Section I

95 Minutes 58 Questions

    1. Directions

      Section I, Part A of this exam contains 55 multiple choice questions. The questions are organized into sets with corresponding historical sources. Each of the questions or incomplete statements is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Using both the provided source and your own historical knowledge, select the best answer choice. 

      1. Questions 1–3 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Justinian created countless cities which did not exist before. And finding that the belief in God was . . . straying into errors . . . he brought it about that it stood on the firm foundation of a single faith. Moreover, finding laws obscure because they had become far more numerous than they should be, and in obvious confusion because they disagreed with each other. He preserved them [in the Legal Code of Emperor Justinian, A.D. 529] . . . by controlling their discrepancies with the greatest firmness.”

        Excerpt from Buildings by Procopius, Justinian’s official court historian, circa 530 C.E. 

      3. Which of the following statements is true regarding religion under Justinian’s rule?

        1. The Roman Catholic Church split into Western and Eastern Orthodox branches.
        2. Justinian encouraged a return to worshiping the gods and goddesses of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
        3. Justinian sought to limit the influence of Islam on his empire.
        4. Justinian worked to convert his empire to Orthodox Christianity. 

      4. As emperor, Justinian based the principles of his law code most directly on

        1. Hammurabi’s Code
        2. the Ten Commandments
        3. the Roman Twelve Tables of Law
        4. Islamic Sharia Law

      5. Which of the following is true about the geography of the Byzantine Empire?

        1. Justinian expanded the empire's territory to include nearly all of Italy and parts of Spain, North Africa, and Western Asia.
        2. The empire's secluded geographic location was a detriment to its struggling economy and left it vulnerable to military attacks.
        3. Even after Justinian’s death, the empire continued to expand into both Western Europe and Asia.
        4. At the time of Justinian’s ascension to the throne, Byzantine territory included most of the Mediterranean Sea.

      1. Questions 4–5 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Oh Buddhas
        Of unexcelled complete enlightenment
        Bestow your invisible aid
        Upon this hut I open
        On the mountaintop”

        Saichō, “Prayer on Mount Hiei,” Selected Writings, circa 800 C.E.

      3. Which of the following is most likely true about Saichō, a ninth-century Buddhist? 

        1. He worshiped natural objects like trees and mountains.
        2. He strove to become Siddhartha Gautama, the Enlightened One.
        3. He questioned his ability to reach nirvana.
        4. He sought wisdom through contemplation and followed the Eightfold path.

      4. Which of the following religions, in addition to Buddhism, has had the greatest impact on Japan through the centuries?

        1. Daoism
        2. Shinto
        3. Christianity
        4. Confucianism

      1. Questions 6–7 refer to the passage below on Daoism.

      2. “The more prohibitions there are in the world,
        The more sharp weapons the people have,
        The more disorder is fomented in the family and state.
        The more adroit and clever men are,
        The more deceptive things are brought forth.
        The more laws and ordinances are promulgated,
        The more thieves and robbers there are.”

        Excerpt from Laozi’s “Tao Te Ching,” Sources of Chinese Tradition, 1999

      3. Which of the following reflects the Daoist attitude toward war?

        1. It is better to submit to invaders than to engage in warfare.
        2. War should be used only for defensive purposes.
        3. War should be used as a tool to spread the beliefs of Daoism.
        4. Warriors should be revered as gods.

      4. Based on the above excerpt, which of the following would a Daoist governor disagree with?

        1. Strict laws and punishments are needed to keep criminals in check.
        2. Stockpiling weaponry leads to civil strife.
        3. The more order a leader tries to impose, the more unstable society becomes.
        4. Economic control does not necessarily increase economic prosperity.

      1. Questions 8–10 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind.

        Law 117. If any one fail to meet a claim for debt, and sell himself, his wife, his son, and daughter for money or give them away to forced labor: they shall work for three years in the house of the man who bought them . . .

        Law 163. If a man marry a woman and she bear him no sons; if then this woman die, if the ‘purchase price’ which he had paid into the house of his father-in-law is repaid to him, her husband shall have no claim upon the dowry of this woman; it belongs to her father’s house.”

        Excerpt from the Code of Hammurabi, circa 1800 B.C.E., translated by L.W. King

      3. The excerpt from the Code of Hammurabi best illustrates which of the following features of slavery in ancient Mesopotamia?

