Selected Bibliography

Alemseged, Z., et al. ‘A Juvenile Early Hominid Skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia’, Nature 443 : 296–301 (2006)

Ambrose, S. ‘Late Pleistocene Human Population Bottlenecks, Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans’, Journal of Human Evolution 34 (6) : 623–651 (1998)

Ardrey, R. African Genesis: A Personal Investigation into the Animal Origins and Nature of Man, Collins, London (1961)

Asfaw, B., et al. ‘Australopithecus garhi: A New Species of Early Hominid from Ethiopia’, Science 284 : 629–635 (1999)

Asfaw, B., et al. ‘Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia’, Nature 416 : 317–320 (2002)

Backwell, L., et al. ‘Middle Stone Age Bone Tools from the Howiesons Poort Layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa’, Journal of Archaeological Science 35 : 1566–1580 (2010)

Balter, M. ‘Paleontological Rift in the Rift Valley’, Science 292 : 198–201 (2001)

Beard, C. The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey: Unearthing the Origins of Monkeys, Apes and Humans, University of California Press, Berkeley (2006)

Behar, D.M., et al. ‘The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity’, American Journal of Human Genetics 82 : 1130–1140 (2008)

Berger, L., et al. ‘Australopithecus sediba: A New Species of Homo-like Australopith from South Africa’, Science 328 : 195–204 (2010)

Berger, L., and Hilton-Barber, B. In the Footsteps of Eve: The Mystery of Human Origins, Adventure Press, National Geographic, Washington, DC (2000)

Bickerton, Derek. Adam’s Tongue: How Humans Made Language; How Language Made Humans, Hill and Wang, New York (2009)

Blundell, G. (ed.). Origins: The Story of the Emergence of Humans and Humanity in Africa, Double Storey, Cape Town (2006)

Bonnefille, R. ‘Evidence for a Cooler and Drier Climate in the Ethiopian Highlands Towards 2.5 Myr Ago’, Nature 303: 487–491 (1983)

Bonner, P., et al. (eds.). A Search for Origins: Science, History and South Africa’s ‘Cradle of Humankind’, Wits University Press, Johannesburg (2001)

Botha, R., and Knight, C. (eds.). The Cradle of Language, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2009)

Bowler, P.J. Evolution: The History of an Idea, third edition, University of California Press, Berkeley (2003)

———. Life’s Splendid Drama; Evolutionary Biology and the Reconstruction of Life’s Ancestry 1860–1940, University of Chicago Press (1996)

———. Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844–1944, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (1986)

Brace, C.L. ‘The fate of the “Classic” Neanderthals: A Consideration of Hominid Catastrophism’, Current Anthropology 5: 3–43 (1964)

———. The Stages of Human Evolution: Human and Cultural Origins, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1967)

Brain, C.K. The Hunters or the Hunted? An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy , University of Chicago Press (1981)

Brain, C.K., and Sillen, A. ‘Evidence from the Swartkrans Cave for the Earliest Use of Fire’, Nature 336: 464–466 (1988)

Brooks, A.S., et al. ‘Dating and Context of Three Middle Stone Age Sites with Bone Points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire’, Science 268 : 548–553 (1995)

Broom, N. ‘Address on the Opening of the Robert Broom Museum, 1 December 1966’, South African Journal of Science 63 (9) : 371–377 (1967)

Broom, R. ‘Discovery of a New Skull of the South African Ape-Man, Plesianthropus’ , Nature 159 : 672 (1947)

———. ‘A New Fossil Anthropoid Skull from South Africa’, Nature 138 : 486–488 (1936)

———. The Search for Man’s Ancestry, Watts, London (1950)

———. ‘The Sterkfontein Ape’, Nature 139 : 326 (1937)

Broom, R., and Robinson, J.T. ‘A New Type of Fossil Man’, Nature, 164 : 322–323 (1949)

Broom, R., and Schepers, G. The South African Fossil Ape-Men; the Australopithecinae , Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 2, Pretoria (1946)

Brown, P., et al. ‘A New Small-Bodied Hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia’, Nature 431: 1055–1061 (2004)

Brunet, M. ‘Discovery in Chad, Central Africa; Towards a New Paradigm for the Cradle of Mankind’, in Origins, ed. G. Blundell, Double Storey, Cape Town (2006)

