early 1800s lay in the hands of the

        1. peninsulares
        2. Creoles
        3. middle class
        4. mestizos

      4. What was one of the major problems faced by governments of newly liberated Spanish colonies in the early nineteenth century?

        1. Spanish rule had been incredibly popular.
        2. The people had little experience in self-government.
        3. They were dependent on agricultural products from Europe.
        4. The departure of many Spanish-born citizens drastically reduced populations.

      5. How did the Spanish alliance with France in 1795 C.E. create “economic and political distance” between Spain and its American colonies?

        1. France took over administrative control of the colonies.
        2. English propaganda sought to encourage revolution in the colonies.
        3. English naval power disrupted communications between Europe and the colonies.
        4. Spain tightened controls on commerce in the colonies.

      1. Questions 37–40 refer to the passage below.

      2. “I was eleven years old when I went to work in the mill. They learnt me to knit. Well, I was so little that they had to build me a box to get up on to put the sock in the machine. I worked in the hosiery mill for a long time and, well, then we finally moved back to the country. But me and my sister Molly finally went back up there in 1910 and I went to work in the silk mill. Molly went to work in the hosiery mill. ... We worked twelve hours a day for fifty cents. When paydays come around, I drawed three dollars. That was for six days, seventy-two hours. I remember I lacked fifty cents having enough to pay my board.”

        Excerpt from Victoria Byerly, Hard Times Cotton Mill Girls, 1986

      3. Industrialization resulted in all of the following except for

        1. changes in working conditions
        2. the family unit serving as an economic unit
        3. greater opportunities for economic advancement
        4. cheaper manufactured goods

      4. Which of the following aided in Great Britain’s ability to industrialize?

        1. The enclosure movement creating additional small-farming opportunities
        2. An abundant supply of oil, which helped fuel industrialization
        3. Britain’s economy being more regulated than other countries’ economies
        4. A boom in railroad construction, which decreased transportation costs

      5. Which of the following describes an early result of the European Industrial Revolution on other parts of the world?

        1. The beginning of the transatlantic slave trade
        2. Increased demand for commodities, such as cotton, rubber and palm oil
        3. A massive influx of migrants into Europe
        4. The partition of Africa by European imperial powers

      6.  All of the following describe conditions of urban neighborhoods during the Industrial Revolution except for

        1. they were often filled with severely overcrowded tenements
        2. inadequate municipal services created an atmosphere of sewage and pollution
        3. diseases such as smallpox, dysentery, cholera and tuberculosis proliferated
        4. most factory workers lived in fully-furnished, factory-owned apartment buildings

      1. Questions 41–44 refer to the passage below.

      2. “It used to take ten days to get the twenty baskets of rubber—we were always in the forest to find the rubber vines, to go without food, and our women had to give up cultivating the fields and gardens. Then we starved. Leopards killed some of us while we were working away in the forest and others got lost or died from exposure and starvation. We begged the white man to leave us alone, saying we could get no more rubber, but the white men and their soldiers said: ‘Go. You are only beasts yourselves, you are only nyama (meat).’ We tried, always going further into the forest, and when we failed and our rubber was short, the soldiers came to our towns and killed us. Many were shot, some had their ears cut off; others were tied up with ropes round their necks and taken away.”

        Excerpt from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, 1899

      3. The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 C.E. resulted in the

        1. division of Africa among European powers
        2. creation of spheres of influence in China
        3. redrawing of the map of Europe
        4. colonization of India by the British

      4. All of the following were causes of imperialism and colonialism in Africa except for

        1. medical advances allowing Europeans to enter Africa without fear of disease
        2. decreasing populations forcing European nations turn to Africa for outside labor
        3. steamships increasing European naval power, making navigation to Africa easier
        4. the invention of the machine gun allowing for easy European victories

      5. During the nineteenth century, European powers maintained territorial acquisitions in Africa and Asia rather than pursuing new ventures in Latin America for all of the following reasons except for

        1. Latin America being too far geographically from Europe to be economically profitable
        2. European countries being overextended in Africa and Asia
        3. the U.S. claiming to defend the entire Western hemisphere against all outside intervention
        4. Latin Americans having shown themselves capable of resisting invasions

