Chapter 1
1. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. T. Parsons (London: Allen & Unwin, 1930).
2. A. Stephanson, Manifest Destiny (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995).
3. A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations, 2 vols. (London: Strahan Cadell, 1776).
4. M. Weber, The Protestant Ethic, 52.
5. K. T. Ericson, Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966), 36.
6. Ibid.
7. K. C. Davis, “God and Country,” Smithsonian (October 2010): 86–96.
8. Ibid., 91.
9. L. A. French, Psychocultural Change and the American Indian: An Ethnohistorical Analysis (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1987).
10. J. Conway, “Perspectives on the History of Women’s Education in the United States,” History of Education Quarterly 14 (Spring 1974): 1–12.
11. J. Best and R. Sidwell, The American Legacy of Learning (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1967).
12. G. Nash, Red, White, and Black (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974); T. Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 1840–1866 (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1979).
13. H. Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967); M. Carnoy, Education as Cultural Imperialism (New York: David McKay, 1974); D. Ravitch, “On the History of Minority Group Education in the US,” Teachers College Record 1 (December 1976): 213–28; C. Woodson. The Education of the Negro prior to 1881 (New York: Putnam’s, 1915).
14. M. Beschloss, The Presidents: Every Leader from Washington to Bush (New York: American Heritage/Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2003).
15. L. A. French, “Militarization of the Police.” In Police Use of Force, ed. M. J. Palmiotto (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2017), 65–80.
16. G. A. Rawlyk, Yankees at Louisburg: The Story of the First Siege, 1745 (Montreal: Breton Books, 1999), 47.
17. Colin G. Calloway, North Country Captives (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1992), viii.
18. J. M. Faragher, A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), x.
19. V. Pareto, “The Circulation of Elites.” In Theories of Society: Foundations of Modern Sociological Theory, eds. T. Parsons et al. (New York: The Free Press, 1961) 551–58.
20. E. Speare, “New Hampshire Loyalists,” Stories of New Hampshire: Living History of the Granite State (Chelsea, MI: Sheridan Books, 2000), 106–8.
21. C. Moore, The Loyalists: Revolution, Exile, Settlement (Toronto: McCelland & Stewart, 1994); G. G. Campbell, A History of Nova Scotia (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1948).
22. C. G. Calloway, The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), xv.
Chapter 2
1. The Constitution of the United States of America. (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2015), 1.
2. J. Isbister, The Immigration Debate: Remaking America (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1996).
3. M. Beschloss, The Presidents: Every Leader from Washington to Bush (New York: American Heritage/Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2003); J. Durant and A. Durant, Pictorial History of American Presidents (New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, 1955).
4. 1917 Immigration Ace: An Act to Regulate the Immigration of Aliens to, and the Residence of Aliens in, the United States, H.R. 10384; Pub.L. 301; Stat. 874 (64th Congress, February 5, 1917).
5. N. Abrams and S. S. Beale, “Federal, State and Local Criminal Enforcement Resources,” in Federal Criminal Law and Its Enforcement, 2nd edition (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, Company, 1993), 5–15.
6. W. G. Bell, Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2005: Portraits and Biographical Sketches (Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 2005).
7. U.S. Constitution, Article II.
8. J. K. Mahon, History of the Militia and the National Guard (College Park, MD: The Potowmack Institute, 1983); B. M. Stentiford, “The Meaning of a Name: The Rise of the National Guard and the End of the Town Militia,” Journal of Military History 72 (2008): 724–54.
9. U.S. Constitution, Article I; Section 9, paragraph 2.
10. H. A. Gailey, Historical Encyclopedia of the United States Marine Corps (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 1998).
11. “The Problem of Equal Protection,” in American Constitutional Interpretation, eds. W. F. Murphy, J. E. Fleming, and S. A. Barber (Westbury, NY: The Foundation Press, 1995), 235–46.
12. L. A. French, “Jim Crow America,” in Running the Border Gauntlet (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010), 15–19.
13. A. Schiffrin, Dr. Seuss & Co. Go to War (New York: The New Press, 2009), 16.
14. Posse Comitatus Act (Knott Amendment). 20 Stat. 152, 18 USC.; 1385 (June 18, 1878); L. W. Yackle, “Historical Introduction,” in Federal Courts: Habeas Corpus (New York: Foundation Press, 2003), 1–58.
