1 Robert Philippe, Political Graphics: Art as a Weapon, Phaidon Press 1982, pp9–12.
2 Ibid, p52 and p12.
3 Ibid, p44. And Richard Harris Art Collection, Jacques Callot, The Miseries and Misfortunes of War, http://www.richardharrisartcollection.com/portfolio-view/jacques-callot/
4 Art Gallery New South Wales, Collection: ‘The Hanging’, from the suite The Miseries and Misfortunes of War 1633, Jacques Callot, Essay by Peter Raissis, Prints & Drawings Europe 1500–1900, 2014, https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/DO10.1963.11/
5 A.J.P. Taylor, How Wars Begin, Book Club Associates/Hamish Hamilton 1979, pp18-33; Gordon Kerr, A Short History of Europe, Pocket Essentials 2013, pp98–100. And Sylvia Neely, A Concise History of the French Revolution, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2008, ‘Women and the Revolution’, p147–151.
6 Robert Philippe, Political Graphics: Art as a Weapon, Phaidon Press 1982, pp122 and 126–128.
7 Mark Bills, The Art of Satire: London in Caricature, Philip Wilson Publishers 2006, pp18–19 and 42–49.
8 Vic Gatrell, City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London, Atlantic Books 2006, pp258–287. And Mark Bills, The Art of Satire: London in Caricature, Philip Wilson Publishers 2006, pp106-112.
9 Patricia Wright, Goya, Dorling Kindersley/The National Gallery London 1993, pp38–43 and 28–29.
10 Ibid.
11 William Feaver, Masters of Caricature: From Hogarth and Gillray to Scarfe and Levine, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1981, pp11, 24, 70–71. And Steven Heller and Gail Anderson, Graphic Wit: The Art of Humor in Design, Watson-Guptill Publications 1991, pp16–18.
12 Museum of the City of New York, MCNY Blog: New York Stories. Article by Anne DiFabio, Print collection, 2013. https://blog.mcny.org/2013/09/24/thomas-nast-takes-down-tammany-a-cartoonists-crusade-against-a-political-boss/
13 Ibid. And John Adler with Draper Hill, Doomed by Cartoon: How Cartoonist Thomas Nast and The New York Times Brought Down Boss Tweed and His Ring of Thieves, Morgan James Publishing 2008, pp46-47 and 126–127.
14 Museum of the City of New York, MCNY Blog: New York Stories. Article by Anne DiFabio, Print collection, 2013. https://blog.mcny.org/2013/09/24/thomas-nast-takes-down-tammany-a-cartoonists-crusade-against-a-political-boss/
1 Julian Rothenstein (ed.), Posada: Messenger of Mortality, Redstone Press/South Bank Centre 1989, Introduction by Peter Wollen, pp14–23. And Graphic: 500 Designs That Matter, Phaidon Press 2017, Item 303: Calaveras.
2 Liz McQuiston, Suffragettes to She-Devils: Women’s Liberation and Beyond, Phaidon Press 1997, pp24–28.
3 Ibid.
4 Kurt Rowland, A History of the Modern Movement: Art Architecture Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold/Looking and Seeing 1973, pp129–135 and 144.
5 Ibid, pp140-147. And Hans Richter, Dada: Art and Anti-Art, Oxford University Press 1965 (reprinted 1978), pp11–38.
6 David Elliott (ed.), Alexander Rodchenko, Museum of Modern Art Oxford 1979, Essay ‘Productivist Life’ by Szymon Bojko, pp78–81.
7 Ibid. And M. N. Yablonskaya, Women Artists of Russia’s New Age 1900-1935, Thames and Hudson 1990, pp141–156.
8 Kurt Rowland, A History of the Modern Movement: Art Architecture Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold/Looking and Seeing 1973, pp201–203.
9 Toby Clark, Art and Propaganda in the Twentieth Century: The Political Image in the Age of Mass Culture, The Everyman Art Library/George Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1997, p48. And William Feaver, Masters of Caricature: From Hogarth and Gillray to Scarfe and Levine, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1981, pp130–132, 137, 150, 154.
