ABC of Communism (Bukharin and Preobrazhenskii), 46, 199
“Academic affair” of 1929–30, 248, 251–52, 263
Academy of Artistic Studies of RANION, 242
Academy of Sciences, 12, 18, 196, 198, 215, 218; Communist Academy’s rivalry with, 19, 204–10; and election reform, 244–49; and the Great Break, 255, 261, 263; reorganization of, 249–53; Soviet government support for, 202–4, 243–44
Adoratskii, Vladimir V., 135
Adult education, 27, 38–39, 42
Agitprop, 11, 63, 65, 77, 80, 122; and Comintero, 81; and the Communist Academy, 210–11; and conflict with GPP, 69–72; and IKP, 138, 141, 154, 166–67; and policy toward the VUZy, 69, 73–75; and proletarianization, 269–70. See also Central Committee
Agit-trials, 171–73, 177–78, 186
Agrarian policy, and the Communist Academy, 214–15, 241
Aikhenval’d, Aleksandr, 102, 184
Ainzaft, S. S., 149
Aksel’rod-Ortodoks, Liubov’, 139
All-Moscow Conference of Komsomol Cells (1921), 52
All-Union Association for Workers in Science and Technology for Advancement of Socialist Construction (VARNITSO), 246
All-Union Central Executive Committee of Soviets (VTsIK), 86
All-Union Conference of Communist Cells of VUZy, RabEaks, and Higher Party Schools (1922), 53
All-Union Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), 56, 86, 203, 207
Anti-intellectualism, 17, 142-47, 190, 259
Anti-Leninist Bolshevism. See Vpered group
Antonov-Saratovskii, Vladimir Petrovitch, 92–96
Armand, Inessa, 34
Astrov, Valentin N., 140, 166, 184
Avant-garde cultural groups, 39
Baevskii, David A., 165
Bakh, A. N., 246
Barber, John, 195
Bazarov, Vladimir A., 199
Belgian Social-Demacratic party, 27
Berdiaev, Nikolai A., 55
Berlin, University of, 202n.25
Bestuzhev Courses, 40
Biggart, John, 268
Bogdanov, Aleksandr A., 109; and the Communist Academy, 197, 203; and Proletkul’t, 39, 41, 44; and the Vperdist party schools, 27–28, 35–37
Bologna School, 29–31; curriculum of, 33–35; and Longjumeau School compared, 35–37
Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE), 234–35
Bol’shevik (journal), 145, 184
Bolshevik democracy, 99
Bolshevik Revolution: and academic sectors, 17–19; and co-optation of the Russian Revolution, 3–7; and institution-building, 9–11; and the new elite, 13–17; and political culture, 11–13; and politics and power, 21–22; and the social sciences, 19–21; and “third front” missions, 1–3; totalizing aspirations of, 7–9
Borovskii, V. M., 180
Bubnov, Andrei S., 11, 54, 69, 73, 75; and the Communist Academy, 193n.3, 210–11; and the FONy, 77; and the Great Break, 264; and Sverdlov Communist University, 87, 94
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 37, 51, 80, 246, 249; and the Communist Academy, 193n.3, 199, 237; and cultural revolution, 5, 106, 268–69; and IKP, 135–36, 142, 150; and people’s and proletarian education, 43, 45–46; and the Right Opposition, 182–89
Bulgakov, Sergei N., 55
Byt (everyday life), 7, 9, 11, 83, 101; and the cornmune movement, 109–10; and communist morality, 102-4; and condemnation of deviance, 111–15; and control cornmissions, 115–17; and the Dalton Plan, 122–23; and individualism versus collectivism, 107–9; and NEP influences, 104–6; and party cell politics, 84–86; and purges, 125–27, 157; and the self-criticism campaign, 128; and the Trotskyist opposition, 117
Cadres, 14, 36, 60–61, 177, 256–57, 264
Capri School, 29–31; curriculum of, 33–35; and Longjumeau School compared, 35–37
Central Bureau of Communist Students, 53, 58
Central Cornmission for Improving the Life of Scholars, 56
Central Committee, 44, 52, 78; and cadre training courses, 61; and the Communist Academy, 200, 219–22; and Great Break policies, 257, 259; and the nomenklatura system, 141–42; and oppositionists, 97, 230–31; and provincial FONy closings, 76; and sponsorship of Sverdlov Communist University, 42, 87, 88