15. P. S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States: From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor (New York: International Publisher, 1947); J. D. Horan, The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1967); B. Burrough, Public Enemies: America’s Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34 (New York: Penguin Books, 2004).
Chapter 3
1. R. M. Brown, “Historical Patterns of Violence in America,” in Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, eds., H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr, Special Report Submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), 62–64.
2. M. Beschloss, The Presidents.
3. B. W. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), 54.
4. Ibid., 4–5.
5. W. Nugent, Habit of Empire: A History of American Expansion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008).
6. Johnson and Granham’s Lessee v. William McIntosh, 21 U.S., 543, 5 L.Ed. 681 (1823).
7. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1, 5Pet. 1, 81 L.Ed. 25 (1831).
8. W. C. Canby Jr., The Cherokee Cases and Indian Removal: 1820–1850, American Indian Law in a Nutshell, 2nd ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1988), 16–17.
9. M. Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 3.
10. G. Jahoda, The Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removals 1813–1855 (New York: Wings Books, 1975), 36.
11. H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr, Violence in America: Historical and Comparatives (Eisenhower Report) (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), 64–66.
Chapter 4
1. R. M. Brown, “Historical Patterns of Violence in America,” in Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives., eds. H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr, 154–58; Special Report Submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. New York: Bantam Books, 1969: 62–64.
2. R. M. Brown, “Historical Patterns of Violence in America,” Police Violence, 60–62; neovigilantism, 69; The Problem of Frontier Law Enforcement and Justice, 178–83.
3. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537: 283–88 (1896).
4. Brown, “Lynch Mob Violence,” 50–51.
5. R. Ginzburg, 100 Years of Lynching: The Shocking Record Behind Today’s Black Militancy (New York: A Lancer Book, 1962), 64–65.
6. H. E. Barnes and N. K. Teeters, New Horizons in Criminology, 3rd edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1959), 378–81.
7. J. F. Steiner and R. M. Brown, The North Carolina Chain Gang: A Study of County Convict Road Work (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1927; London: Oxford University Press, 1927), 55–56.
8. Ibid., 81–101.
9. T. Horwitz, “November 29, 1864/Sand Creek, Colorado: Hundreds of Women and Children Were Coming Toward Us, and Getting on Their Knees for Mercy,” Smithsonian 45, no. 8 (2014): 50–57.
10. P. Cozzens, “Grant’s Uncivil War: The President Promised Peace with Indians—and Covertly Hatched the Plot That Provoked One of the Bloodiest Conflicts on the Plains,” Smithsonian 47, no. 7 (November 2016): 48–59.
11. R. W. Stewart, ed., “Winning the West: The Army in the Indian Wars, 1865–1890,” in The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917, Vol. 1 (Army Historical Series) (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001).
12. D. Brown, The Galvanized Yankees (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1963/1985).
13. L. A. French, Jurisprudence and Cultural Genocide: Outlawing Traditionalism, Legislating Indian Country: Significant Milestones in Transforming Tribalism (New York: Peter Lang, 2007), 65–69.
14. L. Standing Bear, My People the Sioux (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1975); Standing Bear v. Crook (Indians are people declaration), 25 Federal Cases, 695, 697, 700–701 (May 12, 1879).
15. W. C. Canby Jr. “Movement to the Reservations: 1860 to 1887,” 17–19. American Indian Law in a Nutshell (2nd ed.) (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1988).
16. W. T. Hagan, Indian Police and Judges: Experiments in Acculturation and Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966).
17. W. Clum, Apache Agent (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1936); A. H. Kneale, Indian Agent (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1950).
18. W. T. Hagan, Indian Police and Judges.
19. Hagan, ibid.; F. H. Harrison, Hanging Judge (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1951).
20. Harrison, ibid.; H. Croy, He Hanged Them High (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1952).
21. G. Shirley, Law West of Fort Smith (New York: Collier Books, 1961), 139.
22. L. D. Ball, The United States Marshalls of New Mexico and Arizona Territories, 1846–1912 (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1978).
