Further Reading
Many sources have been used to write this book, only some of which we have listed. We have also included these readings to provide you with sources for greater in-depth information on the topics discussed. We welcome your comments about any significant or interesting milestones in biology that might be included in future editions of this book at mcgeraldweb@gmail.com.
General Reading and Sources
Alberts, B., et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science, 2007.
Alcock, J., Animal Behavior. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2013.
Gardner, E. J., History of Biology. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing, 1972.
Kandel, E. R. (ed.), et al., Principles of Neural Science. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2012.
Kardong, K., Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
Mauseth, J. D., Botany. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett, 2012.
Nelson, D. L., et al., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012.
Pierce, B. A., Genetics: A Conceptual Approach. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2010.
Reece, J. B., et al., Campbell Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2013.
Sherwood, L., et al., Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms. Independence, KY: Cengage, 2012.
Smith, T. M., Elements of Ecology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.
Tortora, G. J., et al., Microbiology: An Introduction. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.
c. 4 Billion BCE, Origin of Life
Dyson, F, Origin of Life. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
c. 3.9 Billion BCE, Last Universal Common Ancestor
Woese, C., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1998 95(11): 9710.
c. 3.9 Billion BCE, Prokaryotes
Lengeler, J. (ed.), et al., Biology of Prokaryotes. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 1999.
White, D., et al., The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes. New York: Oxford University Press. 2011.
c. 2.5 Billion BCE, Algae
Graham, J. E., et al., Algae. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
c. 2 Billion BCE, Eukaryotes
Keeling, P., et al., Eukaryotes, http://tolweb.org. Tree of Life Web Project.
c. 1.4 Billion BCE, Fungi
Petersen, J. H., The Kingdom of Fungi. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
c. 570 Million BCE, Arthropods
Minelli, A. (ed.), et al., Arthropod Biology and Evolution: Molecules, Development, Morphology. New York: Springer, 2013.
c. 530 Million BCE, Medulla: The Vital Brain
Kandel, E. R. (ed.), et al., Principles of Neural Science. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2012.
c. 530 Million BCE, Fish
Bone, Q., Biology of Fishes. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
Helfman, G., et al., The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
c. 450 Million BCE, Land Plants
Lewis, L. A., et al., American Journal Botany. 2004 91(10): 1535.
c. 417 Million BCE, Devonian Period
McGhee, G. R., When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
c. 400 Million BCE, Insects
Daly, H. V., et al., Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Gullan, P. J., The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
c. 400 Million BCE, Plant Defenses against Herbivores
Howe, H. F., Ecological Relationships of Plants and Animals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
c. 360 Million BCE, Amphibians
Duellman W. E., et al., Biology of Amphibians. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
Wells, K. D., The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
c. 350 Million BCE, Seeds of Success
Bewley, J. D., et al., Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy. New York: Springer, 2012.
c. 320 Million BCE, Reptiles
Vitt, L. J., et al., Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. New York: Academic Press, 2013
c. 300 Million BCE, Gymnosperms
Bhatnagar, S. P., Gymnosperms. New Delhi: New Age International, 1996.
c. 230 Million BCE, Dinosaurs
Fastovsky, D. E., et al., Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Samson, S. D., Dinosaur Odyssey: Fossil Threads in the Web of Life, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009.
c. 200 Million BCE, Mammals
Attenborough, D., The Life of Mammals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Macdonald, D. W., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
c. 150 Million BCE, Birds
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Handbook of Bird Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
c. 125 Million BCE, Angiosperms
Soltis, P.S., et al., Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 2005.
c. 65 Million BCE, Primates
Fleagle, J. G., Primate Adaption and Evolution. New York: Academic Press, 2013.
Nystrom, P., et al., The Life of Primates. Cambridge, UK: Pearson, 2008.
c. 55 Million BCE, Amazon Rainforest
Morgan, B., Rainforest. London: DK, 2006.
c. 350,000 BCE, Neanderthals
Papagianni, D., et al., The Neanderthals Rediscovered: How Modern Science is Rewriting Their History. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
c. 200,000 BCE, Anatomically Modern Humans
Lieberman, D., The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease. New York: Pantheon, 2013.