Central Control Cornmission (TsKK), 13, 85, 115–16, 213
Chaianov, Aleksandr V., 118, 240–41
Cherepanov, D. A., 197
Chinese Communists, 177
Circles. See Kruzhki, Party cells
Clark, Katerina, 32, 48, 170–71
Class war, and cultural revolution, 267, 269–70
Cornmissariat of Foreign Affairs, 214
Communist Academy, 1, 18–19, 61–62; Central Cornmittee resolution and, 219–22; civil war stage of, 198–201; collective work at, 234–36; and critique of academic liberalism, 201–2; founding of, 195–96; and the Great Break, 255, 259, 261–62; missions oi, 194–95; and the natural sciences, 215–19; and orthodoxy, 9, 192–93, 195, 222–28; and partiinost’, 233–34; and party scholarship, 193–94; as planning center, 236–39; and plans to reorganize Academy oi Sciences, 244–49; and bolshevization of the Academy of Sciences, 243, 249–53; and RANION, 239–43, 253; and the Right Opposition, 187; and rivalry with Academy of Sciences, 204–10; and service to the party-state, 210–15; and socialist unity, 196–98; and state support of the Academy of Sciences, 202–4, 243–44; and the United Opposition, 228–32
Communist student movement, 49–50, 52–53, 84. See also Party cells; Rabfaks
Communist universities, 43, 63; and IKP recruitrnent, 163–64; for non-Russians, political émigrés, and foreign Communists, 61-62, 177. See also Sverdlov Communist University
Communist University of the National Minorities of the West (KUNMZ), 61–62
Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV), 61–62, 177
Cornrades courts, 100
Congress of Communist Students (1920), 50
Congress of People’s Universities and Other Institutions of Private lnitiative (1908), 40
Courses in Marxism, 18, 61, 200, 228–30
“Crisis of 1919,” 199
Cultural revolution, concept of, 5, 7, 106, 266–70
Deborin, Abram M., 248–49; and the Communist Academy, 216, 227, 231, 241; and elections to the Academy of Sciences, 249; and IKP, 135, 136nn.4, 5, 139, 175, 178
Democratic Centralists, 96
Deportations, of nonparty intelligentsia, 54–55, 57
Dialectical materialism, 216, 218
Dialectics of Nature (Engels), 216
Disciplinary courts, 100
Dzerzhinskii, Feliks Edmundovich, 45, 55, 115, 224
Education on the Dalton Plan (Parkhurst), 121
Elwood, Ralph Carter, 34
Enchmen, Emmanuel, 111n.71
Engels, Friedrich, 216
Enlightenment, 4, 18, 42, 270. See also Political enlightenment
Enukidze commission, 244, 247-48, 250
Ermanskii, O. A., 139, 226, 255
Everyday life. See Byt
Fifteenth Party Congress (1927), 215, 255
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 16, 64, 267
Five Year Plan, 16, 262, 264, 266–67
Florovskii, Anatolii A., 55
FONy. See Social science schools
Foreign communists, 81; training for, 61–62, 177
Foreign policy, and the Communist Academy, 214
Frank, Semen L., 55
French Social-Democratic party, 27
Friche, Vladimir Maksimovich, 51, 199, 231, 241, 248–49, 252
Fülöp-Miller, René, 83
Gaister, Aron I., 165
Garibaldi University, 33
Gastev, Alexei, 109
German Social-Democratic party, 27
Glavpolitprosvet (GPP), 65, 67–72, 74, 122, 172
Gorbunov, Nikolai Petrovich, 247
Gor’kii, Maksim, 27, 36–37, 45, 199
Gosplan (central state planning agency), 193, 257
Got’e, lurii Vladimirovich, 45, 101–2
GPP. See Glavpolitprosvet
GPU (secret police), 55, 123, 149, 180, 223, 224. See OGPU
Great Break, 2, 10, 13, 16, 25, 272; and the Academy of Sciences, 255, 261, 263; and cultural revolution, 266–70; and end of NEP-style academic order, 254–55, 265–66; and IKP, 140, 184, 261; and partiinost’, 259–60; and party academic sector, 261–62; and proletarianization, 256-58; and service to socialist construction, 258–59; and Sverdlov Communist University, 85–86, 128, 131–32; and university dismemberment, 263–65