23. S. J. Brakel, American Indian Tribal Courts: The Cost of Separate Justice (Chicago: American Bar Foundation, 1978).
24. S. L. Harring, Crow Dog’s Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Laws, and United States Law in the 19th Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); W. C. Canby Jr., The Cherokee Cases and Indian Removal, 17–19.
25. Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. Reports, 557, 571–72 (1883); Major Crimes Act. U.S. Statutes at Large, 23: 385(18 USC, 1153) (1885); and United States v. Kagama, 118 U.S. 375, 382–85 (1886).
26. L. A. French, Jurisprudence and Cultural Genocide, 65–69.
27. Ibid.
28. R. M. Utley and W. E. Washburn, Indian Wars (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977), 290–91.
Chapter 5
1. F. W. Marks III, Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1970).
2. L. A. French, Asia, Southeast, Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present, Vol. 1, ed. J. I. Ross (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2011), 69–78.
3. M. Boot, “‘Attractions’ and ‘Chastisement’—The Philippine War, 1899–1902,” in The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 99–100.
4. M. V. Henderson, “Minor Empresario Contracts for the Colonization of Texas, 1825–1834,” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 31, no. 4 (1928): 295–32.
5. C. L. Dufour, The Mexican War: A Compact History, 1846–1848 (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1968); S. V. Connor and O. B. Faulk, North America Divided: The Mexican War, 1846–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
6. W. P. Webb, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1935).
7. C. T. Haven and F. A. Belden, A History of the Colt Revolver (New York: Morrow, 1940); J. E. Parsons, The Peacemaker and Its Rivals: An Account of the Single Action Colt (New York: Morrow, 1950).
8. C. H. Harris III and L. R. Sadler, The Texas Rangers and the Mexican Revolution: The Bloodiest Decade, 1910–1920 (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2004), 15.
9. B. H. Johnson, Revolution in Texas: How a Forgotten Rebellion and Its Bloody Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003).
10. B. H. Procter. Just One Riot: Episodes of Texas Rangers in the 20th Century (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1991); L. A. French, “Militarization of the Police,” in Police Use of Force: Important Issues Facing the Police and the Community They Serve, ed. M. J. Palmiotto (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2017).
11. P. Gardner, Porfirio Diaz: Profiles in Power (Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 37.
12. Ibid.
13. A. Camp, Politics in Mexico (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
14. A. Brenner, The Winds That Swept Mexico (Meridian, CT: The Meridian Gravure Company, 1971).
15. C. C. Clendenen, The United States and Pancho Villa: A Study in Unconventional Diplomacy (Ithaca, NY: American Historical Association, Cornell University Press, 1961).
16. B. H. Johnson, Revolution in Texas; C. H. Harris and L. R. Sadler, The Texas Rangers and the Mexican Revolution; J. Sandos, Rebellion in the Borderlands: Anarchism and the Plan de San Diego—1904–1923 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992).
17. B. H. Johnson, Revolution in Texas, 113.
18. Ibid., 120.
19. D. M. Coerver and L. B. Hall, Texas and the Mexican Revolution: A Study in State and National Border Policy, 1910–1920 (San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press, 1984).
20. Ibid.
21. J. W. Hurst, The Villista Prisoners, 1916–1917 (Las Cruces, NM: Yucca Tree Press, 2000).
22. Ibid.
23. A. Knight, U.S.-Mexican Relations, 1910–1940. An Interpretation, Monograph Series 28 (San Diego, CA: Tinker Foundation, 1987).
24. Hurst, The Villista Prisoners 1916–1917; F. Tompkins, Chasing Villa: The Last Campaign of the U.S. Cavalry (Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Company, 1934).
25. J. A. Crutchfield, Revolt at Taos: The New Mexican and Indian Insurrection of 1847 (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2015), 111–12; Fleming v. Page (50 U.S. ((9 How.) 603 (1850).
26. Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States, Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848.
Chapter 6
1. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Education and Work,” Journal of Negro Education 1 (April 1931): 15–18; E. F. Frazier, Black Bourgeois (New York: Free Press, 1962); A. Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Ballentine/Random House, 1995).
2. F. Galton. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (London: Macmillan, 1869).
3. L. M. Terman, The Measurement of Intelligence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916); Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, 205, No. 292, U.S. Supreme Ct. (1927).
