3: “THE BEST TARIFF BILL”
1. James Chace, 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, and Debs—The Election That Changed the Country (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2004), 13.
2. Helen Herron Taft, Recollections of Full Years (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1914), 326–27, https://archive.org/details/recollectionsfu02taftgoog.
3. Ibid., 327.
4. Ibid., 328.
5. Judith Icke Anderson, William Howard Taft: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 119.
6. Doris Kearns Goodwin, The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2013), 569.
7. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 120.
8. Helen Herron Taft, Recollections, 330.
9. William Howard Taft, “Inaugural Address,” Mar. 4, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, ed. David H. Burton (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002), 45.
10. “Republican Party Platform of 1908,” June 16, 1908, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29632 [https://perma.cc/B325-FYEA].
11. William Howard Taft, “A Pledge of Tariff Reform,” Address Delivered in Milwaukee, Sept. 24, 1908, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 2, ed. David H. Burton (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001), 105.
12. Taft, “Inaugural Address,” 46.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Lewis L. Gould, The William Howard Taft Presidency (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 50.
16. William Howard Taft, “Message to Congress at the Second Session of the Sixty-First Congress,” Dec. 7, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, 369.
17. Ibid., 370–71.
18. Sidney M. Milkis, “William Howard Taft and the Struggle for the Constitution,” in Joseph W. Postell and Johnathan O’Neill, Toward an American Conservatism: Constitutional Conservatism During the Progressive Era (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 68, Kindle.
19. Helen Herron Taft, Recollections, 331.
20. Pringle, Taft, vol. 1, 400–401.
21. Ibid., 401.
22. Ibid.
23. Helen Herron Taft, Recollections, 332–33.
24. Ibid., 346.
25. Gould, William Howard Taft Presidency, 33.
26. Lawrence F. Abbott, ed., Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt, Military Aide, vol. 1 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1930), 9.
27. William Howard Taft, “A Few Words to Southern Democrats,” Address Delivered in Augusta, GA, Jan. 14, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 2, 170.
28. Pringle, Taft, vol. 1, 384.
29. Jonathan Lurie, William Howard Taft: The Travails of a Progressive Conservative (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 91.
30. Goodwin, Bully Pulpit, 561–62.
31. Pringle, Taft, vol. 1, 387.
32. Ibid.
33. Lurie, Taft: Travails of a Progressive Conservative, 95.
34. Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, vol. 1, 37.
35. Lawrence F. Abbott, ed., Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt, Military Aide, vol. 2 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1930), 659.
36. Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, vol. 1, 37.
37. Gould, William Howard Taft Presidency, 45.
38. Goodwin, Bully Pulpit, 588.
39. William Howard Taft, “Message Convening Congress in Extra Session,” Mar. 16, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, 56.
40. Ibid., 57.
41. William Howard Taft, “Address to Congress Concerning Tax on Net Income of Corporations,” June 16, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, 133.
42. Goodwin, Bully Pulpit, 583. Although “Roosevelt had sympathized with progressive claims that high tariffs strengthened monopolies and artificially inflated prices.” Ibid.
43. John Steele Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing: The Extraordinary Life and Times of Our National Debt (New York: Penguin Books, 1998), 23.
44. Ibid., 75–76.
45. Sheldon D. Pollack, “The First National Income Tax, 1861–1872,” Tax Lawyer 67, no. 2 (2014): 5, http://udel.edu/∼pollack/Downloaded%20SDP%20articles,%20etc/academic%20articles/The%20First%20National%20Income%20Tax%2012-18-2013.pdf [https://perma.cc/8PNU-S2L2].
46. Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 (1895).
47. “Income Tax,” Interactive Constitution, National Constitution Center, https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xvi [https://perma.cc/WX3Q-Z8RW].
48. William Howard Taft, “The Achievements of the Republican Party,” Address Before the Young Men’s Republican Club of Missouri, Kansas City, Feb. 10, 1908, Present Day Problems, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 1, ed. David H. Burton and A. E. Campbell (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001), 286.
49. Paul Wolman, Most Favored Nation: The Republican Revisionists and U.S. Tariff Policy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), xi–xii.
50. Chace, 1912, 33.
51. Michael Nelson, ed., Guide to the Presidency and Executive Branch, 5th ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press, 2012), 126.
52. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 140.
53. Wolman, Most Favored Nation, 145.
54. Ibid.; Gould, William Howard Taft Presidency, 54.
55. Wolman, Most Favored Nation, 147.
56. Gould, William Howard Taft Presidency, 54–55.
57. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 155.
58. Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, vol. 2, 638.
59. Pringle, Taft, vol. 1, 443.
60. Helen Herron Taft, Recollections, 365.
61. Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, vol. 1, 88.
62. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 167.
63. Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, vol. 2, 650.
64. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 171.
65. Letter from William Howard Taft to Nellie Taft (July 22, 1909), in Lewis L. Gould, ed., My Dearest Nellie: The Letters of William Howard Taft to Helen Herron Taft (1909–1912) (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011), 52–53.
66. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 173.
67. Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, vol. 1, 144.
68. Letter from William Howard Taft to Nellie Taft (July 30, 1909), in Gould, My Dearest Nellie, 61.
69. William Howard Taft, Address at the Lincoln Birthday Banquet of the Republican Club of New York, Feb. 12, 1910, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, 451–53.
70. Gould, William Howard Taft Presidency, 51.
71. Ibid., 60.
72. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 173; Gould, William Howard Taft Presidency, 51.
73. Goodwin, Bully Pulpit, 594.
74. Taft, “Address to Congress Concerning Tax on Net Income of Corporations,” 134.
75. Ibid., 135.
76. Ibid., 133.
77. Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing, 96–97.
78. William Howard Taft, “An Appreciation of General Grant,” Speech Delivered in New York City, May 30, 1908, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 1, 125.
79. Ibid.
80. Pringle, Taft, vol. 1, 457.
81. Abbott, Letters of Archie Butt, vol. 1, 200.
82. Gould, My Dearest Nellie, 70.
83. William Howard Taft, “Address in Winona, Minnesota, on the Tariff,” Sept. 17, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, 172.
84. Ibid., 177.
85. Anderson, Taft: An Intimate History, 175.
86. Sean Wilentz, The Politicians and the Egalitarians: The Hidden History of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016).
87. Ibid., 179.
88. William Howard Taft, “Address in Denver on Corporation and Income Taxes,” Sept. 21, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, 195.
89. Ibid., 201–202.
90. Ibid., 202.
91. Pringle, Taft, vol. 1, 459.
92. Ibid., 461.
93. Ibid., 462.
94. Ibid., 465.
95. William Howard Taft, “Address at Georgia State Fair Grounds on Wisdom and Necessity of Following the Law,” Nov. 4, 1909, in The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, vol. 3, 323.
96. Ibid., 324.