INDEX

Acheson, Dean, 190, 192, 255–259
Adenauer, Konrad, 130, 275
Administration of Soviet Properties in Austria (USIA), 244, 255, 263–264
advisors, Soviet: in Albania, 57, 60–62, 64–70, 77–79, 84; in Finland, 108; in Poland, 199; in Yugoslavia, 68, 79
advisors, Yugoslav, 54, 56, 64–66, 81
agriculture. See collectivization
airlift, 157, 166–168, 172, 190–192; and Berliners, 179, 186; and propaganda, 182; and Soviets, 160, 171, 181. See also Berlin blockade
Albania, 25; American view of, 271; and Greece, 75–77, 84–85; independence of, 81; Soviet view of, 55, 62–63, 66–74, 83–84, 87; and Soviet-Yugoslav split, 80–81, 87, 270; and United Nations, 58, 62, 72; and Yugoslavia, 23, 54–64, 67–78, 82–83, 86–87
Albanian Communist Party (CPA), 54, 66
Albanian National Liberation Front, 54
Allied Commission for Austria, 232, 235, 238, 260
Allied Control Commission (ACC) in Finland, 88, 93, 100–113, 118
Allied Control Council for Germany, 165–166, 174
Altmann, Karl, 242
Anschluss, 234, 238
anti-Comintern Pact, 29
anti-fascist coalition, 14; in Austria, 236; in Denmark, 32; in Finland, 95; in Germany, 193; in Italy, 128; in Poland, 205
anti-Semitism, 2; in Poland, 214–215, 220, 223–224, 274; of the Soviet elite, 229
anti-Zionism, 214, 229
Antonov, Aleksei, 37, 236
Arctic Sea, 47, 99
armistice: with Finland, 47, 88–89, 93–98, 103, 108–112, 115; with Italy, 123
assassination attempt: on Tito, 85, 154; on Togliatti, 23, 149–154
atomic bomb. See nuclear weapons
Austria: communism in, 234, 240–245, 254–255; impact of Czechoslovak coup on, 254–255; independence of, 232, 238, 242, 250–251, 254–256; Moscow Declaration on, 231; nationalization attempts in, 239–240; as part of neutral zone, 11, 30, 231, 263, 265; Soviet occupation of, 3–4, 25, 232–233, 241, 246, 259; Soviet thinking on, 13–14, 18, 161, 232, 236, 245, 250, 259–266. See also Austrian Communist Party; Austrian State Treaty
Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ), 233, 238, 243, 249, 266; election results of, 240–242, 248; Soviets’ relations with, 244–248, 261–262
Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP), 236, 240, 248
Austrian Socialist Party (SPÖ), 238–239, 242
Austrian State Treaty: American thinking on, 255–256; and Hungary and Romania, 251; negotiations of, 247, 260–264; signing of, 233, 265–266; and Soviets, 245, 250, 253, 259–260; and Stalin’s death, 259

Badoglio, Pietro, 111, 123
Balkans, 75–80, 94
Balkan Union, 14, 74
Balli Kombëtar, 54
Baltic countries, 14, 37
Baltic Sea, 28–30, 37, 48
Basic Law, 168
Belgrade, 68, 77; Cominform meeting in, 143; Hoxha’s visit to, 58; Soviets in, 70, 77–78; Xoxe in, 59
Belishova, Liri, 65–67
Belts and Sound, 28–31, 37–38, 46–47, 92
Beneš, Eduard, 20, 254
Beria, Lavrentii, 6, 10, 199, 219
Berlin, 157–159, 192, 194, 269; population of, 178–189. See also Berlin blockade
Berlin blockade, 20, 24, 157, 271; and currency reform, 159, 176–177, 180, 190–191; end of, 189–195; fatalities, 191; and German population, 159, 181, 185–186, 192–194; and propaganda, 172, 181–182; Stalin’s goals with, 159–160, 171, 184, 190
Berling, Zygmunt, 199
Berman, Jakub, 200, 206, 216, 228–229; and Cominform meeting in Poland, 210, 212; as Jew, 215, 219
Bevin, Ernest, 251, 253–257
Bierut, Bolesław, 200, 202, 222, 224; and Gomułka, 203, 212, 217–221, 225, 227–228
Bischoff, Norbert, 255–256, 259
Bizonia, 163
Black Sea, 5, 90, 92
B-mark, 176, 179–180
Bolshevism, 9, 97, 233
Bolshevization, 146, 216, 249
Bornholm, 92, 268–271; American and British thinking on, 32, 34; Danish resistance on, 33; and memory politics, 275; in the press, 41–42, 48; Soviet occupation of, 28–31, 35–46; Soviet troops on, 25, 39; Soviet withdrawal from, 46–52; during WWII, 27, 34
Bradley, Omar, 166–168, 258
Brosio, Manlio, 143, 148
Brussels Treaty Organization. See Western European Union
Bucharest: Cominform meeting in, 212, 216; Hoxha in, 83
Buhl, Vilhelm, 32, 41
Bulganin, Nikolai, 31, 229
Bulgaria, 11, 14, 55, 71–73, 103, 251
Burgenland, 232, 233, 238
Byrnes, James, 129, 253

