ONE: CRISIS
1. Robert Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention: The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961), 43; Frederick V. McNair, Astronomical, Magnetic, and Meteorological Observations Made During the Year 1891 [and 1892] at the United States Naval Observatory (Washington, DC: United States Naval Observatory), 467; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington: 1860–1865 (New York: New York Review of Books, ITY: Simon Publications, 2001), Kindle location 860.
2. “The Commissioners’ Convention,” National Intelligencer, February 4, 1861, 3.
3. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, “James Buchanan: Fourth Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 3, 1860,” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29501.
4. Ibid.
5. Robert Seager II, And Tyler Too: A Biography of John & Julia Gardiner Tyler (New York: McGraw Hill, 1963), 446.
6. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers (Richmond: Whittet & Shepperson, 1885), 578; “The National Crisis,” Richmond Daily Dispatch, January 18, 1861, 1.
7. “The Virginia Resolutions,” Daily National Intelligencer, January 22, 1861, issue 15, 116, col. C; “From Richmond,” Alexandria Gazette, January 21, 1861, 3.
8. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 581; “Virginia’s Call for a Conference,” Newark Advocate, February 1, 1861, issue 27, col. B; “The Virginia Mediation,” Daily National Intelligencer, January 25, 1861, issue 15, 120, col. A, 3.
9. “Virginia Legislature,” Daily National Intelligencer, January 21, 1861, issue 15, 115, col. F.
10. “The Virginia Resolutions,” Daily National Intelligencer, January 22, 1861, col. C, 3.
11. Seager, And Tyler Too, 450–51.
12. “Ex-President Tyler’s Report,” Daily National Intelligencer, February 4, 1861, issue 15, 128, col A, 2.
13. “Celebration at Jamestown,” Southern Literary Messenger, vol. 24, issue 6 (Richmond: T.W. White, June 1857), 455.
14. Seager, And Tyler Too, 400–01; “Correspondence between the President and Mr. Tyler,” Daily Constitutionalist (Augusta, GA), February 6, 1861, vol. 16, issue 31, 2.
15. Philip Shriver Klein, President James Buchanan (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1995), 100.
16. James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan’s Administration On the Eve of the Rebellion, [1866] (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1866), 15.
17. James Buchanan, The Works of James Buchanan, vol. 6 (Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1908–1911), 16.
18. Klein, President James Buchanan, 334.
19. Ibid., 349–50.
20. “The President’s Reception,” The Daily Exchange (Baltimore), January 2, 1861, 1.
21. “The President’s Levee,” The Constitution (Washington, DC), January 17, 1861, vol. 2, issue 235, 3.
22. “Important from Washington,” Augusta Chronicle, January 17, 1861, vol. 25, issue 14, 3.
23. “Ex-President Tyler’s Report,” Daily National Intelligencer, February 4, 1861, issue 15, 128, col. A, 2.
24. Ibid.
25. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 596.
26. James Buchanan, The Works of James Buchanan, vol. 12 (Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1908–1911), 187.
27. “Ex-President Tyler’s Report,” Daily National Intelligencer; “From Washington,” Daily Dispatch (Richmond, VA), January 29, 1861, 3; “Washington News,” Augusta Chronicle, January 29, 1861, vol. 25, issue 24, 1.
28. “Letter from Ex-President Tyler,” New York Herald, January 18, 1861, col. E, 2.
29. Texas became the seventh seceded state on February 1, 1861.
30. State Legislature of New York, Journal of the Assembly of the State of New York (84th Session) (Albany: Charles Van Benthuysen, 1861), 158.
31. “The Massachusetts Delegation and Senator Sumner,” Evening Star, February 1, 1861, 2.
32. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 74–75.
33. Ibid., 74–78.
34. Lucius Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1891), 20.
35. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 10.
36. “The Peace Congress,” Daily National Intelligencer, February 11, 1861, issue 15, 134, col. B, 3.
37. “Antecedents of the Delegates,” Evening Star, February 6, 1861, 1.
38. “The Peace Convention,” Evening Star, February 6, 1861, 2; Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 23.
39. Sara Agnes Rice Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War (New York: Macmillan Company, 1905), 47.
40. Dewey Wallace, ed., Capital Witness (Franklin, TN: Plumbline Media, 2011), 105–07; “Willard’s Hall, Where the Peace Convention Is Now Held in Washington,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, February 16, 1861, 4; “A Notable Church,” Evening Star, May 18, 1893, 7.
41. “The Peace Convention,” New York Herald, February 9, 1861, 10; “The Fine Portrait,” Evening Star, February 9, 1861, 3.
42. “The Revolution,” New York Herald, February 5, 1861, col. A, 1.
43. “The Peace Convention,” Vermont Chronicle, February 12, 1861, 26, issue 7, col. G.
44. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Complete Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Company, 1896), 340–41.
45. William Howard Russell, The Civil War in America (Boston: Gardner A. Fuller, 1861), 8.
46. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 393; John D. Wright, “George Templeton Strong,” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies (New York: Routledge, 2013), 566.
47. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998), 49–50.
48. “Conference Convention,” Daily National Intelligencer, March 1, 1861, 3.
49. Rachel Shelden, Washington Brotherhood (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 104, 177–78.
50. Kirkland Ruffin Saunders, “Perhaps Westover Church and Its Environ” (Richmond, VA: W. M. Brown, 1937), 79.
51. Oliver Chitwood, John Tyler: Champion of the Old South (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1990), 434–35.
52. Edward Crapol, John Tyler: Accidental President (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 33.
53. “First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler,” National First Ladies’ Library, http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=11; Chitwood, John Tyler, 403–04.
54. Chitwood, John Tyler, 252–54.
55. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 590.
56. Ibid., 596; Shelden, Washington Brotherhood, 182.
57. “The Peace Congress,” February 11, 1861, 3.