Groman, G. A., 139
Groups. See Party cells
GUS. See State Academic Council
Hagen, Mark von, 70
Higher educational institutions (VUZy), 18, 57–58, 91, 153, 157, 263; Agitprop policy toward, 69, 73–75; communization of, 80–81; and NEP Party policy, 49–54; party and nonparty teachers in, 78–80; Politboro cuts in, 154–55. See also specific institutions
Higher party schools, 17–21, 27–28, 140. See also Communist universities; Courses in Marxism; Institute of Red Professors; Sverdlov Communist University
Higher technical education, 14, 263
Historical materialism, 119
History Institute of RANION, 241
History of One Deviation (Kanatchikov), 117
lakovleva, V. N., 77
laroslavskii, Emel’ian M., 67–68; and byt, 104, 113, 115–16; and IKP, 139, 142, 158, 185; and purge quotas, 155-56
IKP. See Institute of Red Professors
IME. See Marx-Engels Institute
Industrialization drive, 14, 16, 255, 263
Institut krasnoi professury. See Institute of Red Professors
Institute of Economics of RANION, 242
Institute of Higher Neural Activity, 212–13, 216–17
Institute of Red Professors (IKP), 1, 9, 18, 21n.31, 51, 62, 255; admission policies of, 140–42; and agit-trials, 171–73; and anti-intellectualism, 17, 142–47, 190; and Comintern, 81; and communist political culture, 134–35, 190–91; and curriculum reform, 166–69; and faculty denunciations, 175; founding of, 135–37; graduates of, 165, 229; and the Great Break, 140, 184, 261; mission of, 133–34; and nonparty students and teachers, 137–40; and the proletarianization drive, 160–64; and publicisties and political enlightenment, 165–66, 169; and purges, 147–51, 153–60; and the Right Opposition, 13, 135, 184–90, 191; and support for Trotskyist opposition, 152–53; and theory seminars, 169-70, 175–81; and “working over,” 173–75
Institute of Scientific Methodology, 211
Institute of Soviet Construction, 213–14
Institute of Soviet Law of RANION, 242
Institute of World Economics and Politics, 212, 214
Intelligentsia, 1, 14, 45, 70, 270; and anti-intellectualism, 142–47; and Bolshevik political culture, 11–13; and communitarian traditions of student movement, 37–39; and degeneracy, 114–15; deportations of, 54–55, 57; and the first all-party purge, 148; Great Break repression of, 257–58; and IKP, 156, 162, 167; and liberal academic ideology, 201–2, 209–10; and party scholarship, 193; proletarian, 27–28; and research institutes, 208; salaries of, 205
lonov, I., 145
Irkutsk University, 77
Izgoev, Aleksandr S., 55
Kadet party, 45
Kaganovich, Lazar M., 213
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG), 207–8
Kamenev, Lev B., 35, 45, 62, 152, 183, 199
Kanatchikov, Semen, 117
Karl Liebknecht Proletarian University, 42–44
Karl Marx University of Proletarian Culture (Tver’), 41
Katanian, Ruben P., 69
Kizevetter, Aleksandr A., 55
Knorin, V. G., 247
Kollontai, Aleksandra, 103, 199
Kosarev, V., 31
Kotkin, Stephen, 64
Kotliarevskii, Nestor, 55
Krasin, Leonid B., 28
Kravaev, Ivan Adamovich, 185
Krementsov, Nikolai, 179
Krinitskii, A. I., 231
Kritsman, Lev N., 231, 235, 241, 252; and agrarian policy, 214–15; and the Central Cornmittee, 219–21; and the natural sciences, 218–19
Krupskaia, N. K., 37–38, 67, 145, 199; on Agitprop, 68, 70–71; and byt, 104; and the Dalton Plan, 120–21
Kruzhki (study circles), 26–27, 121–22; and purges, 125–27; and the self-criticism campaign, 128–30; and the Sverdlov party cell, 124–25
Kuibyshev, Valerian V., 54, 150, 155, 213, 249
Kun, Bela, 142
KUNMZ. See Communist University of the National Minorities of the West
