Section I

95 Minutes 58 Questions

Directions

Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

    1. Directions

      Section I, Part A of this exam contains 55 multiple choice questions. The questions are organized into sets with corresponding historical sources. Each of the questions or incomplete statements is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Using both the provided source and your own historical knowledge, select the best answer choice. 

      1. Questions 1–3 refer to the passage below.

      2. “The Dynastic period of native Egyptian rulers is generally divided into 30 dynasties, following the Aegyptiaca of the Greco-Egyptian writer Manetho of Sebennytos (early 3rd century B.C.E.), excerpts of which are preserved in the works of later writers. Manetho apparently organized his dynasties by the capital cities from which they ruled, but several of his divisions also reflect political or dynastic changes—that is, changes of the party holding power. He gave the lengths of reign of kings or of entire dynasties and grouped the dynasties into several periods, but, because of textual corruption and a tendency toward inflation, Manetho’s figures cannot be used to reconstruct chronology without supporting evidence and analysis.”

        • “Ancient Egypt,” Encyclopedia Britannica

      3. Which of the following is true of both Mesopotamia and Egypt?

        1. Both were organized into city-states.
        2. Both were ruled by a military dictatorship.
        3. Both used writing systems.
        4. Both had monotheistic belief systems.

      4. The surviving fragments of the Aegyptiaca provide modern historians with

        1. a framework for organizing ancient Egyptian political history
        2. an extremely precise chronology of Egyptian dynasties
        3. a social history of everyday Egyptian life
        4. a greater understanding of ancient Egyptian agriculture

      5. Mesopotamian kings had all of the following in common with Egyptian pharaohs except that Mesopotamian kings

        1. were the ultimate source of legal authority
        2. were considered living gods
        3. ordered massive construction projects
        4. participated in religious rituals

        1. Questions 4–6 refer to the passage below.

        2. “‘Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. 

          How, then, can they call on the one they have not believed in? And how can they believe in the one of whom they have not heard?”

          Romans 10:13–14, NIV Bible translation

        3. Buddhism and Christianity have which of the following in common?

          1. Belief in one god
          2. A hierarchal organization
          3. An emphasis on missionary activity
          4. De-emphasis on rituals

        4. According to Buddhist tradition, prior to becoming a spiritual leader Siddhartha Gautama was

          1. a soldier
          2. a prince
          3. a farmer
          4. a carpenter

        5. Paul, an early Christian leader, wrote the excerpt's questions in order to encourage

          1. missionary work
          2. acts of charity
          3. standardization of prayers
          4. construction of churches

          1. Questions 7–9 refer to the following illustration.

          2. A map of Indian ocean trade routes. Trade routes cross the entire ocean region around Madagascar, and in the following cities on the east coast of Africa: Sofala, Mozambique, Zanzibar, Mombasa, Malindi, and Mogadishu. Along the red sea, the routes go to the following cities: Adulis, Cairo, Alexandria, Mecca, and Aden. In the Persian Gulf, the cities on the route are: Basra, Siraf, Baghdad, and Hormuz. In India, it extends through Cambay, Surant, Calicut, Quilon, and Masulipatan. It then crosses all around Sumatra, Borneo, the Maluku Islands, and China. The route of colonization to Madagascar goes from Borneo across Sumatra, across the Indian ocean, to Madagascar.

          3. Which of the following had the most advanced naval technology in the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?

            1. Western Europe
            2. China
            3. West Africa
            4. India

          4. Monsoon wind patterns in the Indian Ocean demonstrate an influence over

            1. the intersection of human technological innovation and natural geography
            2. the negative impact of weather on military campaigns in Asia
            3. how humans overcame the difficulty of forming trade networks in the region
            4. the superiority of sea trade compared to overland trade

          5. The following goods were traded in the Indian Ocean except for

            1. cocoa
            2. slaves
            3. gold
            4. porcelain

            1. Questions 10–12 refer to the passage below.

            2. “The function or purpose of art in Paleolithic life remains a subject of debate. Some scholars see the human and animal representations as evidence of the use of magical rites to ensure success in hunting or to guarantee fertility. Others have suggested that Paleolithic artists’ accurate representations of animals’ coats may be an early attempt to produce a seasonal notation system. Another viewpoint, disregarding utility altogether, sees the art of Paleolithic peoples solely as an outgrowth of a basic human need to creatively record and reproduce aspects of the surrounding world.”