58. Ibid.; Shelden, Washington Brotherhood, 178; Leech, Reveille in Washington, Kindle location 351.
59. “Ex-President Tyler’s Report,” Daily National Intelligencer, February 4, 1861, 2.
60. “John Tyler,” Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics (February 9, 1861), 2.
61. “The Sectional Troubles,” Fayetteville Observer, February 14, 1861, issue 996, col. D.
62. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 10; “Virginia News,” Alexandria Gazette, February 18, 1861, 2.
63. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 596.
64. L. E. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Conference Convention, For Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Held at Washington, D.C., in February, a.d. 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), second day, 17.
65. Crapol, Accidental President, 6, 38, 235.
66. Ibid., 47–48.
67. Ibid., 51–53, 59–60.
68. Seager, And Tyler Too, 394.
69. Crapol, Accidental President, 61, 249–50.
70. Seager, And Tyler Too, 430.
71. Ibid., 429, 431.
72. Crapol, Accidental President, 61, 64–65.
73. Seager, And Tyler Too, 440.
74. Ibid., 434, 435–37.
75. Ibid., 432.
76. Crapol, Accidental President, 257; Seager, And Tyler Too, 444–45.
77. “Letter from Ex-President Tyler,” New York Herald, January 18, 1861, 2.
78. Chittenden, Report of the Debates, second day, 14–17.
79. “The Peace Congress,” Daily Dispatch (Richmond, VA), February 7, 1861, 1.
80. “Ex-President Tyler’s Address,” Evening Star, February 6, 1861, 2; “The Washington Conference,” Newark Advocate, February 8, 1861, issue 28, col. G.
81. “Mr. John Tyler, Jr.,” Freedom’s Champion, January 5, 1861, col. A.
82. Robert Cook, Civil War Senator (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011), 129; Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 11.
83. “The Peace Convention,” Vermont Chronicle, February 12, 1861, 26.
84. “The Prospect,” Evening Star, February 7, 1861, 2.
85. “The Revolution,” New York Herald, February 4, 1861, col. A.
86. “The True State of the Question,” Liberator, February 15, 1861, 26.
87. “Hon. John Tyler, Virginia,” Columbus Daily Enquirer, February 8, 1861, 3.
TWO: THE FEDERAL CITY
1. “Washington’s Birthday,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 18, 1861, 4.
2. Robert Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961), 54.
3. “The Secession Troubles Celebration,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 23, 1861, 1.
4. “The Celebration in Washington,” New York Herald, February 23, 1861, 10, col. C.
5. “Local News,” Evening Star, February 22, 1861, 3.
6. John Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, vol. 2 (New York: The Century Company, 1890), 149–51.
7. Horatio King, Turning on the Light (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1895), 52.
8. “House of Representatives,” Daily National Intelligencer, February 12, 1861, 2.
9. Philip Klein, President James Buchanan: A Biography (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1995), 236, 242.
10. “The Secession Troubles Celebration,” Philadelphia Inquirer; “The Celebration in Washington,” New York Herald, February 23, 1861, 10, col. C.
11. “Local News,” Evening Star, February 23, 1861, 3.
12. Ibid.
13. “Washington’s Birthday,” Daily National Intelligencer, February 25, 1861, 3.
14. “The Secession Troubles Celebration,” Philadelphia Inquirer.
15. King, Turning on the Light, 54.
16. “General Scott’s Views,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 19, 1861, 5.
17. Anthony Trollope, North America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1862), 312.
18. Ibid., 305–09.
19. Sara Agnes Rice Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War (New York: Macmillan Company, 1905), 4.
20. Ibid., 9.
21. Trollope, North America, 309.
22. Ibid., 315–17.
23. Ibid., 315.
24. Ibid., 311.
25. Pryor, Reminiscences, 6.
26. Trollope, North America, 317.
27. Ibid., 318.
28. Edward Crapol, John Tyler: The Accidental President (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 260.
29. Trollope, North America, 314.
30. Ibid., 312.
31. Ibid., 319.
32. John DeFerrari, “Center Market’s Chaotic Exuberance,” Streets of Washington (blog), May 24, 2010, http://www.streetsofwashington.com/2010/05/center-markets-chaotic-exuberance.html.
33. Pryor, Reminiscences, 42–43.
34. W. B. Bryan, History of the National Capital (New York: Macmillan Company, 1916), 433.
35. George William Bagby, “Washington City,” Atlantic Monthly, January 1861, 1–8.
36. “Miss Charlotte Cushman,” Evening Star, February 9, 1861, 3.
37. “Theater,” Evening Star, February 12, 1861, 2.
38. “Theater,” Evening Star, February 15, 1861, 3.
39. “Theater,” Evening Star, February 16, 1861, 3.
40. “The Concert and Presentation Last Night,” Evening Star, February 15, 1861, 3.
41. “Lecture,” Evening Star, February 9, 1861, 3.
42. Smithsonian, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1861 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1862), 54.
43. Rachel Shelden, Washington Brotherhood (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 181.
44. “Lent,” Evening Star, February 13, 1861, 3; “Center Market,” Evening Star, February 26, 3.
45. “We Understand,” Evening Star, February 11, 1861, 3.
46. “Capitol,” Evening Star, February 11, 1861, 3.
47. “Methodist Church, Ninth Street,” Evening Star, February 18, 1861, 3.
48. “Melancholy Suicide of a Naval Officer,” Evening Star, February 9, 1861, 3.
49. “A Difficulty,” Evening Star, February 16, 1861, 3.
50. “President’s Levee,” Evening Star, February 13, 1861, 3.
51. Pryor, Reminiscences, 53.
52. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers (Richmond: Whittet & Shepperson, 1885), 596.
53. Ibid., 597.
54. Oliver Perry Chitwood, John Tyler: Champion of the Old South, rev. ed. (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1990), 441.
55. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 58.
56. Robert Seager II, And Tyler Too (New York: McGraw Hill, 1963), 451, 454; Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 612–13.
57. Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed. Letters of Henry Adams (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1930), February 8 and 13, 1861, 86–89.
58. “Affairs at Washington,” Salem Register, February 18, 1861, 2.
59. Shelden, Washington Brotherhood, 182.
60. William J. Cooper Jr., Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Vintage, 2001), 343.
61. Ernest Ferguson, Freedom Rising (New York: Vintage, 2005), 37.
62. Lynda Lasswell Crist, ed., The Papers of Jefferson Davis, vol. 7 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1992), 18–23; Transcribed from the Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 2d Sess., 487 (1861).
63. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 5–8.
64. Ibid., 343–46; Joan Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy: Varina Davis’s Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 95.
65. Shelden, Washington Brotherhood, 167.
66. Cashin, First Lady, 137–38.
67. Ibid., 93.
68. Shelden, Washington Brotherhood, 84, 168.
69. Cashin, First Lady, 77, 88.
70. “The Peace Congress,” New York Herald, February 8, 1861, col. E.
71. “The Peace Convention,” Evening Star, February 7, 1861, 3.
72. Pryor, Reminiscences, 7.
73. Frederick Blue, Salmon Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 135.
74. Lucius Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1904), 32–35.
75. “The Peace Congress,” Evening Star, February 8, 1861, 3.
THREE: OPENING DEBATE
1. Robert Seager II, And Tyler Too (New York: McGraw Hill, 1963), 454.
2. L. E. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Conference Convention, For Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Held at Washington, D.C., in February, a.d. 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), first day, 11.
3. Ibid., first day, 12.
4. Robert Gunderson, “William Rives and the ‘Old Gentlemen’s Convention,’ ” Journal of Southern History 104 (November 1956): 467.
5. Robert Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention: The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 71.
6. “Our Richmond Correspondence,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 23, 1861, 2.
7. Lucius Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1904), 51–52.
8. Roy W. Curry, “James A. Seddon: A Southern Prototype,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, April 1955, 125, 128, 131–32, 134.
9. Ibid., 130, 134.
10. John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1866), 312.
11. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, first day, 12.
12. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 24.
13. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, third day, 20.
14. Chittenden, Recollections of Lincoln, 23–24; Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, third day, 18.
15. “The Washington Peace Conference,” The Caledonian, February 15, 1861, 2.
16. Chittenden, Recollections of Lincoln, 25–26.
17. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, introduction, 4, 7.
18. “Spirit of Washington Letters,” Daily Cleveland Herald, February 7, 1861, issue 32, col. B.
19. “The Washington Peace Congress,” New York Herald, February 7, col. C; Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, third day, 21.
20. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, third day, 22.
21. Ibid., fourth day, 21, 26.
22. Ibid., fifth day, 28–29; sixth day, 30.
23. Lindsey Apple, The Family Legacy of Henry Clay (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 101–04.
24. “Death of the Hon. John C. Wright,” Daily National Intelligencer, February 14, col D; Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, seventh day, 31, eighth day, 32–33.
25. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, eighth day, 35.
26. Ibid., 33–40; “History of the Diocese,” Episcopal Diocese of Washington, http://www.edow.org/about/the-diocese/about-the-diocese/history.
27. “A Bad Appointment,” Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, February 15, 1861, 2.
28. “The New Consignment to the Border Sepulcher,” Cincinnati Daily Press, February 16, 1861, 2.
29. “The New Commissioner from Ohio,” Nashville Union and American, February 17, 1861, 2.
30. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 61.
31. Frederick Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 5.
32. Ibid., 7.
33. Ibid., 16–17, 24–26, 74–75.
34. Ibid., 12–13.
35. Ibid., 28–32.
36. Salmon P. Chase, The Address and Reply, on the Presentation of a Testimonial to S. P. Chase, by the Colored People of Cincinnati (Ithaca: Cornel University Library, 1845), 12, 18, 35.
37. Ibid., 22, 35.
38. Blue, Salmon P. Chase, 127.
39. John Weiss, Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, vol. 2 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 519–20.
40. Blue, Salmon P. Chase, 128.
41. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), 115.
42. Blue, Salmon P. Chase, 134; John Niven, Salmon Chase: A Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 231.
43. “The Washington Peace Conference,” New York Herald, February 7, col. C; “Spirit of Washington Letters,” Daily Cleveland Herald, February 7, 1861, issue 32, col. B.
44. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 56.
45. “The Washington Peace Congress,” New York Herald, February 7, 1861, col. C; “The Report of the Committee,” Evening Star, February 15, 1861, 2.
46. “The Peace Congress,” Evening Star, February 9, 1861, 2.
47. “The Peace Conference,” New York Herald, February 11, 1861, col. B; “The Peace Convention,” New York Herald, February 9, 1861, 10, col. C.
48. “The Peace Convention,” Augusta Chronicle, February 10, 1861, 2.
49. “The Peace Conference,” Augusta Chronicle, February 14, 1861, 2; “Union Meeting in Baltimore,” Sandusky Register, January 11, 1861, 2; “Washington,” Providence Evening Press, January 11, 1861, 2.
50. Bernard Steiner, Life of Reverdy Johnson (Baltimore: The Norman Remington Co., 1914), 27–28.
51. Ibid., 32.
52. Ibid., 39.
53. Ibid., 18.
54. Ibid., 42–43.
55. “Address of Reverdy Johnson,” Sacramento Daily Union, September 15, 1861, 8.
56. Steiner, Life of Reverdy Johnson, 42–43.
57. “A Strong Description,” Charleston Mercury, February 11, 1861, 1.
58. “The Peace Convention,” New York Herald, February 9, 1861, col. C.
59. “The Feeling of the Tariff Question,” New York Herald, February 17, 1861, 1.
60. “Washington News,” Cleveland Morning Leader, February 18, 1861, 4.
61. “The Vote in Virginia,” Cleveland Morning Leader, February 14, 1861, 2.