Brunet, M., et al. ‘Australopithecus bahrelghazali, une nouvelle espèce d’Hominidé ancien de la région de Koro Toro (Tchad)’, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 324 : 341–345 (1996)

———. ‘The First Australopithecine 2,500 km West of the Rift Valley (Chad)’, Nature 378: 273–275 (1995)

———. ‘A New Hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa’, Nature 418 : 145–151 (2002)

Burton, Frances D. Fire: The Spark That Ignited Human Evolution, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (2009)

Butler, D. ‘The Battle of Tugen Hills’, Nature 410 : 508–509 (2001)

Cann, R., Stoneking, M., and Wilson, A. ‘Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution’, Nature 325: 31–36 (1987)

Cavalli-Sforza, L. Genes, Peoples and Languages, Penguin, London (2000)

Clarke, R. ‘Discovery of Complete Arm and Hand of the 3.3 Million-Year-Old Australopithecus Skeleton from Sterkfontein’, South African Journal of Science 95 : 477–480 (1999)

———. ‘Dr Broom and the Skeleton in the Cavern’, in Origins, ed. G. Blundell, Double Storey, Cape Town (2006)

———. ‘First Ever Discovery of a Well-Preserved Skull and Associated Skeleton of Australopithecus’, South African Journal of Science 94 : 460–463 (1998)

Cole, S. Leakey’s Luck: The Life of Louis Leakey, 1903–1972, Collins, London (1975)

Coppens, Y. ‘East Side Story: The Origin of Humankind’, Scientific American 270 (5): 88–95 (1994)

Dart, R. ‘Africa, the Cradle of Humanity’, Illustrated London News, June 13, 1925.

———. ‘Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa’, Nature 115 : 195–199 (1925)

———. ‘Recollections of a Reluctant Anthropologist’, Journal of Human Evolution 2: 417–427 (1973)

———. ‘Robert Broom—His Life and Work’, South African Journal of Science 48 (1) : 3–19 (1951)

Dart, R., and Craig, D. Adventures with the Missing Link, Hamilton, London (1959)

Darwin, C. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, Murray, London (1871)

———. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Murray, London (1859)

Dawkins, R. The Ancestor’s Tale; A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (2004)

Day, M. ‘Early Homo sapiens Remains from the Omo River Region of South-West Ethiopia. Omo Human Skeletal Remains’, Nature 222 : 1135–1138 (1969)

Day, M., Leakey, M.D., and Olson, T. ‘On the Status of Australopithecus afarensis’, Science 207 : 1102–1103 (1980)

Day, M., and Napier, J.R. ‘Hominid Fossils from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge, Tanganyika. Fossil Foot Bones’, Nature 201 : 967–970 (1964)

Deacon, H.J., and Deacon J. Human Beginnings in South Africa; Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age, Philip, Cape Town (1999)

Delagnes, A., and Roche, H. ‘Late Pliocene Hominid Knapping Skills: The Case of Lokalalei 2C, West Turkana, Kenya’, Journal of Human Evolution 48 (5) : 435–472 (2005)

d’Errico, F., et al. ‘Archaeological Evidence for the Emergence of Language, Symbolism, and Music—An Alternative Multidisciplinary Perspective’, Journal of World Prehistory 17 : 1–70 (2003)

———. ‘Nassarius kraussianus Shell Beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for Symbolic Behaviour in the Middle Stone Age’, Journal of Human Evolution 48 : 3–24 (2005)

DeSalle, R., and Tattersall, I. Human Origins: From Bones to Genomes, TexasA& M Press, College Station (2007)

DeSilva, J. ‘Functional Morphology of the Ankle and the Likelihood of Climbing in Early Hominins’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 : 6567–6572 (2009)

Diamond, J. Guns, Germs and Steel; The Fates of Human Societies, Norton, New York (1998)

———. The Third Chimpanzee; The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal, Harper, New York (1992)

Dugard, J. ‘Palaeontologist Ron Clarke and the Discovery of “Little Foot”: A Contemporary History’, South African Journal of Science 91 : 563–566 (1995)

Eldredge, N., and Gould, S.J. ‘Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Reconstruction’, in T.J.M. Schopt and J.M. Thomas (eds.), Models in Paleobiology , Freeman, San Francisco (1972)