              “Paleolithic Period,” Encyclopaedia Britannica

            3. Paleolithic society's religious beliefs can best be described as

              1. monotheistic
              2. polytheistic
              3. syncretistic
              4. animistic

            4. Why does the function of Paleolithic art remain a subject of debate?

              1. Disagreement among written sources from the period
              2. Inadequate archaeological evidence from the period
              3. Uncertainty about ritual garments recovered from the period
              4. The inability to identify any of the figures visual art from the period

            5. All of the following are features of Paleolithic culture except for

              1. nomadic communities
              2. use of primitive stone tools
              3. reliance on hunting and gathering
              4. the development of settled agriculture

              1. Questions 13–15 refer to the following image.

              2. A painting of an Indian princess.


                Mughal painting depicting Mumtaz Mahal, circa 1700.

              3. Which of the following was a significant consequence of constructing the painting shown above, along with the rest of the Taj Mahal?

                1. An increase in land taxes, which further impoverished Indian peasants
                2. A desire among artists to begin integrating Indian and Persian styles
                3. An emergence of new gender attitudes, which encouraged Indian women to participate in politics
                4. A migration of additional British commanders and soldiers to India

              4. As the Ottomans dominated much of the Middle East and North Africa during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E., which of the following empires dominated South Asia?

                1. Safavid
                2. Delhi Sultanate
                3. Manchu
                4. Mughal

              5. What did European countries use to economically expand their empires and share in the wealth that is depicted in this painting?

                1. Deforestation
                2. Soil Depletion
                3. Joint-Stock Companies
                4. Social Darwinism

                1. Questions 16-17 refer to the following map.

                2. A map shows early civilizations circa 3000 B C E. Egypt is located along the Nile River. The Indus Valley civilization is located along the Indus River. Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. China is located along the Huang He river.

                3. Why do historians know little about what led to the decline of the Indus Valley civilization?

                  1. This river valley civilization left no written records.
                  2. Its written records were destroyed by Mongol invaders.
                  3. Its writing system has never been deciphered.
                  4. It left written records which stop prior to its period of decline.

                4. The shaded regions shown on the above map share all of the following characteristics except for

                  1. the development of written language
                  2. agricultural advances due to proximity to a river
                  3. discrete social classes
                  4. monotheistic religions

                  1. Questions 18–20 refer to the following map.

                  2. A map shows the Silk Road. From east to west, the road travels from the east coast of China, where silk, hemp, and cotton are traded, the southeast of China where ceramics, tea, and sugar are traded, north central China, where silk and textiles are added, south central china, where amber, peacock feathers, mint, and wool are added, east Indian, where oil and chillies are added, central indian, where textiles and brassware are added, west Indian, where jasmine, sandalwood, and saffron are added, northwest Asia, where almonds, camels, and jade are added, the middle east, where horses, lapdogs, crystal, metalwork, tea, dates, textiles, and wool rugs are added to the route, then through the red sea region where metalwork, ceramics, glassware, woven goods, and salt are added. The road terminates in Constantinople, where wine, woven goods, and metalwork are added to the route.