      6. The "white men and their soldiers" would most likely describe the phrase "white man’s burden," coined by English writer and poet Rudyard Kipling, as

        1. the struggle and toil of factory workers required during the Industrial Revolution
        2. the duty of European people to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands
        3. the responsibility of men to take care of their wives and children
        4. the guilt faced by Western civilizations for their role in creating systems of slavery

      1. Questions 45–47 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Our relations with socialist countries, including the allies of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, entered a difficult critical, stage. ... Perestroika, the development of democratization, [and] glasnost, confirmed the role of the Soviet Union as the leader in the process of socialist renewal. ...

        The European socialist countries found themselves in a powerful magnetic field of the economic growth and social well-being of the Western European states. ... The constant comparing and contrasting of the two worlds, of their ways of life, production, intellectual cultures, entered our daily life thanks to the mass media, and there is no way around it. ...

        As a consequence, in a number of socialist countries, the process of rejection of the existing political institutions and the ideological values by the societies is already underway now.”

        Excerpt from Central Committee of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) to Alexander Yakovlev, “The Strategy of Relations with European Socialist Countries,” 1989.

      3. The terms glasnost and perestroika are most closely associated with which of the following leaders?

        1. Nikita Khrushchev
        2. Leonid Brezhnev
        3. Mikhail Gorbachev
        4. Boris Yeltsin

      4. Which of the following world leaders was least likely to agree with the principles stated in the excerpt above? 

        1. Fidel Castro of Cuba
        2. Lech Walesa of Poland
        3. Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia
        4. Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain

      5. The policies of glasnost and perestroika contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union by  

        1. stabilizing the economy, allowing citizens to abandon Socialist theory
        2. exposing citizens to ethnic tensions that ultimately caused the U.S.S.R.’s division
        3. allowing citizens to voice dissent and undermine the Communist Party’s power
        4. acquiescing to growing anti-Communist rhetoric coming from the United States

      1. Questions 48–50 refer to the following image.

      2. Japanese artwork depicts a modern American boat arriving at a Japanese harbor while Japanese citizens look on with excitement.

        Japanese period print, 1861, courtesy of the United States Navy Institute

      3. The scene above depicts a significant moment in Japanese history because it represents the

        1. Japanese military’s first defeat of a Western power
        2. first mass migration of Americans to Japan
        3. arrival of Japan’s first Christian missionaries
        4. end of an isolationist regime and the beginning of modernization

      4. The industrial development of Japan in the Meiji Restoration most closely parallels the industrial development of which other nineteenth-century state?

        1. The Ottoman Empire in the Tanzimat Era
        2. Russia under the last Romanov tsars
        3. China under the Qing emperors
        4. Austria-Hungary under Emperor Franz Joseph

      5. Japan’s industrial and imperial development was least like those of Europe and the United States in the fact that

        1. Japan’s overseas empire focused on islands
        2. continued industrial growth was motivated by militarism
        3. Japan lacked its own supply of natural resources
        4. railroads proved to be unnecessary in Japan

      1. Questions 51–52 refer to the passage below.

      2. “The peace conditions imposed upon Germany are so hard, so humiliating, that even those who have the smallest expectation of a 'peace of justice' are bound to be deeply disappointed. . . . 

        The financial burden is so heavy that it is no exaggeration to say that Germany is reduced to economic bondage. The Germans will have to work hard and incessantly for foreign masters, without any chance of personal gain, or any prospect of regaining liberty or economic independence. ...

        These conditions will never give peace. All Germans must feel that they wish to shake off the heavy yoke imposed by the cajoling Entente, and we fear very much that that opportunity will soon present itself. For has not the Entente recognized in the proposed so-called 'League of Nations' the evident right to conquer and possess countries for economic and imperialistic purposes? Fettered and enslaved, Germany will always remain a menace to Europe.”