Esterhuysen, A. Sterkfontein; Early Hominid Site in the ‘Cradle of Humankind’, Wits University Press, Johannesburg (2001)

Findley, G. Dr Robert Broom, F.R.S. Balkema, Cape Town (1972)

Foley, R. ‘Adaptive Radiations and Dispersals in Hominin Evolutionary Ecology’, Evolutionary Anthropology 11 : 32–37 (2002)

———. Humans Before Humanity, Blackwell, Oxford (1995)

———. ‘Speciation, Extinction and Climatic Change in Hominid Evolution’, Journal of Human Evolution 26 : 275–289 (1994)

Gardner, B. ‘The Piltdown Forgery: A Re-Statement of the Case Against Hinton’, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 : 315–335 (2003)

Gardner, B. and Currant, A. The Piltdown Hoax. Who Done It? Linnean Society of London (1996)

Gibbons, A. The First Human: The Race to Discover Our Earliest Ancestors, Doubleday, New York (2006)

Green, R.E., et al. ‘A Draft Sequence of the Neanderthal Genome’, Science 326 : 710–722 (2010)

Gregory, J.W. The Great Rift Valley, being the Narrative of a Journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo with some account of the Geology, Natural History, Anthropology and Future Prospects of British East Africa, Murray, London (1896); republished by Cass, London (1968)

Gregory, W.K., and Hellman, M. ‘Evidence of the Australopithecine Man-Apes on the Origin of Man’, Science 88 : 615–616 (1938)

Gundling, T. First in Line: Tracing Our Ape Ancestry, Yale University Press, New Haven (2005)

Haeckel, E. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (1868), published as The History of Creation, London (1876)

Haile-Selassie, Y. ‘Late Miocene Hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia’, Nature 412 : 178–181 (2001)

Haile-Selassie, Y., et al. ‘An Early Australopithecus afarensis Postcranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 : 12,121–12,126 (2010)

———. ‘Late Miocene Teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia and Early Hominid Dental Evolution’, Science 303 : 1503–1505 (2004)

Hamilton, A. Environmental History of East Africa, Academic Press, London (1982)

Henshilwood, C. ‘Modern Humans and Symbolic Behaviour; Evidence from Blombos Cave, South Africa’, in G. Blundell (ed.), Origins, Double Storey, Cape Town (2006)

Henshilwood, C., et al. ‘An Early Bone Tool Industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: Implications for the Origins of Modern Human Behaviour, Symbolism and Language’, Journal of Human Evolution 41 : 631–678 (2001)

———. ‘Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa’, Science 295: 1278–1280 (2002)

———. ‘Middle Stone Age Shell Beads from South Africa’, Science 304 : 404 (2004)

Hilton-Barber, B., and Berger, L. The Official Field Guide to the Cradle of Mankind; Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai & Environs World Heritage Site, Struik, Cape Town (2002)

Hopwood, A. ‘Miocene Primates from Kenya’, Journal of the Linnean Society London 38 : 437–464 (1933)

Johanson, D. ‘Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)’, in M. Ruse and J. Travis (eds.), Evolution: The First Four Billion Years, Belknap, Cambridge, MA (2009)

Johanson, D., and Edey, M. Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind, Simon & Schuster, New York (1981)

Johanson, D., and Edgar, B. From Lucy to Language, Simon & Schuster, New York, revised edition (2006)

Johanson, D., et al. ‘New Partial Skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania’, Nature 327: 205–209 (1987)

Johanson, D., and Shreeve, J. Lucy’s Child: The Discovery of a Human Ancestor, Morrow, New York (1989)

Johanson, D., and White, T. ‘On the Status of Australopithecus afarensis’, Science, 207:1104–1105 (1980)

———. ‘A Systematic Assessment of Early African Hominids’, Science 203: 321–330 (1979)

Johanson, D., White T., and Coppens, Y. ‘A New Species of the Genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of Eastern Africa’, Kirtlandia 28 : 1–14 (1978)

Johanson, D., and Wong, K. Lucy’s Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins, Harmony, New York (2009)

Jones, S., Martin, R., and Pilbeam, D. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution , Cambridge University Press (1992)

Kalb, J. Adventures in the Bone Trade: The Race to Discover Human Ancestors in Ethiopia’s Afar Depression, Copernicus, New York (2001)