                  3. In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., Dunhuang, Kashgar, and Samarkand were examples of

                    1. oasis towns on the Silk Road
                    2. political capitals in East Africa
                    3. economic centers on the Mediterranean Sea
                    4. religious pilgrimage sites in South Asia

                  4. The concept of the Silk Road can best be described as

                    1. a cross-cultural exchange which enabled technological and political development
                    2. a system in which luxury goods were traded for other luxury goods
                    3. overland routes enabling population flow between East Asia and the Mediterranean
                    4. a system which eventually weakened the cities and kingdoms located along it

                  5. Which of these examples is most similar to transportation along the Silk Road?

                    1. The network of roads built across the Roman Empire
                    2. The Bantu migrations throughout sub-Saharan Africa
                    3. The use of Ancient Greek triremes on the Mediterranean Sea
                    4. The Arabs’ and Berbers’ use of camels to trade across the Sahara

                    1. Questions 21–23 refer to the passage below.

                    2. “Mencius said, ‘That wherein human beings differ from the birds and the animals is but slight. The multitude of people relinquish it, while the noble person retains it.’ What is relinquished is the mind. That is why Mencius said that some people ‘lose their original mind.’ What is to be preserved is the mind. That is why Mencius said, ‘the great man is he who does not lose the mind of a newborn babe.’ [What Mencius referred to as] the four sprouts [of pity and compassion, shame and aversion, modesty and compliance, and the sense of right and wrong] are this mind. It is what Heaven has endowed in us. All human beings have this mind, and all minds are endowed with this principle. The mind is principle…The mind is one and principle is one. Perfect truth is always a unity; the essential principle is never a duality. The mind and principle can never be separated into two. That is why Confucius said, ‘In my Way there is one thing that runs throughout,’ and Mencius said, ‘The Way is one and only one.’”

                      Excerpt from Mind is Principle by Lu Jiuyuan, circa 1150 C.E.

                    3. Neo-Confucianism refers to the

                      1. rejection of Confucian beliefs during the Yuan dynasty
                      2. blending of Buddhist and Confucian ideas
                      3. spread of Confucianism to Russia
                      4. use of Confucianism to monitor economic relations

                    4. Which of the following forms of art did not flourish in China during the years that Neo-Confucianism emerged?

                      1. Poetry
                      2. Ceramics
                      3. Wood carving
                      4. Landscape painting

                    5. Which of the following movements developed as Confucius’s teachings were originally spreading in China, around 500 B.C.E.?

                      1. Animism
                      2. The Mandate of Heaven
                      3. Daoism
                      4. The Zhou

                      1. Questions 24–26 refer to the passage below.

                      2. “War dominated much of Peter's reign. At first Peter attempted to secure the principality's southern borders against the Tatars and the Ottoman Turks. His campaign against a fort on the Sea of Azov failed initially, but after he created Russia's first navy, Peter was able to take the port of Azov in 1696. To continue the war with the Ottoman Empire, Peter traveled to Europe to seek allies. The first tsar to make such a trip, Peter visited Brandenburg, Holland, England, and the Holy Roman Empire during his so-called Grand Embassy. Peter learned a great deal and enlisted into his service hundreds of West European technical specialists. The embassy was cut short by the attempt to place Sofia on the throne instead of Peter, a revolt that was crushed by Peter's followers. As a result, Peter had hundreds of the participants tortured and killed, and he publicly displayed their bodies as a warning to others.

                        ...Through his victories, Peter acquired a direct link with Western Europe. In celebration, Peter assumed the title of emperor as well as tsar, and Muscovy officially became the Russian Empire in 1721.”

                        Excerpt from Russia: A Country Study by Glenn E. Curtis, 1991

                      3. The actions of Peter the Great, as described in the passage, most clearly exemplify which of the following?

                        1. Divine right of kings
                        2. Absolutism
                        3. Inflation
                        4. Nationalism

                      4. In addition to the military policies and political achievements outlined in the passage, all of the following were policies of Russia’s Peter the Great except for

                        1. increased foreign trade
                        2. the introduction of Western styles of dress
                        3. improved technology
                        4. the use of Enlightenment ideas in the government