        1. Slaves were generally an imported labor force made up of people captured from foreign lands.
        2. The majority of slaves were members of the society whose labor was sold to pay off debts.
        3. Slaves were often trained to provide services such as medical care and accounting to important families.
        4. Slaves were not allowed to marry or have children.

      4. The excerpt from the Code of Hammurabi supports which of the following statements about Babylonian gender ideologies?

        1. Men and women enjoyed equal status in Babylonian society.
        2. Prostitutes were shunned and regarded on the lowest levels of society.
        3. Women usually received support from the men in their families in lieu of inheritance.
        4. Men could divorce their wives with little cause, but women had no grounds for divorce.

      5. The introduction of the Code of Hammurabi provides support for which of the following transformations in ancient Mesopotamia?

        1. The transfer of authority from gods to humans
        2. The transition from an agrarian to a mercantile economy
        3. The transfer of political power from military leaders to wealthy landowners
        4. The transition of Babylon into a classless society

      1. Questions 11-12 refer to the passage below on Confucianism.

      2. “7:15        The Master said, ‘Having coarse rice to eat, water to drink, a bent arm for a pillow—joy lies in the midst of this as well. Wealth and honor that are not rightfully gained are to me as floating clouds.’

        7:24        There were four things the Master taught: culture, conduct, loyalty, and trustworthiness.

        9:4          Four things the Master eschewed: he had no preconceptions, no prejudices, no obduracy, and no egotism.

        15:38     The Master said, ‘In education there should be no class distinctions.’”

        Excerpt from the Confucian Analects, circa 575 B.C.E

      3. During the classical era, both Confucianism and Hinduism

        1. officially included women in religious life by building convents as religious retreats
        2. enforced patriarchal social patterns that limited women’s rights and freedoms
        3. were religions mainly dominated by male priests
        4. spread widely and rapidly through trade networks

      4. One of the primary differences between Confucianism and Hinduism is that, in Confucianism,

        1. social hierarchy was largely determined by a person’s education and work ethic
        2. a person’s class was determined at birth by which caste he or she was born into, making social mobility difficult
        3. missionary work was important for spreading ideas to South Asia
        4. emphasis was placed on the concept of reincarnation—the belief that living organisms continue eternally in cycles of birth, death, and rebirth

      1. Questions 13–14 refer to the passage below.

      2. “[Professor George Peter Murdock] suggests that there was an independent development of agriculture in the upper Niger region of the western Sudan between 5,000 and 4,000 B.C., at roughly the same period that agriculture was introduced into the lower Nile valley from southwest Asia. This African agriculture spread eastward across the Sudan and met in Nubia with the expanding Egyptian agricultural civilization before 3,000 B.C. It served too, Murdock submits, to stimulate a secondary agricultural complex in the Ethiopian highlands. In the last millenium B.C. Malaysian crops reached East Africa and, via the so-called Megalithic Cushites in that region, these spread westward along the northern fringe of the forest belt to West Africa. There they provided the basis for extensive population growth and the rise of despotic states, and for the beginnings of the Bantu diaspora from the modern Nigeria-Cameroons borderlands.”

        Philip H. Gulliver, American Anthropologist, 1960

      3. One significant cause of both the Bantu and Polynesian migrations was

        1. the need for groups of hunter-gatherers to follow herds of large animals
        2. the development of double canoes and triangular sails which allowed for more efficient travel
        3. forced exodus through active slave trade networks
        4. population growth and the need for more resources

      4. What would contradict George P. Murdock’s hypothesis about Bantu migration?

        1. Archaeological confirmation that the West African population increased after the introduction of Malaysian crops 
        2. The modern presence of Malaysian food crops in regions through which the Bantu traveled
        3. The inability of Malaysian food crops to grow in equatorial Africa
        4. Evidence showing that Malaysian food crops grow better in Africa than in Malaysia

      1. Questions 15–17 refer to the map of Africa below.

      2. A map of west African trade routes. Gold mines are located in the northwest coastal region, as well as one mine between the Nile River and red sea in the north east. Trade routes ran from these gold mines along the Niger river, through Timbuktu, into the north through Taghaza and Morocca, and north east to the Mediterranean sea and Cairo. Mansa Musa's route to Mecca in 13 24 started just south west of Timbuktu and went through the Sahara desert, through Cairo, down the Arabian peninsula to Mecca.