1 Joy Hakim, Freedom: A History of US, Oxford University Press 2003, pp271–281.
2 Ibid.
3 Social Realism https://www.theartstory.org/print_new_design.html?id=social_realism&name=Social%20Realism&type=movement And Ben Shahn, American Artist https://www.theartstory.org/print_new_design.html?id=shahn_ben&name=Ben%20Shahn&type=artist
4 Joy Hakim, Freedom: A History of US, Oxford University Press 2003, pp281–283.
5 Photomontages of the Nazi Period: John Heartfield, Gordon Fraser/Universe Books 1977, Essay ‘John Heartfield’s Photomontages’ by Peter Selz, pp7–16.
6 John Tisa (ed.), The Palette and the Flame: Posters of the Spanish Civil War, Collet’s Publishers 1980, Foreword by Luigi Longo, ppIX–XII.
7 Susan Roy, Bomboozled! How the US Government Misled Itself and Its People into Believing They Could Survive a Nuclear Attack, Pointed Leaf Press 2010, pp13–14.
8 Ibid, pp14-27. And Steve Ryfle, Japan’s Favorite Mon-star: The Unauthorized Biography of ‘The Big G’, ECW Press 1998, pp20-21 and 41–45.
9 Ibid. And Barry Miles, Peace: 50 Years of Protest 1958-2008, Collins & Brown 2008, pp54 and 74–75.
10 Ibid, pp55-78 and 87–94.
11 Ibid, pp106–107.
12 Maggie Andrews and Janis Lomas, A History of Women in 100 Objects, The History Press 2018, pp325–327.
13 The Posterbook Collective of the South African History Archive, Images of Defiance: South African Resistance Posters of the 1980s, Ravan Press Johannesburg 1991, p14. And South African History Online: Pass Laws in South Africa 1800-1994 https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pass-laws-south-africa-1800-1994; and South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid, Building Democracy http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-3
14 Ibid.
1 Lincoln Cushing, Revolución! Cuban Poster Art, Chronicle Books 2003, pp23–24. And BBC News: Timeline: US-Cuba relations: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12159943
2 Lincoln Cushing, Revolución! Cuban Poster Art, Chronicle Books 2003, pp15–18.
3 Liz McQuiston, Graphic Agitation, Phaidon Press 1993, pp142–147.
4 Ibid.
5 Humphrey Carpenter, That Was SATIRE That Was: The Satire Boom of the 1960s, Victor Gollancz 2000, pp93–110 and 155–183.
6 Tariq Ali and Susan Watkins, 1968: Marching in the Streets, Bloomsbury 1998, pp124–128, 172–175 and 183-184.
7 Stephen Shames and Bobby Seale, Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers, Abrams 2016, pp10–14. And Stephen Shames, The Black Panthers: Photographs by Stephen Shames, Aperture 2006, pp11–13 and 138–145.
8 The Stonewall Riots http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/stonewall.html And the Gay Liberation Front (USA) http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/liberation.html
9 The Gay Liberation Front (Britain) https://timeline.com/this-is-what-britains-gay-liberation-front-movement-looked-like-in-the-1970s-c8583401a209
10 Johan Kugelberg and Philippe Vermés, Beauty is in the Street: A Visual Record of the May ’68 Paris Uprising, Four Corners Books 2011, pp13–15, 34–36 and 76–81.
11 Terry Jones (ed.), Not Another Punk Book, Aurum Press 1978, pp7–30 and 56–74 and 92.
12 Graphic: 500 Designs That Matter, Phaidon Press 2017, Item 496: Whole Earth Catalog: Access to Tools (1968-75).
13 Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident, http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/three-mile-island-accident.aspx
14 Giancarlo Ceraudo, Destino Final, Schilt Publishing 2017, pp10–23, 41–48 and 73–80. And Steve Crawshaw, Street Spirit: The Power of Protest and Mischief, LOM Art/Michael O’Mara Books 2017, pp80–81.