                      5. Which of the following developments occurred in Russia as a result of Peter the Great’s reign?

                        1. Rulers became known as tsars
                        2. Protestants such as Huguenots emigrated
                        3. Aristocratic women further participated in society
                        4. Enlightenment ideals spread in the government

                        1. Questions 27–30 refer to the passage below.

                        2. “During this period [the fifteenth century C.E.], the whole of the Swahili Coast enjoyed a revival of fortunes due to a combination of factors. The overland route to the east had been cut by the Mongols, leaving the sea route via the east African coast as the alternative. Several large trading fleets were sent by the Chinese to Africa, and an insatiable demand for eastern spices, particularly in Europe, helped put the city-states of the Swahili Coast, which acted as middlemen, back in the centre of international trade.”

                          Excerpt from “The Wealth of Africa: The Swahili Coast,” notes prepared for educators by The British Museum

                        3. Both the ancient Greek city-states and the Swahili city-states

                          1. were economically reliant on wealth generated by sea trade
                          2. traded primarily on the Mediterranean Sea
                          3. frequently embarked on wars of conquest
                          4. were conquered by Alexander the Great during the third century B.C.E.

                        4. The final decline of the Swahili city-states can be attributed to

                          1. waning demand for eastern spices in Europe
                          2. government mismanagement of the wealth generated by trade
                          3. religious tension between local and foreign merchants
                          4. conquest by foreign powers

                        5. The excerpt mentions a “revival of fortunes” for the Swahili city-states in the fifteenth century. What event from the previous century most likely had the largest negative effect on the economic power of the city-states?

                          1. The beginning of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France
                          2. The spread of the plague known as the Black Death
                          3. The Russian military victory over local Mongol forces near Moscow in 1380 C.E.
                          4. The Kalmar Union combining Sweden, Norway, and Denmark into one kingdom

                        6. What kind of effect did the monsoon winds, which blow from India to Africa from October to April, and from Africa to India from June to September, have on the rise of the Swahili city-states?

                          1. Minimal effect
                          2. Hurt, as they blew away from the African coast for months
                          3. Helped, as they made navigation more predictable for merchant vessels
                          4. Hurt, as they facilitated trade only with India

                        1. Questions 31–32 refer to the passage below.

                        2. "Howbeit there is a most stately temple to be seen, the walls whereof are made of stone and lime; and a princely palace also built by a most excellent workman of Granada. Here are many shops of artificers, and merchants, and especially of such as weave linen and cotton cloth. And hither do the Barbarie merchants bring cloth of Europe. All the women of the region except maidservants go with their faces covered, and sell all necessary victuals. The inhabitants, & especially strangers there residing, are exceeding rich, insomuch that the king that now is, married both his daughters unto two rich merchants. Here are many wells, containing most sweet water; and so often as the river Niger overflows, they convey the water thereof by certain sluices into the town. Corn (sorghum), cattle, milk, and butter this region yields in great abundance: but salt is very scarce here; for it is brought hither by land from Tagaza, which is five hundred miles distant. When I myself was here, I saw one camel load of salt sold for 80 ducats. The rich king of Tombuto (Timbuktu) hath many plates and scepters of gold, some whereof weigh 1300 pounds; … He hath always three thousand horsemen, and a great number of footmen that shoot poisoned arrows, attending upon him. …Here are great store of doctors, judges, priests and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the king’s cost and charges. And hither are brought divers manuscripts or written books out of Barbarie, which are sold for more money than any other merchandise. ..."

                          Leo Africanus, “Of the Kingdom of Tombuto,” 1550 C.E.

                        3. All of the statements below refer to which empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?

                          1. Lucrative trans-Saharan trade
                          2. All emperors were Muslim
                          3. Islamic scholarship at Timbuktu
                          1. Fatimid
                          2. Ottoman
                          3. Mughal
                          4. Songhai

                        4. The basis of Timbuktu’s prosperity, as described in the passage, was

                          1. thriving trade between local Muslims and Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land
                          2. its favored location on regional trade routes
                          3. its early adoption of cloth spinning and weaving machinery
                          4. French and Portuguese traders staying there on their way to Morocco

                          1. Questions 33–35 refer to the following quotation.

                          2. “All who have served Revolution have plowed the sea.” 