Carinthia, 253, 256
Catholic Church, 126, 144, 197
Central Bureau of Communists in Poland, 200
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 140, 155, 166, 194, 227
Cherriere, Paul, 253
China, 12, 13, 72, 86, 167, 272
Christian Democrats, 268; Austrian, 240; German, 184; Italian, 125–130, 137–146, 151–155
Chuikov, Vasilii, 190–191
Churchill, Winston, 6, 32, 93, 231; Iron Curtain speech, 17, 273; and percentages agreement, 74; and Poland, 197
Chuvakhin, D. S., 62, 81–86
Clay, Lucius: and Berlin blockade, 24, 157, 165–174, 186–191; and currency issues, 169, 177, 180
coalition government: Austrian, 236, 249; Czechoslovak, 254; Italian, 126, 131
Cold War: after the, 273; and Austria, 247, 262, 266; and Berlin, 157, 186; and Finland, 119; and Italy, 128, 155; Molotov on, 138–139; and Poland, 230; and postwar Europe, 8, 17–19, 24, 270–273
collaboration, 4, 5, 27, 38, 267, 275
collectivization, 15, 269; and Albania, 83; and Finland, 106; and Poland, 202, 204–205, 208, 227
colonies, 13, 123, 142–143
Cominform: and East Germany, 193; expulsion of Yugoslavia from, 23, 67, 79–82, 85, 153–154, 256; and Gomułka, 210–212, 215–216; and Italy, 131–132, 147–149, 154, 268; location of headquarters, 212; meeting in Poland, 19, 68, 102, 108, 131, 210–211, 270
Comintern, 14, 72; and Polish communists, 200–202, 211; and Togliatti, 123, 125
communists. See Albanian Communist Party; Austrian Communist Party; Finnish Communist Party; Italian Communist Party; Polish Communist Party; Socialist Unity Party; Yugoslav Communist Party
Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (CGIL), 137
Continuation War, 25, 47, 89, 101, 112, 269
Copenhagen, 30, 32–33, 41, 42–43; Stalin on, 51
Corfu Channel, 63
cosmopolitanism, 214, 220–221, 228, 248
Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM): and Austria, 251–253, 256–257; and Berlin question, 189; London meeting of, 163, 176; Paris meeting of, 191, 193, 252, 253, 256
currency reform, in Germany, 159, 164–165, 169, 170
Curzon Line, 197
Czechoslovak coup, 20, 23–24, 117, 119, 152; and Austria, 235, 254–255; influence on Italian election, 135–139, 144
Czechoslovakia, 2, 11, 25, 52, 94–95, 249

Danish Freedom Council, 27, 30–34
Danubian federation, 231, 234–235
De Gasperi, Alcide, 126–135, 268, 275; American support for, 139–140, 146–147; and attempt on Togliatti’s life, 151–153; Catholic support for, 144
Dekanozov, V. G., 30–31, 46
demilitarization: of Austria, 252; of Germany, 161, 176
demobilization, 100–102, 108, 208
democratization, of Germany, 161
de-Nazification, 161, 244, 248, 252
Denmark: in NATO, 50, 52, 194, 271; occupation of, 26, 32, 39, 41; as part of British sphere, 32, 34, 43, 49; as part of neutral zone, 11, 30; proper and Bornholm, 34, 41–42, 45, 47; Soviet relations with, 48, 50, 52; Soviet thinking on, 29–31; during WWII, 27, 33
Dewing, Richard Henry, 32–34
dictatorship, 35, 157, 274; Albanian, 268; of the proletariat, 15–16, 90, 193, 201, 205, 208, 268
Dimitrov, Georgi, 124–125, 243; and Greece, 75–76; and plans for federation, 14, 61, 72–74; and Poland, 202–203, 217; and Stalin, 73–76, 200
displaced persons, 1, 3, 109, 241, 252
Di Vittorio, Giuseppe, 152–153
Djilas, Milovan, 25, 69–70, 76–77
Doctors’ Plot, 228–229
Dönitz, Karl, 35
Døssing, Thomas, 31–32, 48–49
Dulles, Allen, 155
Dunn, James Clement, 134, 136, 138–141

East Germany, 157, 183, 185, 194, 239
East Prussia, 47, 161, 197
economy: Albanian, 60, 83, 86; Austrian, 244, 246, 262; of Berlin, 158, 170, 179; Finnish, 100, 118, 120; Italian, 123
Eden, Anthony, 34, 93
Einaudi, Luigi, 130, 152
Einaudi, Mario, 145
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 32–33, 37
elections, 17, 22, 24, 272; in Austria, 238, 240–243, 248; in Denmark, 44, 46; in Finland, 106–107, 119; in Germany, 168, 183, 193; of 1948 in Italy, 137–149, 155–156; in Poland, 206
Epirus, 58, 61, 75
Erhardt, John, 250
espionage, 162, 194, 247
Estonia, 92, 99, 101
European Advisory Committee, 235
European Recovery Program (ERP). See Marshall Plan
European Union, 129, 273–274, 277