62. “The Action of the Border States,” Gazette and Sentinel, February 16, 1861, 2.
63. “Affairs at Washington,” Salem Register, February 18, 1861, 2.
64. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, ninth day, 41.
65. Ibid., 42.
66. Ibid., 42–43.
67. “The Peace Conference,” Nashville Union and American, February 15, 1861, 2.
68. Seager, And Tyler Too, 456.
69. Argument of Roger S. Baldwin of New Haven before the Supreme Court of the United States in the Case of the United States, Appellants, vs. Cinque, and Others, Africans of the Amistad, New York, S.W. Benedict, 1841, 4, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/amistad_001.asp4.
70. Samuel Dutton, An Address at the Funeral of Honorable Roger Sherman Baldwin (New Haven: Thomas J. Stafford, 1863), 13.
71. Ibid., 8–10, 23.
72. Ibid., 15–16, 26.
73. Ibid., 27–28.
74. Ibid., 19–20.
75. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, ninth day, 45–47; Dutton, An Address at the Funeral, 20.
76. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings, ninth day, 47–48.
77. Ibid., 53–54.
78. “The Peace Conference at Washington,” Daily Nashville Patriot, February 18, 1861, 2.
79. “Report of the Peace Conference,” Cleveland Morning Leader, February 18, 1861, 3; “An Executive Dinner,” The National Republican, February 16, 1861, 3.
80. “Report of the Committee of the Peace Conference,” The Daily Dispatch, February 16, 1861, 3.
FOUR: THE CLERGY AND CHURCHES
1. L. E. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Conference Convention, For Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Held at Washington, D.C., in February, a.d. 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 17.
2. Rev. Charles Hall, A Sermon Preached to the Opening of the Eighty-First Convention of the Diocese of Maryland, May 25, 1864 (Washington, DC: McGill & Witherow, 1864), 7.
3. Stetson Conn, Washington’s Epiphany, Church and Parish (Washington, DC: Church of the Epiphany, 1976), 1–14.
4. Ibid., 24.
5. Ibid., 25; “Rev. Dr. C. H. Hall Dead,” New York Times, September 13, 1895, 4.
6. “City Statistics,” Evening Star, January 3, 1859, 3; Conn, Washington’s Epiphany, 27–32; “Musical,” Evening Star, March 18, 1859, 3.
7. Conn, Washington’s Epiphany, 40.
8. Ibid., 39.
9. “Religious Services by the Military,” The National Republican, May 13, 1861, 3; “Religious,” Evening Star, May 14, 1861, 2.
10. Conn, Washington’s Epiphany, 35–38; Richard Grimmett, St. John’s Church, Lafayette Square: The History and Heritage of the Church of the Presidents, Washington, DC (Minneapolis: Mill City Press, 2009), 274–75.
11. “Route of March,” The National Republican, March 6, 1862, 3; “Married in Church,” Evening Star, September 24, 1861, 3.
12. Conn, Washington’s Epiphany, 39.
13. Rev. Charles H. Hall, A Mournful Easter: A Discourse Delivered to the Church of the Epiphany (Washington, DC: Gideon & Pearson, 1865), 11.
14. Ibid., 14.
15. Ibid., 15.
16. “Rev. Dr. C. H. Hall Dead,” New York Times, September 13, 1895, 4; “Dr. Hall’s Pastorate Here,” The Washington Post, September 14, 1895, 6.
17. Grimmett, St. John’s Church, Lafayette Square, 153–54.
18. “Gen. Scott’s Religion,” New York Times, October 14, 1852, 2.
19. “Latest Intelligence,” New York Times, February 28, 1853, 4.
20. “The Sickles Trial,” New York Times, April 13, 1859, 8.
21. Grimmett, St. John’s Church, Lafayette Square, 39–44.
22. Ibid., 44, 63, 154.
23. “Obsequies of the Lamented Col. Ellsworth,” The National Republican, May 27, 1861, 3.
24. John Niven, ed., Salmon P. Chase Papers (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), 165, 232, 246.
25. Clement Moore Butler, Life Is a Tale that Is Told (Washington, DC: C. Alexander, 1850), 12, 14–15.
26. Jens Christian Roseland, American Lutheran Biographies (Milwaukee: A Houtkamp & Son, 1890), 129–30.
27. Merrill Edwards Gates, ed., Men of Mark in America: Ideals of American Life, vol.1 (Washington, DC: Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906), 186–87.
28. J. George Butler, Courageous Trustfulness: Twentieth Pastoral Anniversary, July 4, 1869, St. Paul’s Lutheran Church (Washington, DC: Judd & Detweiler, 1869), 1–16.
29. Homer Calkin, Castings from the Foundry Mold (Nashville: Parthenon Press, 1968), 91, 93.
30. Ibid., 125–30.
31. “The Gettysburg Address, as reported 150 years ago,” Akron Beacon Journal, November 19, 2013, http://www.ohio.com/editorial/the-gettysburg-address-as-reported-150-years-ago-1.445985.
32. Ibid.
33. “In the Name of Jehovah Our Banner We Raise,” Hymnary.org, http://www.hymnary.org/person/Stockton_TH1?sort=desc&order=Texts+by+T.+H.+Stockton+%2811%29.
34. Alexander Clark, Memory’s Tribute to the Life, Character and Work of the Rev. Thos. H. Stockton (New York: S.R. Wells, 1869), 1–30.
35. Ibid.
36. Harvey W. Crew, et. al, “Centennial History of the City of Washington D.C.,” Washington D.C. Geneaology Trails, http://genealogytrails.com/washdc/books/cenhistchp16.html.
37. John C. Smith, Jehovah-Jireh. A discourse commemorative of the twenty-seventh anniversary of the organization of the Fourth Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C., delivered on Sabbath, 25th November, 1855 (Washington, DC: Thomas McGill, 1855), 16, 31, 51–52; Joseph Thomas Kelly, “Rev. John C. Smith, D. D., and Other Pioneer Presbyterian Ministers of Washington,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 24 (Washington, DC: Historical Society of Washington, D.C., 1922), 127–28.