                            Simón Bolívar, circa 1830 C.E.

                          3. Simón Bolívar, Miguel Hidalgo, and José de San Martín are all examples of

                            1. captains of industry
                            2. Spanish viceroys
                            3. leaders of slave revolts
                            4. revolutionary leaders

                          4. Simón Bolívar was instrumental in liberating the following countries from European rule except for

                            1. Venezuela
                            2. Argentina
                            3. Colombia
                            4. Ecuador

                          5. The quote, attributed to Simón Bolívar near the end of his life, expresses his

                            1. satisfaction at having achieved the impossible
                            2. contempt for his fellow revolutionaries
                            3. bitterness at the temporary success achieved
                            4. realization that opposing Spanish authority was wrong

                            1. Questions 36–39 refer to the passage below.

                            2. "Proclamation of the Young Turks

                              1. The basis for the Constitution will be respect for the predominance of the national will. One of the consequences of this principle will be to require without delay the responsibility of the minister before the Chamber, and, consequently, to consider the minister as having resigned, when he does not have a majority of the votes of the Chamber.

                              2. Provided that the number of senators does not exceed one-third the number of deputies, the Senate will be named as follows: one-third by the Sultan and two-thirds by the nation, and the term of senators will be of limited duration.

                              3. It will be demanded that all Ottoman subjects having completed their twentieth year, regardless of whether they possess property or fortune, shall have the right to vote. Those who have lost their civil rights will naturally be deprived of this right."

                              Excerpt from a proclamation made by the Young Turks, 1908

                            3. All of the following statements describe developments in the Ottoman Empire in the period 1750 C.E. to 1900 C.E. except that

                              1. Europeans were exempt from following Ottoman law
                              2. Tanzimat reformers were inspired by Enlightenment thought
                              3. the Young Turk Party promoted reforms
                              4. the Islamic leadership, or ulama, supported the liberal reforms

                            4. The chief source of Ottoman inflation during the sixteenth century was

                              1. uncontrolled spending by the nobles
                              2. widespread opium addiction
                              3. poor governmental tax-collecting policies
                              4. an influx of silver from the Americas

                            5. All of the following are examples of the Ottoman Empire’s Mahmud II’s reforms except for

                              1. creation of a new army instructed in European weaponry and tactics
                              2. forced disbandment and massacre of the Janissaries
                              3. strengthening of the ulama, the Islamic leadership
                              4. formation of a cabinet, called the Council of Ministers

                            6. Why do Ottoman historians call the period between 1718 C.E. and 1730 C.E. the Tulip Period?

                              1. During this time, the narcotic value of tulip poppies was discovered.
                              2. There was high demand for expensive tulip bulbs.
                              3. “Tulip” in Turkish translates to “changes.”
                              4. The sultan Mahmud II wore a headdress shaped like a tulip.

                              1. Questions 40–43 refer to the following passage.

                              2. "Without ignoring accomplishments, or casting a slur upon any of the graces which serve to adorn society, we must look deeper for the acquirements which serve to form our ideal of a perfect woman. The companion of man should be able thoroughly to sympathize with him—her intellect should be as well developed as his. We do not believe in the mental inequality of the sexes; we believe that the man and the woman have each a work to do, for which they are specially qualified, and in which they are called to excel. Though the work is not the same, it is equally noble, and demands an equal exercise of capacity."

                                Excerpt from Godey's Lady's Book, Vol. LIII, 1856

                              3. Which of the following accurately describes the changes for middle- and working-class European women during the Industrial Revolution?