Fagerholm, Karl-August, 120
famine, 117, 202
Farkas, Mihály, 134
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). See West Germany
Federation of Independents, 248
Figl, Leopold, 241, 256, 268, 275
Finder, Paweł, 201, 217, 226
Finish People’s Democratic Union (SKDL), 103, 105, 107, 115, 120
Finland: independence of, 90–94, 98, 115; in NATO, 273; as part of Soviet sphere, 30; socialism in, 114–115, 119; Soviet base in, 118; Soviet thinking on, 13, 90–95, 269; Soviet troops in, 25, 96, 108, 116; and USSR, 25, 47, 50, 88–89, 94–97, 120; and war crimes, 110–113; during WWII, 100; and Zhdanov, 89, 101–108. See also friendship treaty: Finno-Soviet
Finlandization, 88
Finnish Communist Party (CPF), 95–96, 103, 105–108, 119
Fischer, Ernst, 238, 247
foreign policy, Soviet, 9–10; and Germany, 157
Foreign Policy Department of the Soviet Central Committee, 68, 79
Fornalska, Małgorzata, 201
Forrestal, James V., 166
Four Power agreements, 168
France, 117, 140, 148, 161; Christian Democrats, 130; communist party in, 107, 155; Hoxha in, 86; as part of British sphere, 11, 30; sexual violence in, 4; Stalin and, 14–16, 73, 131, 142, 175, 205, 270
Free German Trade Union Federation (FDGB), 184
friendship treaty: Finno-Soviet, 24, 50, 102, 114–120; Yugoslav-Albanian, 56–58
Fürnberg, Friedl, 240–245, 260

Gagarinov, N. A., 65
Garbo, Greta, 140
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 135
German assets: in Austria, 240, 244, 253–258; in eastern Europe, 4
German Democratic Republic (GDR). See East Germany
German People’s Congress, 193
Germany: division of, 192, 194, 272; and Finland, 88, 94–96, 118; four-power governance of, 164, 168, 174, 178; as part of neutral zone, 11, 263; plans for postwar, 160–161, 162–163, 169; plans for unified, 161, 163, 193, 263; since reunification, 273; socialism in, 163; sovereignty of, 269; Soviet-occupied zone of, 41; Soviet thinking on, 13–14, 18, 29, 157, 160, 162, 175, 193; Soviet troops in, 166, 172. See also Allied Control Council for Germany; Berlin blockade; East Germany; West Germany
Gomułka, Władysław: attitude towards Jews, 213, 215, 219–221, 223, 229; and Cominform, 131, 210–213; internment, 200, 225–227; letter to Stalin, 219–221; as minister of the Recovered Territories, 206–207; and Polish communists, 203, 206, 216–218, 228; and Polish sovereignty, 204, 269; removal from office, 218, 222; return to power, 229; and socialism in Poland, 202, 204, 208–209, 216, 221, 268; and Stalin, 203–205, 208, 217, 219, 225; and underground state, 203; and Yugoslavia, 153, 212–213
Gomułka, Zofia, 220
Gottwald, Klement, 153–154, 254
government-in-exile, Polish, 198, 205, 219
Great Britain: and Albania, 62, 70, 72; and Austria, 250; and Baltic, 30, 37; and Finland, 88; socialism in, 15; and Soviet Union, 18, 131, 175, 193; and Western European Union, 14, 140. See also sphere of influence: British
Greece: and Albania, 55, 58, 75; civil war in, 122; as part of British sphere, 11, 55; Soviet thinking on, 73–74, 76; and Tito, 68, 77, 84; Togliatti on, 132
Greek Democratic Army, 75, 85
Greek royalists, 75, 85; and Albania, 55, 58, 60, 80; Stalin’s thinking on, 74, 76; and Tito, 84
Greenland, 42, 47, 50
Gromyko, Andrei, 259
Grotewohl, Otto, 169, 185, 193
Gruber, Karl, 240, 251, 255–259
Gulag, 200
Gulf of Bothnia, 94, 118
Gulf of Finland, 30, 47, 92, 99, 118

Helgoland, 30, 46
Helsinki, 47, 99, 116; Soviet plans to occupy, 95, 107; Zhdanov in, 101–103
Herz, Martin, 232–233, 242, 261
Holland. See Netherlands
Holocaust, 214, 275
Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), 198–204, 217, 225
housing, 4, 5, 35, 206, 208
Howley, Frank, 170, 174, 188, 192
Hoxha, Enver, 86; and Albanian domestic politics, 72; and Greece, 58, 75; and Spiru, 62, 65–66, 82; and Stalin, 55–56, 62–64, 81, 83, 86–87; and USSR, 69, 80–83; and Xoxe, 56, 62, 63, 67, 81, 87; and Yugoslavia, 54–59, 61, 64, 70–71, 80–82, 86–87
Hungary: and Austria, 254; compared to Finland, 94, 101, 103, 114–117; compared to Poland, 227–228; democracy in, 17; as part of the Soviet sphere, 11; sexual violence in, 4; and Soviet occupation of Austria, 232, 235, 252–253, 259, 265–266