            Dutch Algemeen Handelsblad Editorial on the Treaty of Versailles, June 1919

      3. The Treaty of Versailles did not forge a lasting peace after World War I because the

        1. Russians would not agree to the terms of the treaty
        2. treaty was influenced by Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
        3. Americans wished to punish the Germans for the war
        4. Germans were forced to accept total blame and punishment for the war

      4. After the Treaty of Versailles was signed, the most imminent threat to peace in Europe was

        1. colonial independence in Africa and Asia
        2. unrest among veterans returning from war
        3. the lack of stable governments in war-torn nations
        4. the Germans’ inability to pay reparations

      1. Questions 53–55 refer to the two passages below.

      2. “It is clear that we must find an African solution to our problems, and that this can only be found in African unity. Divided we are weak; united, Africa could become one of the greatest forces for good in the world.

        Although most Africans are poor, our continent is potentially extremely rich. Our mineral resources, which are being exploited with foreign capital only to enrich foreign investors, range from gold and diamonds to uranium and petroleum. Our forests contain some of the finest woods to be grown anywhere. Our cash crops include cocoa, coffee, rubber, tobacco and cotton. As for power...Africa contains over 40% of the potential water power of the world, as compared with about 10% in Europe and 13% in North America. Yet so far, less than 1% has been developed. This is one of the reasons why we have in Africa the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty, and scarcity in the midst of abundance."

        Excerpt from Kwame Nkrumah’s “I Speak of Freedom” speech, 1961

        “A great part of Tanzania's land is fertile and gets sufficient rains. Our country can produce various crops for home consumption and for export. . . .

        From now on we shall stand upright and walk forward on our feet rather than look at this problem upside down. Industries will come and money will come, but their foundation is the people and their hard work, especially in agriculture. This is the meaning of self-reliance.”

        Excerpt from Julius Nyerere’s Arusha Declaration, 1967

      3. What did both Nkrumah and Nyerere describe as necessary to sustaining independence in post-colonial Africa?

        1. The utilization of Africa’s abundant natural resources
        2. An alliance of African countries and their former colonial powers
        3. The development of a union of African countries
        4. The rise of strong military leaders in Africa

      4. The society that Nkrumah and Nyerere both desired for post-colonial Africa is most similar to

        1. the Former Soviet Union after 1991
        2. South America in the 1820s and 1830s
        3. the Indian Subcontinent after 1947
        4. the United States after the Revolutionary War

      5. The following were causes of the challenges that sub-Saharan Africa faces today except for

        1. political borders drawn by Europeans without regard to traditional African territories
        2. loyalties divided between the capitalist West and the communist East during the Cold War
        3. constant disagreement between the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations
        4. frequent economic aid provided by the United States and Western Europe

      1. Directions

        Section I, Part B of this exam consists of short answer questions. You must respond to Questions 1 and 2. For your final response, you must choose to answer EITHER Question 3 or Question 4. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. 

      2. Use the graph below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

        1. Identify the trends demonstrated between 1450 and 2001 by TWO of the plot lines (Western Europe, Eastern Europe, United States, Japan, China, India, or Africa) in the graph above.
        2. Explain at least one historical event that could have impacted the trends demonstrated by ONE of the graph’s plot lines.
        3. Explain at least one historical event that could have impacted the trends demonstrated by another ONE of the graph’s plot lines.

      3. Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

        “As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.”

        Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776

        1. Describe ONE idea expressed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto (1848).
        2. Explain a similarity between the ideas in the Communist Manifesto and world history events in the period after 1900 C.E.
        3. Using Smith’s description of the “invisible hand” in the passage above, explain a difference between how Adam Smith and Marx/Engels viewed the “invisible hand.”

      4. Choose EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4.

      5. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

        1. Explain ONE change that occurred in Judaism during the period of Roman rule in the first and second centuries C.E.
        2. Explain ONE area of continuity in Judaism during Roman rule in the first and second centuries C.E.
        3. Identify a way in which Judaism influenced another world religion.

      6. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

        1. Identify ONE characteristic of trade relations between China and Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries C.E.
        2. Explain ONE change that occurred in China as a result of contact with the British in the nineteenth century.
        3. Explain ONE area of continuity in China during the period of British contacts in the nineteenth century.