38. Kelly, “Rev. John C. Smith, D.D.,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Smith, Jehovah-Jireh, 50.
39. Ibid., 46–47.
40. Ibid., 16, 33, 35–36, 38.
41. Ibid., 118–35.
42. Crew, et. al, “Centennial History of the City of Washington D.C.”
43. Dedicated to Elizabeth Stone (no author listed), The National Presbyterian Church: The First 200 Years 1795–1995 (Washington, DC: National Presbyterian Church, 1996), 11.
44. “Death List of a Day,” New York Times, July 1, 1901, l; “The Rev. Dr. Byron Sunderland,” 7.
45. Rev. Sullivan Weston, Sermons by the Rev. Mr. Weston, and the Rev. Byron Sunderland, Preached in the Hall of Representatives, Sunday, April 28th, 1861 (Washington: Henry Polkinhorn, Printer, 1861), 15, 17.
46. Ibid., 17–18.
47. Ibid., 22.
48. John Remsburg, Abraham Lincoln: Was He a Christian? (New York: Truth Seeker Company, 1893), 29.
49. Ida M. Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1 (New York: S. S. McClure Company, 1895), 124–25.
50. “News from Washington,” New York Times, May 1, 1863, 3.
51. Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (New York: W. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2002), 321.
52. Ronald C. White Jr., Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 139.
53. Noah Brooks, Lincoln Observed: The Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, ed. Michael Burlingame (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 13–14.
54. Marquis Adolphe de Chambrun, Impressions of Lincoln and the Civil War: A Foreigner’s Account (New York: Random House, 1952), 114.
55. “President Buchanan,” Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, April 28, 1857, 2.
56. “How a Chaplain is Elected,” True American (Steubenville, OH), January 21, 1857, 2.
57. Grant R. Brodrecht, Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union During the Civil War (doctoral dissertation, Notre Dame, 2008), 67.
58. “White House Funeral Sermon for President Lincoln,” Abraham Lincoln Online, http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gurley.htm.
59. Crew, et. al, “Centennial History of the City of Washington D.C.”; Peter Lumpkins, “Professor G. W. Samson: An Historic Baptist View on Wines,” SBC Tomorrow (blog), January 21, 2008, http://peterlumpkins.typepad.com/peter_lumpkins/2008/01/professor-g-w-s-1.html.
60. James L. Haley, Sam Houston (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), 314.
61. Bruce Gourley, “Baptists and the American Civil War: September 26, 1861,” Baptists and the American Civil War, http://www.civilwarbaptists.com/thisdayinhistory/1861-september-26/.
62. “Rev. Dr. J. J. Bullock,” Raftsman’s Journal, April 13, 1864, 1; Bradley J. Longfield, The Presbyterian Controversy: Fundamentalists, Modernists, and Moderates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 31.
63. “Meeting in Baltimore for the Benefit of Presbyterian Ministers,” The Daily Dispatch (Richmond), December 11, 1865, 1.
64. William H. Averill, A History of the First Presbyterian Church, Frankfort, Kentucky (Cincinnatti: Monfort & Co., 1902), 72–73.
65. William Birney, James G. Birney and His Times (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1890), 181–82.
66. “The Presbyterian General Assemblies,” Frank Leslie’s Sunday Magazine 24 (1888), 113.
67. Gourley, “The Baptists and the American Civil War.”
68. Mitchell Snay, Gospel of Disunion (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 123.
69. C. C. Goen, Broken Churches, Broken Nation (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997), 60.
70. Ibid., 77.
71. Ibid., 75.
72. Ibid., 76–77.
73. Ibid., 176.
74. Ibid., 136.
75. Ibid., 165.
76. Jack Maddex, “From Theocracy to Spirituality: The Southern Presbyterian Reversal on Church and State,” The Counsel of Chalcedon (June–July 1998), 35.
77. Goen, Broken Churches, 83–85.
78. Peter Cartwright, Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher, ed. W. P. Strickland (New York: Carlton & Porter, 1857), 286–87.
79. Goen, Broken Churches, 95–97.
80. Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856, vol. 7 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1857), 409, no author.
81. “Religious,” Evening Star, June 13, 1860, 3.
FIVE: THE COMPROMISE
1. “Origin of the Peace Conference,” Staunton Spectator, February 19, 1861, 2.
2. “Latest News,” The Democratic Press (Eaton, Preble County, Ohio), February 21, 1861, 2.
3. “The Peace Conference at Washington,” Daily Nashville Patriot, February 18, 1861, 2.
4. “Letter from Washington,” Nashville Union and American, February 23, 1861, 2.
5. “The Peace Conference,” Vermont Phoenix, February 21, 1861, 2.
6. “Affairs of the Nation,” New York Times, February 19, 1861, 1.
7. “The Peace Convention,” Evening Star, February 18, 1861, 2.
8. L. E. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Conference Convention, For Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Held at Washington, D.C., in February, a.d. 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 57.
9. “Summary,” Memphis Daily Appeal, February 24, 1861, 2.
10. “The Peace Conference,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), February 18, 1861, 3.
11. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 61.
12. Ibid., 62.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 64.
15. Ibid., 65.
16. Ibid., 67.
17. Ibid., 59–67.
18. “The Peace Conference,” Evening Star, February 18, 1861, 3.
19. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 68.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 69.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. “A National Convention,” Nashville Union and American, February 23, 1861, 2.
26. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 68.
27. Ibid.
28. In Memoriam, Maj. Gen. Samuel Ryan Curtis, Died December 26, 1866 (Keokuk, Iowa, Rees’ Job Office, 1867), 18.
29. James Chace, Mexico under Fire, Being the Diary of Samuel Ryan Curtis, 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment, during the American Military Occupation of Northern Mexico, 1846–1847 (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1994), 133.