Smith, F. H., et al., The Origins of Modern Humans: Biology Reconsidered. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
c. 60,000 BCE, Plant-Derived Medicines
Gerald, M. C., The Drug Book: From Arsenic to Xanax, 250 Milestones in the History of Drugs. New York: Sterling, 2013.
Pendleton, J., Plants as Medicine: Healing Compounds Derived from Medicinal Herbs. Traditional Healing Press, 2013.
c. 11,000 BCE, Wheat: The Staff of Life
Kirby, E. J. M., Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations—Botany of the Wheat Plant.
c. 10,000 BCE, Agriculture
Denison, R. F., Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
c. 10,000 BCE, Domestication of Animals
Manning, A., et al., Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives. New York: Routledge, 1994.
c. 8000 BCE, Coral Reefs
Sheppard, C. R. C., et al., The Biology of Coral Reefs (Biology of Habitats). New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
c. 7000 BCE, Rice Cultivation
Tsunoda, S. (ed.), Biology of Rice. New York: Elsevier Science (1984).
c. 2600 BCE, Mummification
Aufderheide, A. C., The Scientific Study of Mummies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
c. 2350 BCE, Animal Navigation
Gould, J. L., et al., Nature’s Compass: The Mystery of Animal Navigation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
c. 400 BCE, Four Humors
paei.wikidot.com/Hippocrates-galen-the-four-humors
c. 330 BCE, Aristotle’s The History of Animals
Lennox, J. G., Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology: Studies in the Origins of Life Science. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
c. 330 BCE, Animal Migration
Milner-Guilland, et al., Animal Migration: A Synthesis. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Ueda, H. (ed.), Physiology and Ecology of Fish Migration. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.
c. 320 BCE, Botany
Evert, R. F. et al., Raven Biology of Plants. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012.
Taiz, L. et al., Plant Physiology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2010.
77, Pliny’s Natural History
Galus Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Natural History: A Selection. New York: Penguin Classics, 1991.
c. 180, Skeletal System
Kardong, K., Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Science, 2014.
1242, Pulmonary Circulation
Peacock, A. J., et al., Pulmonary Circulation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011.
1489, Leonardo’s Human Anatomy
O’Malley C. D., et al., Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Gramercy, 2003.
1521, Sense of Hearing
Webster, D. B., et al., The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. New York: Springer, 1991.
1543, Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica
Vesalius, A, et al., On the Fabric of the Human Body: A Translation of De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem. Boston: Jeremy Norman Co., 2003.
1611, Tobacco
Gately, I., Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. New York: Grove Press, 2002.
1614, Metabolism
Salway, J. G., Metabolism at a Glance. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.
Stipanuk, et al., Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition. St. Louis, MO: Saunders, 2012.
1620, Scientific Method
Beveridge, W. I. B., The Art of Scientific Investigation. Caldwell, NJ: Blackburn, 2004.
Wilson, Jr., E. B., An Introduction to Scientific Research. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1991.
1628, Harvey’s De motu cordis
Mohman, D., et al., Cardiovascular Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2013.
1637, Mechanical Philosophy of Descartes
Slowik, E., Descartes’ Physics http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2013/entries/descartes-physics/>
1651, Placenta
Power, M. L., et al., The Evolution of the Human Placenta. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2012.
1652, Lymphatic System
Buckley, V., Christina, Queen of Sweden: The Restless Life of a European Eccentric. New York: Harper Perennial (2005).
Sabin, F. R., The Origin and Development of the Lymphatic System (Classic reprint). Forgotten Books, 2012.
1658, Blood Cells
Kaushansky, K., et al., Williams Hematology. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2010.
1668, Refuting Spontaneous Generation
Farley, J., The Spontaneous Generation Controversy From Descartes to Oparin. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1977.
1669, Phosphorus Cycle
Emsley, J., The 13th Element: The Sordid Tale of Murder, Fire, and Phosphorus. New York: Wiley, 20002.
1670, Ergotism and Witchcraft
Kors, A. C. (ed.), et al., Witchcraft in Europe, 400–1700: A Documentary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.
1674, Leeuwenhoek’s Microscopic World
de Kruif, P., Microbe Hunters. New York: Mariner Books, 2002.
1677, Spermatozoa
De Jonge, C. J., et al., The Sperm Cell. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006.
1717, Miasma Theory
Litsios, S., Plague Legends: From the Miasmas of Hippocrates to the Microbes of Pasteur. Ballwin, MO: Science & Humanities Press, 2001.