4. Terman, The Measurement of Intelligence.
5. Ibid., 26.
6. E. Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003); E. Brantlinger, Sterilization of People with Mental Disabilities: Issues, Perspectives, and Cases (Westport, CT: Auburn House, 1995).
7. H. E. Barnes and N. K. Teeters, New Horizons in Criminology, 3rd edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959).
8. Larry P. v. Riles, 343 F Supp. 1308 (N.D. Cal.) (1972) Preliminary Injunction; 502 Fed. 963 (9th Cir.) (1979; 1984) Affirmed; Final Order; Terman.
9. R. Campbell, In Darkest Alaska: Travel and Empire along the Inside Passage (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 88–89.
10. Ibid., 153.
11. G. Simmel, Conflict, trans. K. A. Wolf (New York: The Free Press, 1955); H. E. Barnes and N. K. Teeters, New Horizons in Criminology, 13.
12. P. Taft and P. Ross, “American Labor Violence, Its Causes, Character, and Outcome,” The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, eds. H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), 281–395.
13. Ibid., 410, 415–17.
14. D. Whitehead, The FBI Story (New York: Random House, 1956), 41.
15. Ibid., 43.
16. P. Taft and P. Ross, “American Labor Violence, Its Causes, Character, and Outcome,” Lynching of Frank Little, 333–36.
17. Indian Intercourse Act, U.S. Statutes at Large, 4: 564, July 9, 1832.
18. R. Snake Jr., Snyder Act of 1921, Report on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Task Force Eleven: Alcohol and Drug Abuse) (Washington, DC: American Indian Police Review Commission, Government Printing Office, 1976), 27–32.
19. Barnes and Teeters, 14.
20. A. E. Alcock, History of the International Labor Organization (New York: Octagon Books, 1971); R. L. Filippelli, Labor in the USA: A History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984).
21. National Firearm Act of 1934; Public Law, 73-474; 48 Stat. 1236; Miller v. United States, 307 U.S. 174, 59 S.Ct. (1939); The Constitution of the United States of America, Amendment II, 1791.
22. J. A. S. Grenville, “The Depression, 1929–1939,” A History of the World in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980), 161–78.
23. J. A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933–1942: A New Deal Case Study (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967).
24. B. Burrough, Public Enemies: America’s Greatest Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34 (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 8–9.
25. B. Denenberg, The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI (New York: Scholastic, Inc, 1993), 59.
26. B. Burrough, Public Enemies.
27. R. Unger, The Union Station Massacre: The Original Sin of J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI (Kansas City, KS: Andrew McMeel Publishing, 1997), 236.
28. L. Sloman, Reefer Madness: A History of Marijuana in America (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1979); J. C. McWilliams, The Protectors: Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1930–1962). (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1990).
29. Barnes and Teeters, 381–82.
30. H. A. Gailey, Historical Encyclopedia of the United States Marine Corps (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1998), 7.
31. P. N. Pierce and F. O. Hough, The Compact History of the United States Marine Corp (New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1960), 153, 155, 160.
32. H. A. Gailey, Historical Encyclopedia of the United States Marine Corps, 38–39.
33. S. D. Butler, War Is a Racket (New York: Round Table Press, 1935), 30–34.
34. W. Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964 (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1978), 152.
35. J. Archer, The Plot to Seize the White House (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1973), 118–19.
36. C. Daniel, editorial director, “Japanese-Americans Are Imprisoned,” in Year by Year from 1900 to 2000: American Century (New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., 2000), 142.
37. S. Taylor, “The Internment of Americans of Japanese Ancestry,” in When Sorry Isn’t Enough: The Controversy over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice, ed. R. L. Brooks (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 165–76.
Chapter 7
1. C. Clinton, The Black Soldier: 1492 to the Present (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 75.
2. Ibid., 65.
3. The Constitution of the United States of America, Amendment XIV.
4. J. G. Quinones, Chicano Politics: Realities & Promise 1940–1990 (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1990); E. R. Stoddard, Mexican American Education, Mexican Americans (New York: Random House, 1973), 1223–34.
5. Mendez v. Westminster School District, 64 F. Supp 544 (C.D. Cal. 1946).
6. Hernandez v. Driscoll CISD, Civil Action (Civ.A.) 1384, U.S. District Court of the Southern District of Texas (S. D. Tex.), 1957.