Keith, A. An Autobiography, Watts, London (1950)

———. New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man, Williams and Norgate, London (1931)

———. A New Theory of Human Evolution, Watts, London (1948)

Keith, A., et al. ‘The Fossil Anthropoid from Taungs’, Nature 115 : 234–236 (1925)

Kingdon, J. Lowly Origins: Where, When and Why Our Ancestors First Stood Up, Princeton University Press (2003)

Klein, R. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins, second edition, Chicago University Press (1999)

Klein, R., and Edgar B. The Dawn of Human Culture: A Bold New Theory on What Sparked the “Big Bang” of Human Consciousness, Wiley, New York (2002)

Knight, A., et al. ‘African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages’, Current Biology 13 : 464–473 (2003)

Krause, J., et al. ‘The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia,’ Nature 464 : 472–473 (2010)

Lahr, M. ‘The Multiregional Model of Modern Human Origins’, Journal of Human Evolution 26 : 23–56 (1994)

Lahr, M. and Foley, R. ‘Multiple Dispersals and Modern Human Origins’, Evolutionary Anthropology 3: 48–60 (1994)

———. ‘Towards a Theory of Modern Human Origins: Geography, Demography and Diversity in Recent Human Evolution’, Evolutionary Anthropology 41 : 137–176 (1998)

Leakey, L.S.B. Adam’s Ancestors, fourth edition, Methuen, London (1953)

———. By the Evidence: Memoirs, 1932–1951, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York (1974)

———. ‘Exploring 1,750,000 Years into Man’s Past’, National Geographic, October 1961, 120/4 : 564–589

———. ‘Finding the World’s Earliest Man’, National Geographic, September 1960, 118/3 : 420–435

———. ‘Fossil Human Remains from Kanam and Kanjera, Kenya Colony’, Nature 138 : 643 (1936)

———. ‘New Finds at Olduvai Gorge’, Nature 189 : 649–650 (1961)

———. ‘A New Fossil Skull from Olduvai’, Nature 201 : 967–970 (1959)

———. The Stone Age Cultures of Kenya Colony, Cambridge University Press (1931)

———. The Stone Age Races of Kenya, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1935)

———. White African, Hodder and Stoughton, London (1937)

Leakey, L.S.B., Evernden, J.F., and Curtis, G. ‘Age of Bed I, Olduvai Gorge, Tanganyika’, Nature 191 : 478–479 (1961)

Leakey, L.S.B., et al. ‘Age of the Oldoway Bone Beds, Tanganyika’, Nature 128 : 724 (1931)

Leakey, L.S.B., Tobias, P.V., and Napier, J.R. ‘A New Species of the Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania’, Nature 202 : 308–312 (1964)

Leakey, M.D. Disclosing the Past; An Autobiography, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, (1984)

———. Olduvai Gorge: My Search for Early Man, Collins, London (1979)

Leakey, M.D., and Hay, R. ‘Pliocene Footprints in the Laetoli Beds at Laetoli, Northern Tanzania’, Nature 278: 317–323 (1979)

Leakey, M.G., and Harris, J. (eds.). Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa, Columbia University Press, New York (2003)

Leakey, M.G., et al. ‘New Four Million Year Hominid Species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya’, Nature 376: 565–571 (1995)

———. ‘New Hominin Genus from Eastern Africa Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages’, Nature 410 : 419–420 (2001)

Leakey, R. ‘Early Homo sapiens Remains from the Omo River Region of South-West Ethiopia. Faunal Remains from the Omo Valley’, Nature 222 : 1132–1133 (1969)

———. The Making of Mankind, Joseph, London (1981)

———. One Life: An Autobiography, Joseph, London (1983)

Leakey, R., and Lewin, R. Origins: What New Discoveries Reveal About the Emergence and Evolution of Our Species and Its Possible Future, Macdonald and Jane’s, London (1977)

———. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes Us Human, Doubleday, New York (1992)

———. People of the Lake: Man, His Origins, Nature and Future, Collins, London (1979)

Lewin, R. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins, second edition, University of Chicago Press (1997)

———. Human Evolution; An Illustrated Introduction, fifth edition, Blackwell, Oxford (2005)