KUTV. See Communist University of the Toilers of the East
KWG. See Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
Laboratory Plan. See Dalton Plan
Labor camps, 4
Lebedev-Polianskii, Pavel I., 37, 44, 197
Left Bolshevik group. See Vpered group Left Opposition, 181, 188–89, 223
Lenin, V. I., 4–5, 67, 88, 135; and the Academy of Sciences, 202–3; on byt and communist morality, 102–3; and cultural revolution, 266, 268, 269; and deportation of nonparty intelligentsia, 54–55; on ex-Menshevik teachers, 139; and the Longjumeau School, 27, 30, 35–37; and VUZy curriculum compromise, 57–58
Lenin Communist University (Tula), 43
Leningrad Institute of Marxism, 242
Leningrad Opposition, 184
Leningrad University, 77. See also Petrograd University
Leninism, 8, 62, 72, 75, 78; and the Communist Academy, 212; and IKP, 168–69; and Sverdlov Communist University, 119, 125
Lewin, Moshe, 20
Liadov, Martyn Nikolaevich, 35, 37, 97–98, 167; on the Dalton Plan, 123–24; on degeneracy, 114–15; and the “new practicality,” 118–20; and the self-criticism campaign, 129–31
Liadov commune, 110
Literacy campaigns, 67, 71, 269
Local control commissions, 116–17
Longjumeau School, 27, 29–32, 35–37; curriculum of, 33–35
Lukács, György, 227
Lukin, Nikolai, 135, 193n.3, 197, 199, 212, 248
Lunacharskii, A. V., 5, 38, 43, 45, 79, 87; and the Bologna, Capri, and Longjumeau schools, 28, 30, 31, 35–37; and the Communist Academy, 199, 240, 244, 247; and party-state dualism, 66, 68, 74–75; and transition to NEP, 53, 59
Luna s pravoi storony (Malashkin), 112
Magerovskii, D. A., 197
Main Committee on Political Enlightenment. See Glavpolitprosvet
Malashkin, S. I., 112
Marx-Engels Institute (IME), 62–63, 246
Marxist mechanist philosophers, 216
Marxist scholarship, 19, 60, 62–63, 214–15, 234–39
Marxist social sciences, 9, 14, 20–21, 133, 165–66, 192; and the FONy, 75–76
Mensheviks, 32, 49, 55, 97, 199; and IKP, 139, 146, 173; on TsKK, 116
Meshcheriakov, V., 71
Mikhail (N. E. Vilonov), 27
Miliutin, Vladimir Pavlovich, 193, 199, 214, 218, 226, 229, 231–32, 236, 241; and bolshevization of the Academy of Sciences, 244–46, 247; and the Central Committee, 221
Minin, S., 111n.71
MKK. See Moscow Control Commission
Model schools (obraztsovye shkoly), 10, 80–81
Model trials. See Agit-trials
Molotov, Viacheslav M., 129, 150, 188, 215, 220, 237, 246
Moscow Bureau of Communist Students, 53
Moscow Committee plenum (1928), 129
Moscow Control Commission (MKK), 156
Moscow Higher Technical School, faculty strike oE 1921, 53
Moscow Party Committee, 90–91, 95, 186
Moscow University, 45, 76–77, 88, 196, 264; and introduction of NEP, 50–55; and Menshevik teachers, 139; and RANION, 239–40
Narkompros, 41, 52, 58; and the Academy of Sciences, 203; and communes, 110; data on student classifications, 79; andEounding of the FONy, 75–77; and the 1924 student purge, 154–55; and party-state duality, 64–72, 74–75; and rabfaks, 45–46, 49; and research institutes, 18, 207
Natural sciences, 45, 50–51, 167–68; at the Communist Academy, 215–19
Nepification (onepivanie), 104
Nevskii, Vladimir Ivanovich, 88, 92, 101, 105, 235
New Economic Policy (NEP), 5–7, 25, 93; and byt, 104–6, 114; and the Communist Academy, 193,201; and deportation of nonparty intelligentsia, 54–55; and the Great Break, 10, 254, 261, 266–67; and IKP, 133, 147; and the new elite, 13-17; and nonparty specialists, 56–58; and notions of differentiation, 48–49; and party institution-building and revolutionary missions, 59–64, 270–71; and party policy toward VUZy, 49–54; and the self-criticism campaign, 127–28. See also specific topics
New Soviet Man. See Byt