1 Liz McQuiston, Suffragettes to She-Devils: Women’s Liberation and Beyond, Phaidon Press 1997, pp226–229.
2 Bill Rolston, Drawing Support: Murals in the North of Ireland, Beyond the Pale Publications 1994, ppi-viii. And Mike Simons, Striking Back: Photographs of the Great Miners’ Strike 1984-85, pp6–12 and 72–77.
3 Liz McQuiston, Graphic Agitation 2, Phaidon Press 2004, pp172–177.
4 The Posterbook Collective of the South African History Archive, Images of Defiance: South African Resistance Posters of the 1980s, Ravan Press Johannesburg 1991, pp14–15 and 181. And Art from the Frontline: Contemporary Art from Southern Africa, Frontline States and Karia Press 1990, Article by Ernest Harsch ‘Frontline Resistance ‘, pp17–22.
5 Liz McQuiston, Suffragettes to She-Devils: Women’s Liberation and Beyond, Phaidon Press 1997, pp114–123, 140–147, 150–161.
6 Douglas Crimp with Adam Rolston, AIDS Demo Graphics, Bay Press 1990, p12–36.
7 Carrie Moyer and Sue Schaffner, Straight to Hell: 10 Years of Dyke Action Machine!, Exhibition Brochure (Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco) 2002.
8 Scott Minick and Jiao Ping, Chinese Graphic Design in the Twentieth Century, Van Nostrand Reinhold 1990, p150–151. And Today newspaper (front page) Monday 5 June 1989, Article by Louise Branson re massacre on 4 June 1989.
9 Dana Bartelt and Marta Sylvestrová, Art as Activist: Revolutionary Posters from Central and Eastern Europe, Thames and Hudson 1992, Essay by Marta Sylvestrová ‘The Art of the Street’, pp13–24, and timeline of revolutions by Gale Stokes ‘Comrades Adieu!’, pp151–158.
10 Philip M. Taylor, War and the Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War, Manchester University Press (Second Edition) 1998, Introduction: ‘Image and Reality in the Gulf War’, pp1–30.
11 Liz McQuiston, Graphic Agitation 2, Phaidon Press 2004, pp123–126.
12 Ibid. And Matthew Collin, This is Serbia Calling: Rock’n’Roll Radio and Belgrade’s Underground Resistance, Serpent’s Tail 2001, pp199–234.
13 Barricada International Collective, Barricada USA: 10th Anniversary Celebration Calendar, Barricada USA 1989. The calendar celebrated 10 years since the Nicaraguan revolution (July 19, 1979) and was annotated throughout.
14 Emma Bircham and John Charlton (eds.), Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, Bookmarks Publications 2001, Essay by Susan George ‘Corporate Globalisation’, pp11–24.
15 Ibid. And John Vidal, McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial, Macmillan 1997, pp3–20. And Adbusters Media Foundation (adbusters.org).
16 Bitterkomix review http://www.stripkap.net/sa2.html
17 ‘A discussion with Jonathan Shapiro on 29th November 2017’ (Interviewed by Nastassia Arendse) https://www.zapiro.com/e-store/contact-us/interviews/178-a-discussion-with-jonathan-shapiro
18 1988 Australian Bicentennial https://www.theaustralian.com.au/50th-birthday/bicentennial-and-beyond/story-fnlk0fie-1226936978775
1 Mark Wallinger, State Britain, Tate Publishing (pamphlet) 2007, Essay by Clarrie Wallis.
2 ‘Millions March for Peace’ (front page), The Independent on Sunday, 16 February 2003, No. 679, Special Section ‘The People’s Protest’, pp2-5.
3 Symon Hill, Digital Revolutions: Activism in the Internet Age, New Internationalist Publications 2013, pp23-24, 30-34 and 74-76.
4 Kurt Andersen, ‘The Protester’, TIME magazine, Vol.178 No.25, December 26, 2011-January 2, 2012, pp70-72.
5 Ibid, p72.
6 Ibid, p73.
7 Yaman Kayabali, ‘Protest Art in Real Time’, Creative Review, August 2013, pp66-68. And Dave Zirin, Brazil’s Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics and the Fight for Democracy, Haymarket Books 2014, pp205-2011.