7. J. Meacham, “Do Business Leaders Make Good Presidents?” Time (January 30, 2017): 36–37.
8. B. Denenberg, “Hoover and the Civil Rights Movement,” in The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI (New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1993), 138–39.
9. N. Cullather, Secret History: The CIA’s Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952–1954 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999); P. Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemala Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 (New Haven, CT; Princeton University Press, 1992); R. H. Immerman, The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982); J. Handy, Revolution in the Countryside: Rural Conflict and Agrarian Reform in Guatemala 1944–54 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); S. Kinzer and S. Schlesinger, Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
10. G. Lesley, The School of the Americas: Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).
11. Mexican Labor Agreement of 1951, 1961, 1963 (Public Law 78); Senate Agriculture Committee Hearing, 1951; House Agriculture Committee Hearing, 1963; and R. B. Craig, The Bracero Program: Interest Groups and Foreign Policy (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1971).
12. J. R. Garcia, Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980).
13. D. L. Fixico, Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945–1960 (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1986); Public Law 83-280 (August 15, 1953), U.S. Statutes at Large, 67: 588–90.
14. Ibid., R. Drinnon, Keeper of Concentration Camps: Dillon S. Myer and American Racism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987).
15. R. Costo and J. Henry-Costo, Indian Treaties: Two Centuries of Dishonor (San Francisco, CA: Indian Historian Press, 1977), 36.
16. American Indian Policy Commission. “Off-Reservation Indians,” in American Indian Policy Review Commission. Finial Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), 431–32.
17. J. W. Kirshon, editor in chief, “The Eagle Ascendant 1946–1999,” in American Century: Year by Year from 1900–2000 (New York/London: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., 2000), 266–81.
18. A. Stephason, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 125–29.
19. J. W. Kirshon, “The Eagle Ascendant 1946–1999.”
20. H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr, Violence in America: Historical and Comparatives (Eisenhower Report) (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), 419–20, 424, 427.
21. J. W. Kirshon, “Chicago: The Whole World’s Watching,” in American Century, 302.
22. D. Farber, Chicago ’68 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); J. Schultz, No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August 1968 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
23. R. B. McKay, chairman, Attica: The Complete Story of the Events Leading to the Bloodiest One-Day Encounter between Americans in This Century, The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica (New York: Bantam Books, 1972), xi, xv.
24. Ibid.
25. B. Denenberg, “Hoover and the Civil Rights Movement,” 165–68.
26. T. Weiner, Enemies: A History of the FBI (New York: Random House, 2012).
27. B. Denenberg, 165–68.
28. B. Denenberg, 169–72.
29. 421 F2d, Bucher v. Selective Service System Local Boards Nos. Etc., No. 17414 (January 2, 1970).
30. L. Lader, Power on the Left (New York: W.W. Norton, 1979).
31. B. Denenberg, 186; M. Marqusee, Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties (Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books, 2017).
32. B. W. Wheeler and S. D. Becker, “A Nation of Immigrants: The Fourth Wave in California,” Discovering the American Past: A Look at the Evidence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002), 290–307.
33. J. Quinones, Chicano Politics: Reality & Promise 1940–1990; R. Rosaldo, et al. Chicano: The Beginnings of Bronze Power (New York, NY: William Morrow & Company, 1974).
34. E. Poniatowska, Massacre in Mexico, trans. H. R. Lane (New York: Viking, 1975).
35. J. G. Quinones, Chicano Politics.
36. Y. Bushyhead, “In the Spirit of Crazy Horse: Leonard Peltier and the AIM Uprising,” in The Winds of Injustice: American Indians and the U.S. Government, L. A. French (New York: Garland Publishing, 1994), 81–82.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., 84–85.
39. Ibid.
40. Lyndon B. Johnson, President Johnson, Special Message to Congress, March 6, 1968, Public Papers of the President of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson 1968–69, Vol. 1: 1068 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 336–37, 343–44.
41. Opening Statement of Hon. James Abourezk, Hearing before the Sub-Committee on Indian Affairs of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States Senate, 94th Congress, 1st Session, on S20105, December 3 and 4, 1975.