Lombard, M., and Phillipson, L. ‘Indications of Bow and Stone-Tipped Arrow Use 64,000 Years Ago in KwaZulu-Natal’, South Africa, Antiquity 84 : 635–

648 (2010) Lovejoy, O. ‘Evolution of Human Walking’, Scientific American 259 : 118–125 (1988)

Macaulay, V., et al. ‘Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes’, Science 308: 1034–1036 (2005)

Marean, C. ‘When the Sea Saved Humanity’, Scientific American 303 : 55–61 (2010)

Marean, C., et al. ‘Early Human Use of Marine Resources and Pigment in South Africa During the Middle Pleistocene’, Nature 449 : 905–909 (2007)

Maslin, A.M., and Beth Christensen. ‘Tectonics, Orbital Forcing, Global Climate Change, and Human Evolution in Africa’, Journal of Human Evolution 53 : 443–464 (2007)

Mayr, E. What Evolution Is, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (2002)

McBrearty, S., and Brooks, A.S. ‘The Revolution That Wasn’t: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behaviour’, Journal of Human Evolution 39 : 453–563 (2000)

McDougall, I., et al. ‘Stratigraphic Placement and Age of Modern Humans from Kibish, Ethiopia’, Nature 433 : 733–736 (2005)

McPherron, S.P., et al. ‘Evidence for Stone-Tool-Assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues Before 3.39 Million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia’, Nature 466: 857–860 (2010)

Morell, V. Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind’s Beginnings, Simon & Schuster, New York (1995)

Morwood, M., and Oosterzee, P. A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the “Hobbits” of Flores, Indonesia, Collins, London (2007)

Murray, B. Wits, The Early Years: A History of the University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg and Its Precursors, 1896–1939, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg (1982)

Nesbitt, L. Desert and Forest: The Exploration of the Abyssinian Danakil, Cape, London (1934)

Olsen, S. Mapping Human History: Discovering the Past Through Our Genes, Houghton Mifflin, Boston (2002)

Oppenheimer, S. Out of Eden; The Peopling of the World, Constable, London (2003)

Palmer, D. Seven Million Years: The Story of Human Evolution, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (2005)

Parfitt, S.A., et al. ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature 466 : 229–233 (2010)

Pavitt, N. Africa’s Great Rift Valley, Abrams, New York (2001)

Pickford, M., and Senut, B. ‘The Geological and Faunal Context of Late Miocene Hominid Remains from Lukeino, Kenya’, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 332 (2) : 145–152 (2001)

———. ‘ “Millennium Ancestor”, a 6-Million-Year-Old Bipedal Hominid from Kenya’, South African Journal of Science 97 (1–2) : 22 (2001)

Reader, J. Missing Links: The Hunt for Earliest Man, second edition, Pelican, London (1988)

Reck, H. Die Schlucht des Urmenschen, Brockhaus, Leipzig (1951)

Reed, K. ‘Paleoecological Patterns at the Hadar Hominin Site, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia’, Journal of Human Evolution 54 : 743–768 (2008)

Richmond, B., and Jungers, W. ‘Orrorin tugenensis Femoral Morphology and the Evolution of Hominin Bipedalism’, Science 319 : 1662–1665 (2008)

Roche, H., et al. ‘Early Hominid Stone Tool Production and Technical Skill 2.34 Myr Ago in West Turkana, Kenya’, Nature 399 : 57–60 (1999)

Russell, M. Piltdown Man: The Secret Life of Charles Dawson and the World’s Greatest Archaeological Hoax, Tempus, Stroud (2003)

Sarich, V., and Wilson A. ‘Immunological Time Scale for Hominid Evolution’, Science 158 : 1200–1203 (1967)

Sawyer, G., and Deak, V. (eds.). The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-two Species of Extinct Humans, Nèvraumont, New York (2007)

Scholz, C., et al. ‘East African Megadroughts Between 135 and 75 Thousand Years Ago and Bearing on Early-Modern Human Origins’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 : 16,416–16,421 (2007)

Schwartz, J. Sudden Origins: Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species, Wiley, New York (1999)

Semaw, S., et al. ‘The world’s Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Behaviour Between 2.6–1.5 Million Years Ago’, Journal of Archaeological Science 27 : 1197–1214 (2000)

———. ‘2.6-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools and Associated Bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia’, Journal of Human Evolution 45 : 169–177 (2003)