30. “The Peace Conference,” Evening Star, February 18, 1861, 3.
31. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 72–73.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., 75–76.
36. Ibid., 76–79.
37. Ibid., 80–82.
38. Ibid., 83–85.
39. Ibid., 86–88.
40. Ibid., 88–89.
41. Ibid., 90.
42. Ibid., 90–91.
43. Ibid., 91–92.
44. Ibid., 92–93.
45. Ibid., 93.
46. Ibid., 94.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., 94–95.
49. Ibid., 95.
50. Ibid., 96–97.
51. Ibid., 98.
52. George Sewall Boutwell, Address of Hon. George S. Boutwell: To the People of Berlin (Boston: Abner Forbes, 1850), 29–30.
53. George Sewall Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs (New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1902), 269–70.
54. Ibid., 269–70.
55. Ibid., 272.
56. “Affairs of the Nation,” New York Times, February 18, 1861, 1.
57. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 278.
58. Ibid., 278–79.
59. Ibid., 280.
60. Ibid., 281.
61. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 98–102.
62. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 268–73.
63. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 102–04.
64. Ibid., 103–04.
65. Ibid., 104.
66. Ibid., 105.
67. Ibid., 105–06.
68. Ibid., 107–08.
69. “Letter from Washington,” Nashville Union and American, February 22, 1861, 2.
70. “Proceedings of the Peace Conference,” New York Times, Monday, February 18, 1861, 1.
71. Ibid.
72. “Items Telegraphed from Washington,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), February 19, 1861, 3.
73. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 110.
74. Ibid., 110–11.
75. Ibid., 112.
76. Ibid., 113–14.
77. Ibid., 114.
78. Ibid., 114–16.
79. Ibid., 118–19.
80. Ibid., 120.
81. Ibid., 120–21.
82. Ibid., 122–23.
83. Ibid., 124.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid., 124–27.
86. Ibid., 127–28.
87. Ibid., 128.
88. Ibid., 129.
89. Ibid., 131.
90. Ibid., 129–32.
91. Barclay Rives, William Cabell Rives: A Country to Serve (New York: Atelerix, 2014), 54, 190–200.
92. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 133.
93. Ibid., 133.
94. Ibid., 133–35.
95. Ibid., 135.
96. Ibid., 135–36.
97. Ibid., 136–37.
98. Ibid., 137–38.
99. Ibid., 138.
100. Ibid., 138–39.
101. Ibid., 139–40.
102. Ibid., 140.
103. Ibid., 142.
104. Ibid., 142–43.
105. Ibid., 143.
106. Ibid., 143–44.
107. “The ‘Peace Conference,’ ” Semi Weekly Standard (Raleigh, NC), February 23, 1861, 3.
108. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 144–45.
109. Ibid., 146.
110. Ibid., 146–47.
111. Ibid., 149.
112. Ibid., 55.
113. Ibid., 150.
114. Ibid., 151.
115. Ibid., 152–53.
116. Ibid., 153.
117. Ibid., 153–54.
118. Ibid., 154–55.
119. Ibid., 155.
120. Ibid., 156.
121. “Virginia Placed in a False Position,” National Republican (Washington, DC), February 22, 1861, 2.
122. “Progress of the Peace Congress,” Holmes County Republican (OH), February 21, 1861, 2.
123. “Forebodings of Mr. Tyler,” Nashville Union and American, February 23, 1861, 2.
124. “Indianapolis Correspondence,” The Plymouth Weekly Democrat (Plymouth, IN), February 21, 1861, 2.
125. “The Peace Conference,” Vermont Phoenix (Brattleboro, VT), February 21, 1861, 2.
126. “The Sharp Practice of the Border States,” Cincinnati Daily Press (Cincinnati, OH), February 21, 1861, 2.
127. “Wheeling,” Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, WV), February 19, 1861, 2.
SIX: SECURING THE CAPITOL
1. US House of Representatives, Reports of the Select Committee of Five, on the Following Subjects By United States Congress. House Select Committee of Five (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1861), 54–61.
2. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper and Collins 20011), Kindle location 468.
3. Cong. Globe, 37th Cong., 2d Sess., 326 (1861).
4. Lucius Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1904), 37.
5. Ibid., 38–39.
6. Ibid., 38.
7. Ibid., 41.
8. “The Votes Counted,” The National Republican, February 14, 1861, 3.
9. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 41.
10. “The Votes Counted,” The National Republican, February 14, 1861, 3.
11. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 41.
12. Ibid., 42.
13. Ibid., 43.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 44.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 45.
19. Ibid., 46.
20. Ibid.
21. “House,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), February 14, 1861, 2.
22. Walter Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012), 236.
23. John Taylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 136.
24. “Counting the Votes,” Evening Star, February 13, 1861, 3.
25. “Affairs of the Nation,” New York Times, February 15, 1861, 1.
26. “Strange Indeed,” Clearfield Republican, February 20, 1861, 2.
27. “Counting the Votes,” Burlington Free Press, February 15, 1861, 2.
28. Brian Wolley, “Lincoln’s Whistle-Stop Trip to Washington,” Smithsonian.com, February 9, 2011, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/lincolns-whistle-stop-trip-to-washington-161974/.
29. Don Fehrenbacher, ed., Abraham Lincoln, Speeches, Letters, Miscellaneous Writings, Presidential Messages and Proclamations (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1989), 197–206.
30. Ibid.
31. Roger Launius, Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Moderate (Columbia, MO: Univeristy of Missouri Press), 239, 249.
32. Frederic Culmer, “A Snapshot of Alexander W. Doniphan, 1808–1887,” Missouri Historical Review, 38:1 (October 1943), 29.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Abraham Lincoln, “1861: Address at Buffalo, New York, February 16, 1861,” The Writings of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 5, Classic Reader (website), http://www.classicreader.com/book/3766/99/.