      3. Historians often consider the year 600 C.E. to be a turning point in world history because by that point in history

        1. the Axial Age had begun and two major religions, Buddhism and Islam, had been founded
        2. several centuries of environmental degradation had resulted in severe weather patterns that year, including earthquakes and monsoons
        3. the Roman Empire had collapsed and new political entities such as the Islamic Caliphates arose
        4. the invention of the astrolabe and the lateen sail had allowed humans to engage in trade on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for the first time

      4. Based on the map, which of the following conclusions can be made?

        1. The expansion of trade networks and the spread of Islamic influence directly affected the development of the post-classical world.
        2. Timbuktu and the Kingdoms of Mali and Ghana were the singular producers of gold in the world.
        3. People moved throughout Western and Northern Africa to work in the gold trade.
        4. Gold was traded freely between kingdoms.

      5. Mansa Musa’s journey to Mecca

        1. showed how the amount of gold he brought to Cairo deflated its value
        2. exemplified the widespread conversion to Islam by African rulers
        3. demonstrated the difficulty of travel through the Saharan desert
        4. indicated his desire to abandon Timbuktu and build a new kingdom

      1. Questions 18–21 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Closed Country Edict of 1635

        1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.

        2. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority.

        3. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death.

        4. If there is any place where the teachings of padres is practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation. . . .

        7. If there are any Southern Barbarians who propagate the teachings of padres, or otherwise commit crimes, they may be incarcerated in the prison. . . .

        9. No single trading city shall be permitted to purchase all the merchandise brought by foreign ships. . . .

        11. After a list of merchandise brought by foreign ships is sent to Edo, as before you may order that commercial dealings may take place without waiting for a reply from Edo.

        12. After settling the price, all white yarns [silks] brought by foreign ships shall be allocated to the five trading cities and other quarters as stipulated. . . .

        15. The goods brought by foreign ships which remained unsold may not be deposited or accepted for deposit.

        You are hereby required to act in accordance with the provisions set above. It is so ordered.”

        Excerpt from Japan: A Documentary History, translated and edited by D. J. Lu, 1997

      3. All of the following statements are true about Japan from the 1600s to 1850 except that

        1. foreign trade was restricted by the government
        2. the shogun ruled the country
        3. Christians were persecuted
        4. the economy declined

      4. The Tokugawa shogunate was remarkable in this period of world history because

        1. in an era of increasing global interconnection, Japan successfully countered this trend
        2. the shoguns deliberately imitated Chinese and Korean responses to Western pressure
        3. Japan was the first East Asian country to adopt Western modes of production and warfare
        4. its policies of agricultural and industrial expansion used wage labor rather than slavery or other forced systems

      5. The shoguns unified and pacified Japan after 1600 by

        1. playing the Christian and Buddhist religious communities against each other
        2. empowering the Emperor to intervene in cases of social injustice that threatened elite authority
        3. balancing centralized control and local freedoms for the daimyo and samurai classes
        4. giving peasants and merchants a new social status that reflected their contributions to the nation’s prosperity

      6. Revolts against the central government by the samurai and the peasants

        1. occasionally occured in response to religious, political, and tax disputes
        2. were a direct result of the embargo against Western trade goods and knowledge
        3. were pacified by a system of state salaries
        4. culminated in a violent civil war that eventually ended the Tokugawa period

      1. Questions 22–23 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Discourse on the Toquz-Oghuz Country and Its Towns

        East of it is the country of China; south of it, some parts of Tibet and the Qarluq (Khallukh); west of it, some parts of the Qirghiz; north of it, also the Qirghiz (?) extend along all the Toquz-Oghuz country. This country is the largest of the Turkish countries and original … the Toquz-Oghuz were the most numerous tribe. The kings of the whole of Turkestan in the days of old were from the Toquz-Oghuz. They are warlike people possessing great numbers of arms. In summer and winter they wander from place to place along the grazing grounds in the climates which (happen to be) the best. From their country comes much musk, as well as black, red, and striped foxes, furs of the grey squirrel, sable-marten, ermine, weasel … and yaks. The country has few amenities, and their commodities are things which we have enumerated, as well as sheep, cows, and horses. The country possesses innumerable streams. The wealthiest (of the Toquz-Oghuz?) are the Turks. The Tatar too are a race of the Toquz-Oghuz.”

