American Veterinary Medical Association. 1987. Panel Report on the Colloquium on Recognition and Alleviation of Animal Pain and Distress. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 191 (10): 1186-1191.
Aristotle. 1941. Metaphysics. In The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. R. M. McKeon. New York: Random House.
Bentham, Jeremy. 1996. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford: Clarendon.
Black, Keith. 2004. “Scientific Illiteracy in the U.S.” Cedars-Sinai Neurosciences Report, Fall.
Braybrooke, David. 1996. “Ideology.” In Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 2, ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Buytendijk, F. J. J. (1943) 1961. Pain: Its Modes and Functions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Carruthers, Peter. 1992. The Animals Issue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clough, G. 1982. “Environmental Effects on Animals Used in Biomedical Research.” Biological Reviews 57: 487ff.
Cohen, Carl. 1986. “The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research.” New England Journal of Medicine 315: 14.
Darwin, Charles. (1881) 1882. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on Their Habits. London: Murray.
———. (1871) 1890. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd ed. London: Murray.
———. (1872) 1969. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York: Greenwood.
Dawkins, Marian Stamp. 1980. Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare. London: Chapman and Hall.
Dean, C. 2005. “Scientific Savvy? In the U.S., Not Much.” New York Times, August 30.
Duncan, I. J. H., and B. Rollin. 2012. In What’s on Your Plate? The Hidden Costs of Industrial Animal Agriculture in Canada, ed. World Society for the Protection of Animals. Toronto: WSPA Canada.
Forman, Paul. 1971. “Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment.” In Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, ed. Russell McCormmach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Fox, M. A. 1986. The Case for Animal Experimentation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Frey, R. G. 1980. Interests and Rights: The Case against Animals. Oxford: Clarendon.
Griffin, Donald. 1976. The Question of Animal Awareness. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann.
Hebb, David. 1946. “Emotion in Man and Animal.” Psychology Review 53.
Hume, David. 1961. A Treatise of Human Nature. Ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. 1984. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Kelley, W. N., and J. B. Wyngaarden. 1983. “Clinical Syndromes Associated with Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency.” Chap. 51 in The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 5th ed., ed. J. B. Stanbury et al. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kilgour, Ronald, and Clive Dalton. 1984. Livestock Behaviour: A Practical Guide. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Kirk, G. S., and J. E. Raven. 1957. “The Atomists.” Chap. 17 in The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kitchell, Ralph, and Michael Guinan. 1990. “The Nature of Pain in Animals.” In The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, vol. 1, ed. B. E. Rollin and M. L. Kesel. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
Knight, Andrew. 2012. The Cost and Benefits of Animal Experiments. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
LeBaron, Charles. 1981. Gentle Vengeance: An Account of the First Years at Harvard Medical School. New York: Richard Marek.
Lewis, D. B., et al. 1993. “Osteoporosis Induced in Mice by Overproduction of Interleukin-4.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, no. 24.
Lundeen, T. 2008. “Poultry Missing Genetic Diversity.” Feedstuffs, December 1, 11.
Markowitz, Hal, and Scott Line. 1990. “The Need for Responsive Environments.” In The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, vol. 1., ed. B. E. Rollin and M. L. Kesel. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
Mason, John. 1971. “A Re-evaluation of the Concept of ‘Non-specificity’ in Stress Theory.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 8.
McNeish, J. D., et al. 1988. “Legless, a Novel Mutation Found in PHT 1-1 Transgenic Mice.” Science 241.
Michigan State University. 1989. State News, February 27.
Mill, John Stuart. 1902. Principles of Political Economy. New York: Longmans.
Morton, David, and P. H. M. Griffiths. 1985. “Guidelines on the Recognition of Pain, Distress, and Discomfort in Experimental Animals and a Hypothesis for Assessment.” Veterinary Record, April 20.
Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production. 2008. Final Report: “Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America.” www.ncifap.org.
Plato. 1941. The Republic of Plato. Trans. with introduction and notes by F. M. Cornford. Oxford: Clarendon.
———. 1961. Protagoras and Meno. Trans. W. K. C. Guthrie. Baltimore: Penguin.
Pursel, V., et al. 1989. “Genetic Engineering of Livestock.” Science 244.
Rawls, John. 1999. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
“Reading Their Minds.” 2015. Unsigned review of Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel, by Carl Safina. Economist, July 18.
Rollin, Bernard E. 1989. The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 1995. The Frankenstein Syndrome. New York: Cambridge University Press.
———. (1982) 2006. Animal Rights and Human Morality. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
———. 2007. Science and Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Romanes, George John. 1882. Animal Intelligence. London: Kegan Paul.
———. 1883. Mental Evolution in Animals. London: Kegan Paul.
Sachs, J. 2008. “The American Anti-intellectual Threat.” Business World, September 25.
Safina, Carl. 2015. Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel. New York: Henry Holt.
Sapontzis, Steven. 1987. Morals, Reason, and Animals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Schiller, Claire H., ed. 1957. Instinctive Behavior. New York: International Universities Press.
Singer, Peter. 1975. Animal Liberation. New York: New York Review of Books.
Stout, J. T., and C. T. Caskey. 1989. “Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency—The Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.” Chap. 38 in The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, vol. 1, ed. C. R. Scriver et al. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Stull, C. L., M. A. Payne, S. L. Berry, and P. J. Hullinger. 2002. “Evaluation of the Scientific Justification of Tail Docking in Dairy Cattle.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220: 1298–1303.
Taylor, R. E. 1984. Beef Production and the Beef Industry: A Beef Producer’s Perspective. Minneapolis: Burgess.
United States Department of Agriculture–National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2015. “Milk Production and Milk Cows.” http://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Milk_Production_and_Milk_Cows/index.php.
Weiss, Jay. 1972. “Psychological Factors in Stress and Disease.” Scientific American 226 (March).
Wemelsfelder, Francoise. 1985. “Animal Boredom: Is a Scientific Study of the Subjective Experiences of Animals Possible?” In Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1984–1985, ed. M. W. Fox and L. D. Mickley. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1965. “Lecture on Ethics.” Philosophical Review 74: 3–12.
Wood-Gush, David, and Alex Stolba. 1981. “Behaviour of Pigs and the Design of a New Housing System.” Applied Animal Ethology 8.