Semino, O., et al. ‘Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny’, American Journal of Human Genetics 70 : 265–268 (2002)

Senut, B., et al. ‘First Hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)’, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 332 (2) : 137–144 (2001)

Shipman, P. The Man Who Found the Missing Link; Eugène Dubois and his Lifelong Quest to Prove Darwin Right, Simon & Schuster, New York (2001)

Simpson, G.G. Tempo and Mode in Evolution, Columbia University Press (1944)

Simpson, S., et al. ‘A Female Homo erectus Pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia’, Science 322: 1089 (2008)

Solecki, R. Shanidar: The First Flower People, Knopf, New York (1971)

———. ‘Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq’, Science 190 : 880–881 (1975)

Soodyall, H. (ed.). The Prehistory of Africa: Tracing the Lineage of Modern Man, Ball, Johannesburg (2006)

Spencer, F. Piltdown: A Scientific Forgery, Natural History Museum/Oxford University Press, Oxford (1990)

Sperber, G. From Apes to Angels: Essays in Anthropology in Honor of Phillip V. Tobias , Wiley, New York (1990)

Stanley, S. Children of the Ice Age: How a Global Catastrophe Allowed Humans to Evolve, Harmony, New York (1996)

Straus, W., and Cave, A. ‘Pathology and Posture of Neanderthal Man’, Quarterly Review of Biology 32 (4) : 348–363 (1957)

Stringer, C. ‘Coasting out of Africa’, Nature 405 : 24–27 (2000)

———. ‘Modern Human Origins: Progress and Prospects’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 357B : 563–579 (2002)

Stringer, C. and Andrews, P. The Complete World of Human Evolution, Thames & Hudson, London (2005)

Stringer, C., and Gamble, C. In Search of the Neanderthal; Solving the Puzzle of Human Origins, Thames & Hudson, London (1993)

Stringer, C. and McKie, R. African Exodus; The Origins of Modern Humanity, Cape, London, 1996

Swisher C.S., Curtis G.H., and Lewin, R. Java Man: How Two Geologists’ Dramatic Discoveries Changed Our Understanding of the Evolutionary Path to Modern Humans, Scribner, New York (2001)

Taieb, T. Sur la terre des premiers hommes, Laffont, Paris (1985)

Tattersall, I. Becoming Human: Evolution and Human Uniqueness, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999)

———. The Fossil Trail; How We Know What We Think We Know About Human Evolution, Oxford University Press, New York (1995)

———. The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives, Westview, Boulder (1998)

———. The Monkey in the Mirror: Essays on the Science of What Makes Us Human, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002)

———. The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE, Oxford University Press, New York (2008)

Tattersall, I., and Schwartz, J. Extinct Humans, Westview, Boulder (2000)

Taylor, T. The Artificial Ape: How Technology Changed the Course of Human Evolution , Palgrave Macmillan, New York (2010)

Terry, R. ‘Raymond Dart: Taung 1924–1974’, 50th Anniversary Commemoration Booklet, Museum of Man and Science, Johannesburg (1974)

Thesiger, W. ‘The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate’, Geographical Journal of London 85 : 1–23 (1935)

———. The Life of My Choice, Collins, London (1987)

Theunissen, B. Eugène Dubois and the Ape-Man from Java: The History of the First ‘Missing Link’ and Its Discoverer, Kluwer, Dordrecht (1989)

Thorne, A. and Wolpoff, M. ‘The Multiregional Evolution of Modern Humans’, Scientific American 266 : 76–83 (1992)

———. ‘Regional Continuity in Australasian Pleistocene Hominid Evolution’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 55 : 337–350 (1981)

Thorpe, S., Crompton, R., and Holder, R. ‘Origin of Human Bipedalism as an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches’, Science 316 : 1328 (2007)

Tishkoff, S. and Verrelli, B. ‘Patterns of Human Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Evolutionary History and Disease’, Annual Review of Genomic and Human Genetics 4: 293–340 (2003)

Tishkoff, S., and Williams, S. ‘Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease’, Nature Reviews: Genetics 3:611–621 (2002)

Tishkoff, S., et al. ‘The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans’, Sciencexpress, April 30, 2009

Tobias, P.V. Dart, Taung and the ‘Missing Link’, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg (1984)