        Excerpt from the Hudūd al-'Alam, circa 980 C.E.

      3. From 600 to 1450 C.E., the Mongols, Turks, and Vikings were all examples of

        1. peripheral peoples
        2. nomadic cultures
        3. large bureaucratic based governments
        4. skilled horsemen

      4. Which of the following best describes why Central Asia was the source of repeated nomadic incursions on Eurasian civilizations to the east, south, and west?

        1. The Silk Road trade routes gave the nomads timely information on the military weaknesses of adjacent empires.
        2. The Turks and Mongols desired the amenities of urban civilization, whether Chinese, Persian, or Islamic.
        3. The nomadic peoples were mobile, used to raiding, and lived on the open steppes, which gave them access to the entire continent.
        4. It was the expanding empires that actually pressured the nomadic lands, fenced in the pasturelands, and imposed heavy taxation.

      1. Questions 24–26 refer to the map below.

      2. A map of the expansion of the Islamic world by 15 hundred. The Islamic world, circa 8 50, was located only along northern Africa, southern Spain, and the middle east, from Armenia in the south, to Yemen in the south, to the Indus Valley in the west. All of these lands, except northern Africa were reconquered by Christian rulers in 15 hundred. The Islamic world, circle 15 hundred spanned all of Europe, Africa, the middle east, and Asia.

      3. The term Dar al-Islam refers to

        1. areas that share a common Muslim culture as a basis for society
        2. lands that are enemies of the Muslim religion
        3. communities that respect many religious influences, including Islam
        4. conquered areas that refuse to convert to Islam

      4. Which of the following factors was responsible for the rapid spread of Islam?

        1. The rudimentary approach of Muslim armies
        2. The strength of the Persian and Byzantine empires
        3. The treatment of conquered peoples
        4. The decline of Christian and Jewish populations

      5. Which of the following was a lasting impact of the Islamic world?

        1. The creation of a single, unified empire which lasted for many centuries
        2. Technological and scientific advancements which were used by other cultures
        3. A unique system of government which provided the foundation for future societies
        4. Advancements in agriculture and livestock farming  

      1. Questions 27–28 refer to the passage below.

      2. “The poverty of the incapable, the distresses that come upon the imprudent, the starvation of the idle, and those shoulderings aside of the weak by the strong, which leave so many ‘in shallows and in miseries,’ are the decrees of a large, farseeing benevolence.”

        Herbert Spencer,  Social Statics,  1851

      3. The nineteenth-century ideology of Social Darwinism promoted the notion that

        1. scientific processes could address all issues formerly only answered through religion
        2. industrialization would lead to the eventual revolution of the working class, resulting in a natural reordering of society
        3. the domination of Europeans over subject peoples was an inevitable result of innate superiority
        4. a ruler had an obligation to protect the natural rights of his citizens

      4. According to Herbert Spencer, providing government assistance to the poor

        1. was one of the most important responsibilities of government
        2. led to the development of a stronger society
        3. was an inevitable requirement of diverse populations
        4. hurt society in the long run by contradicting the natural order

      1. Questions 29–30 refer to the passage below.

      2. “It is my humble opinion that this seizing of Oudh filled the minds of the sepoys with distrust and led them to plot against the Government. Agents . . . worked upon the feelings of the sepoys, telling them how treacherously the foreigners had behaved towards their king. They invented ten thousand lies and promises to persuade the soldiers to mutiny and turn against their masters, the English, with the object of restoring the Emperor of Delhi to the throne. They maintained that this was wholly within the army's powers if the soldiers would only act together and do as they were advised.

        It chanced that about this time the Sirkar sent parties of men . . . for instruction in the use of the new rifle. These men performed the new drill for some time until a report got about . . . that the cartridges used for these new rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs.

        The men from our regiment wrote to others in the regiment telling them of this, and there was soon excitement in every regiment. Some men pointed out that . . . nothing had ever been done by the Sirkar to insult their religion, but . . . [i]nterested parties were quick to point out that the great aim of the English was to turn us all into Christians, and they had therefore introduced the cartridge in order to bring this about, since both Muslims and Hindus would be defiled by using it.”