36. Ibid.
37. Culmer, “A Snapshot of Alexander W. Doniphan, 1808–1887,” 29.
38. Kimberly Harper, “Alexander William Doniphan,” The State Historical Society of Missouri, http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/d/doniphan/index.html.
39. George Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs (New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1902), 271.
40. Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man, 224, 226.
41. Robert Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention (Madison, WI: Greenwood Press, 1981), 51.
42. John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, vol. 1 (New York: Baker & Taylor, 1909), 355.
43. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, 52.
44. William Davis, A Government of Our Own (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 71–77.
45. David Gardiner Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers (New York: Whittet & Shepperson, 1885), 597.
46. “The Southern Confederacy,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), February 11, 1861, 3.
47. Joan Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy Varina Davis’s Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 102; William Cooper, Jefferson Davis: American (New York: Vintage, 2001), 347–48; Davis, A Government of Our Own, 128.
48. Cooper, Jefferson Davis: American, 349–52.
49. “Inauguration Day in Dixie,” Presidential History Geeks (blog), February 18, 2011, http://potus-geeks.livejournal.com/95311.html.
50. Davis, A Government of Our Own, 158–61.
51. Jefferson Davis, “Jefferson Davis’ First Inaugural Address,” The Papers of Jefferson Davis, http://jeffersondavis.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=88.
52. Ibid.
53. Davis, A Government of Our Own, 165–67.
54. “The Contrast,” Nashville Union and American, February 21, 1861, 2.
55. Mary Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 7–8.
56. Cooper, Jefferson Davis: American, 357–58.
57. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 104.
58. Cooper, Jefferson Davis: American, 358; Davis, A Government of Our Own, 274.
59. “From the Ledger,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), February 4, 1861, 2.
60. Davis, A Government of Our Own, 275.
61. Robert Gunderson, “William C. Rives and the ‘Old Gentlemen’s Convention,’ ” The Journal of Southern History (November 1956), 469–70.
62. Ibid.
63. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 619–21.
64. “The Peace Convention,” Daily Nashville Patriot, February 16, 1861, 2.
65. “The Virginia Convention,” Evening Star, February 16, 1861, 2.
66. “The Virginia State Convention,” New York Times, February 27, 1861, 1.
67. Ibid.
68. “Virginia Placed in a False Position,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), February 22, 1861, 2.
69. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 634.
70. Ibid., 611–14.
71. Ibid.
72. “From Washington,” The Daily Dispatch (Richmond, VA), February 18, 1861, 3.
73. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 611–14.
74. “From Washington,” The Daily Dispatch, February 27, 1861, 1.
75. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 613.
76. Ibid.
SEVEN: LINCOLN’S ARRIVAL
1. “The Peace Convention,” Evening Star, February 20, 1861, 2.
2. L. E. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Conference Convention, For Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Held at Washington, D.C., in February, a.d. 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 160.
3. “Obituary Sketch of Charles J. McCurdy,” Memorials of Connecticut Judges and Attorneys As Printed in the Connecticut Reports 60:593–602, http://www.cslib.org/memorials/mccurdyc.htm.
4. Ibid.; Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 160.
5. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 161.
6. The Lincoln Institute, “David Dudley Field (1805–1894),” Mr. Lincoln In New York (website), http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/content_inside.asp?ID=56&subjectID=3.
7. Henry Field, The Life of David Dudley Field (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898), x.
8. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 162.
9. Ibid., 164.
10. Ibid., 166.
11. Ibid., 170.
12. Ibid., 170–71.
13. Ibid., 171.
14. Ibid., 172–74.
15. Ibid., 175–76.
16. Ibid., 177–80.
17. Ibid., 181–83.
18. Ibid., 183–85.
19. Ibid., 185–87.
20. Ibid., 189.
21. Ibid., 189–90.
22. Ibid., 191–92.
23. Ibid., 192.
24. Ibid., 194–95.
25. “Highly Important from Washington,” New York Times, February 21, 1861, http://www.nytimes.com/1861/02/21/news/highly-important-washington-peace-conference-its-deliberations-passage-tariff.html.
26. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 199–200.
27. Ibid., 201–02.
28. Ibid., 202.
29. “Progress of the Peace Conference,” Holmes County Republican (Millersburg, Holmes County, OH), February 21, 1861, 2.
30. “The Peace Conference,” Daily Intelligencer, February 25, 1861, 3; Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 207.
31. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 205.
32. Ibid., 213.
33. Ibid., 214–15.
34. Ibid., 215–16.
35. Ibid., 216–39, 249.
36. Ibid., 252.
37. Ibid., 244–55.
38. Ibid., 257–59.
39. Ibid., 263–65.
40. Ibid., 264–69.
41. Ibid., 264–69.
42. Ibid., 274.
43. Ibid., 275–78.
44. “James Pollock Biography,” James Pollock In God We Trust Museum, http://jamespollockmuseum.com/james-pollock-bio/.
45. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 277–78.
46. Robert G. Gunderson, “William Rives and the ‘Old Gentlemen’s Convention,’ ” The Journal of Southern History, 22:4 (November 1956), 464–65.
47. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 279–83.
48. Ibid., 279–83.
49. Ibid., 284–85.
50. Ibid., 285.
51. Ibid., 294–95.
52. Ibid., 296–97.
53. Ibid., 300–01.
54. Ibid., 302.
55. Ibid., 304–05.
56. Ibid., 305–06.
57. Ibid., 306, 315–16.
58. Ibid., 307.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., 314.
61. Ibid., 318–19.
62. Ibid., 320–21.
63. Ibid., 322.
64. Ibid., 327.
65. Ibid., 330–31.
66. Ibid., 331–32.
67. Ibid., 329–34.
68. Harold Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 406.
69. “Mr. Lincoln in Washington,” Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, WV), February 25, 1861, 2.
70. Lucius Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1904), 66.
71. Ibid., 65–67; Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 336.
72. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 67.