1729, Circadian Rhythms
Foster, R. G., Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks that Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
1733, Blood Pressure
Naqvi, N. H., et al., Blood Pressure Measurement: An Illustrated History. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1998.
1735, Linnaean Classification of Species
Blunt, W., et al., Linnaeus: The Compleat Naturalist. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
c. 1741, Cerebrospinal Fluid
Davson, H., et al., Physiology of the CSF and Blood-Brain Barriers. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1996.
1744, Regeneration
Carlson, B. M. (ed.), Principles of Regenerative Medicine. New York: Academic Press, 2007.
Lenhoff, S. G., et al., Hydra and the Birth of Experimental Biology, 1744: Abraham Trembley’s Memoires Concerning the Polyps. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press, 1986.
1759, Theories of Germination
Bewley, J. D., et al., Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy. New York: Springer, 2012.
1760, Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding)
Wood, R. J., et al., Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: A Prelude to Mendel. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1786, Animal Electricity
Plonsey, R., et al., Bioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach. New York: Springer, 2007.
1789, Gas Exchange
Dejours, P. J., Respiration in Water and Air: Adaptions Regulations Evolution. New York: Elsevier Science Ltd, 1988.
1791, Nervous System Communication
LeDoux, J., Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. New York: Viking, 2002.
Squire, L. (ed), et al., Fundamental Neuroscience. New York: Academic Press, 2012.
1796, Paleontology
Foote, M., et al., Principles of Paleontology. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2006.
1798, Population Growth and Food Supply
Malthus, T, An Essay on the Principle of Population. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Weeks, J. R., Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2011.
1809, Lamarckian Inheritance
Honeywell, R., Lamarck’s Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy. London: Murdock Books, 2008.
1828, Germ-Layer Theory of Development
Gilbert, S., Developmental Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2013.
McGeady, T. A., et al., Veterinary Embryology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2006.
1831, Cell Nucleus
Misteli, T. et al., The Nucleus. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2010.
1831, Darwin and the Voyages of the Beagle
Darwin, C., The Voyage of the Beagle (many editions)
Moorehead, A., Darwin and the Beagle: Charles Darwin as Naturalist on the HMS Beagle Voyage. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
1832, Anatomy Act 1832
Abbott, G., Grave Disturbances: A History of the Body Snatchers. Cardiff, Wales: Eric Dobby Publishing, 2006.
Fido, M., Bodysnatchers: A History of the Resurrectionists. Chicago: Academy Chicago Pub (1992).
1833, Human Digestion
Chivers, D. J. (ed.), et al., The Digestive System in Mammals: Food Form and Function. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Karlawish, J., Open Wound: The Tragic Obsession of Dr. William Beaumont. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2011.
1836, Fossil Record and Evolution
Switek, B., Written in Stone: Evolution, the Fossil Record, and Our Place in Nature. New York: Bellevue Literary Press, 2010.
Taylor, T. N, et al., Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. New York: Academic Press, 2008.
1837, Nitrogen Cycle and Plant Chemistry
Stevenson, F. J., et al., Cycles of Soil: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Micronutrients. New York: Wiley, 1999.
1838, Cell Theory
Alberts, B., et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science, 2007.
Karp, G., Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. New York, Wiley, 2013.
1840, Plant Nutrition
Mendel, K., et al., Principles of Plant Nutrition. New York, Springer, 2001.
Stevenson, F. J., et al., Cycles of Soil: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Micronutrients. New York: Wiley, 1999.
1842, Urine Formation
Eaton, D., Vanders Renal Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2013.
1842, Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
Green, D. R., Apoptosis: Physiology and Pathology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1843, Venoms
Gjersoe, J., et al., Venoms: Sources, Toxicity and Therapeutic Uses. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
White, J., et al., Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995.
1843, Homology versus Analogy
Kardong, K., Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Science, 2014.
1845, Photosynthesis
Eaton-Rye, J. J. (ed), et al., Photosynthesis: Plastid Biology, Energy Conversion and Respiration. New York, Springer, 2011.
Hall, D. O., et al., Photosynthesis (Studies in Biology). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
1848, Optical Isomers
chemistry.tutorvista.com>Organic Chemistry nomenclature, Isomers.