        Excerpt from Sita Ram’s memoirs, “From Sepoy to Subedar,” written in 1873

      3. The Sepoy Mutiny was most similar to which of the following armed conflicts?

        1. The Boer War
        2. The Mexican Revolution
        3. The Bolshevik Revolution
        4. The Boxer Rebellion

      4. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 had the effect of

        1. abolishing the East India Company and strengthening the Raj
        2. incorporating local princes into key political decisions
        3. legitimizing further colonial claims by the Dutch and Portuguese
        4. reorganizing the Indian military with Hindus, Muslims, and Europeans

      1. Questions 31–33 refer to the passage below.

      2. “To the Lord Cardinal Firmanus:

        My most reverend Father in Christ and most worshipful Lord. . . . Horrible news about the Turks was recently sent from Rascia [Serbia] as well as from Venice, and there was a pressing rumor that Constantinople had been destroyed, the Christian fleet lost, and Pera handed over to the Turks. This was so disturbing to the Emperor [Frederick III] and to his entire Court, that I wrote a long letter to our most holy lord [Pope Nicholas V] concerning this matter. Now happier news . . . or at least news that is not quite so harsh . . . has arrived. For it is said that the troops of our Lord have entered Constantinople and that the royal city has been defended, though some ships were lost. And so our minds are more at ease. The emperor has sent messengers to investigate the truth of the matter and we expect them [to return] any day. . . .”

        Letter of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini to Lord Cardinal Firmanus, 1453

      3. What did the city of Constantinople most directly facilitate, during the centuries prior to 1453?

        1. Global trade and commerce
        2. The emergence of Protestantism
        3. The observance of Muslim beliefs
        4. The simplification of Roman laws

      4. Women in the palace court of the Ottoman Empire most often wielded power by

        1. serving in administrative positions
        2. selecting the vizier
        3. influencing the sultan in private
        4. speaking in public on political matters

      5. Which of the following was not a feature common to the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

        1. Economic dependence on oil
        2. Artistic innovations and achievements
        3. Political support of Islam
        4. Utilization of firearms

      1. Questions 34–36 refer to the image below.

      2. An early period map of north and south america.

        “America with those known parts in that unknowne worlde both people and manner of buildings” Map, with engraver Abraham Goos and cartographer John Speed, 1627

      3. Which of the following did not directly promote commercial growth in the New World prior to 1492?

        1. Incan road systems
        2. Aztec cities
        3. The Iroquois League
        4. The Mayan solar calendar

      4. All of the following crops were native to the New World, except

        1. coffee
        2. potatoes
        3. manioc
        4. maize

      5. The map most strongly suggests which of the following?

        1. Patriarchy
        2. The encomienda system
        3. Imperialism
        4. Globalization

      1. Questions 37–39 refer to the passage below.

      2. “It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. . . . Without this absolute authority the king could neither do good nor repress evil. It is necessary that his power be such that no one can hope to escape him, and, finally, the only protection of individuals against the public authority should be their innocence. This conforms with the teaching of St. Paul: ‘Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? Do that which is good.’

        … God is infinite, God is all. The prince, as prince, is not regarded as a private person: he is a public personage, all the state is in him; the will of all the people is included in his. As all perfection and all strength are united in God, so all the power of individuals is united in the person of the prince. What grandeur that a single man should embody so much!”

        Excerpt from Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture, 1707

      3. Between 1400 and 1750, the politics in Europe were trending toward

        1. increasingly decentralized governments
        2. democratic and republican forms of government
        3. strong, centralized monarchies
        4. diplomatic rather than military resolutions to conflict   

      4. A counter-example to Bossuet's assertions would be 

        1. the triumph of Parliament in England’s Civil War
        2. Peter the Great’s modernization of the Russian state
        3. Louis XIV’s enormous expansion of the Palace of Versailles
        4. the physical and mental disability of Charles V

      5. In 1707, in what part of the world would one most likely hear a similar message?

        1. At a Shinto shrine in Tokugawa, Japan
        2. At a mosque in Safavid, Persia
        3. At a Catholic church in Warsaw, in the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth
        4. At a Presbyterian kirk in Edinburgh, Scotland

      1. Questions 40–43 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.

        The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.”

        Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 1848

      3. Which of the following best represents a key idea of Karl Marx?

        1. The formation of trade unions would alleviate the problems of the industrial workers.
        2. The abuses of the capitalistic system would only be solved if the system were overthrown.
        3. Moderate democratic reforms would bring greater equality to the working class.
        4. Factory owners should give workers a guaranteed minimum wage and quality health insurance.

