CONTENTS

Preface and Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Contributors

1. THE TECHNOLOGY OF ROMAN MARITIME CONCRETE (J. P. Oleson and M. D. Jackson)

  1.1. Introduction

  1.2. The unique character of Roman maritime concrete

  1.3. Recent research on Roman concrete

  1.4. ROMACONS research questions

  1.5. Summary of the archaeological and engineering significance of the analyses of the ROMACONS samples

2. ANCIENT LITERARY SOURCES CONCERNED WITH ROMAN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY (J. P. Oleson)

  2.1. Theophrastus

  2.2. M. Porcius Cato

  2.3. Vitruvius Pollio

  2.4. Q. Horatius Flaccus

  2.5. P. Virgilius Maro

  2.6. Strabo

  2.7. L. Annaeus Seneca

  2.8. Pliny the Elder

  2.9. P. Papinius Statius

2.10. Flavius Josephus

2.11. Pliny the Younger

2.12. C. Suetonius Tranquillus

2.13. Apuleius

2.14. Cassius Dio

2.15. M. Cetius Faventinus

2.16. Procopius of Caesarea

2.17. Inscriptions

3. HISTORY AND PROCEDURES OF THE ROMACONS PROJECT (C. J. Brandon and R. L. Hohlfelder)

  3.1. History of the project

  3.2. Coring equipment and procedures

4. NARRATIVE OF THE ROMACONS FIELDWORK (R. L. Hohlfelder and C. J. Brandon)

  4.1. Portus, Fieldwork July–August 2002

  4.2. Antium, Fieldwork August 2002

  4.3. Cosa, Fieldwork July–August 2003

  4.4. Santa Liberata, Fieldwork June 2003, September 2004, and June 2005

  4.5. Caesarea Palaestinae, Fieldwork October 2005

  4.6. Baianus Lacus, Baianus Sinus, and Portus Iulius (Bay of Pozzuoli), Fieldwork September 2006

  4.7. Alexandria, Fieldwork May 2007

  4.8. Chersonesos, Fieldwork September 2007

  4.9. Egnatia, Fieldwork May 2009

4.10. Pompeiopolis, Fieldwork August 2009

5. THE BRINDISI PILA REPRODUCTION (J. P. Oleson)

  5.1. The reconstruction project: Methods and materials

  5.2. Formwork design

  5.3. Construction of the formwork

  5.4. Preparation of the mortar

  5.5. Placement of the mortar and aggregate

  5.6. Conclusions from the reconstruction experiment

6. MARITIME CONCRETE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD (C. J. Brandon)

  6.1. Important sites not sampled by ROMACONS

  6.2. Catalogue of maritime concrete structures around the Mediterranean and Portugal

7. SEA-WATER CONCRETES AND THEIR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS (M. D. Jackson and collaborators)

  7.1. Introduction

  7.2. Geologic materials of the concretes

  7.3. Concrete mix design and preparation

  7.4. Pozzolanic cementitious processes in the sea-water mortars

  7.5. Material properties of the maritime concretes

  7.6. Inferences regarding durability of the ancient sea-water concrete

  7.7. Summary of analytical methods

8. ROMAN FORMWORK USED FOR UNDERWATER CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (C. J. Brandon)

  8.1. The Role of formwork in Roman concrete construction

  8.2. A Typology of Roman formwork design for marine construction: Fixed forms

  8.3. A Typology of formwork design for underwater construction: Prefabricated and floating forms

  8.4. Conclusions

9. ROMAN MARITIME CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY IN ITS MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT (R. L. Hohlfelder and J. P. Oleson)

  9.1. Trade in pozzolana, pumiceous ash pozzolan, and caementa

  9.2. Mechanisms for the spread of innovation in Roman marine construction

  9.3. Conclusions: Society, trade, and technology in the Roman Mediterranean

APPENDIX 1: Glossary of Technical Terms (M. D. Jackson and J. P. Oleson)

APPENDIX 2: Schedule of Samples Collected for Preliminary Study Prior to the ROMACONS Project (C. J. Brandon and M. D. Jackson)

APPENDIX 3: Catalogue and Descriptions of Concretes Drilled from Marine Structures by ROMACONS (J. P. Oleson, M. D. Jackson and G. Vola)

  A3.1. Santa Liberata

  A3.2. Portus Cosanus

  A3.3. Portus

  A3.4. Portus Traiani

  A3.5. Antium

  A3.6. Baiae

  A3.7. Secca Fumosa

  A3.8. Portus Iulius

  A3.9. Egnatia

A3.10. Brindisi

A3.11. Chersonesos

A3.12. Pompeiopolis

A3.13. Caesarea Palaestinae

A3.14. Alexandria

APPENDIX 4: Compositional Analyses of Concretes Drilled from Harbour Structures by ROMACONS (M. D. Jackson and G. Vola)

Bibliography