1849, Testosterone
Nieschlag, E. (ed.) et al., Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Smith, L. B., et al., Testosterone: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications. New York: Springer, 2013.
1850, Trichromatic Color Vision
Land, M. F., et al., Animal Eyes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Lazareva, O. F., How Animals See the World: Comparative Behavior, Biology, and Evolution of Vision. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
1854, Homeostasis
Bernard, C., An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1957.
Cannon, W. B., The Wisdom of the Body. New York: W.W. Norton, 1963.
1856, The Liver and Glucose Metabolism
Berg, J. M., et al., Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2010.
Nelson, D. L., et al., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012.
1857, Microbial Fermentation
El-Mansi, E. M. T. (ed), et al., Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.
1859, Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin, C., The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (many editions)
Quammen, D., The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution. New York: W.H. Norton, 2007.
Ridley, M, Evolution. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.
1859, Ecological Interactions
Howe, H. F., Ecological Relationships of Plants and Animals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Schoonhoven, L. M., et al., Insect-Plant Biology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
1859, Invasive Species
Elton, C. S., Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
1861, Localization of Cerebral Functions
Pelton, R.W., The Age Old Science of Phrenology: An Age Old Science Developed by Franz Joseph Gall, M.D. of Vienna. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.
1862, Biological Mimicry
Brower, L. P., Mimicry and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Wickler, W., Mimicry in Plants and Animals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
1866, Mendelian Inheritance
Edelson, E., Gregor Mendel: And the Roots of Genetics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
1866, Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
Gould, S. J., Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Haeckel, E., et al., Art Forms in Nature: The Prints of Ernst Haeckel. New York: Prestel, 2008.
1866, Hemoglobin and Hemocyanin
Weatherall, D. (ed). et al., Hemoglobin and its Diseases (Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2013.
1869, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Portugal, F. H., et al., A Century of DNA: A History of the Discovery of the Structure and Function of the Genetic Substance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977.
1871, Sexual Selection
Campbell, B. (ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man: The Darwinian Pivot. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2006.
Dixson, A. F., Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
1873, Coevolution
Thompson, J. N., The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005.
1874, Nature versus Nurture
Gould, S. J., The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996.
1875, Biosphere
Vernadsky, V. I., The Biosphere: Complete Annotated Edition. Göttingen, Germany: Copernicus, 1998.
1876, Meiosis
John, B., Meiosis (Developmental and Cell Biology Series). New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
1876, Biogeography
Lomolino, M. V., et al., Biogeography. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2010.
Slotten, R.A., The Heretic in Darwin’s Court: The Life of Alfred Russel Wallace. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
1877, Marine Biology
Castro, P., et al., Marine Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill Science, 2012.
1878, Enzymes
Berg, J. M., et al., Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2010.
Nelson, D. L., et al., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012.
1880, Phototropism
Davies, P., Plant Hormones and Their Role in Plant Growth and Development. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2013.
1882, Mitosis
Murray, A., et al., The Cell Cycle: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
c. 1882, Thermoreception
Braun, H. A. (ed), et al., Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation. New York: Springer, 1990.
1882, Innate immunity
Parham, P., The Immune System. New York: Garland Science, 2009.
1883, Germ Plasm Theory of Heredity
Gilbert, S., Developmental Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2013.
1883, Eugenics
Kevles, D., In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. New York: Knopf, 2013.
1884, Gram Stain
Tortora, G. J., et al., Microbiology: An Introduction. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.
1885, Negative Feedback
Cosentino, C., et al., Feedback Control in Systems Biology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011.
1890, Germ Theory of Disease
Waller, J. The Discovery of the Germ: Twenty Years That Transformed the Way We Think About Disease. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
1890, Animal Coloration
Diamond, J., et al., Concealing Coloration in Animals. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013.
1891, Neuron Doctrine
Shepherd, G. M., Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
1892, Endotoxins
Chaudhuri, K., et al., Cholera Toxins. New York: Springer, 2009.
1896, Global Warming
Weart, S. R., The Discovery of Global Warming: Revised and Expanded Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
1897, Adaptive Immunity
Parham, P., The Immune System. New York: Garland Science, 2009.
1897, Associative Learning
Gluck, M. A., et al., Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior. Richmond, UK: Worth, 2007.
1897, Ehrlich’s Side-Chain Theory
Silverstein, A. M., Paul Ehrlich’s Receptor Immunology: The Magnificent Obsession. New York: Academic Press, 2001.