———. Into the Past: A Memoir, Picador Africa, Johannesburg (2005)

Trinkhaus E., and Shipman P. The Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind, Knopf, New York (1992)

Underhill, P., et al. ‘The Phylogeography of Y Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human Populations’, Annals of Human Genetics 65 : 43–62 (2001)

Vigilant, L., et al. ‘African Populations and the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial DNA’, Science 253: 1503–1507 (1991)

Vrba, E.S. ‘Chronological and Ecological Implications of the Fossil Bovidae at the Sterkfontein Australopithecine Site’, Nature 250 : 19–23 (1974)

———. ‘Ecological and Adaptive Change Associated with Early Hominid Evolution’, in F. Delson (ed.), Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, Liss, New York (1985)

———. ‘Evolution, Species and Fossils: How Does Life Evolve?’ South African Journal of Science 76 : 61–84 (1980)

———. ‘Late Pliocene Climatic Events and Hominid Evolution’, in F. Grine (ed.), Evolutionary History of the ‘Robust’ Australopithecines, Aldine de Gruyter, New York (1988)

———. ‘Some Evidence of the Chronology and Palaeoecology of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai from the Fossil Bovidae’, Nature 254: 301–304 (1975)

Vrba, E.S., et al. Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins, Yale University Press, New Haven (1995)

Wade, N. Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors, Penguin, New York (2006)

Walker, A., et al. ‘2.5 Myr Australopithecus boisei from West of Lake Turkana, Kenya’, Nature 322: 517–522 (1986)

Walker, A., and Shipman, P. The Ape in the Tree; An Intellectual and Natural History of Proconsul, Belnap Press, Cambridge, MA (2005)

———. The Wisdom of the Bones; In Search of Human Origins, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London (1996)

Walter, R.C., et al. ‘Early Human Occupation of the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea During the Last Interglacial’, Nature 405 : 65–69 (2000)

Watson, E., et al. ‘Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansion in Africa’, American Journal of Human Genetics 61 : 691–704 (1997)

Weidenreich, F. ‘Facts and Speculations Concerning the Origin of Homo sapiens’, American Anthropologist 49 : 187–203 (1947)

———. ‘The “Neanderthal Man” and the ancestors of “Homo sapiens”’, American Anthropologist 45 : 39–48 (1943)

Weiner, J. The Piltdown Forgery, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1955)

Wells, L.H. ‘One Hundred Years: Robert Broom, 30 November 1866–6 April 1951,’ South African Journal of Science 63 (9) : 357–366 (1967)

Wells, S. Deep Ancestry; Inside the Genographic Project, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC (2007)

———. The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press (2002)

Wheelhouse, F., and Smithford, K. Dart: Scientist and Man of Grit, Transpareon Press, Sydney (2001)

White, T., et al. ‘Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids’, Science 326 (5049) : 75–86 (2009)

———. ‘Australopithecus ramidus, a New Species of Early Hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia’, Nature 371 : 306–312 (1994)

———. ‘Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia’, Nature 423 : 742–747 (2003)

Willis, D. The Hominid Gang: Behind the Scene in the Search for Human Origins, Penguin, New York (1989)

———. The Leakey Family: Leaders in the Search for Human Origins, Facts on File, New York (1992)

Willoughby, P. The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa, Altamira, Lanham (2007)

WoldeGabriel, G., et al. ‘Ecological and Temporal Placement of Early Pliocene Hominids at Aramis, Ethiopia’, Nature 371: 330–333 (1994)

———. ‘Geology and Palaeontology of the Late Miocene Middle Awash, Afar Rift, Ethiopia’, Nature 412: 175–178 (2001)

Wolpoff, M., et al. ‘Modern Homo sapiens Origins: A General Theory of Hominid Evolution Involving Evidence from East Asia’, in F. Smith and F. Spencer (eds.), The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence, Liss, New York (1984)

———. ‘Multiregional, Not Multiple Origins’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112 : 129–136 (2000)

Wood, B. Human Evolution: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2005)

Wrangham, R. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, Profile Books, London (2009)

Yellen, J.E., et al. ‘A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire’, Science 268: 553–556 (1995)

Zimmer, C. Where Did We Come From? The Essential Guide to Human Evolution, Apple Press, Hove, England (2006)