42. M. Thompson, Commissioner of Indian Affairs’ Letter to Hon. Peter W. Rodino, Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, dated, May 20, 1975, Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country, Serial no. 33, 94th Congress, 2nd Session (1976), 25–26.
43. Indian Crimes Act of 1976 (May 29, 1976), U.S. Statutes at Large, 90: 585–86.
44. Criminal Jurisdiction Over Indians, Public Law 102-137, U.S. Statutes at Large: 646 (October 28, 1991).
Chapter 8
1. A. Platt, “The Politics of Riot Commissions, 1917–1970: An Overview,” in The Politics of Riot Commissions (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 8–34; also cited in R. Quinney, Critique of Legal Order: Crime Control in Capitalist Society (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973), 74.
2. F. P. Graham, “A Contemporary History of American Crime,” in The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), 498–501.
3. J. W. Kirshon, America’s Century: Year by Year from 1900 to 2000 (New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. 2000), 326.
4. J. W. Kirshon, America’s Century, 328.
5. W. Knapp, Commission Report (With Summary and Principal Recommendations, Issues August 3, 1972), Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the City’s Anti-Corruption Procedures (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1972), foreword.
6. R. Daley, Target Blue: An Insider’s View of the NYPD (New York: Delacorte Press, 1971), 49.
7. W. Knapp. Commission Report, 260.
8. L. A. French, “The Incarcerated Black Female: The Case of Social Double Jeopardy,” Journal of Black Studies 8, no. 3 (1978): 321–35.
9. Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Public Law 90-351; 82 Stat. 197/42 USC.: ch. 46 (June 19, 1968).
10. Gideon v. Wainwright (372 U.S. 436, 1963); Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966).
11. In re Gualt (387 U.S. 1): 1967.
12. Furman v. Georgia (408 U.S. 238, 345, 1972); Gregg v. Georgia (428 U.S. 153, 96 S. Ct, 2912, 1976); Jurek v. Texas (428 U.S. 262, 96 S. Ct. 2950, 1976); Proffit v. Florida (428 U.S. 242, 252, 1976).
Chapter 9
1. R. Quinney, Critique of Legal Order: Crime Control in Capitalist Society (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), 119, 122.
2. G. M. Sykes, Criminology (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1978), 11.
3. M. Wolfgang, “The Philadelphia Study, Victim-Precipitated Criminal Homicide,” in Delinquency, Crime, and Social Process, eds. D. R. Cressey and D. A. Ward (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1969), 1032–33.
4. M. Wolfgang, “The Philadelphia Study, Victim-Precipitated Criminal Homicide”; M. Wolfgang and F. Ferracuti, Subculture of Violence (London: Tavistock Publishing, 1967); J. R. Daughen and P. Binzen, The Cop Who Would Be King: Mayor Frank Rizzo (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977).
5. L. A. French, “Introduction—Minority Justice,” Quarterly Journal of Ideology: A Critique of Conventional Wisdom (Special Issue, Minority Justice) 11, no. 4 (1987): i.
6. Education Project in Criminal Justice, Graduate School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Albany: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (77CD-99-0004) (September 1, 1977).
7. S. Kurkjian and S. Greenberger, “Fewer College Sites for Quinn Bill Work,” The Boston Globe (April 29, 2003): A20; Associated Press, UMass President Subpoenaed to Testify about Mobster Brother, Concord Monitor (December 1, 2002): A2.
8. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal 55, no. 1 (February 2017).
9. P. G. Zimbardo, The Stanford Prison Experiment, slide/tape presentation produced by Philip G. Zombardo (Stanford, CA: 1971); R. K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957).
Chapter 10
1. Indian Intercourse Act (U.S. Statutes at Large, 4: 564, July 9, 1832).
2. R. Snake, Report on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Task Force Eleven: Alcohol and Drug Abuse), First Report to the American Indian Policy Review Commission (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976).
3. N. Abrams and S. S. Beale, “A History of Federal Drug Control Laws,” in Federal Criminal Law and Its Enforcement, 2nd ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 257).
4. Ibid., 257–58.
5. Ibid., 259.
6. Ibid., 259–60.
7. Public Law 106-120; 113 Stat. 1626 (December 3, 1999).
Chapter 11
1. N. deB. Katzenbach, Task Force Report: The Police, The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (Washington, DC: U.S. Printing Office, 1967), 3–5.