1898, Malaria-Causing Protozoan Parasite
Shah, S., The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years. New York: Sarah Crichton Books, 2010.
1898, Viruses
Scholthof, K.-B. (ed.), et al., Tobacco Mosaic Virus: One Hundred Years of Contributions to Virology. St. Paul, MN: Amer Phytopathological Society, 1999.
1899, Ecological Succession
Walker, L. R., (ed.), et al., Linking Restoration and Ecological Succession. New York: Springer, 2007.
1899, Animal Locomotion
Alexander, R. M., Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
1900, Genetics Rediscovered
Stubbe, H., History of Genetics: From Prehistoric Times to the Rediscovery of Mendel’s Laws. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973.
1900, Ovaries and Female Reproduction
Haterius, H. O., Ohio Journal of Science 1937, 37 (6): 394.
1901, Blood Types
Kaushansky, K., et al., Williams Hematology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
1902, Tissue Culture
Neumann, K-H, et al., Plant Cell and Tissue Culture—A Tool in Biotechnology: Basics and Application (Principles and Practice). New York: Springer, 2009.
1902, Secretin: The First Hormone
Norris, D. O., et al., Vertebrate Endocrinology. New York: Academic Press, 2013.
1904, Dendrochronology
Stokes, M. A., et al., An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996.
1905, Blood Clotting
Doolittle, R. F., The Evolution of Vertebrate Blood Clotting. University Science Books, 2012.
1907, Radiometric Dating
Macdougall, D., Nature’s Clocks: How Scientists Measure the Age of Almost Everything. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008.
1907, Probiotics
Tannock, G. W., Probiotics and Prebiotics: Scientific Aspects. Poole, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2005.
1907, Why Does the Heart Beat?
Silverman, M. E., et al., Circulation. 2006, 113: 2775.
1908, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model, anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2
1910, Genes on Chromosomes
Kohler, R. E., Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Sturtevant, A. H., A History of Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001.
1911, Cancer-Causing Viruses
Rockefeller University Press, A notable career in finding out. Peyton Rous, 1879-1970. New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1971.
1912, Continental Drift
Colbert, E. H., Wandering Lands and Animals: The Story of Continental Drift and Animal Populations, Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1985.
1912, Vitamins and Beriberi
McDowell, L. R., Vitamin History, The Early Years. First Edition Design Publishing, 2013.
1912, Thyroid Gland and Metamorphosis
Ain, K., et al., The Complete Thyroid Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
1912, X-Ray Crystallography
Authier, A., Early Days of X-ray Crystallography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
1917, Bacteriophages
Kuchment, A., The Forgotten Cure: The Past and Future of Phage Therapy. New York: Springer, 2011.
1919, Biotechnology
Slater, A., et al., Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic Manipulation of Plants. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Thieman, W. J., et al., Introduction to Biotechnology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.
1920, Neurotransmitters
Iverson, L., et al., Introduction to Neuropharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
1921, Insulin
Bliss, M., The Discovery of Insulin: Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
1923, Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Saudubray, J-M (ed.), et al., Inborn Metabolic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Springer, 2012.
1924, Embryonic Induction
Gilbert, S. F. et al., Developmental Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2006.
1924, Timing Fertility
Gilbert, S. F., et al., Developmental Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2006.
1925, Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration
Day, D. (ed.), et al., Plant Mitochondria: From Genome to Function. New York: Springer, 2004.
Jacobs, J., Metabolism Basics: A Walkthrough Guide to Fermentation and Cellular Respiration. Seattle, WA: Amazon Digital Services, 2012.
1925, “The Monkey Trial”
Larson, E. J., Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
1925, Population Ecology,
Begon, M., et al., Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 1996.
1927, Food Webs
Polis, G. A., et al., Food Webs. New York: Springer, 1995.
1927, Insect Dance Language
Stearcy, W. A., et al., The Evolution of Animal Communication: Reliability and Deception in Signaling Systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.
1928, Antibiotics
Lax, E., The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004.