                                1. Both middle- and working-class women achieved the right to vote.
                                2. Working-class women labored in factories, and middle-class women followed the cult of domesticity.
                                3. Middle-class women were paid more than working-class women for similar jobs.
                                4. Working-class women were not as affected by the Industrial Revolution as middle-class women.

                              4. During the Industrial Revolution, women typically earned

                                1. just as much as men
                                2. one-third to one-half as much as men
                                3. ten percent of what men made
                                4. nothing as their wages went straight to their father or husband

                              5. Which of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century is FALSE?

                                1. Women and children made up the majority of the workforce.
                                2. Worker satisfaction diminished as jobs became more repetitive and dangerous.
                                3. It contributed to a dramatic restructuring of the family unit.
                                4. It reduced differences between the social classes.

                              6. Which of the following correctly describes women during the Industrial Revolution?

                                1. Unlike their male counterparts, women did not have access to labor saving devices.
                                2. Middle-class women were supposed to remain confined to their domestic spheres.
                                3. Most working-class women living in cities were employed by industries, particularly the textile industries.
                                4. As women joined the workforce and earned their own wages, traditional family values were disrupted.

                                1. Questions 44–45 refer to the following passage.

                                2. "Perestroika is an urgent necessity arising from the profound processes of development in our socialist society. This society is ripe for change. It has long been yearning for it. Any delay in beginning perestroika could have led to an exacerbated internal situation in the near future, which, to put it bluntly, would have been fraught with serious social, economic and political crises. . . . 

                                  In the latter half of the seventies--something happened that was at first sight inexplicable. The country began to lose momentum. Economic failures became more frequent. Difficulties began to accumulate and deteriorate, and unresolved problems to multiply. Elements of what we call stagnation and other phenomena alien to socialism began to appear in the life of society. A kind of ‘braking mechanism’ affecting social and economic development formed. And all this happened at a time when scientific and technological revolution opened up new prospects for economic and social progress."

                                  Excerpt from Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, 1987

                                3. During the mid 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to revive the U.S.S.R. through all of the following except for

                                  1. loosening censorship restrictions and permitting criticism of the government and the Communist Party
                                  2. social reforms including increasing the rights of women and other minority groups  
                                  3. economic reforms such as reducing the size of the army and stabilization of the monetary system
                                  4. democratization by allowing some choice of candidates for the national congress

                                4. After Mao Zedong’s death, how did Deng Xiaoping save China from economic collapse?

                                  1. China rejoined the world economy and allowed foreign investments.
                                  2. Privatization of land became legal, increasing agricultural output.
                                  3. Heavy subsidization of education created a more educated workforce.
                                  4. Artificially inflating the yuan increased China’s presence in global trade.

                                  1. Questions 46–49 refer to the following passage.

                                  2. “At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

                                    Excerpt from the Truman Doctrine, 1947

                                  3. Even though the Cuban Missile Crisis took place in Cuba, it was actually a conflict between which two nations?

                                    1. Panama and the United States
                                    2. Nicaragua and Guatemala
                                    3. The Soviet Union and the United States
                                    4. The Soviet Union and Italy

                                  4. The Truman Doctrine was a U.S. policy stating that

                                    1. the U.S. would help any nation wanting to repel the threat of Communism
                                    2. the U.S. would help rebuild European economies after World War II
                                    3. the U.S.-sponsored NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) would fight against Soviet aggression
                                    4. the U.S. supported a newly formed and independent Israel

                                  5. The main purpose of Joseph Stalin’s Five-Year Plan was to:

                                    1. round up all political dissidents and sentence them to gulags
                                    2. rapidly industrialize the U.S.S.R.
                                    3. improve the quality of life of Soviet people
                                    4. develop nuclear missile capabilities

                                  6. African and Asian nationalist movements in the twentieth century were usually led by the

                                    1. urban factory workers
                                    2. aristocracy
                                    3. peasantry
                                    4. educated class

                                    1. Questions 50–51 refer to the following map

                                    2. A world map shows the following regions shaded: Canada, northeast South America, various parts of Africa, including South Africa, the United Kingdom, Indian and western China, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, and the surrounding islands.