Ninth Party ConEerence (September 1920), 44, 115
Ninth Party Congress (March 1919), 87
Nomenklatura system, 9, 141–42
Nonparty scholars, 139, 205, 220, 235, 252–53, 257
Nonparty teachers, 89n.12
Non-Russians, training for, 61–62
Novaia Ekonomika (Preobrazhenskii), 228-29
Novgorod provincial party committee, 91
Novikov, Mikhail M., 52
NTO. See Scientific-Technical Department of VSNKh
OGPU, 263
Ol’denburg, Sergei F., 45, 208, 243
“On the Syndicalist and Anarchist Deviation in Our Party,” 115
“On the Unity of the Party,” 115
Orgburo, 77, 139, 141, 153, 193, 218–22
Orthodoxy, 1, 9, 192–93, 195; and the Bogdanov affair, 223–26; Bolshevik interpretation of, 222–23; and division between science and politics, 226-28; of Liadov, 97–98
Parkhurst, Helen, 121
Partiinost’ (party-mindedness), 195, 233–34, 239, 259–60
Party cells, 9, 73, 152, 178; at ihe Communist Academy, 228–30, 232–33; and IKP academic purges, 148–50; and kruzhki, 124–25; as models for theory seminars, 176–77; and the Right Opposition, 186–87; in VUZy, 49, 57–58, 91, 153, 155, 157. See also Sverdlov party cell
Party Conference (1921), 103
Party education, defined, 42
Party scholarship, defined, 193–94
Pashukanis, Evgenii B., 231, 241, 252
People’s education, appropriation of, 43–44
Petrograd University, 54–55. See also Leningrad University
Philosophy Institute of RANION, 241
Piatakov, lurii, 152
Poale-Zion party, 149
Pod znamenem marksizma (journal), 225, 226
Pokrovskii, Mikhail Nikolaevich, 193, 196–97, 236–37, 255, 257; and anti-intellectualism, 142–43, 145–46; and bolshevization of the Academy of Sciences, 243–44, 247–52; and bourgeois versus proletarian science, 203–6, 208; and the Central Committee, 220–21; and curriculum reform, 167–68; and founding of IKP, 135, 137; and IKP proletarianization, 160, 162; on the natural sciences, 217–18; and nonparty teachers, 138–40; and oppositionists, 229–31; and party-state dualism, 74, 77, 80; and people’s and proletarian education, 41, 46; and purges, 154, 156; and RANION, 240–41; and service to the state, 210–11; and Sverdlov Communist University, 120, 124; and transition to NEP, 50–54, 56, 59, 201; and the Vpered group, 35, 37; and “working over,” 174
Politburo, 52–54, 80, 219; and the Enukidze commission, 247–48, 250; policy toward specialists, 57; and Proletkul’t, 44; and purges, 148, 153–154; resolution on GPP, 67–72; and the Trotskyist opposition, 152; on VUZy entrance requirements, 79
Political culture, defined, 11n.19
Political émigrés, training for, 61–62
Political enlightenment, 66–67, 165–66, 170, 172
Politicalliteracy schools, 60–61, 64, 161
Polit-trials. See Agit-trials
Popov, Konstantin, A., 63, 77, 96, 118, 125, 154, 163, 166
Pravda, 55, 128, 152, 184, 186, 214, 219, 238
Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii B., 44, 46, 53–54, 68, 97, 199; and the Communist Academy, 192, 193n.3, 202, 210, 228–29, 231; and IKP, 136, 142, 152–53, 167
Prezent, I. I., 216n.65
Professional organizations, 56
Professoriat, 6, 49, 75, 96, 255; and the Dalton Plan, 123; and the FONy, 76–78; Great Break repression of, 257–58, 261, 263, 265; and GUS verification, 51; at IKP, 138–40; and RANION, 239-43, 253; and resistance to party education, 45–46; in VUZy social science departments, 78–80
Professors’ strikes, 53
Proletarianization, 9, 42, 255; and cultural revolution, 269–70; and the Great Break, 256–58; and IKP, 160–64; of natural science, 216–17; and Sverdlov Communist University, 97, 119–20
Proletarian students, VUZy percentages of, 79
Proletarian University (Moscow), 41
Proletkul’t movement, 4, 39, 41–44, 48, 223
Propaganda, and scholarship, 18, 226–28
Purge cornmissions, 148