      4. Based on the excerpt, an increase in labor division and specialization in a modern capitalistic system would likely result in

        1. increased job satisfaction for skilled workers
        2. a better-educated workforce
        3. a lower quality of life for skilled workers
        4. more freedom for skilled workers to choose better jobs

      5. Which of the following individuals would likely be least oppressed, according to Marx?

        1. The owner of a small family farm who does not employ any laborers
        2. A highly skilled computer programmer who works for a software company
        3. A factory worker who assembles small electronic components for a corporation
        4. A union worker who has a high-wage job working for a large mining company

      6. According to a Marxist theorist, what would be the most likely reason for a political revolution within a state?

        1. A political corruption scandal involving the leader of a country
        2. An cycle of inflation and deflation, leading to economic uncertainty
        3. An increase in monopolization of private businesses
        4. A significant increase in the amount of government regulation of business

      1. Questions 44–45 refer to the passage below.

      2. “. . . we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict. . .  . As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny. . .If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it. . . . everyone should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty. . . .

        Nothing in our fundamental laws would have to be altered were we to adopt a legislative power similar to that held by the British Parliament. Like the North Americans, we have divided national representation into two chambers: that of Representatives and the Senate. . . . The creation of a hereditary senate would in no way be a violation of political equality. I do not solicit the establishment of a nobility, for as a celebrated republican has said, that would simultaneously destroy equality and liberty. What I propose is an office for which the candidates must prepare themselves, an office that demands great knowledge and the ability to acquire such knowledge.”

        Excerpt from Simón Bolívar’s Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819

      3. In the second half of the nineteenth century, which of the following likely stemmed from colonization of Latin America?

        1. Hyperinflation
        2. Uneven distribution of wealth
        3. Agricultural exports
        4. Military control of government

      4. The political visions of Bolívar and other Latin American liberators in the nineteenth century were not fully realized because

        1. the new nations failed to establish trade relations
        2. the peninsulares and Creoles fought for control
        3. Latin American Catholics opposed these ideologies
        4. the new nations lacked a democratic tradition

      1. Questions 46–47 refer to the passage below.

      2. “The power, when it comes, will belong to the people of India, and it will be for them to decide to whom it placed in the entrusted. . . . Ever since its inception the Congress has kept itself meticulously free of the communal taint. It has thought always in terms of the whole nation and has acted accordingly. . . . I know how imperfect our Ahimsa is and how far away we are still from the ideal, but in Ahimsa there is no final failure or defeat. I have faith, therefore, that if, in spite of our shortcomings, the big thing does happen, it will be because God wanted to help us by crowning with success our silent, unremitting Sadhana for the last twenty-two years.”

        Excerpt from Mohandas Gandhi’s “Quit India” speech, given in Bombay, 8 August 1942.

      3. Gandhi’s main approach to gaining Indian independence was 

        1. using political action 
        2. imposing economic sanctions on Britain
        3. combining Hindu and Islamic beliefs
        4. encouraging nonviolent civil disobedience

      4. Which of these events most directly opposed Gandhi’s vision of an independent India?   

        1. The 1931 Round Table Conference
        2. The creation of India and Pakistan
        3. The Amritsar Massacre
        4. Nehru’s post-independence reforms

      1. Questions 48–51 refer to the images below.

      2. Soviet propaganda in which Lenin sweeps the globe and gets rid of kings, bankers, and religious figures.
        Chinese communist propaganda in which a woman holding a baby points at a beggar, who is arrested by a solider.

      3. Which of the following is a similarity between the Russian Revolution (1917) and the Chinese Revolution (1949)?

        1. Both replaced corrupt monarchies.
        2. Both involved a bloody civil war.
        3. Both appealed primarily to urban laborers.
        4. Both of their legacies lasted fewer than 25 years.