Iakushev, A. V., 44, 50
Iceland, 42, 47, 194
imperialism, 92, 132, 228, 249
Independent Union Opposition (UGO), 184
intelligence, 226; American, 49, 138–140, 166; British, 29, 48, 94, 196; Danish, 38; Finish, 108; Polish, 197, 222; Soviet, 6, 42, 106, 166, 255, 261; Swedish, 108
Ioannides, Ioannis, 77
Iron Curtain, 14, 17, 271
Israel, 214, 223
Italian Communist Party (PCI), 128, 153; and Americans, 155; and Catholics, 144–145; in coalition government, 125–126, 129–130, 133; election results, 136–139, 144–145, 147; and Soviets, 122, 126–127, 132–135, 142, 146, 149, 152–154; and Togliatti, 123, 125–127, 135, 147–148, 154
Italian Socialist Party (PSI): in coalition government, 129–130; and general strike, 152; and PCI, 134–137, 145, 147–148
Italian Workers’ Socialist Party, 136
Italy: and Americans, 129–142, 137–139, 154–155, 260; as Catholic nation, 126, 144–145; compared to Finland, 107, 111; democracy in, 125, 138, 151; impact of Czechoslovak coup on, 23; independence of, 125, 268; in NATO, 148, 154–155, 265, 273; as part of neutral zone, 11, 30, 132; sexual violence in, 4; and Soviets, 122, 126–128, 143, 146, 152; and Stalin, 14, 123–124, 142, 148, 269–270; and Western European Union, 148; and Yugoslavia, 152. See also elections, of 1948 in Italy; Italian Communist Party; Italian Socialist Party; Togliatti, Palmiro

Jacobs, Joseph E., 58
Jankowski, Jan Stanisław, 200, 204
Jessup, Philip, 190–191
Jewish Antifascist Committee, 214
Jews: after war, 2, 218, 274; in communist party, 213–216, 219–225, 228–229; evacuation from Sweden, 27
Joint Distribution Service, 222
Jóźwiak, Franciszek, 202

Kardelj, Edvard, 63–64, 74–78, 134
Karelia, 13, 90, 93, 95–98, 100, 115
Karelian-Finnish Republic, 103–105
Katyń, 197–198
Kennan, George: on Bornholm, 38; on Germany, 158, 170, 175, 263; on Italy, 137–138
Kerr, Clark, 99–100
Keyes, Geoffrey, 254, 264
Khromushina, G. F., 43
Khrushchev, Nikita, 9, 85, 229, 260, 264–265
kidnapping, 165, 179, 247, 261
Kiel Canal, 28–30, 46–48
Kliszko, Zenon, 205, 218
Kommandantura, 165, 174
Konev, Ivan, 235
Koplenig, Johann, 238, 242, 245, 247, 260
Koptelov, M., 239
Korçë region, 58, 61, 70–71
Korean War, 262–263, 272
Korotkov, F. F., 37, 42–45
Kosov, Mikhail, 42
Kosovo, 56, 61, 86
Kostov, Traicho, 74–75
Kostylev, M. A., 146, 152
Kotikov, A. G., 174, 184
Kuprešanin, Milan, 71, 80–81
Kuusinen, Hertta, 105, 119
Kuusinen, Otto, 89–90, 101, 103, 105, 111
Kuznetsov, A. A., 247
Kuznetsov, N. G., 31

Lapland, 100
Latvia, 92
Lavrent’ev, A. I., 71, 78
Lebedev, Viktor, 212, 214–216, 222–224
Leino, Yrjö, 105–106, 111, 113; on inclusion of Finland in USSR, 94; as minister of interior, 109; removal from office, 119
LeMay, Curtis, 158–159, 179
Leningrad, 47–48, 89, 95, 97, 101, 117
Leninism, 126, 273; accusation of revisions of, 80; and Gomułka, 202, 216; and SED, 193; and Stalin, 12
Lithuania, 197
Litvinov, Maxim: on Albania, 55; on Austria, 231; and Baltic, 30, 37–38; Memorandum of, 10–11, 30, 92
Lombardo, Riccardo, 136
Longo, Luigi, 132, 149
Lower Austria, 107, 232, 238, 244
Lozovskii, Solomon, 30, 90, 92
Lübeck, 28, 32
Lublin government, 203, 205
Lviv (Lwów), 197

Macedonia, 61, 75, 77
Magistrat, 184–186, 189
Maiskii, Ivan, 10, 29, 92, 122
Malenkov, Georgi, 10, 229
Maletin, Pavel, 169
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil, 90, 109, 111, 114–115; and armistice, 96–97; memory of, 275; during WWII, 100; Zhdanov’s opinion of, 104–105, 120
Marek, Anton, 247
Marek, Franz, 243, 246
Marshall Plan, 17, 23; and Austria, 244, 246, 254, 261–262; and Finland, 113, 116; and Germany, 163–164; and Italy, 130–131, 140–145, 148; and Poland, 211; Soviet rejection of, 19
Masaryk, Jan, 19, 136
Matern, Hermann, 184–185
Mediterranean: American interests in, 122, 139, 154; Soviet interests in, 28, 55, 123, 125
memory politics, 5, 8, 274–277; Stalin in, 276
Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 15, 205–206, 271
military administration, Soviet, in Germany, 164, 182
Minc, Hilary, 206; and Gomułka, 211–214, 217, 219, 221; as a Jew, 215, 219, 221, 228; and USSR, 200, 212, 229
Ministry of the Interior: Austrian, 242; Finish, 109; Polish, 247; Soviet, 84
Moczar, Mieczysław, 216
Møller, Christmas, 31, 40, 43, 46, 51
Molotov, Viacheslav: and Austria, 231, 252–253, 256, 264; and Berman, 223, 229; on Cold War, 139; and Denmark, 31, 42, 49, 51; and Djilas, 69; and Finland, 95–104, 111, 115–117; and Germany, 163–164, 175–178, 189; on Gomułka, 221; and Hoxha, 62–63, 82; and Italy, 128, 135, 143; and Khrushchev, 265; and Poland, 196, 210–211, 214; replacement of, 190; and Spiru, 66, 82; and Stalin, 9–10; and Yugoslavia, 71–73, 76, 78–82
Montgomery, Bernard, 31–35
Moscow: Austrian communists in, 232, 237, 242–243, 245, 247, 260; Bierut in, 217, 229; Churchill in, 28, 74; Danish trade delegation to, 51; Declaration on Austria, 231; Djilas in, 69; East German leaders in, 193; Eden in, 93; Gomułka in, 203, 210, 217; Gruber in, 255; Hoxha in, 62–64, 83; Kardelj in, 63–64, 76; Kuusinen in, 105; Masaryk in, 19; meeting of ambassadors on Berlin, 175, 177, 181, 189; Mikołajczyk in, 15; Møller in, 31; Paasikivi in, 104; Pekkala in, 116; Popović in, 66, 79; Sokolovskii in, 164; Togliatti in, 125, 154; Zhdanov in, 101–102, 113
Mugoša, Dušan, 54
Murmansk, 92, 99
Murphy, Robert, 166, 172, 178, 191

