INDEX
Abbott, Martin Lee
Action research
Aggregate data
congregations example
correlation example
ecological fallacy and
nature of
outliers
rates
regression example
research design
units of analysis
using SPSS
Aggregates
Alternative hypothesis
American Institute of Physics
American National Election Study (ANES)
American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS)
American Sociological Association (ASA)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
assumptions of
calculation of
components of variance
effect size
eta squared
example of
F test
interpretation of results
nature of
one way
post hoc analysis
process of
Tukey’s HSD
using SPSS for
Anchoring questions
nature of
Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
ANOVA. See Analysis of Variance
Antecedent variables
crosstab examples in SPSS
illustration of
nature of
regression examples in SPSS
Applied research
types of
Areal bias
Areal units
The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA)
Attributes. See Variables, attributes
Attrition
in surveys
in experiments
Balanced categories
unbalanced categories
Baylor Religion Survey
Beer
Belmont Report
Beneficence
Beta
standardized
Biased language
Bimodal distribution
Binder, Amy
Bingo
Black Kings gang
Brown, Eryn
Cafeteria questions
Cases
areal units
outliers
social units
SPSS “Sort Cases” command
units of analysis
Categorical variable
definition
Causation
antecedent variables
criteria for
intervening variables
spuriousness
using regression to establish
versus correlation
Census
definition
in content analysis
in field research
in surveys
2010 Census form
2010 Congressional District Census
U.S. Census
U.S. Census Bureau
Central limit theorem
Central tendency
descriptive procedures
descriptive procedures in SPSS
Chagnon, Napoleon
Chi square
descriptive statistics
effect size coefficients
in SPSS
interpreting
The Churching of America, 1776–2005
Classic experiment
Clergy Connections
Closed-ended questions
Cluster sample
Coding. See Content analysis
Coefficient of determination
Cohen, Jacob
Cohort studies
Combined (omnibus) findings. See Omnibus findings
Confederate
Confidence interval
Confidence level
Confirming evidence
Conformity bias
Constants
Content analysis
census
coding
definition
grounded theory
latent content
manifest content
materials (population)
sampling
unobtrusive measure
validity
Contingency coefficient
Contingency tables
and causation
effect size coefficients
nominal data
ordinal data
in SPSS
Continuous variable
Control variable
and spuriousness
using SPSS in crosstabs
using SPSS in regression
Control group
comparison group
ethics
in ANOVA
in field experiments
in pre-experimental designs
in quasi-experimental designs
selection bias
in true experimental designs
Comparison group. See Control group
Convenience sample
Copernicus
Correlation
assumptions
contingency coefficient. See Contingency coefficient
Cramer’s V. See Cramer’s V
criteria for causation
definition
effect size
eta square. See Eta square
nature of
Pearson’s r
phi. See Phi
in regression
scattergram
spuriousness
using SPSS
versus causation
Covert observation
Cramer’s V
Creationism
Criteria for causation
Critical value of exclusion
Cross sectional studies
Crosstabs. See Contingency tables
Cultural artifacts (see also Content analysis)
Curvilinear correlation (relationship)
Darley, John
Data distributions
Debriefing
Deductive reasoning
Dependent samples
Dependent variables
omnibus test
placement in contingency tables
as posttest
time order in causation
with multiple causes
Deposit bias
Descriptive statistics
definition
scales of measurement
in SPSS
variability
versus inferential
Dichotomous variable
Dillman, Don A.
Directionality
Divorce. See Rates, divorce
Double-barreled questions
Dummy variables
Ecological fallacy
Effect size
ANOVA
Beta
contingency coefficient
Cramer’s V
multiple linear regression
Pearson’s r
phi
t test
Empirical
Empirical generalization
Empirical probability
Eta squared (η2)
Ethics
ASA Code of Ethics
definition
Evaluation research
Evolution
Exhaustive attributes
Experimental group
ethics
in ANOVA
in field experiment
in pre-experimental designs
in quasi-experimental designs
selection bias
in true experimental designs
Experiments
designs
elements of
ethics
settings
Face-to-face interviews
Fidelity
Field notes
Field research
selecting topics
ethics
entering the field
Hawthorne effect
participation
taking data
Finke, Roger
Frequency distributions
Frequency polygon
F test
analysis of variance. See Analysis of variance
interpretation of
Gang Leader for a Day
General Social Survey (GSS)
areal bias
in contingency tables
cohort study
design
experiments
item constant
item reliability
item variance
in SPSS
compute command
descriptives
trend study
in t test
Generalization
bias
ecological fallacy
empirical. See Empirical generalization
in experiments
in field research
inductive
invalid
to populations
nonrelevant
validity
Ghosts
Girl Scouts
Grounded theory
Harvard Test of Inflected Acquisition
Hatton, Erin
Hawthorne effect
Heavy metal music
Hindsight bias
HipChat
Histograms
History effects
Homosexuality
in survey questions
in Tearoom Trade
in trend studies
How to Lie with Statistics
Huff, Darrell
Human subjects
abuses
committees
protection of
Humphreys, Laud
Hypothesis
null
test
in t test
and time order
and units of analysis
Ig Nobel
Inaccurate observation
Independent samples
t test
Independent t test
dependent samples
independent samples. See Independent samples
post facto designs
using SPSS
Independent variables
in ANOVA
as antecedent
in experiments
as intervening
manipulated
omnibus test
placement in contingency tables
and R square
in regression
and spuriousness
time order in causation
in t test
Indicators
Inductive reasoning
Inferential statistics
contrasted to descriptive statistics
defined
populations and samples
probability
significance
Informant
Informed consent
Instrument effects
Institutional review boards (IRBs)
Interval Data. See Interval measure
Interval measure
in ANOVA
in frequencies
histograms
procedures
in t tests
Intervening variables
crosstab example in SPSS
illustration of
nature of
Interviews
for GSS
face-to-face. See Face-to-face interviews
in field research
in nonprobability samples
for NSYR
with PPS sampling
response rates
sample size
telephone. See Telephone interviews
versus questionnaire
for U.S. Census
Interview schedule
Invalid generalization
Jacobson, Lenore
Japanese Imperial Army
Justice
Kohn, Melvin L.