Purges, 9, 12, 232, 258; at IKP, 147–51, 153-60; at Sverdlov Communist University, 125–27
Questions of Byt (Trotskii), 106
Quotas: for purges, 155–56, 158; and student selection, 79, 140–41
Rabfaks (workers’ faculties), 45–46, 49–50, 57, 79, 89; and IKP recruitment, 163–64
Radek, Karl, 136, 142, 152, 169, 199, 228, 231
Rakovskii, Khristian, 231
RANION. See Russian Association of Social Science Scientific Research Institutes, speafie institutes
RAPP. See Russian Association of Proletarian Writers
Red Army, 42, 44, 66, 96, 200; and agit-trials, 171–72; and GPP, 67, 70; and IKP students, 152; and Sverdlov Communist University, 86, 89
Reisner, Mikhail A., 107, 195–97
Remedial secondary institutions, 61
Research institutes, 18, 62–63, 207–8, 239–43, 255
Revolution of 1905, 26
Riazanov, David Borisovich, 37, 193n.3, 197, 220, 229, 260; and bolshevization of the Academy of Sciences, 244, 248-52; and bourgeois versus proletarian science, 205–8; and the Marx-Engels Institute, 63; on the natural sciences, 88, 217; and service to the state, 212–14
Right Opposition, 13, 135, 181; and the Bukharin School, 184–86; and communist political culture, 189–90; and IKP as symbolof, 187–89; invention of, 182–84; and party school cells, 186–87; and the selfcriticism campaign, 128, 130–31
RKI. See Worker-Peasant Inspectorate
Romanov, Panteleimon, 109
Rostov University, 77
Rotshtein, Fedor A., 51, 193n.3, 200, 214
Rotshtein cornmission, 51
Rozginskii, N. V., 43
Rozit, David Petrovich, 184
Rubinshtein, Nikolai L., 146
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP), 145
Russian Association of Social Science Scientific Research Institutes (RANION), 239–43, 253
Rykov, Aleksei, 182, 186, 189, 231, 243
Ryndich, A. F., 123
Sakulin, Pavel N., 45
Sanitation trials. See Agit-trials
Scholasticism, critique of, 143–45, 147, 158, 190
School of Soviet and Party Work, 86–87
Scientific-Technical Department (NTO) of VSNKh, 207
Second Conference of Communist Universities (1924), 119
Selishchev, A. M., 105
Self-criticism campaign, 12, 127–32, 177, 232, 258
Serezhnikov, V., 77
Sewell, William, 8
Shaniavskii University, 39–40, 44, 45
Shmidt, Otto Iu., 56, 234, 241, 246
Show trials, 173, 263. See also Agit-trials
Sixth Party Congress (1912), 32
Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan I., 87, 197, 199, 216
Slepkov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 180–81, 184
Slepkov, Vasilii Nikolaevich, 174, 184
Smena (changing of the guard), 14, 133, 142–43
Smenovekhovstvo (changing landmarks movement), 57, 114
Smirnov, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 231
Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. See Communist Academy
Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs), 49, 173, 197
Social minimum courses, 51, 69, 73–74, 78
Social science schools (FONy), 139, 212; closing of, 76–78; and Marxist social science, 75–76
Society of Marxist Biologists, 216
Society of Marxist Historians, 212
Society of Marxist Statisticians, 212
Sol’ts, A. A., 94, 103–4, 115–17
Sorokin, Pitrim, 57
Soviet-Party Schools and Communist Universities, first congress of (1922), 46–48
Sovnarkom, 51, 196, 220; and the Academy of Sciences, 203–4, 244, 247; and founding of IKP, 135
Specialists, 6, 9, 128, 190; and cultural revolution, 269; and FONy closings, 76–78; and NEP policy toward, 56–58; post-Shakhtii attacks on, 237–38, 258; and the Right Opposition, 184–85
SRs. See Socialist Revolutionary Party
Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich, 13, 16, 20, 83, 107; and Agitprop, 70; and the Communist Academy, 218–20, 231, 233, 237; and Deborinism, 178; and deportation of nonparty intelligentsia, 54–55; and the Right Opposition, 182, 184, 186, 188–90; and self-criticism campaign, 128, 129; and the Trotskyist Opposition, 152–53