nationalism: Albanian, 276; Austrian, 245; Gomułka’s, 215, 220–221; Hoxha’s, 69; Jewish, 223; Tito’s, 68; Togliatti’s, 142
nationalization: in Austria, 239–240; in Italy, 128; in Poland, 16
National Liberation Front, Albanian, 54
National State Council (KRN), 203
NATO, 273; and Denmark, 26, 50–53, 271; and Finland, 117; formation of, 272; and Germany, 172, 194, 265; and Italy, 148, 154–155
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 8, 13, 14, 196, 197
Nenni, Pietro, 129–130, 133–136, 148
Netherlands, 11, 30, 140
neutral zone, 11, 30, 53, 92, 265
new democracy, 17, 21; and Denmark, 46; and Finland, 95, 102; and Germany, 163–164, 193; and Hungary, 252; and Italy, 127, 143; and Poland, 15, 205; retreat from idea of, 19; and Romania, 252; Stalin’s commitment to, 16, 268. See also people’s democracy
Nexø, 35–36
NKVD: and Jews, 214; and Poland, 197–200, 204, 209, 219, 222; and POWs, 247; and Yugoslavia, 78, 85
North Sea, 28–30, 46, 92
Norway, 11, 30, 37, 96; border with USSR, 47, 92, 99, 118; and NATO, 50, 194; Soviet evacuation of, 45
Nowotko, Marceli, 201, 217, 226
nuclear weapons, 6–7, 160, 173, 258, 273

occupation, Soviet: of Austria, 4, 231–237, 241–243, 249–252, 256–266; of Bornholm, 26–28, 38–41, 46–48, 50, 53, 269, 271; and Finland, 94, 98, 107, 108; of Germany, 4, 31, 158–162, 169–170, 172, 177, 182, 214; and Japan, 12; memory of, 275; of Poland, 206, 208; Stalin on, 25. See also Red Army; troops, Soviet
Oder, 197, 199
oil industry, Austrian, 240, 244, 253, 257–258, 262–266
Okulicki, Leopold, 200, 204
Organization for European Cooperation, 140
Ottilinger, Margarethe, 261

Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 105, 268, 275; and friendship treaty, 114, 118–119; and Marshall Plan, 113; and Soviets, 97, 104, 109, 113–114, 116–117, 120–121; and war crime trials, 101, 103, 110–113. See also friendship treaty: Finno-Soviet; Paasikivi line
Paasikivi line, 97, 108, 120
Pallante, Domenico, 149
Paris Peace Conference, 62, 129, 252
parliamentary system, 20, 138, 268, 274; Austrian, 238, 248; British, 15; Danish, 49; Finnish, 90, 93, 97, 104, 114; Italian, 126, 132–134, 151; Polish, 205
partisans: Albanian, 54; Greek, 74–75, 78, 84, 270; Italian, 123, 125–126, 147; Yugoslav, 54, 122
peace treaty: with Bulgaria, 72; with Finland, 97, 102, 113, 115; with Italy, 130, 142
Pekkala, Mauno, 115–116
People’s Army, Polish (AL), 201, 203, 225–226
people’s democracy, 11, 14, 72, 252, 268; and Albania, 84; and Austria, 232, 248–249, 262; and Finland, 90, 95, 102, 105–107, 114–117; and Germany, 162, 193; and Italy, 123, 134; and Poland, 16, 204–205, 209–210. See also new democracy
percentages agreement, 74
Pessi, Ville, 105, 113–114
Petsamo, 47, 92, 96, 99, 115, 120
Piccioni, Attilio, 127
Pieck, Wilhelm, 169, 172, 176, 183, 193
Pius XII, 144
Poland: after war, 2–4, 199; Cominform meeting in, 19, 102, 108, 131, 210–211; communists in, 200–202, 206, 218, 227; compared to Finland, 94–95; government of, 203, 206; independence of, 209–212, 217, 229, 268; and Jews, 3, 213, 215–216, 218–223, 228–229; in NATO, 273; as part of Soviet sphere, 11, 13; and Soviets, 37, 47, 196, 199, 204, 206–208, 230; Stalin on, 13, 15–16, 52, 197, 204–205, 269; territory of, 161, 197; and Western Allies, 92, 271; and Yugoslavia, 153
Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN). See Lublin government
Polish Communist Party (KPP), 200–201, 213
Polish Government of National Unity, 205
Polish Ministry of Public Security, 199, 222–223, 225, 227
Polish Peasant Party (PSL), 206
Polish Peasant Party (SL), 204, 208
Polish road to socialism, 205, 208–209, 215–216, 228–230, 268
Polish Security Service (UB), 209, 219, 222
Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), 214, 218–221, 224, 229
Polish Workers’ Party (PPR), 201–209, 212–218, 226, 271; merger with PPS, 219–221
politburo: Albanian, 62, 65, 71, 82; Polish, 212, 219–220, 222, 224, 226; Soviet, 84, 89, 259; Yugoslav, 68, 77, 78
Popović, Miladin, 54
Popović, Vladimir, 66–68, 79
Popular Front, 14, 202; Italian, 134, 136–137, 141, 144
Porkkala, 94, 116, 120; Soviet naval base, 47, 92, 99, 118
postwar years, 7, 8, 270; memory of, 274–275
Potsdam Conference, 6, 162, 178, 192, 270; agreement, 111, 168, 235, 244, 246; and Germany, 161, 164; Soviet aims at, 28, 196
Prisoners of War (POWs), 1, 3, 112, 241, 243, 247
provisional government, Austrian, 235–238, 242, 251
purges, 276; Albanian party, 66–67; in Poland, 200, 221, 229; Stalin’s, 90