Kurtosis
Landon, Alf
Latané, Bibb
Latent content
Levels of measurement
interval, (see also Interval measure)
nominal, (see also Nominal measure)
ordinal, (see also Ordinal measure)
ratio, (see also Ratio measure)
Levene’s Test
Levin, Daniel T.
Line of best fit
Linear relationship
Literary Digest
Lofland, John
Loftus, Jeni
Longitudinal studies
Lynching
Magnolia Voice
Manifest content
Mann-Whitney U Test
Marijuana
Matching samples
Maturation effects
McKinney, Jennifer
Mean
ANOVA
compare means command
descriptives in SPSS
grand mean
inferential statistics
means procedure
normal curve
standard deviation
t test
Median
Milgram, Stanley
Misclassification
Mode
Moonies. See Unification Church
Multiple linear regression
Beta
and categorical data
and causality
combined (joint) effects
interpretation example
line of best fit. See Line of best fit
models
net effects
omnibus test
using SPSS
and spuriousness
Mutually exclusive attributes
National Opinion Research Center (NORC)
National Research Act of 1974
National Science Foundation
Nazis
Negative correlation
New religious movements (NRMs)
Newton, Isaac
Nickelodeon
Nominal data. See Nominal measure
Nominal measure
as categorical
chi square
crosstabs
descriptive procedures
and means
and mode
nonparametric correlation
SPSS frequencies
SPSS graphs
“Nones”
Nonparametric correlation
Nonprobability samples
Nonresponse bias
in censuses and sampling
in surveys
Null hypothesis. See Hypothesis, null
Observation(s)
and censorship
in contingency tables
empirical generalization of
field research
Hawthorne effect. See Hawthorne effect
inaccurate
participant
qualitative
quantitative
sampling
selective
in surveys
Omnibus finding
ANOVA
post hoc analysis
Omnibus test
One group pretest–posttest design
One shot case study design
Online forums
Online surveys
response rates
Open-ended questions
Operationalization
Ordinal data. See Ordinal measure
Ordinal measure
as categorical
chi square
descriptive procedures
and means
and mode
nonparametric correlation
SPSS frequencies
SPSS graphs
variation in surveys
Original items
Outcome variable. See Dependent variables
Outliers
definition of
Overgeneralization
Overt observation (research)
Panel studies
Paradox
Parameter
Paranormal
Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC)
Parsimonious theory
Participation
in field research. See Field research, participation
subject protections
Pearson’s correlation coefficient
assumptions for
in curvilinear relationships
evaluating
interpreting
versus Beta
Percentile
Phi coefficient
Population(s)
and ANOVA
and content analysis
and inferential statistics
and parameters
and random assignment
as a rate base
standard deviation
surveys
generalization
item construction
pretest
studying change
type of survey
and t test
Positive correlation
Post hoc analyses
in SPSS
Tukey’s HSD test. See Tukey’s HSD test
Post hoc fallacy
Posttest
Practical significance
Predictor variable. See Independent variables
Pre-experimental design
Pre-post nonequivalent control group design
Presbyterian Church, U.S.A.