2. Ibid., 7.
3. Ibid., 38.
4. Ibid., 4, 5.
5. L. A. French, “Militarization of the Police,” in Police Use of Force: Important Issues Facing the Police and the Community They Serve, ed. M. J. Palmiotto (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 201), 56–80.
6. R. Linton, The Study of Man (Appleton, WI: Appleton-Century-Croft, 1936).
7. L. A. French, “Militarization of the Police.”
8. J. W. Kirshon, “Riots Ravage Los Angeles after King Verdict,” in American Century: Year by Year from 1900 to 2000 (London: Dorling Kindersley, 2000), 398.
9. P. Vercammen, “20-Years Ago, Gunbattle Terrorized North Hollywood—and Shocked America,” CNN U.S.: Updated 2238 GMT (0638 HKT) (February 28, 2017).
10. R. Chuck Mason, Securing America’s Borders: The Role of the Military (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service (7-5700 R41286) (February 25, 2013). https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R41286.pdf.
11. M. Caruso, ed., “America Incarcerated,” Smithsonian 47, no. 9 (January/February 2017): 79.
12. N. Pickler, “Obama Restricts Police Military Gear.” Associated Press, Concord Monitor (May 19, 2015), A8.
13. Ibid.
Chapter 12
1. E. Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Methods, trans. Sarah Solovay and John Mueller (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1950); M. Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1947); G. Simmel, Conflict, trans. Kurt A. Wolff (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1955).
2. A. L. Baldwin, “A Cognitive Theory of Socialization,” in Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, ed. D. A. Goslin (Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1969), 325–46; L. Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957).
3. L. Coser, The Function of Social Conflict (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1956); L. Coser, Continuities in the Study of Social Conflict (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1962).
4. E. Durkheim, “On the Normality of Crime,” in Theories of Society: Foundations of Modern Sociological Theory, eds. T. Parsons, et al. (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1961), 872–75.
5. H. Becker, Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1963).
6. W. F. Ogburn, Social Change: With Respect to Cultural and Original Nature (New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1966.
7. G. Simmel, Conflict.
8. S. Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper & Row, 1974); N. E. Miller, “The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis,” Psychological Review 48 (1941): 337–42; S. Palmer, The Psychology of Murder (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1960).
9. Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department, United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division (March 4, 2015), 2–3, 4, 5–6.
10. “Justice Department Announces Findings of Investigation into Baltimore Police Department,” Justice News (Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, Wednesday, August 10, 2016), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-findings-investigation-baltimore-police-department.
Chapter 13
1. Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002); Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005); House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518 (2006); Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012).
2. L. A. French and B. deOca, “The Neuropsychology of Impulse Control: New Insights into Violent Behaviors,” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 16 (2001): 25–32.
3. J. R. Graham, MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); R. L. Green, The MMPI-2: An Interpretive Manual (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2000); L. A. French, “Police Culture and the MMPI,” International Journal of Comparative Criminology 3 (2003): 63–67; L. A. French, “Assessing Law Enforcement Personnel: Comparative Uses of the MMPIs,” Forensic Examiner 11, nos. 3&4 (2002): 21–28.
4. P. T. Trzepacz and R. W. Baker, The Psychiatric Mental Status Examination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); R. L. Smith and W. F. Black, The Mental Status Examination in Neurology (New York: F. A. Davis, 2000).
5. R. D. Davis and C. D. Rostow, “Matrix-Predictive Uniform Law Enforcement Evaluation Selection,” Forensic Examiner 11 (November/December 2002): 19–24.
6. J. M. Violanti, Police Suicide: Epidemic in Blue (Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1996); APA, American Psychologist—Special Issue: Comprehensive Soldiers Fitness 66 (2011): 1–86; W. B. Walsh and N. E. Betz, “The Assessment of Personality (Part II),” in Tests and Assessments, third ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1995), 87–148; National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders—Assessments, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/overview/index.asp.