Quaroni, Pietro, 128

Raab, Julius, 265
Ranković, Aleksandar, 71, 82
rape, 4, 207, 233–234, 246, 275
Rasmussen, Gustav, 48–51, 275
Reale, Eugenio, 132
realism, 12, 130, 196
realpolitik, 75, 192
Reber, Samuel, 257
Recovered Territories, 206–208, 218, 226
Red Army, 5, 25, 89, 101; and Austria, 231–237, 246–247, 261; on Bornholm, 26, 37, 39, 46, 270; and Finland, 112; and Germany, 159, 182; and Italy, 122–123; and Poland, 13, 196, 199–200, 205–209, 226. See also troops, Soviet
refugees: in Austria, 241; on Bornholm, 35–36; in Finland, 90, 100
Renner, Karl: and Allies, 242, 250–251; and Austrian communists, 237–238, 241–243; and Austrian neutrality, 264; and Austrians, 240; memory of, 275; and Soviets, 235–239
reparations: Finish, 88–90, 100–103, 113, 117, 120; German, 14, 161–163, 176, 206–207; Italian, 142
resistance groups: in Albania, 54; in Denmark, 27, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 44; in Italy, 125; in Poland, 198–199, 217
Reuter, Ernst, 184–185, 192, 268; and Clay, 186–188, 194
Rokossovskii, Konstantin, 35, 223–225
Romania: compared to Finland, 94, 101, 103, 114–117; and Soviet occupation of Austria, 232, 252–253, 259, 265–266; in Soviet sphere, 11, 13
Rønne, 33, 35–36, 38, 50
Roosevelt, Franklin, 6, 93, 161, 197
Rügen, 30–31, 37, 46
Ruhr, 14, 18, 162, 169, 171
Russkikh, A. G., 182–184, 188