Pretest
in experiments
in surveys
Privacy
Probability
definition
and GSS
level
mathematic
normal curve
sampling. See Probability sampling
Probability proportional to size
Probability sampling
biases
nonprobability. See Nonprobability samples
with surveys
types of probability samples
Proportional facts
Protection of Human Research Subjects
Pure research
Pygmalion in the Classroom
Qualitative research design
content analysis. See content analysis
designs, general
field research. See Field research
interviewing
reliability
validity
Quantitative research design
aggregate data. See Aggregate data
designs, general
experiments. See Experiments
surveys. See Surveys
Quasi-experimental designs
Questionnaire
item construction
item recode in SPSS
in lab experiments
nonresponse
online
as pretest/posttest
response rates
sample size
with t test
Quota sample
R square (R2)
Ragin, Charles
Random assignment
Random-digit dialing
Random.org
Random sample. See Probability sampling
Range
Rap music
Rates
calculation of
definition of
divorce
examples of
Ratio data. See Ratio measure
Ratio measure
Regression. See Multiple linear regression
Relevant base
Reliability
in aggregate data
in content analysis
in experiments
in field research
in measures
in surveys
Religious adherence
Religious Congregations and Membership Study (RCMS)
Representativeness
in cluster sampling
in oversampling
in random-digit dialing
survey
weighted samples
Research design
aggregate data. See Aggregate data
content analysis. See Content analysis
empirical generalizations
experiments. See Experiments
field research. See Field research
qualitative. See Qualitative research design
quantitative. See Quantitative research design
reliability
surveys. See Surveys
validity
Respect for persons
Response rates
Response set
Restricted range
Rolling Stone
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Rosenthal, Robert
Samples
cluster. See Cluster sample
convenience. See Convenience sample
independent. See Independent samples
matching. See Matching samples
PPS. See probability proportional to size
quota. See Quota samples
random-digit dialing. See Random-digit dialing
simple random. See Simple random sample
snowball. See Snowball sample
stratified random. See Stratified random sample
systematic random. See Systematic random sample
Sampling
biases
in content analysis
distribution
probability (random)
fraction
frame
oversampling
nonprobability
size
and statistics
in surveys
types of
Scales of measurement. See Levels of measurement
Scarce, Rik
Scattergram
Scientific method
Selective availability bias
Selective observation
Shock experiment
Simons, Daniel J.
Simple random sample
Single sample t test
16 and Pregnant
Skewness
Snowball sample
Social location
Social units
Solomon four-group design
Spearman’s rho
SpongeBob SquarePants
Spuriousness
correlation
detecting
in crosstabs
nonspuriousness
in regression
Standard deviation (SD)
components of variance
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
sample SD
in SPSS
z score
Standard items
Standard normal distribution
Standardized coefficient
Stark, Rodney
Star Trek
Static group design
Statistics
ANOVA. See Analysis of variance
chi square. See Chi square
contingency tables. See Contingency tables
correlation. See Correlation
descriptive. See Descriptive statistics
error
evaluations
inferential. See Inferential statistics
models. See Multiple linear regression, models
normalization
probability
procedures
regression. See Multiple linear regression
and sampling
“Statistics” command in SPSS
summary
t test. See Independent t test
z scores. See z scores
Statistical generalizations
Statistical significance
ANOVA
constant
practical significance
SPSS output
Storks
Stratified random sample
Stimulus. See Independent variables, in experiments
Super Bowl
Survey Gizmo
Survey instrument
SurveyMonkey
Surveys
ARIS. See American Religious Identity Survey
and censuses, (see also Census)
definition
in experiments, (see also Pretest, in surveys)
GSS. See General Social Survey
item construction
online
reliability
response rates
and sampling, (see also Sampling)
and studying change over time
type of
using with SPSS
validity
Survival bias
Syphilis
Systematic random sample
Tearoom
Tearoom Trade
Telephone interview
Testing effects
Theoretical generalizations
Theory
and causation
in content analysis, (see also Grounded theory)
empirical generalizations
and hypotheses
and hypothesis test
in research summary
testing
wheel of science
Time order
with antecedent variables
with independent/dependent variables
with intervening variables
in regression
Trautner, Mary Nell
Trend study
True experimental design. See Classic Experiment
T test. See Independent t test
Tukey’s HSD test. See Post hoc analyses
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
2010 Congressional District Census
U.S. Census
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP)
U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)
UFOs
Unbalanced categories
Unification Church
United Methodist Church
Units of analysis
Unobtrusive measures
Unstandardized coefficients
Validity
in aggregate data
in content analysis
ecological
in experiments
in field research
in measures
in surveys
Variables
antecedent. See Antecedent variables
attributes
dichotomous
exhaustive
for levels of measurement
misclassification
mutually exclusive
categorical. See Categorical variable
and constants
continuous. See Continuous variable
control
dependent. See Dependent variable
groups
independent. See Independent variables
intervening. See Intervening variables
operationalizing
variation
Variance
ANOVA. See Analysis of variance
correlation
explained
regression
Venkatesh, Sudhir
Watchqueen
Welfare
Wheel of science
Within subjects designs
Yanomami
z score
calculating
creating in SPSS
definition
Zoomerang
Zoroastrianism