1929, Progesterone
Avise, J. C., Evolutionary Perspectives on Pregnancy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
1930, Osmoregulation in Freshwater and Marine Fish
Bradley, T., Animal Osmoregulation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
1931, Electron Microscope
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1935, Imprinting
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1935, Factors Affecting Population Growth
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1936, Stress
Seyle, H., The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
1936, Allometry
Reiss, M. J., The Allometry of Growth and Reproduction. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
1937, Evolutionary Genetics
Smith, J. M., Evolutionary Genetics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
1938, Coelacanth: “The Living Fossil”
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1939, Action Potential
Kandel, E. R. (ed.), et al., Principles of Neural Science. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2012.
1941, One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis
Pierce, B. A., Genetics: A Conceptual Approach. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2010.
1942, Biological Species Concept and Reproductive Isolation
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1943, Arabidopsis: A Model Plant
Koomneef, M., Plant Journal, 2010 61 (6): 909
1944, DNA as Carrier of Genetic Information
Portugal, F. H., et al., A Century of DNA: A History of the Discovery of the Structure and Function of the Genetic Substance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977.
1945, Green Revolution
Brown, L. R., Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Politics of Food Scarcity. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012.
1946, Bacterial Genetics
Snyder, W. et al., Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2013.
1949, Reticular Activating System
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1950, Phylogenetic Systematics
Wiley, E. O.,et al., Phylogenetics: Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011
1951, The Immortal HeLa Cells
Skloot, R. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown, 2010.
1952, Cloning (Nuclear Transfer)
Cibelli, J. (ed.), et al., Principles of Cloning. New York: Academic Press, 2013.
1952, Amino Acid Sequence of Insulin
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1952, Pattern Formations in Nature
Ball, P., The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
1952, Plasmids
Pierce, B. A., Genetics: A Conceptual Approach. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2010.
1952, Nerve Growth Factor
Habenicht, A. (ed.), Growth Factors, Differentiation Factors, and Cytokines. New York: Springer, 2011.
1953, Miller-Urey Experiment
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1953, The Double Helix
Judson, H. F., The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996.
Watson, J. D., The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. New York: Touchstone, 2001.
1953, REM Sleep
Siegel, J. M., Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2011 (15)3: 139.
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1953, Acquired Immunological Tolerance and Organ Transplantation
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1954, Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
MacIntosh, B., et al., Skeletal Muscle: Form and Function. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005.
1955, Ribosomes
Garrett, R. A., et al., (eds.), The Ribosome: Structure, Function, Antibiotics, and Cellular Interactions. Washington, DC: American Society Microbiology 2000.
1955, Lysosomes
British Society for Cell Biology: bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/lysosome/
1956, Prenatal Genetic Testing
Stanford Children’s Health: lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/pregnant/tests.html
1956, DNA Polymerase
Lehman, I. R., Journal Biological Chemistry 2005 280: 42477
1956, Second Messengers
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1957, Protein Structures and Folding
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1957, Bioenergetics
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1958, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Ridley, M., Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code. New York: Eminent Lives, 2006.
1958, Bionics and Cyborgs
Fischman, J., National Geographic Magazine (1) 2010.
1959, Pheromones
Wyatt, T. D., Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
1960, Energy Balance
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1960, Chimpanzee Use of Tools
Sanz, C. (ed.), et al., Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
1961, Cellular Senescence
Burton, D. G. A., Age 2009; 31(1): 1
1961, Cracking the Genetic Code for Protein Biosynthesis
Alberts, B., et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science, 2007.
1961, Operon Model of Gene Regulation
Müller-Hill, B., The Lac Operon: A Short History of a Genetic Paradigm. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1996.
1962, Thrifty Gene Hypothesis
Speakman, J.R., International Journal Obesity 2008 32: 1611.
1962, Silent Spring
Carson, R., Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1962.
1963, Hybrids and Hybrid Zones
Price, J. (ed.), Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
1964, Brain Lateralization
Schwartz, J. M., et al., The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. New York: Regan Books, 2003.
1964, Animal Altruism
Dawkins, R., The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
1966, Optimal Foraging Theory
Stephens, D. W., Foraging Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.
1967, Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
Drlica, K. S., et al., Antibiotic Resistance: Understanding and Responding to an Emerging Crisis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press, 2011.
1967, Endosymbiont Theory
Kozo-Polyansky, B. M., et al., Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
1968, Multi-Store Model of Memory
Gluck, M. A., et al., Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior. Richmond, UK: Worth, 2007.
Rudy, J. W., The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2013.
1968, Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Norris, D. O., et al., Vertebrate Endocrinology. New York: Academic Press, 2013.