8 Ying Chan, ‘People Power’, Jon Henley ‘Protesting with Brollies at the Ready’ and Archie Bland ‘The App That Helps Beat Censorship’, The Guardian (G2 section), Tuesday 30 September 2014, pp6-9.
9 Ai Weiwei, Ai Weiwei’s Blog: Writings, Interviews and Digital Rants 2006-2009, The MIT Press 2011, Section beginning ‘Citizen Investigation’, pp209-225.
10 Emely Neu and Jade French in collaboration with Pussy Riot, Let’s Start a Pussy Riot, Rough Trade 2013, Section ‘The History of Pussy Riot, by Pussy Riot, pp22-23.
11 Éléa Baucheron and Diane Routex, The Museum of Scandals: Art That Shocked the World, Prestel Verlag 2013, pp128-129.
12 Robert Aldrich (ed.), Gay Life and Culture: A World History, Thames and Hudson 2006, pp360-363. And Pew Research Center, ‘Gay Marriage Around the World’, August 8, 2017, http://www.pewforum.org/2017/08/08/gay-marriage-around-the-world-2013/#netherlands
13 Tal Kopan and Eugene Scott (CNN), ‘North Carolina governor signs controversial transgender bill’, CNNPolitics, March 24, 2016, https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/23/politics/north-carolina-gender-bathrooms-bill/index.html And Rupert Neate, ‘Gays Against Guns’ (Special Report), The Observer Magazine, 22 January 2017, pp22-29.
14 Wesley Lowery, ‘They Can’t Kill Us All’: The Story of Black Lives Matter, Penguin Books 2017, pp81-88.
15 Robert Mendick (London), Harriet Alexander and David Lawler (Washington), ‘From Africa to London, the world protests’, The Sunday Telegraph, Sunday 22 January 2017, pp6-7. And the original Pussyhat Project Manifesto with pattern, https://www.pussyhatproject.com/print/
16 Nadia Khomami, ‘#MeToo: how a hashtag became a rallying cry against sexual harassment’, The Guardian, Friday 20 October 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/20/women-worldwide-use-hashtag-metoo-against-sexual-harassment
17 Kelly Knauer (ed.), TIME: The Year in Review (2005), Special Report: Hurricane Season, ‘It Struck the Gulf Coast, But It Ruined a Nation: Katrina’, Time Books 2005, pp12-21.
18 David Usborne, ‘BP, the Gulf Oil Spill and 87 days that changed the World’, The Independent, Saturday 17 July 2010, pp6-7. And Alice-Azania Jarvis, ‘Disaster By Numbers’, The Independent, Tues 14 September 2010, ppp12-13.
19 ‘PM facing Cabinet rebellion as she finalises Brexit deal’ (front page) and Richard Vaughan, ‘May faces revolt in Cabinet over Brexit backstop’, ‘i’, Friday 9 November 2018, pp6-7. And Kim Hjelmgaard, ‘Diaper-clad “Trump Baby” blimp to fly over London during President’s visit’, USA Today, July 6, 2018, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/07/05/trump-baby-blimp-approved-london-mayor-sadiq-khan-trump-uk-visit/760669002/
20 John Lichfield, ‘Nation defiant after terrorists kill 12 people in assault on satirical magazine’ and Cahal Milmo, ‘Dark reflection in the City of Light and then burning anger’, The Independent, Thursday 8 January 2015, pp4-5.
21 Guardian Staff, ‘How many school shootings have there been in 2018 so far?’, The Guardian, Friday 18 May 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/Diaz, ‘feb/14/school-shootings-in-america-2018-how-many-so-far And Sarah Gray, ‘The March for Our Lives Protest Is This Saturday. Here’s Everything to Know’, TIME magazine, March 23, 2018, http://time.com/5167102/march-for-our-lives-parkland-school-shooting-protest/
22 Andrew Hussey, ‘Macron’s Crisis Without End’, New Statesman, 4-10 January 2019, pp13-14. And Angelique Chrisafis, ‘Can Macron turn back the French tidal wave of discontent?, The Guardian Weekly, 7 December 2018, Vol.200 No.1, pp15-17