73. Ibid., 58–64.
74. Ibid., 66.
75. Ibid., 68.
76. Ibid., 68–69.
77. Ibid., 70–71.
78. “Local News,” Evening Star, February 25, 1861, 3.
79. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 70–72.
80. Barclay Rives, William Cabell Rives: A Country to Serve (New York: Atelerix, 2014), 3, 269.
81. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 73.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid., 74.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., 74–75.
88. Ibid., 75.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid., 75–76.
91. Ibid., 77.
92. Rives, William Cabell Rives, 2.
93. “Local News,” Evening Star, February 25, 1861, 3; “Mr. Lincoln Yesterday,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), February 25, 1861, 3.
EIGHT: AGREEMENT AND REJECTION
1. “The Inauguration of the President Elect,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), February 25, 1861, 2.
2. “The Question Virtually Settled,” Evening Star, February 25, 1861, 2.
3. L. E. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Conference Convention, For Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Held at Washington, D.C., in February, a.d. 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 348, 350–52.
4. Ibid., 352.
5. Ibid., 352–53.
6. Ibid., 353–54.
7. Ibid., 356–58.
8. Ibid., 358–60.
9. Ibid., 360–62, 372.
10. Ibid., 361.
11. Ibid., 363.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 369.
14. “The St. Louis Democrat,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), February 25, 1861, 2.
15. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 376–77.
16. Ibid., 377–78.
17. Ibid., 378–79.
18. Ibid., 381–83.
19. Ibid., 385–87.
20. “The Peace Convention,” Evening Star, February 26, 1861, 2.
21. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 394.
22. Ibid., 395.
23. Ibid., 399.
24. Ibid., 400–01.
25. Ibid., 405–06.
26. Ibid., 407–08.
27. Ibid., 409.
28. Ibid., 411–17.
29. Ibid., 418–21.
30. Ibid., 421–24.
31. Ibid., 428.
32. Ibid., 430.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., 433.
35. Ibid., 433.
36. Ibid., 436.
37. Ibid., 436–37.
38. Ibid., 438.
39. Ibid., 438–39.
40. Ibid., 439.
41. “Items Telegraphed from Washington,” Evening Star, February 28, 1861, 2.
42. Mrs. Chapman Coleman, The Life of John J. Crittenden, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1873), 337–38.
43. Charles M. Segal, Conversations with Lincoln (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002), 86–87.
44. Ibid., 87–88.
45. Ibid., 88–89.
46. Ibid., 90.
47. “Important Statement of Ex-Governor of Kentucky,” Liverpool Mercury (Britain), October 13, 1862, 3.
48. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 441.
49. “Missouri Convention,” Missouri Republican, March 6, 1861, 3.
50. John Palmer, Personal Recollections of John M. Palmer (Cincinnati: R. Clarke Co., 1901), 84, 88–89.
51. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 442–46.
52. Ibid., 450–51.
53. Ibid., 451–52.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. “A Salute of One Hundred Guns,” Evening Star, February 28, 1861, 3.
57. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings, 471.
58. “Latest News, by Telegraph,” Keowee Courier (Pickens Court House, SC), March 9, 1861, 2; “News Summary,” Detroit Free Press, March 1, 1861, 1.
59. “The Country,” The Daily Press (Cincinnatti), March 9, 1861, 2; “News Summary,” White Cloud Kansas Chief, March 21, 1861 2; “The Guernsey Times,” The Spirit of Democracy (Woodsfield, OH), March 13, 1861, 2; “Final Action of the Peace Conference,” Vincennes Gazette, March 9, 1861
60. Oliver Perry Chitwood, John Tyler: Champion of the Old South (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1990) i, 452.
61. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, Volume II, (Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperdson, 1885), 623–27.
62. Ibid., 628–29.
63. Ibid., 629–32.
64. Cong. Globe, 37th Cong., 2d Sess. 1254–55, 1269–70, 13–1317, 1405 (1861).
65. “Mottoes of the Day,” New-York Daily Tribune, March 2, 1861, 4.
66. Cong. Globe, 37th Cong., 2d Sess. 1331–33 (1861).
67. “Missouri Convention,” Missouri Republican (St. Louis), March 6, 1861, 25.
68. Ibid.
69. “Mr. Rives’s Speech,” The National Republican (Washington, DC), April 6, 1861, 2.
70. “Union Meeting in Ashe,” Weekly Standard (Raleigh, NC), April 3, 1861, 2.
71. “Substance of the Remarks of Hon. F.K. Zollicoffer,” Daily Nashville Patriot, April 16, 1861, 2.
72. “A Pregnant Fact,” Keowee Courier (Pickens Court House, SC), April 13, 1861, 2.
73. “Letter from Judge Robt L. Caruthers,” Nashville Union and American, April 30, 1861, 2.
74. “The Rebellion,” Burlington Free Press (Burlington, VT), April 19, 1861, 2.
EPILOGUE
1. Philip Klein, President James Buchanan: A Biography (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1995), 402.
2. Ibid., 408–409, 420, 423, 427.
3. Robert Seager II, And Tyler Too (New York: McGraw Hill, 1963), 460.
4. Oliver Perry Chitwood, John Tyler: Champion of the Old South (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1990), 454–55.
5. Seager, And Tyler Too, 463.
6. Ibid., 464–65.
7. Ibid., 517.
8. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers (Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson, 1885), 644.
9. Chitwood, John Tyler: Champion of the Old South, 464–65.
10. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 667.
11. Seager, And Tyler Too, 475–76.
12. Ibid., 478.
13. Ibid., 466.
14. Ibid., 285.
15. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 649.
16. Seager, And Tyler Too, 481.
17. Ibid., 490.
18. Ibid., 539.
19. Maury Klein, Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Vintage Books, 1999), 253.
20. John Hay and John Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 3 (New York: Century Co., 1917), 323.
21. Winston Churchill, History of the English Speaking Peoples (New York: Greenwich House, 1991), 430.