1968, Systems Biology
Voit, E., A First Course in Systems Biology. New York: Garland Science, 2012.
1969, Cellular Determination
Kenyon College Biology Department: biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap11/Chapter_11.html
1970, Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Murray, A., et al., The Cell Cycle: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
1972, Punctuated Equilibrium
Gould, S. J., The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belnap Press, 2002.
1972, Sustainable Development
Rogers, P., et al., An Introduction to Sustainable Development. New York: Routledge, 2007.
1972, Parental Investment and Sexual Selection
Low, B. S., Why Sex Matters: A Darwinian Look at Human Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
1974, Lucy
Jurmain, R., et al., Introduction to Physical Anthropology, 2013-2014 Edition. Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2013.
1974, Cholesterol Metabolism
Goldstein, J. L., Arterioscerosis Thrombosis Vascular Biolology. 2009 29(4): 431.
1974, Sense of Taste
Finger, T. E. (ed.), et al., The Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2009.
1975, Monoclonal Antibodies
Wikipedia: www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Monoclonal_antibodies
1975, Sociobiology
Wilson, E. O., Sociobiology: The Abridged Edition. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1980.
1976, Cancer-Causing Genes
Cooper, G. M., Oncogenes. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 1995.
1977, Bioinformatics
Haddock, S., Practical Computing for Biologists. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2010.
1978, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Elder, K., et al., In-Vitro Fertilization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1979, Biological Magnification
biologicalmagnification.org/understanding-biological-magnification
1980, Can Living Organisms Be Patented?
Wikipedia: En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_patent
1982, Genetically Modified Crops
Halford, N. G., Genetically Modified Crops. London: Imperial College Press, 2011.
1983, HIV and AIDS
Kallen, S. A., The Race to Discover the AIDS Virus: Luc Montagnier Vs Robert Gallo. Springfield, MO: 21st Century, 2012.
1983, Polymerase Chain Reaction
Rabinow, P., Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
1984, DNA Fingerprinting
Rudin, N., et al., An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
1986, Genomics
Ridley, M., Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. New York: Harper Collins, 2006.
1987, Mitochondrial Eve
Sykes, B., The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002.
1987, Depletion of the Ozone Layer
Parson, E. A., Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
1990, Domains of Life
Margulis, L., et al., Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. New York: Academic Press, 2009.
1991, Sense of Smell
Finger, T. E.(ed.), et al., The Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2009.
1994, Leptin: The Thinness Hormone
Akaba, S., et al., Textbook of Obesity, Biological, Psychological and Cultural Influences. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
2000, Skin Color
Jablonski, N. G., Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012.
2003, Human Genome Project
Ridley, M., Genome: The Autobiography of the Species in 23 Chapters. New York: Harper Collins, 2006.
2005, Protist Taxonomy
Reece, J. B., et al., Campbell Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2013.
2006, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
Lanza, R. (ed.), et al., Essentials of Stem Cell Biology. New York: Academic Press, 2009.
2009, Viral Mutations and Pandemics
Kolata, G., Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused It. New York: Touchstone, 2001.
2010, Deepwater Horizon (BP) Oil Spill
Steffy, L. C., Drowning in Oil: BP & the Reckless Pursuit of Profit. New York: McGraw-Hill 2010.
2011, Translational Biomedical Research
Srivastava, R. (ed.), et al., Lost in Translation: Barriers to Incentives for Translational Research in Medical Sciences. London: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2013.
2011, Albumin From Rice
Evans, T. W., Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2002 16 (Suppl. 5): 6.
Yang He, et. al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2011 108(47): 19078.
2012, Human Microbiome Project
Hooper, L. V., Science 2001 292: 1115.
2012, Epigenetics
Francis, R. C., Epigenetics: The Ultimate Mystery of Inheritance. New York: W.W. Norton, 2011.
2013, American Chestnut Tree Blight
Freinkel, S., American Chestnut: The Life, Death, and Rebirth of a Perfect Tree. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007.
2013, De-Extinction
MacLeod, N., The Great Extinctions: What Caused Them and How They Shape Life. Richmond Hill, ON: Firefly Books, 2013.
2013, Oldest DNA and Human Evolution
Jurmain, R., et al., Introduction to Physical Anthropology, 2013–2014 Edition. Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2013.