                                    3. Which of the following conclusions can best be supported by this map of the British Empire in the nineteenth century?
                                      1. Indian independence was achieved from Britain by the end of the 19th century.
                                      2. British imperial power was declining in the 19th century.
                                      3. British influence was limited to the Americas in the 19th century.
                                      4. The British Empire had spread throughout the world in the 19th century.

                                    4. Which of the following best describes British motivation to establish overseas colonies?

                                      1. British manufacturing was dependent on raw materials produced overseas.
                                      2. Britain sought new markets for its manufactured goods and technology.
                                      3. Missionaries sought to convert colonized peoples to Christianity.
                                      4. In the 19th century, European powers competed amongst each other for new overseas territory.

                                      1. Questions 52–55 refer to the following passage.

                                      2. “This alien government has ruined the country. In the beginning, all of us were taken by surprise. We were almost dazed. We thought that everything that the rulers did was for our good and that this English government had descended from the clouds to save us from internal and external invasions. Now we have perceived one fact, that the whole of this administration, which is carried on by a handful of Englishmen, is carried on with our assistance. We are all in inferior service.”

                                        Excerpt from Bal Gangadhar Tilak's address to the Indian National Congress, 1907

                                      3. Many developing nations struggle with

                                        1. low fertility rates
                                        2. lack of natural resources
                                        3. no foreign aid
                                        4. a weak industrial base

                                      4. Why is the Sepoy Mutiny considered a turning point in India’s history?

                                        1. The British, suffering defeat, withdrew entirely from India.
                                        2. India was formally annexed under the direct rule of the Queen.
                                        3. Great Britain lost some of its holdings in India, including Delhi.
                                        4. England proclaimed to the rest of the world its moral superiority over the conquered India.

                                      5. During World War I, where was the Western Front mainly located?

                                        1. Northeast border of France
                                        2. Northeast border of Germany
                                        3. Southeast border of Switzerland
                                        4. Southwest border of France

                                      6. All of the following describe economic problems leading up to World War II except for

                                        1. the United States pursuance of isolationist policies
                                        2. Germany being forced to pay reparations for World War I
                                        3. imperialist rivalries between European countries
                                        4. the Great Depression’s effect on the United States economy

    1. Directions

      Section I, Part B of this exam consists of short answer questions. You must respond to Questions 1 and 2. For your final response, you must choose to answer EITHER Question 3 or Question 4. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. 


      1. Identify ONE reason Ross provides for World War II’s causes.
      2. Explain the evidence Ross uses to support ONE of the reasons he provides for the causes of World War II.
      3. Explain ONE additional factor (not specifically mentioned in the passage) that contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

    3. Use the image below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

      A painting of the first Thanksgiving.

      The First Thanksgiving 1621, painted by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris in 1932

      1. Identify ONE similarity between the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and its impact on Europe.
      2. Explain ONE difference between the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and its impact on Europe.
      3. Using the image, describe the artist’s likely viewpoint about the Columbian Exchange.

    4. Choose EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4.

    5. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

      1. Explain ONE cultural change that occurred in African societies as they encountered Arab travelers in the period 900–1300 C.E.
      2. Explain ONE economic change that occurred in African societies as they encountered Arab travelers in the period 900–1300 C.E.
      3. Explain ONE area of continuity in African societies as they encountered Arab travelers during the period 900–1300 C.E.

    6. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

      1. Identify ONE reason that birth rates have been relatively low in developed nations in comparison with birth rates in developing nations since 1950.
      2. Explain ONE way in which worldwide demographic and/or economic trends since 1950 demonstrate continuity with the thinking of the English philosopher Thomas Malthus.
      3. Explain ONE way in which worldwide demographic and/or economic trends since 1950 demonstrate a discontinuity from the thinking of the English philosopher Thomas Malthus.