State Academic Council (GUS), 51, 74–75, 78, 80, 240
Steklov, V. A., 243
Stetskii, Aleksei Ivanovich, 184
Stuchka, Petr I., 212
Studentstipends, 53
Study circles. See Kruzhki
Sukhanov, Nikolai N., 139, 199, 225–26
“Sunday schools,” 39
Sun-Yat Sen University, 177
Sverdlov, lakov, 86
Sverdlov Communist University, 1, 9, 11, 18, 42, 44–45, 53, 77; and acadernic purges, 125–27; and clash over power and byt, 83–86; and control comrnissions, 116–17; and the Dalton Plan, 120-24; evolution of, 86–90; and individualism versus collectivism, 108–9; and kruzhki, 124–25; and the M. N. Liadov commune, 110; and Liadov’s “new practicality,” 118–20; and Menshevik teachers, 139; and the Right Opposition, 187; and the self-criticism campaign, 127-32; and student sex surveys, 113. See also Byt; Sverdlov party cell
Sverdlovets (joumal), 96
Sverdloviia (riewspaper), 108
Sverdlov party cell, 13, 84–86; and Antonov’s disrnissal, 92–96; bureau’s power over, 91–92, 98–100; founding of, 90–91; and inner-party democracy, 96–97; and kruzhki, 124–25; and Liadov’s orthodoxy, 97–98
Svortsov-Stepanov, Ivan A., 51, 193n.3
Syrtsov, Sergei I., 154
Tenth Party Congress (1921), 64, 68–69, 115
Teodorovich, G. I., 86
Theory serninars: and constant evaluation, 176–77; as drama and ritual, 169–70; and nonparty scholars, 178–79; and political culture, 177–78; standardization of, 175–76; and unmasking deviation, 179–81; and “working over,” 173–75
Third Congress of Soviet-Party Schools (1924), 122
Third Komsomol Congress (1920), 102
Thirteenth Party Congress (1924), 74, 80, 147, 155, 158, 161
Timiriazev, Arkadii K., 193n.3, 216, 231
Timiriazev Agrarian Academy, 241
Tomskii, Mikhail, 182, 186, 189
Totalitarianism theory, 15
Tovstukha, I. P., 63
Trade unions, 56; comrades courts of, 100
“Trial of a Pioneer” (Romanov), 109
Trotskii, Lev Davydovich, 5, 96, 150, 175, 199, 231; and byt, 103n.50, 106, 114, 117; on intelligentsia deportations, 55
Trotskyist opposition, 74, 117, 181, 228; IKP support of, 152–53; and “old guard” bureaucratization, 151–52; purge of, 153–60; triumvirate’s invention of, 183
Tsarist educational policy, 39
TsKK. See Central Control Commission
Tucker, Robert C., 4
Twelfth Party Congress (1923), 80, 105, 115–16, 204, 211, 215
Uglanov, Nikolai, 98, 117, 128–29
United Opposition, 116, 169, 181, 183, 219, 228–32
University charter (1884), 52, 209
University charter (1922), 52–54, 76, 96, 209, 240
Bniversity statute (1921), 52
Upbringing (vospitanie), 4
Valentinov-Vol’skii, N., 56
Var’iash, Aleksandr I., 175
VARNITSO. See All-Union Association for Workers in Science and Technology for Advancement of Socialist Construction
Yerba, Sidney, 11n.19
Vernadskii, Vladimir I., 203-4, 248
Vestnik SotsialisticheskoilKommunisticheskoi akademii (journal), 202, 226–29, 242
Volgin, Viacheslav P., 51, 76, 135, 193n.3, 199, 241, 244–46
Vpered group, 5, 27, 39, 270; and the Capri and Bologna schools, 29–31; and the Longjumeau School, 33–37; and modernist cultural movements, 28–29; platform of 1909, 32-33
VSNKh. See All-Union Council of the National Economy
VTsIK. See All-Union Central Executive Comrnittee of Soviets
VUZy. See Higher educational institutions
“Weapons of Victory” (Slepkov), 180
Women’s universities, 40
Worker-intellectuals, 27
Worker-Peasant Inspectorate (RKI), 86, 105, 116, 213
Workers’ faculties. See Rabfaks
Workers’ Truth, 223
Zaitsev, A. N., 184
Zalkind, Aron Borisovich, 113–14
Zinov’ev, Grigorii, 35, 97, 105, 199, 231; and IKP, 142, 150, 154, 183, 184