      4. As Mao Zedong rose to power in China, he distanced himself from the Soviet Union by

        1. seeking to ease tensions between China and the United States  
        2. supporting the North Vietnamese during the Vietnam Conflict
        3. denouncing Khrushchev’s program of de-Stalinization
        4. allowing some market-based economic reforms in China

      5. In the 1980s, both Communist China and the Soviet Union broke from their founders’ intent by

        1. introducing capitalist reforms into their economies
        2. introducing democratic reforms into their governments
        3. relinquishing their ties to Fidel Castro in Cuba
        4. fighting against the mujahideen rebels in Afghanistan

      6. Economically, the leaders of the Russian Revolution and the Chinese Revolution were similar in that both favored

        1. a national military-industrial complex
        2. five-year plans to restore devastated economies
        3. government control of heavy industries
        4. collectivization of farmland

      1. Questions 52–55 refer to the passage below.

      2. “The world today now faces a great international crisis. . . . To be precise, one group is composed of countries which, having followed Imperialism, wish to hold . . . rights and interests they have conquered or acquired by the pursuit of Imperialism, . . . while the other group is composed of those countries which oppose the bearers of the Imperialist standard and wish to place all lands, material resources, and markets which have been monopolized at the disposal of all mankind. . . . This latter group aims at the reconstruction of the world upon the basis of international justice and the lofty ideal of co‑existence so that the true foundation of a lasting peace may be laid. . . . 

        With people so disposed, Japan is only too willing to develop the natural wealth of Asia, open up its markets, and construct a new community without oppression or extortion. Japan sincerely believes that it is her duty to build a new Asiatic order in which the peoples of Asia will really enjoy freedom, independence, and peace. . . . 

        . . . when America strongly insists on her right to have a voice in some continent other than her own, and yet tries to close the American continents to any people but their own, is this not a most glaring inconsistency?”

        Excerpt from “Some Questions for President Roosevelt” by Nagai Ryūtarō, 1939

      3. Japan’s expansionism in East and Southeast Asia in the 1930s was fueled by a desire to

        1. acquire natural resources and new industrial markets
        2. supplant the United States as a dominant industrial power
        3. strengthen the growing influence of the League of Nations
        4. assert Japan’s newly-realized military power

      4. The “glaring inconsistency” that Ryūtarō referred to in the excerpt refers to the inconsistent application of what American idea?

        1. The Open Door Policy
        2. Manifest Destiny
        3. The Monroe Doctrine
        4. The Roosevelt Corollary

      5. In the 1930s, Japan and Nazi Germany were similar in all of the following regards except

        1. both desired control of a vast empire
        2. both sought systematic elimination of other races
        3. both opposed Soviet Communism and its spread
        4. both used the military to help their economies recover

      6. Which event most directly influenced Japan’s decision to invade French Indochina in 1941?

        1. The creation of Manchukuo in 1932, made possible by the invasion of Manchuria
        2. Attacks on central China, including the invasion of Beijing and Nanjing
        3. France's early defeat in World War II
        4. The oil embargo issued by the United States

  2. END OF SECTION I, PART A 

  1. Directions

    Section I, Part B of this exam consists of short answer questions. You must respond to Questions 1 and 2. For your final response, you must choose to answer EITHER Question 3 or Question 4. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable.

    1. Identify ONE point of agreement between the authors about the origins or characteristics of Gothic architecture.
    2. Explain ONE point of disagreement between the authors about the origins or characteristics of Gothic architecture.
    3. Explain ONE way that the Gothic architecture described in the passages reflects other cultural developments.

  3. Use the image below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

    A photo of an elaborate carving of Buddha.

    Carving of Maitreya (future Buddha) featured in Singapore theme park Haw Par Villa, which was completed in 1937, photograph taken in 2006

    1. Explain TWO changes between this statue’s depiction of the Buddha/Buddhism and the original Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama.
    2. Explain ONE continuity between Siddhartha Gautama’s original teachings and the modern beliefs of Buddhism.

  4. Choose EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4.

  5. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

    1. Describe ONE reason that Mesopotamian city-states (3000 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) were able to consolidate political power.
    2. Describe ONE similarity in the socio-political structure of Mesopotamian city-states and the city-state of Athens (700 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.).
    3. Explain ONE difference in the social or political structure of Mesopotamian city-states and the city-state of Athens.

  6. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

    1. Describe ONE method used by leaders such as Mohandas Gandhi (India) and Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) in their struggles for independence from Great Britain.
    2. Explain ONE difference in the social or political beliefs held by Mohandas Gandhi (India) and Mao Zedong (China).
    3. Explain ONE similarity in the social or political beliefs held by Mohandas Gandhi (India) and Mao Zedong (China).

  8. END OF SECTION I, PART B