Saragat, Giuseppe, 136
Sargent, Orme, 32
Scelba, Mario, 146, 153
Schroeder, Luise, 184
Secchia, Pietro, 126, 143, 149, 152; and radicalism, 132; Stalin, Zhdanov, and, 133–135, 142
sectarianism, 13, 59, 203, 217, 245
security interests, Soviet, 7, 13, 92; and Austria, 250; and Baltic, 37, 47–49; and Denmark, 30, 38, 46–48; and Finland, 90, 97, 104, 115–120; and Poland, 196
Semenov, V. S., 30–31, 172, 177
Serov, Ivan, 199–200, 204
Shehu, Mehmet, 67, 82
Shepherd, Francis M., 93, 103, 108–110
Shoah. See Holocaust
Sicily, 122, 137, 139
Sigurimi, 66, 81–82, 96
Silesia, 161, 197
Smirnov, A., 164
Smith, Walter Bedell, 175–177
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 182–185
Social Democrats, 32, 112, 268; Austrian, 235, 254; Danish, 46; Finnish, 103, 105, 107, 120; Italian, 136, 139. See also Social Democratic Party of Germany
socialism: in Albania, 59; in Austria, 232, 237; in Finland, 114; in Germany, 163; Polish road to, 205, 208–209, 213, 215–216, 221, 224–225, 229–230, 268; separate roads to, 19, 211, 213; and Stalin, 9, 14–17; and Yugoslavia, 74, 80, 212
Socialist Unity Party (SED), 169, 181–185, 193
Sokolovskii, V. D., 164–166, 177, 181; and Clay, 174; and currency reform, 170, 178–179; replacement of, 190
Sørensen, Arne, 33
sovereignty, 21, 23, 267–269, 272–274; Albanian, 72; Austrian, 231, 242, 249, 251, 256, 261; Danish, 27; Finish, 26, 90, 97, 115–117; German, 162, 185, 192; Italian, 135; Polish, 200, 204, 211–212, 217; Yugoslav, 55
Soviet aid, 276; for Albania, 56, 64, 80–83; for Italian communists, 134; for Yugoslavia, 77
Soviet Union, 267, 271; and Albania, 78, 81, 84, 87; and Austria, 234, 246–249, 259–264, 276; and Denmark, 30, 42–43, 52–53; and Finland, 50, 88–90, 92–95, 98, 103–109, 115–121; geopolitical interests of, 12–13, 30, 46, 89, 92, 196, 269; and Germany, 5–6, 30, 46, 164, 181, 192, 269, 276; and Great Britain, 11, 15; and Italy, 122, 127, 134, 136, 143; and Poland, 15, 197–199, 201–202, 205–209, 212–213, 216, 218, 230; and Stalin, 8–9, 13, 18, 192; territory of, 9, 13, 14, 42, 47, 96, 99, 115, 161, 197; and United States, 19, 128, 249, 272–273; and Western Allies, 18, 88, 194, 211, 270; and Yugoslavia, 66, 68, 76, 78. See also security interests, Soviet; sphere of influence: Soviet
Soviet-Yugoslav split, 68, 81–84, 260, 270
sphere of influence: British, 11, 32; Soviet, 11, 30, 33, 92–93
Spiru, Nako: death of, 66; and Hoxha, 82; and Soviets, 65, 86; and Xoxe, 62, 65, 67, 82; and Yugoslavia, 60, 64, 69, 78
Spychalski, Marian, 205, 212, 218, 222; PZPR case against, 224–227
Stalin: and Albania, 55–57, 62, 64, 67–74, 83–84, 87; and Austria, 231–232, 241, 250–253, 257, 260–261, 266; and Baltic, 29; and Berlin blockade, 159–160, 164–166, 170–172, 175, 178, 181, 189–192; and Churchill, 28, 32, 74, 197; and Cominform, 131; death of, 86, 227, 228, 259, 263, 273; and Denmark, 32, 41, 43, 47, 51–53; and Dimitrov, 72–73, 76; and Finland, 90, 92–93, 95–96, 103–105, 114–118, 120; and geostrategy, 269–270; and Germany, 6, 160–164, 169, 176, 183, 191–193, 263; and Gomułka, 202–204, 206, 208–212, 215, 218–221, 225–229; on Greece, 75–76, 84; and Hoxha, 62–64, 69–70, 81–83, 86–87; and Italy, 123–125, 131, 133, 135, 142, 146–148, 155; and Jews, 214, 221, 229, 248; and Marshall Plan, 19, 148, 211; memory of, 276; and Molotov, 10; and new democracy, 14–17; on occupation, 25; and plans for Europe, 6, 8, 11, 13–14, 20, 24, 88, 123, 268; and Poland, 13, 15–16, 196–200, 205–206, 208–209, 230; and Polish communists, 200–201, 210, 212, 213, 217, 223; at Potsdam Conference, 6; and Potsdam principles, 162, 164; and Renner, 235–237, 243; and Soviet foreign policy, 9–10, 12–13; and Tito, 68, 71, 73–80, 85–86; and Togliatti, 123–125, 128, 130, 135, 137, 142, 146–149, 153–154; and United States, 11, 12, 18, 68, 72–73, 133, 160; and Western Allies, 18, 131, 133, 167, 175–177, 192, 259, 269, 270; and Xoxe, 69; and Yugoslavia, 68–72, 74, 85; and Zhdanov, 89, 101–103
Stella Polaris, 108
Stojnić, Velimir, 56
Strebkov, Pavel, 37, 39, 43
strikes: in Austria, 249; on Bornholm, 27; in Finland, 119; in Italy, 132–133, 145–146, 151–153
Strzelecki-Gomułka, Ryszard, 220
suicide, 3, 136, 179; note of Spiru, 65
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF), 32–33, 37
surrender, German, 28, 31–36, 40
Suslov, Mikhail, 79, 182, 217
Sweden: evacuation of Jews to, 27; and neutrality, 50, 88–89, 94, 120; as part of Soviet sphere, 30
Światło, Józef, 225–228
Szklarska Poręba, 19, 131, 134, 211, 212

Tanner, Väinö, 112–113
Teheran Conference, 93
Terijoki government, 89–90, 103, 105
Terracini, Umberto, 132
Thorez, Maurice, 13, 133
Tirana, 55; oil refinery, 83; Soviets in, 60–65, 70–71, 81
Tito, Josip Broz: and Albania, 54, 56–59, 61, 66, 74, 77, 80–82, 87; and federation plans, 14, 72–73, 78, 80; and Gomułka, 213, 230; and Greece, 75, 77; and Italy, 135, 154; and nationalism, 68; and Soviets, 62, 66, 70–71, 73, 76–80, 212; and Stalin, 57, 68, 70–72, 74–78, 80, 85–86, 154, 268
Togliatti, Palmiro: and Americans, 128–129, 133, 142, 268; and armed uprising, 146–147; assassination attempt on, 23, 149–153; and civil war, 125; and De Gasperi, 126, 129–130, 151, 155; and elections, 135, 137, 147; as leader of PCI, 127–128, 132, 134–135, 147–148, 154; and Marshall Plan, 130, 144; memory of, 275; and partisans, 126, 127, 147; and Soviets, 126, 134, 146, 268; and Stalin, 123–125, 132, 135, 142, 154
Tolbukhin, Fedor, 233, 235, 236
trade: Berlin inter-sector, 171, 191; Soviet-Albanian, 84; Soviet-Danish, 51, 270; Soviet-Finnish, 117; Soviet-Italian, 142; Yugoslav-Albanian, 67, 78, 81
trade unions: in Austria, 243; in Berlin, 184; in Italy, 151–153; in Poland, 202
Trieste: British and American troops in, 123; Yugoslav claims to, 57, 143, 260
troops, Soviet: in Austria, 3, 233, 246, 251, 254, 258–259, 261; in Berlin, 166; on Bornholm, 40–41, 43–44, 49–50; in Finland, 95, 99, 103, 116; in Germany, 3, 23, 263; locals’ problems with, 44, 207–208, 233, 246; in Poland, 23, 205, 207–208. See also Red Army
Truman, Harry S., 6, 12; and Austria, 258, 260; and Finland, 93; and Germany, 161, 173–174, 194
Truman Doctrine, 17, 23, 254, 270
two-camps speech, 19–20, 103, 270