Chapter 14
1. The Constitution of the United States of America, Article IV, Section 2 (3rd paragraph) (1793).
2. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: An Act or Amend, and Supplementary in the Act Entitled “An Act Respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons Escaping from the Service of Their Masters,” 31st U.S. Congress, 9 Stat. 462 (1850); Homer A. Plessy v. John H. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (May 18, 1896); The Constitution of the United States of America, Amendment XVIII, Prohibition of Liquor (1919); and Amendment XXI, Repeal of Prohibition (1933).
3. W. Doran, “Claim That 2016 Was One of the ‘Deadliest Years’ for Officers Is False,” (PollitiFact staff), Concord Monitor (May 26, 2017), B1.
4. Officer Down Memorial Page. http://www.odmp.org/search/year/2017/printview.
5. H.R. 814 (114th): Thin Blue Line Act: To Amend Title 18, United States Code, to Provide Additional Aggravating Factors for the Imposition of the Death Penalty Based on the Status of the Victim (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, February 9, 2015); L. A. French, “And Justice for Some,” in Frog Town: Portrait of a French Canadian Parish in New England (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2014), 224–28.
6. H.R. 1428, American Law Enforcement Heroes Act of 2017.
7. “Nation: Sentencing Reversal Angers Both Sides.” Time 189, no. 2 (May 29, 2017), 11.
8. Today’s FBI Facts and Figures, 2013–2014 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of Public Affairs, 2015); Directors, Then and Now, https://www.fbi.gov/history/directors; D. Johnson, “Defiant F.B.I. Chief Removed from Job by the President,” New York Times (July 20, 1993), http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/20/us/defiant-fbi-chief-removed-from-job-by-the-president.html?mcubz=0; D. Von Drehle, “Nation: The Comey Misfire: Did Donald Trump Ax James Comey because He Mishandled the Clinton Email Investigation? Or Did He Have the FBI’s Probe of His Campaign’s Possible Links to Moscow in Mind?” Time 189, no. 19 (May 22, 2017): 20–26.
9. M. Potok, “The Trump Effect: The Campaign Language of the Man Who Would Become President Sparks Hate Violence, Bullying, Before and After the Election,” Intelligence Report 162 (Spring 2017): 32–35; “SPLC Fights Back against Bigotry in White House,” SPLC Report 47, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1, 3.
10. M. Potok, “The Year in Hate and Extremism,” Intelligence Report (Spring 2015): 36–62; “Hate Groups Rise, Fueled by Trump Campaign,” SPLC Report: 13.
11. R. Lenz, “670 Days: The Bundy’s of Nevada Orchestrated Two Armed Standoffs with the Government. After Almost Two Years, They Finally Face Justice.” Intelligence Report 161 (Summer 2016): 22–29; K. Ritter (Associate Press), “N.H. Man Sentenced in Bundy Standoff—Judge: Organizer of Militia at Nevada Ranch a ‘Bully Vigilante.’” Concord Monitor (Thursday, June 1, 2017): A1, A7.
12. A. Sammon and S. Keith, “How Did Police from All Over the Country End Up at Standing Rock? A Clinton-Era Directive Used Mainly for Natural Disaster Relief Has Drawn in Law Enforcement from Faraway States.” ZUMA (December 4, 2016).
13. M. Potok and R. Lenz, “Line in the Sand: A Radical and Growing Organization of ‘Constitutional Sheriffs’ Is Promoting Defiance of Federal Laws It Doesn’t Like,” Intelligence Report 161 (Summer 2016): 30–36.
14. Ibid., 35.
15. Ibid.; R. Lenz and M. Potok, “Seeds of Sedition: The Oath Keepers Say They’re Busy Forming Armed ‘Preparedness Teams.’ But What They’re Preparing for Is Pure, Dystopian Fantasy,” Intelligence Report 161 (Summer 2016): 37–39.
Chapter 15
1. D. C. Miller, Authoritarian Personality (F) Scale, Forms 45 and 40, Handbook or Research Design and Social Measurement, third ed. (New York: David McKay Company, 1977), 412–16.
2. J. Forman Jr., Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017).
3. D. English, L. Bowleg, J. M. Tschann, R. P. Agans, and D. J. Malebranche, “Measuring Black Men’s Police-Based Discrimination Experiences: Development and Validation of the Police and Law Enforcement (PLE) Scale,” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 23, no. 2 (2017): 185–99.