Ukraine, 197, 274
Ulbricht, Walter, 16, 171, 176, 193
Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP), 203, 213
United Nations, 42; and Albania, 58, 62, 72; Austria in, 250, 266; Denmark in, 27; Italy in, 140; Security Council, 189
United States: and Albania, 62, 70, 72, 81; and Allies, 18, 175, 250; and Austria, 244, 250, 258, 264; and Baltic, 37–38; and Berlin blockade, 172, 175, 194; and Bornholm, 47; and Finland, 88, 93, 115; and Italy, 129, 132, 139, 141, 148, 154–155, 268; and Mao, 86; and NATO, 194; and Poland, 15, 205, 271; and Stalin, 11, 12, 18, 72, 131, 160, 193, 270
United Trade Union Confederation, 128

Vatican, 130, 215, 231; and De Gasperi, 126, 129, 144; and Italian elections, 143–144
Venstre Party, 46
Vetrov, M. S., 30, 46
Vienna: and Berlin blockade, 24, 262; and Four Power occupation, 235, 262, 271; Rathaus, 238; Soviets in, 231–233, 237–238, 244–246, 260–261
von Kamptz, Gerhard, 35
von Stemann, Poul Christian, 35, 39–45, 50
Vyborg, 96, 99, 103
Vyshinskii, Andrei, 190, 219, 222; and Austria, 240, 256–257, 259; on Berlin, 190; meeting with Hoxha, 83

war criminals, trials of alleged Finish, 100–105, 109–113
Warsaw, 212, 225; Molotov in, 82; move of government to, 203, 205; Red Army in, 199; Soviet ambassador in, 214, 224; underground, 226; Uprising, 198
Warsaw Pact, 118, 265
Wehrmacht: and Finns, 89, 99; soldiers on Bornholm, 27, 35; surrender of, 31
Western European Union, 14, 140, 148, 164, 194
West Germany: American troops in, 260; and Berlin, 186, 191; creation of, 157, 160, 162, 163–164, 173, 175, 178, 193; and NATO, 172, 265; provisional character of, 168; and sovereignty, 269; and Soviets, 171, 180, 194, 264
Winter War, 113; communists and, 90; Finish losses after, 115; memory of, 96, 103, 117; and Terijoki government, 93; and Zhdanov, 89, 101
Wolski, Władysław, 222–224
women: building Tegel airport, 179; and PCI, 128; violence against, 4, 38, 207; and war, 3

Xoxe, Koçi: execution, 82, 87; and Hoxha, 56, 58, 62–63, 67, 81–82, 87; in Moscow, 63–64; and Spiru, 62, 65–67; Stalin on, 69; and Yugoslavia, 59, 62–63, 66, 70, 80, 86

Yakov, Malik, 190
Yalta Conference, 11, 18, 93, 161, 270; and Poland, 196
Yugoslav Communist Party (CPY), 54
Yugoslavia: and Albania, 55–59, 67, 69–70, 73–74, 78, 83, 87; and Austria, 235, 250; and Bulgaria, 14, 73; compared to Finland, 95; expulsion from Cominform, 215; and Greece, 75; and Italy, 134; and Spiru, 66; and Stalin, 11, 55, 67, 69, 72, 74, 85; and USSR, 11, 25, 68, 73, 78–79, 149. See also Yugoslav Communist Party

Zahariadis, Nikos, 77, 84
Zambrowski, Roman, 212; as a Jew, 215, 219, 221–223, 228
Zdorov, V. A., 182
Zhdanov, Andrei: and Austrian communists, 260–261; as Central Committee member, 66; and Finland, 89, 94–95, 101–103, 117; and Finnish communists, 105–107, 114, 120; and Finnish war crime trials, 101, 104, 110–113; and Finno-Soviet friendship treaty, 114–115, 118; interference in Finnish affairs, 109; meeting with Djilas, 69; meeting with Popović, 66–68; meeting with Secchia, 133–134, 142; and Molotov, 96–97; and Paasikivi, 104, 114, 121; and Stalin, 89, 101–102; two-camps speech, 19–20, 103, 211–212, 270, 272
Zhdanova, T., 46
Zheltov, Aleksei, 237–238, 245, 247
Zionism, 223, 228
Zlatić, Savo, 65, 81
Žujović, Sreten, 78